The Endocrine system
1. Review presenting symptoms that may be related to problems with the
endocrine system.
SYMPTOMS
Weight changes
Altered bowel habit (e.g polyuria)
Changes in menses (irregular periods)
Tiredness
Skin pigmentation altered
Appetite changes
Sweating
Galactorrhoea
Headaches
Hair distribution altered
2. Outline the systematic approach for taking a medical history in patients who
present with problems related to the endocrine system.
•Past History – Previous endocrine abnormalities
-Past surgery on, or treatment of, thyroid, para-thyroids etc
-Diabetes during pregnancy – gestational diabetes
-Treatment with steroid medications (licit & illicit), other hormones, dopamine
containing medications.
-Hypertension
• Family History
-Endocrine abnormalities (eg MEN-multiple endocrine neoplasias - benign or
malignant)
3. Outline the systematic approach to the physical examination of the endocrine
system.
• General Appearance
-Pale-pallor
-Skin colour changes & its distribution
-Facial/hands unusual features, or inc sweatiness
-Ask patient if any changes noted
• Vitals – BP, PR
• Height, Weight, BMI – noting changes
• Be guided by the history – need very close attention to details
• You will rarely examine the entire endocrine system in one consultation
Inspect the patient for one of the diagnostic facies or body habituses. If the diagnosis is
obvious, proceed with the specific examination outlined previously. If not, examine as follows.
Pick up the hands. Look at the overall size (acromegaly), length of the metacarpals
(pseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism), for abnormalities
of the nails (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism), tremor,
palmar erythema and sweating of the palms (hyperthyroidism).
Take the pulse (thyroid disease) and the blood pressure (hypertension in Cushing's syndrome,
or postural hypotension in Addison's disease). Look for Trousseau's sign (tetany). Test for
proximal muscle weakness (thyroid disease, Cushing's syndrome).
Go to the axillae. Look for loss of axillary hair (hypopituitarism), or acanthosis nigricans
and skin tags (acromegaly).
Examine the eyes (hyperthyroidism) and the fundi (diabetes, acromegaly). Look at the
face for hirsutism, or fine-wrinkled hairless skin (panhypopituitarism). Note any skin greasiness,
acne or plethora (Cushing's syndrome).
Look at the mouth for protrusion of the chin and enlargement of the tongue (acromegaly) or
buccal pigmentation (Addison's disease).
Examine the neck for thyroid enlargement. Note any neck webbing (Turner's syndrome).
Palpate for supraclavicular fat pads (Cushing's syndrome).
Inspect the chest wall for hirsutism or loss of body hair, reduction in breast size in women
(panhypopituitarism) or gynaecomastia in men. Look for nipple pigmentation (Addison's disease).
Examine the abdomen for hirsutism, central fat deposition, purple striae (Cushing's syndrome)
and the external genitalia for virilisation or atrophy. Look at the legs for diabetic changes.
Measure the body weight and height, and examine the urine.