Hunt Grant Application
BriAnne Illich ‘14
October 5, 2013
Changing CONAMURI: An Analysis of Social Media’s Impact on Paraguayan Social
Movements
A Hunt Grant Application
Requester of Hunt Grant:
BriAnne Illich
6796 Mayflower Hill
Waterville, ME 04901 USA
(530) 748-8091
Advisor: Patrice Franko
Reader: Ben Fallaw
Research Question: How do social media advocacy tools influence strategies and engagement
within the Paraguayan women’s food sovereignty movement?
Research Period: January Term 2014
Abstract: Social media advocacy tools have the potential to greatly influence social movement
approaches, particularly within Latin America. CONAMURI -Coordinadora Nacional de
Organizaciones de Mujeres Trabajadoras Rurales e Indígenas- has used a variety of methods to
promote the women’s food sovereignty movement in Paraguay since its establishment in 1999,
experiencing varying degrees of effectiveness. But, CONAMURI’s increasing use of social
media approaches, especially its recent Facebook activism since 2012, has the promise to attract
and mobilize a more widespread group of engaged and active participants. These social media
tools could similarly spur members to contribute to the movement by not only indirect cyber
methods but also direct advocacy schemes, changing the nature of the women’s food sovereignty
movement and general social movement tactics within Paraguay.
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What is Food Sovereignty?
David Harvey’s definition of the neoliberal system, which promotes strong private
property rights, free markets, and free trade, argues that the current global political economy is a
project designed to defend the power of the “economic elites.”1 According to this definition, the
system inequitably distributes goods in society, disproportionately benefitting large transnational
corporations and the private sector, thereby creating an exclusive environment within the global
food system. Many indigenous and peasant groups throughout the world argue that this
industrialized and systematized agricultural system undermines democratic involvement and the
defense of local and culturally-specific agricultural practices. Unfortunately, this discrimination
within the food system is not being properly addressed, because the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nation’s current definition of food security avoids discussing that
democratic social control of the food process is fundamental in ensuring food justice.2
Additionally, Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community argues that
the satisfied interests, especially political and agribusiness leaders, often portray neoliberalism as
an inevitable and natural reality, rather than an intentional project. This attempt to depoliticize
the “one size fits all” model makes social resistance or advocacy for alternatives incredibly
difficult. In response to these challenges, the food sovereignty movement, comprised of myriad
grassroots groups and global networks, argues that every country and people has the fundamental
right to establish its own food and agriculture policies. La Via Campesina, the twenty-year-old
global food sovereignty coalition comprised of thousands of organizations worldwide, argues
that democratic participation within the food system is a vital precondition to ensuring food
1
2
Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Via Campesina. The Right to Produce and Access to Land. Voice of the Turtle., 1996.
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BriAnne Illich ‘14
October 5, 2013
security.3 Overall, La Via Campesina and the general food sovereignty movement push for
structural reforms, including those that limit free trade and support peasant food production.4 The
movement stresses the importance of access to culturally appropriate food production and
consumption, and opposes paternalistic values, and the domination of the food system by profitcentric corporations.
The Paraguayan Peasant Agriculture Context:
Paraguay opened itself up to agribusinesses, dominated by pressures from interests such
as Mercosur as early as the 1990s, and has since expanded its large-scale monoculture-focused
agriculture sector, becoming the fourth largest producer of soy.5 From 1991 to 2008, soybean
cultivation land increased from 1.8 million acres to 6.4 million, and the number of farms smaller
than 120 acres decreased by 27%.6 The landowning sector and transnational agricultural
corporations monopolize the market, controlling disproportionately large tracts of land with 85%
controlled by 2% of the population.7 Furthermore, Paraguay’s new president Cartes, elected in
April of this year after President Lugo’s impeachment, is determined to invest 2.5 billion dollars
a year in infrastructure and agriculture, making economic growth a priority.8 However,
inequality of access to land and agricultural production opportunities has had devastating effects
on the Paraguayan population, and despite macroeconomic growth, the number of people in
extreme poverty has increased. Even if the causal link between growth and increased poverty
cannot be directly proved, it is clear that the benefits of economic expansion are not reaching
3
Desmarais, Annette Aurelie. La Via Campesina: Globalization and the Power of Peasants. London: Fernwood Publishing, 2007.
Via Campesina. The Right to Produce and Access to Land. Voice of the Turtle., 1996.
5
Mander, B. ( September 25, 2013). "Paraguay's Growth Obsession."
6
Kregg Hetherington. Paraguay's Ongoing Struggle Over Land and Democracy. NACLA Report on the Americas. New York: North American Congress on
Latin America; 2012;45:8
7
Friorentini, F. (July 5, 2012). The Paraguayan Coup: How agribusiness, landowning and media elite, and the U.S. are paving a way for regional
destabilization. War Times.
8
Mander, "Paraguay's Growth Obsession."
4
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BriAnne Illich ‘14
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certain sectors of the population, and exclusion to land access is still a Paraguayan reality.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to gather support for land reform in government. The vested
agribusiness interests dominate national politics, making it complicated for marginalized
peasants and indigenous peoples to express their needs democratically. Despite the obstacles,
campesino organizations are one of the largest social groups today in Paraguay, and pressure
politics is becoming more feasible as the political system shifts away from being primarily one
party oriented.9
But the situation for peasant farmers has become grimmer. On June 15, 2012 police
officers were sent to Curuguaty, Paraguay to evict a group of peasants peacefully occupying a
private soy estate as part of the landless peasant movement. A clash between these two groups
resulted in the killing of seventeen people, both peasants and police. Information regarding the
nature of the violence is still unclear and heavily debated, for most witnesses are afraid to reveal
their identities.10 This resulting tragedy from government-peasant tensions emphasizes the
violence and conflict that many peasants face. It also spurred the impeachment of President
Lugo, whom Congressmen argued had allowed peasant groups to threaten the public order.
Unfortunately, this event is now being used by those that toppled Lugo, to “criminalize”
peasants’ organizations, and to justify the displacement of indigenous peoples in order to use
their lands for agribusiness. Beyond the threat to nutritional access and livelihoods, political
tensions are creating additional obstacles within the food sovereignty movement. In this tense
political context, social media may provide safer mechanisms than public protests for organzing.
This thesis aims to investigate the power and the limitation of this tool in the service of food
9
Setrini, Gustavo. Estado Y Economia En Paraguay 1870-2010: Veinte Anos De Democracis Electoral En Paraguay. Del Clientelismo Monopolico Al
Clientelismo Plural: Tinker Foundation Incorporated, 2010.
10
Viana, Natalia. "Paraguay Seeks Truth About Curuguaty Massacre." ABC NewsDecember 18, 2012.
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sovereignty
Who is CONAMURI?
CONAMURI is the national organization of rural and indigenous women’s workers’
organizations, established in 1999, and part of La Vía Campesina International. Based in
Asuncion, CONAMURI was formed on el Día Mundial de la Mujer Rural (World Rural
Women’s Day) as a joint effort among more than one hundred women’s organizations
throughout Paraguay, and was a response to exclusion and marginalization faced by the
indigenous, campesinos, and women.11 Its major concern today within the food movement is
spreading the word that agro-business is detrimental to the local Paraguayan population. They
stress that agro-business displaces rural workers, promotes mono-culture and environmentally
degrading techniques, and increases unemployment. CONAMURI strives to promote Food
Sovereignty and Integrated Agrarian Reform within Paraguay by uniting peasants and other
individuals by bottom-up mechanisms. Its main objective is to spread awareness, and does so by
means of courses and workshops, a radio program, website bulletins, and its immensely active
Facebook page. This Facebook activity has allowed information to spread quickly. Discourse is
fluid on the CONAMURI wall, and members post articles, comments, pictures, and videos. This
activity undertaken by a variety of individuals from different walks of life shows that many more
people are becoming aware about the food sovereignty struggle, and can consequentially become
involved in more creative ways.
Research Question Explanation:
11 https://www.facebook.com/conamuri.paraguay
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Based on the increasing relevance of social media as an advocacy tool within Latin American
social movements, and my interest in food sovereignty, I would like to address the question:
How do social media advocacy tools influence strategies and engagement within the
Paraguayan women’s food sovereignty movement?
By the word “strategies,” I mean the actual methods being used to spread awareness and
encourage greater participation within CONAMURI. In this section, I will survey the
differences between the strategies used prior to and after the adoption of social media tools. To
categorize these strategies, I will be using the “three collective action frame diagnostics” used by
Harlow, as mentioned in my methodology section. As I survey how these strategies have or have
not changed, I hope to determine why social movement methods may be different now, as a
result of social media’s influence. Furthermore, I hope to study the consequences any changes,
and determine the general opinion regarding the “effectiveness” of these strategies by
organization members.
Next, the expression “engagement” addresses the actual activity and behavior displayed
by CONAMURI members in the movement. In other words, I will be surveying how common it
is to interact with the organization by solely indirect cyber methods, in person advocacy efforts,
such as attending a meeting or event, or a combination of both forms of activism. This aspect of
my research question relies heavily on not only gathering information by means of observation
and participation at CONAMURI headquarters and with CONAMURI members, but also by
means of electronic communication and surveys.
Methodology:
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For my fieldwork research during January, I will be relying on a multidisciplinary
approach based strongly on the ethnographic techniques that I developed during my semester
abroad with IHP: Cities in the 21st Century. During that semester, I adopted an anthropological
approach, basing my research for a comparative semester long project on interviews,
observation, and participation. This taught me to appreciate a variety of experiences as valuable
data. I collected newspaper clippings, took photos, and gathered information from both informal
conversations and semi-structured and formal interviews. I learned the importance of forming
personal relationships, making the interview experience more natural and conversational, and
allowing dialogue to trail in unexpected directions.
Next, concerning my analysis of the strategies and influence of social media tools, I hope
to incorporate the methodology techniques used in past studies on social media such as those
conducted by Adamoli and Harlow. In Adamoli’s study of United States Facebook food
activism, she conducted a qualitative content analysis of Facebook’s posts and interviewed
Facebook users. Similarly, Harlow identified three collective action frames: diagnostic,
prognostic, and motivational frames, with which to define different facebook strategies. He also
examined Facebook comments and posts according to these categories to analyze how Facebook
users framed the justice and reform movement. For my study, I plan to undertake a content
analysis of the CONAMURI Facebook page, while supplementing this research with Facebook
surveys.
Finally, my research approach has been additionally inspired by what I have been taught
this semester at Colby. As part of the LA497 thesis seminar class, Professor Fallaw introduced us
to helpful ethnographic research techniques. He assigned us reading in Essential Ethnographic
Methods, which discussed tactics such as participant observation and open-ended interviewing.
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The following class was devoted to discussing our proposal and research plans, and Professor
Mayka visited this class to discuss research procedures in Latin America. Her advice on
approaching the task of conducting interviews as a woman was especially helpful. Overall, the
research methods that I will be relying on most heavily will be participant observation as a
CONAMURI volunteer, surveys, and semi-structured interviews. Participation and interviewing
during January is immensely important, for I acknowledge that there is a lot of information that I
cannot gather merely by means of an online analysis. I recognize that there are most likely issues
that CONAMURI struggles with that are not discussed online, and many experiences can only be
truly appreciated by means of direct participation.
Interview Methodology:
My target interview population includes various members of the CONAMURI social
movement. First, I would like to speak with members who have been part of the organization for
a long time, preferably since its establishment in 1999, to gage their opinion regarding the
movement’s strategic evolution. In contrast, I also want to speak to newer members of
CONAMURI, and discover what attracted them to becoming involved. Furthermore, I intend to
interview both men and women, even though CONAMURI is a primarily women’s organization,
because men frequently engage and act as leaders within CONAMURI, and it is essential to
survey this gender dynamic. Next, it will be important to ensure that I interview individuals both
living in the city of Asuncion and more rural areas to determine how CONAMURI Facebook
activity facilitates inclusion or exclusion in an urban or rural environment. Finally, I will want to
speak online with members of the CONAMURI Facebook movement, who are indirectly
involved by means of cyber methods, such as individuals who do not live in Paraguay. These
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October 5, 2013
individuals are important to speak with, because their cyber perspective and presence
demonstrates an immense shift in the social movement reality. On this note, I am considering
creating an online survey tool on the CONAMURI Facebook page to gather data from this
greater population. This survey will include questions that are a part of my semi-structured
interview format, listed below.
I acknowledge that there will be many challenges in the interview process. First, I
recognize the concern of interview bias and the importance of avoiding leading questions, which
aim to obtain a particular answer. Second, I know certain groups will be more difficult to access
than others, especially within rural areas. As a result, I intend to devote a lot of effort before
leaving for Paraguay to networking. Third, there will be challenges in deciding which methods to
use to record data in different situations. For more formal and structured interviews, I hope to use
a digital audio recording device, after receiving the consent of those I interview. But, otherwise I
intend to record my data in a notebook. It will be important to find a balance to ensure that my
note taking does not interfere with promoting fluid and natural dialogue. Finally, the interview
process will be challenging due to the prevalence of the Paraguayan language of Guaraní,
especially amongst indigenous peoples. In 2009, it was estimated that 98% of the Paraguayan
population spoke Guaraní, whereas 92% spoke Spanish. As a result, I acknowledge that I may
need to rely on the help of a translator during certain interviews, especially within the rural
sector.
Interview Structure:
A. General introduction for those interviewed:
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I am performing a study about the influence of Facebook on the strategies and activities within
Latin American social movements, specifically those of CONAMURI. One aspect I am trying to
determine is the influence Facebook as an advocacy tool to also promote greater direct
participation in activities such as demonstrations.
B. Semi-structured questions for getting started (these questions will also become part of a
survey for CONAMURI facebook members):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Have you seen the strategies of CONAMURI change since you became a member?
If yes, what are the consequences of these changes, and are they positive or negative?
Do you have access to Facebook or other social media? Do you use these tools?
What do you think might be the greatest benefit or negative side effect of using social
media as a tool?
Do you see a trend in the groups of individuals who participate in advocacy activity more
online or more in person? Since social media has become popularly used, has
membership and participation in meetings and demonstrations increased or decreased?
Why?
Do you think people are more comfortable or uncomfortable participating in the
movement online? Why? What do you think this says about social movements within
Paraguay?
Has access to Facebook impacted your ability to stay active in the movement? Do you
think this access has changed this possibility for others?
Are there groups that might feel more included or excluded as a result of the use of social
media? Who do you think does and doesn’t have access to social media?
On the note of upholding the dignity of those I interview, I recognize the importance of obtaining
consent, and have completed an IRB proposal and consent form, additionally translated into
Spanish, to ensure that the research process remains transparent and open.
Educational and Experiential Background
I was drawn to the food sovereignty movement during my studies with IHP, as a result of my
comparative research project that focused on urbanization’s impact on food practices. This
research led me to my first encounter with a food sovereignty organization in Dakar, where I met
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with a small women’s food sovereignty cooperative. When I returned from my semester abroad,
my ideas began developing, and I concentrated my efforts on studying the women’s food
sovereignty movement. I expressed my ideas to Professor Franko, and began networking,
emailing organizations such as Food First, and Women’s March. I had conversations with
individuals such as Matthew Kopka, who completed his PHD on food sovereignty with
CONAMUCA in the Dominican Republic, and in doing so strove to make connections with
Latin American food sovereignty networks. Networking with food sovereignty organizations
proved to be incredibly difficult, but with the help of Colby Professors, especially Professor
Franko, Raza, and Mayka, I was put into contact with Gustavo Setrini, who did his PHD with
CONAMURI. We have been communicating throughout the summer, and he has helped me to
refine my research ideas and to put me in contact with CONAMURI, by means of Perla Alvarez.
Prof. Setrini will be in Paraguay during my research and has agreed to help orient me in my
work. (or some such sentence). Overall, my studies as a Global Studies and Spanish major have
prepared me to perform this thesis research, and I am enthusiastic to immerse myself in the
study. I have been further prepared for language immersion and research in Paraguay by
spending a semester enrolled in the University of Salamanca in Spain, and by acting as group
translator for IHP in Argentina, helping to conduct interviews and analyze case studies.
Tentative Schedule:
Week One (1/10-1/17):
First two days- Arrival in Asuncion, settling in accommodation, familiarizing myself with the
city (public transportation/navigation, obtaining rental phone, supermarkets and food, etc) I am
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arriving a bit later in Jan Plan because the Paraguayans celebrate the New Year as part of
extended summer holidays and an earlier arrival would not be fruitful in setting up meetings.
Rest of Week: Begin meeting with contacts at CONAMURI headquarters, engage in networking,
set up interviews, spend hours observing events at headquarters, volunteer, set up facebook
survey
Week Two (1/18-1/24): Intensive week of interviews and gathering data at headquarters,
additionally spending time in rural areas to conduct interviews with indigenous campesino
populations.
Week Three: (1/25-1/31) Conduct final interviews, volunteer, tie up loose ends of research, and
prepare to return home
Preliminary Literature Review
I have divided relevant work on my topic into three categories, based on their focus and
approach, and I hope to continue with this layout when constructing the format of my chapters. My
sources are a combination of texts in both English and Spanish, and Spanish sources have been
especially helpful regarding studies of the Paraguayan social and political context, since there are few
English sources on the subject. In general, I have found that there is relatively little scholarly material on
Paraguayan social media or social movements, particularly, so I have the opportunity to contribute
original and beneficial research on the subject, especially concerning the efforts of CONAMURI
specifically.
My first section of sources thoroughly analyzes the food sovereignty movement, and includes
scholarly works devoted to its history, organizations, conferences, legislation, and social and political
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implications. These sources are especially important, for they provide a background of CONAMURI’s
cause. There is substantial scholarly work devoted to food sovereignty, despite the fact that it is a
relatively new movement. I receive frequent emails from the Yale Food Sovereignty group, which sends
me the most recently published scholarly works on the subject. Books published by Food First that
gather scholarship on food sovereignty, such as Food Movements Unite! and Food Sovereignty:
Reconnecting Food, Nature and Communit,y provide a fundamental background on topics such as
agroecology, gender in agriculture, agribusiness, the Green Revolution, land grabbing and land reform,
neoliberalism and the food system, the politics of food, and grassroots food sovereignty movements.
Additionally, Annette Desmarais’ book on La Via Campesina, recommended to me by Matthew Kopka,
has been crucial to my research. This book recounts the twenty-year history of the global food
sovereignty movement through the lens of a La Via Campesina participant. Desmarais herself worked
as a grain farmer throughout her studies, and her personal account provides a glimpse into the efforts of
peasants and small famers to challenge agribusiness and work towards viable solutions that keep people
on their land and empower small-scale producers. More personal perspectives on the movement, which
incorporate interviews and stories, Raj include Patel’s "Grassroots Voices" and Itelvina Nicholson’s
"Seeing Like a Peasant: Voices from La Via Campesina.”
My second section of sources describes the social and political context within Paraguay, setting
the stage for an analysis of the strategies and participation within the food sovereignty movement. For
example, Gustavo Sentrini’s Estado Y Economia En Paraguay 1870-2010: Veinte Años De Democracia
Electoral En Paraguay provides a thorough background on the recent history of the Paraguayan political
system and the manner of expressing one’s voice in government. He delves thoroughly into the idea of
clientelism, and describes how Paraguayan politics has recently shifted from a primarily Colorado Party
dominated system to a more pluralistic framework, in which negotiating with the government is
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becoming more possible. An explanation of the Colorado Party’s recent history, the impeachment of
President Lugo, a background on the land reform context, and the political implications for the future of
land rights is provided in Hetherington’s report Paraguay's Ongoing Struggle Over Land and
Democracy. This source stresses the complicated and non-transparent nature of land reform efforts
within government. As a result of this perceived inefficiency within government, many sources such as
Diaz’s and Verdecchia’s works describe the campesino struggle to have their rights recognized, and
Vivero’s research focuses specifically on CONAMURI’s strategies to combat the use of agrochemicals
in Paraguay. Overall, a thorough understanding of the local Paraguayan context is crucial to surveying
the importance of social media as an advocacy tool.
My third group encompasses previous studies on the use and influence of social media
within social movements. Ginvera Adamoli’s dissertation, Social Media and Social Movements:
A Critical Analysis of Audience’s Use of Facebook to Advocate Food Activism Offline
thoroughly analyzes Facebook’s impact on food activism in the United States. Consequentially,
this work is immensely helpful in guiding my research methodology, as previously mentioned.
Adamoli uses Habermas’s concept of the public sphere- “an area where individuals freely
discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action”
and the network analysis work of Castells to analyze how Facebook can influence a social
movement both online and offline. Overall, her work argues that Facebook motivates civic
engagement, leading to greater participation overall. Next, Harlow’s publication, Social Media
and Social Movements: Facebook and an Online Guatemalan Justice Movement that Moved
Offline, surveys the role of Facebook in the Guatemalan anti-violence movement that arose in
response to the murder of lawyer Rodrigo Rosenberg. Harlow uses a scientific framing approach
to understand how Facebook succeeded in motivating thousands of people to participate in both
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virtual and non-cyber ways within the movement, and his approach has additionally inspired my
methodological approach. Finally, Donk and Downing’s works further discuss the strategies of
“cyberprotest,” and are immensely useful when considering the potential for social media as an
advocacy tool.
Sources:
Section 1:
Altieri, Eric Holt-Gimenez and Miguel A. "Agroecology, Food Sovereignty, and the New Green
Revolution." Agriculture and Sustainable Food Systems 37, no. 1 (2013): 90-102.
Altieri, Miguel A. "Scaling up Agroecological Approaches for Food Sovereignty in Latin America." In
Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.
Baviera, Walden Bello and Mara. "Capitalist Agriculture, the Food Price Crisis & Peasant Resistance."
In Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.
Desmarais, Annette Aurelie. La Via Campesina: Globalization and the Power of Peasants. London:
Fernwood Publishing, 2007.
Fairbairn, Madeleine. "Framing Resistance: International Food Regimes and the Roots of Food
Sovereignty." In Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food
First, 2010.
Fatou Batta, Steve Brescia, Peter Grubbels, Bern Guri, Cantave Jean-Baptiste, and Steve Sherwood.
"Transforming Ngo Roles to Help Make Food Sovereignty a Reality." In Food Movements
Unite! Oakland: Food First Books, 2011.
Gimenez, Eric Holt. "G-8 Leaders: After 20 Years, It's Time to Listen to Via Campesina." Huffington
Post, 6/13/13 2013.
Guillen, Rosalinda. "Transforming Our Food System by Transforming Our Movement." In Food
Movements Unite! Oakland: Food First Books, 2011.
Hannah Wittman, Annette Desmarais and Nettie Wiebe. "The Origins and Potential of Food
Sovereignty." In Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food
First, 2010.
Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, Oxford
University Press.
Holt-Gimenez, Eric. "Land Grabs Vs. Land Sovereignty." Food First Backgrounder 18, no. 4 (201215
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2013).
Holt-Gimenez, Eric. "Food Security, Food Justice or Food Sovereignty?" Food First Backgrounder 16,
no. 4 (Winter 2010).
Holt-Gimenez, Eric. "Movimiento Campesino a Campesino: Linking Sustainable Agriculture and Social
Change." Food First Backgrounder, (Winter/Spring 2006).
McMichael, Philip. "Food Sovereignty in Movement: Addressing the Triple Crisis." In Food
Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.
Nicholson, Itelvina Masioli and Paul. "Seeing Like a Peasant: Voices from La Via Campesina." In Food
Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Oakland: Food First, 2010.
Nicholson, Paul. "Food Sovereignty: Alliances and Transformation." In Food Movements Unite!
Oakland: Food First Books, 2011.
Nobre, Miriam. "Women's Autonomy and Food Sovereignty." In Food Movements Unite! Oakland:
Food First Books, 2011.
Paarlberg, Robert. Food Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Patel, Raj. "Grassroots Voices." The Journal of Peasant Studies 36, no. 3: 663-706.
Patel, Raj. Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System: Melville House, 2007.
Peabody, Eric Holt-Gimenez and Loren. "From Rebellions to Food Sovereignty: Urgent Call to Fix a
Broken Food System." Food First Backgrounder 14, no. 1 (2008).
Rosset, Peter. Food Sovereignty in Latin America: Confronting the 'New' Crisis. Report: Food Crisis,
May/June 2009.
Schanbacher, William D. The Politics of Food: The Global Conflict between Food Security and Food
Sovereignty: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010.
Shattuck, Eric Holt-Gimenez and Annie. "Synopsis: Food Movements Unite: Making a New Food
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Via Campesina, "La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement" http://viacampesina.org/en/.
Women in Agriculture: Introduction. Latin American Perspectives. 2008;35:5-10
Section 2:
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"The Economist Intelligence Unit: Paraguay" http://0country.eiu.com.library.colby.edu/Paraguay.
Arnold AF. Foundation of an Agricultural Policy in Paraguay. New York: Praeger; 1971.
Burke B, Piekielek J. Cooperatives, Politics, and Development in Rural Paraguay. HUMAN
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Duckworth CL. Land and Dignity in Paraguay. New York: Continuum; 2011.
Friorentini, F. (July 5, 2012). The Paraguayan Coup: How agribusiness, landowning and media elite, and
the U.S. are paving a way for regional destabilization. War Times.
Fogel RB. Movimientos Campesinos En El Paraguay. ; 1986.
Fogel RB. The Socioeconomic Context of Paraguayan Social Movements. Revista Paraguaya de
Sociologia. 1984;21:33-48.
Kregg Hetherington. Paraguay's Ongoing Struggle Over Land and Democracy. NACLA Report on the
Americas. New York: North American Congress on Latin America; 2012;45:8
Mander, B. ( September 25, 2013). "Paraguay's Growth Obsession."
Natalia Ruiz Diaz. Campesinas e indigenas paraguayas luchan por espacio propio: Source:
NoticiasFinancieras. NoticiasFinancieras. 2009.
Paredes R. Class and Social Conflict in Paraguay, 1989-2002.
Setrini, Gustavo. Estado Y Economia En Paraguay 1870-2010: Veinte Anos De Democracis Electoral
En Paraguay. Del Clientelismo Monopolico Al Clientelismo Plural: Tinker Foundation
Incorporated, 2010.
Torres, Gustavo. "Agribusiness Jeopardizes Family Farms." Latinamerica Press, (April 2012).
Verdecchia JMA. Algunas Consideraciones Sobre Las Condiciones De Éxito y Fracaso En Asociaciones
Cooperativas Campesinas En El Paraguay.
Viana, Natalia. "Paraguay Seeks Truth About Curuguaty Massacre." ABC NewsDecember 18, 2012.
Viveros D. CONAMURI: Developments and Challenges in the Struggle Against Agrochemicals in
Paraguay
Women in Paraguay. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Detroit: Gale; 2008;6:455457.
Section 3:
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Hunt Grant Application
BriAnne Illich ‘14
October 5, 2013
Adamoli GCE. Social media and social movements: A critical analysis of audience's use of Facebook to
advocate food activism offline. ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing; 2012
Donk, Wim B. H. J. van de, Donk, Wim B. H. J. van de. Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens, and Social
Movements. New York: Routledge; 2004.
Downing J. Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements. Thousand Oaks, Calif:
Sage Publications; 2001
Harlow S. Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement
that moved offline. New Media & Society. 2012;14:225-243.
Loader BD. Social Movements and New Media. Sociology Compass. 2008;2:1920-1933.
Projected Costs:
I am currently in communication with CONAMURI concerning official arrangements, but this is
a tentative estimate:
What
Description
Estimated Cost
Flight
American Roundtrip San Francisco to Asuncion (depart January
$1,068
10 return January 31)
Accommodation
20 nights in a single room hostel with wifi and within 3 km of
$400
CONAMURI headquarters (Hostal El Jardin or the Black Cat
Hostel are good examples). Private rooms normally cost $20
/night
Airport
$36 taxi transport to and from airport to living accommodations
Transportation
($18 each way from airport to city center).
Daily Transportation
Bus $2/day ($1 each way)
$40
Travel to rural
Traveling to rural areas in Paraguay to meet with smaller
$100
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$36
Hunt Grant Application
BriAnne Illich ‘14
October 5, 2013
areas/miscellaneous
indigenous groups that partner with CONAMURI will be
transportation costs
expensive and will require taking multiple forms of transportation
including regional buses and taxis. For an image of Paraguayan
population density and rural sprawl see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paraguay_population_density.png
Food
My living accommodation will serve complimentary breakfast, so
$240
I hope to spend approximately $12 per day on food.
Cell phone rental
http://www.cellularabroad.com/rentals-paraguay.php
$89
Translation fees
I plan on paying the Guaraní translator about $10 per interview
$50
session (about 5 total).
Small Gifts for
I hope to purchase small gifts for some of those that I interview,
Interviewees and
especially those in rural areas, to express my gratitude. These gifts
CONAMURI
will be simple, and practical, but I found in the past that bringing
workers
something small like a loaf of bread with jam is really appreciated.
$40
(approximately 20 gifts valued at $2)
Visa entry fee
U.S. citizens arriving by air may obtain a "Visa en Arribo"
$160
(visa upon arrival)
Total
$2223
Conversion: 1 Paraguayan Guarani equals 0.00022 US Dollar
Contacts in Asuncion
Doña Perla Alvarez, CONAMURI project coordinator
perlaalvarezbritez@gmail.com.
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Hunt Grant Application
BriAnne Illich ‘14
October 5, 2013
Telephone: 595 981 146 575
Diana Viveros, CONAMURI communications director
CONAMURI headquarters: Montevideo 1420 e/ Milano y Sicilia (Asunción)
Telefax: (021) 444 317
E-mail: conamuri@gmail.com
Gustavo Setrini, NYU professor performing research in Asuncion in January
setrini.cadep@gmail.com
Statement of Consent:
Upon completion of this thesis, I give my consent for this information to be posted on the Global
Studies website as a reference for future honors students. I additionally give permission for the
board to view my financial aid status.
BriAnne Illich
October 5, 2013
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