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Chapter 14 Study Guide
The Scientific Revolution
1. What revolution in natural philosophy was slow and complex and took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries?
2. What does the word revolution normally denote?
3. In which countries did the Scientific Revolution occur?
4. Of all of the scientific achievements of the 16th century, what captured the public imagination?
5. Which two ancient philosophers established the standard explanation of the heavens that would continue into
the 15th century?
6. Who wrote On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres in 1543 and challenged the Ptolemaic system that had
been revered since the 2nd century?
7. What type of solar system was promoted in On the Revolutions of Heavenly?
8. Who produced a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work?
9. Who was the first to set forth the elliptical model of planetary motion that describes the shape of planetary
orbits as elliptical and published this model in his book The New Astronomy in 1609?
10. Which natural philosopher improved the telescope and used it to see mountains on the moon, sun spots, and
other astronomical phenomena?
11. What two works by Galileo were published in the early 17th century and popularized the Copernican system?
12. Which member of the Medici family was Galileo’s patron during his time in Florence?
13. According to Galileo, what terms are used to describe all aspects of nature?
14. What type of philosophy viewed nature as cold, rational, mathematical, and mechanistic?
15. List four scientists that contributed to the science of astronomy in the 16th and 17th centuries:
16. Who established the basis for physics that was to endure for two hundred years?
17. What is the Latin title of Newton’s work The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy that was
published in 1687?
18. According to Newton what moves through mutual attraction, or gravity?
19. What laws did Isaac Newton discover?
20. What term refers to the principle that one must observe phenomena before attempting to explain them?
21. Who believed that it was important to test a theory, before upholding it, to see if it was what he actually
observed?
22. Which French philosopher developed rationalism, a philosophy that Isaac Newton had opposed?
Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
23. List the three men who explained the universe in mechanistic terms:
24. Who believed that the world can be explained in mechanical metaphors?
25. Who is known as the “Father of Empiricism”?
26. According to Francis Bacon, what should be used to improve the human condition?
27. What is the belief that experience, especially of the senses, is the best source of knowledge?
28. Who is known as the “Father of Modern Philosophy” and developed a scientific method that relied on
deduction?
29. What is the reasoning from general principle to arrive at specific facts?
30. What two categories did Descartes divide existing things into?
31. Which English political philosopher published the Leviathan in 1651 and argued for a strong central political
authority?
32. What did he say about the life of man?
33. How did Thomas Hobbes view human beings?
34. According to Hobbes, how do people escape the terrible state of nature?
35. According to Hobbes, who should rule with absolute and unlimited power?
36. Which of the following is the seventeenth-century philosopher who anticipated liberal political philosophy in
Europe and America?
37. Which book by John Locke declares that government is responsible and responsive to the concerns of the
governed?
38. What mankind’s three natural rights?
39. In contrast to Thomas Hobbes, how does John Locke view human beings?
40. According to Locke, what is established to secure and preserve the rights of life, liberty, and property?
41. What kind of government does Locke promote?
42. What is an agreement between the ruler and the ruled?
43. What is this relationship based on?
44. According to Locke and Thomas Aquinas, when is rebellion permitted?
45. What does John Locke defend in his Letter Concerning Toleration which was published in 1689?
46. What does John Locke outline in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding which was published in 1690?
The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
47. What term was used instead of the modern word “science” to explain nature and mankind?
48. Which two philosophies did natural knowledge oppose?
49. What new kind of institution that played an important role in supporting the “new” science?
50. Who often criticized the universities?
51. According to the advocates of natural knowledge, which two institutions established a distinct role and
presence for scientific knowledge in European social life?
52. What movement followed the Scientific Revolution in the 18th century?
Women In the World of the Scientific Revolution
53. Which two institutions excluded women?
54. Which class of women achieved greater freedom to pursue the new sciences than did noblewomen?
55. Who wrote widely on scientific subjects and was the most accomplished woman associated with the New
Science in 17th-century England?
56. What field of science did Maria Winkelmann contribute to?
57. Who translated Newton’s Principia Mathematica into French?
The New Science and Religious Faith
58. What type of universe was replaced with a Materialistic Universe?
59. Which kind of philosopher believed that religion and science were mutually supportive in the 17th century?
60. According to scientists in the Scientific Revolution, what would shed light on the nature of the divine?
61. What was the single most famous incident of conflict between science and religion and took place in 1633?
62. What church council had adopted a literal reading of the Bible in 1563?
63. Which of Copernicus’s works was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books?
64. Which of Galileo’s books was published in 1632 and was designed to defend the physical truthfulness of
Copernicanism?
65. Who was put on trial in 1633 for heresy, was ordered to recant, and was later sentenced to house arrest for the
rest of his life?
66. When did the Catholic Church admit to errors in Galileo’s trial?
67. Which French mathematician and physical scientist became influential in reconciling faith and new science
during the 17th century?
68. Which of Pascal’s works was published posthumously and is a formulation of his reflections on humankind
and religion?
69. Which group did Pascal belong to that opposed the Jesuits in the 17th century?
70. According to Pascal what is required in matters of religion?
71. List the two essential truths that Pascal saw in the Christian Religion:
72. What did Pascal believe was too weak to resolve the religious issues of human nature and destiny?
73. What was Pascal’s famous wager for skeptics?
74. Who established the framework for reconciling science and religion in the English speaking world?
75. According to natural philosophers which two things were not only compatible, but mutually supportive?
76. What religious thought held that religious conclusions can be deduced from nature?
77. Who wrote The Wisdom of God Manifested in His Works of Creation in 1690 and argued that it was evident
that God had placed human beings in the world to understand it and then, having understood it, to turn it to
productive practical use through rationality?
Continuing Superstition
78. How many people were sentenced to death for witchcraft or harmful magic between 1400 and 1700?
79. What is the name given to those who were believed to have practiced black magic?
80. What name was given to local healers who purported to use magic to aid their societies?
81. Who practiced high magic?
82. Who practiced black magic?
83. What percentage of people accused of witchcraft in the early modern period were women?
84. List the three groups of women that were often accused as witches:
85. What kind of women were midwives in the 16th century?
86. Which group was not a common target of the witch hunts?
87. Who are the two authors of Hammer of the Witches (Malleus Maleficarum) which was written in 1486?
88. List four reasons given from the textbook (page 476), “Why more women than men are witches”?
89. List two reasons that ended the witch hunts:
Baroque Art
90. What term refers to the style associated with 17th century painting, sculpture, and architecture?
91. What manner did Baroque artists use to paint the subjects in?
92. Who was the most famous Baroque painter and was known for creating dramatic scenes in his paintings using
sharp contrasts between light and darkness?
93. Which Baroque artist is famous for painting scenes of French peasant life?
94. List two institutions that were associated with Baroque art:
95. Where did Baroque art first emerge?
96. Which Baroque artist is famous for his work for the Catholic Church in Rome?
97. What was the most famous example of Baroque decoration?
98. Who was the leading painter of the Catholic reformation?
99. Which English king appeared to illustrate Catholic sympathies by employing Peter Paul Rubens?
100. What was the most elaborate baroque monument to political absolutism?