Exam Review - Answers
Split the following terms up in to three categories (ecology, chemistry, and electricity).
Review each term. If you are confident with a term move along to the next one. Write down
definitions for terms that you are not familiar with. Remember to provide examples when
appropriate.
halogen
period
respiration
extinct
autotroph
group
closed circuit
open circuit
chemical formula
photosynthesis
community
inorganic
biotic
pesticide
consumer
metalloids
natality
solution
population
volt
static electricity
ecology
producer
series circuit
biogeography
pest
decomposer
orbit
extirpated
trophic level
herbivore
proton
noble gases
electric current
nutrient
abiotic
mortality
mixture
organic
load
secondary consumer
electron
charge
parallel circuit
electricity
combustion
proton
neutron
biome
heterotroph
food web
primary consumer
nitrate
combining capacity
fertilizer
compound
carbon cycle
chemical symbol
food chain
carrying capacity
carnivore
atomic number
nitrogen fixation
ampere
resistance
ohm
induction
grounding
power
energy
subscript
Ecology
autotroph
biotic
natality
biogeography
extirpated
mortality
secondary consumer
respiration
photosynthesis
pesticide
ecology
pest
trophic level
community
consumer
population
nutrient
producer
nitrogen fixation
food chain
fertilizer
food web
carrying capacity
primary consumer
organic
herbivore
combustion
heterotroph
biome
nitrate
carbon cycle
carnivore
abiotic
inorganic
decomposer
extinct
Chemistry
Electricity
halogen
chemical formula
noble gases
period
group
solution
mixture
electron
metalloids
compound
charge
proton
neutron
combining capacity
chemical symbol
atomic number
subscript
static electricity
open circuit
closed circuit
electric current
electricity
volt
series circuit
orbit
proton
load
parallel circuit
ampere
ohm
induction
grounding
power
energy
Refer to your notes for definitions on the above terms.
ECOLOGY
1. List and define the five classifications for species at risk.
Extinct
Endangered
Extirpated
Threatened
Vulnerable
(Special
Concern)
A species that is not found anywhere.
A species that is close to extinction in all parts of Canada or in a significantly
large location
Any species that no longer exists in one part of Canada, but can be found in
others
Any species that is likely to become endangered if factors that make it
vulnerable are not reversed
Any species that is at risk because of low or declining numbers at the fringe
of its range or in some restricted area
2. What is the difference between a population and a community?
Population – the total number of one species in an ecosystem
Community – a group of populations in an ecosystem
3. List 3 abiotic factors and 3 biotic factors.
Abiotic – light, temperature, wind, water
Biotic – food, # of predators, diseases, ability to compete for resources
4. How many trophic levels are contained in an ecosystem?
Trophic level 1 (autotrophs; plants)
Trophic level 2 (primary consumers; rabbit)
Trophic level 3 (secondary consumers; blue jay)
Trophic level 4 (tertiary consumers; hawk)
5. Draw a food web covering all the trophic levels.
6. What is the difference between organic and inorganic matter?
Inorganic – does not contain the combination of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Organic – contains the combination of carbon and hydrogen atoms
7. Explain how carbon and nitrogen are cycled through the atmosphere.
Carbon
- combustion, burning fossil fuels, volcanoes, photosynthesis, respiration, mining etc.
Nitrogen
- nitrogen from our atmosphere undergoes a change when lightning strikes or by nitrogen-fixing
bacteria which changes nitrites into nitrates. Plants use those nitrates for proteins and DNA.
Humans consume plants directly or they consume animals that have consumed those plants.
8. List the 4 Canadian biomes and briefly describe each one.
Tundra – low temperatures, short growing season, low precipitation
Boreal Forest – harsh climate, changeable weather temperature extremes
Temperate Deciduous Forest – long growing season, higher temperatures, faster decomposition
Grassland – longer growing season, higher temperatures, rich fertile soil
9. Define lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
Lithosphere – all the Earth’s solid outer layer
Atmosphere – the layer of gases surrounding Earth
Biosphere – the zone around the earth in which life can exist
CHEMISTRY
1. Define WHMIS and review the symbols.

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
2. Distinguish between chemical and physical properties. List examples of each.
Physical properties describe the physical characteristics of a substance.
Colour and lustre
gold has lustre and concrete is dull
Conductivity
metals are conductors glass is an insulator
Density
water 1g/mL, gold 19 g/mL
Ductility
Copper
Hardness
low would be wax, high would be diamonds
Malleability
Aluminum foil
Viscosity
water is less viscous, oil is more viscous
Brittleness
glass is brittle, modeling clay is flexible
Chemical properties describe the chemical characteristics of a substance.
Combustibility
Forms gas when heated
Reacts with acid
Emits heat during reaction
Reacts with water
Emits light during reaction
Absorbs heat during reaction
Forms a precipitate (solid) in a solution
3. What is the formula for density?
D = M/V
4. Find the unknown quantity:
a) M = 250.0 g, D = 0.8765 g/mL, V = ?
b) M = ?, V = 100 mL, D = 3 g/mL
c) M = 95 g, V = 950 mL, D = ?
5. Explain the Particle Theory.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
All matter is made up of tiny particles
All particles have space between them
All particles of one substance are the same. Different substances are made of different particles.
The particles are always moving. The more energy the particles have, the faster they move.
There are attractive forces between the particles. These forces are stronger when the particles are
closer together.
6. Identify the difference between a pure substance and a mixture.
Pure substance contains only ONE type of particle.
Mixture contains MORE than one type of particle.
Pure Substance – any element, water, carbon dioxide etc.
Mixture – pop, milk
Mechanical mixture – pizza, sandwich
Solution – milk, juice, alloy
7. Define element, compound, molecule
Elements - are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Compounds - are pure substances that contain two or more different elements in a fixed
proportion.
Molecules - when two or more atoms join together. Molecules can contain two atoms or many
thousands of atoms.
8. Explain what the following people contributed to the atom theory:
Democritus – discovered the atom
Aristotle – 4 basic substances (earth, water, air, fire)
Dalton – revised atom, billiard ball model
Thomson – discovered electron, plum pudding model
Rutherford – discovered proton
Chadwick – discovered neutron
Bohr – electron orbits
9. Complete a Bohr-Rutherford diagram for all elements in period 2.
10. Write the standard atomic notation for the first 20 elements on the periodic table.
11. Provide the symbol for the following elements:
hydrogen
H
Magnesium
Mg
zinc
Zn
lithium
Li
calcium
Ca
arsenic
As
sodium
Na
silver
Ag
bromine
Br
potassium
K
iron
Fe
krypton
Kr
beryllium
Be
copper
Cu
tin
Sn
12. Name the following elements:
B
Boron
S
Sulfur
He
Helium
Al
Aluminum
F
Fluorine
Ar
Argon
C
Carbon
O
Oxygen
Ne
Neon
Si
Silicon
N
Nitrogen
Ti
Thallium
P
Phosphorus
V
Vanadium
Ni
Nickel
13. Complete the chart below
Element
Standard Atomic
Notation
Atomic
Number
Mass
Number
# protons
# electrons
# neutrons
hydrogen
1
1
1
1
0
silicon
14
28
14
14
14
oxygen
8
16
8
8
8
fluorine
9
19
9
9
10
sodium
11
23
11
11
12
calcium
20
40
20
20
20
argon
18
40
18
18
22
helium
2
4
2
2
2
14. Complete the chart below.
Compound
Number of
elements
Names of
elements
Number of
atoms of each
Total number of
atoms
2
sodium
chlorine
Na = 1
Cl = 1
2
2
Carbon
Oxygen
C=4
O=8
3
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
H=3
S=1
O=3
7
3
Calcium
Fluorine
Oxygen
Ca = 2
F=4
O = 12
18
Sulfur
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
S=1
O=3
N=3
H=9
Sodium
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Na = 3
N = 10
H = 30
Sulfur
Oxygen
S = 72
O = 594
NaCl
4CO2
H3SO3
2Ca(FO3)2
SO3(NH3)3
4
3Na(NH2)3NH4
3
6SO3(SO7)6SO5(SO15)3SO4
2
ELECTRICITY
1. Distinguish between static electricity and current electricity.
•
opposite charges attract
•
like charges repel
2. What does a Van de Graaff generator do?
A machine that creates static electricity.
12
16
43
666
3. Briefly explain: charging by friction, charging by contact and charging by induction
Friction - rubbing two neutral objects together; one becomes positive the other negative
Conduction - two objects of different charge come together; charge moves from highest to
lowest; end result is that they both have the same charge.
Induction – charged object close to neutral object; attracts or pushes electrons to or from surface
closest to charged object; electrons return to normal position after charged object is removed.
4. List and explain the four different parts of an Electric Circuit.
source - battery
connectors - copper wire
control - switch
load - light bulb
5. State the characteristics of a series circuit and a parallel circuit.
Series Circuit –
•
one path
•
electrical energy is shared
•
all electrical devices must be either on or off at the same time.
Parallel Circuit •
more than one path
•
electrical energy is not shared
•
each electrical device can be on or off within the circuit
6. Draw a circuit diagram for the following circuits: (open, closed, series, parallel)
open
closed
series
parallel
7. List the units of measure for the following: energy, power, voltage drop, current and
resistance.
energy - joules
power - watts
voltage drop - volts
current - amps
resistance - ohms
8. Calculate the cost of operating the following devices. The cost of electricity is 6.7 ¢/kW-h
a) a 30 W incandescent light bulb for 650 hours
b) a 13 W CFL for 2 weeks
c) a 600 W computer for one leap year.
d) a refrigerator operating at its peak power of 850 W for 6 months
9. A load has 3.2 A of current flowing through it. The voltage across the load is 8.0 V.
Calculate the resistance of the load.
10. A 210 ohm resistor is connected to a power supply set at 16 V. Calculate the current
going through the resistor.
11. A toaster oven has a 22.0 ohm resistor that has 6.0 A of current going through it when
the toaster is on. Calculate the potential difference across the resistor.
SPACE
1. Be familiar with the following terms:
 Astronomy
 Moon
 Celestial object
 Gravity
 Universe
 Galaxies
 Stars
 Milk Way
 Sun
 Luminous
 Meteorite
 Satellites
 Red shift
 Asteroid
Refer to your notes for definitions on these terms







Solar System
Solar Flare
Solar Wind
Sunspot
Auroras
Dwarf planets
Meteoroid







Planets
AU
Meteor
Constellation
Dark energy
Comet
Dark matter
2. Make a list of the terrestrial planets and gas planets with their characteristics.
terrestrial – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
 Inner planets
 Made of metal and rock
 smaller
gas giants – Jupiter, Uranus, Saturn, Neptune
 outer planet
 made of gas
 larger
3. Explain how the universe is expanding. Use the terms gravity, dark matter, and dark
energy.



The red shift on the light spectrum tells us that celestial objects are moving away at a rapid
pace.
Gravity/dark matter has been over powered by dark energy.
Dark energy is the opposing force of gravity and the cause of the expansion of the universe.
4. Explain the different stages of a meteoroid as it travels to Earth.



Meteoroid is a smaller piece of rock/metal travelling around in space.
Meteor is the burning up of the meteoroid as it enters Earth’s atmosphere.
The remains of the meteor that contacts Earth is called the meteorite.
5. How does solar wind create the northern lights?


Solar wind gets drawn into Earth’s magnetic field.
Solar wind reacts with Earth’s atmosphere.
6. What three criteria need to be met in order to be classified a planet?



Be in orbit around a star (such as the Sun)
Have enough mass to be pulled into a stable sphere shape by gravity
Dominate its orbit (i.e., its mass must be greater than anything else that crosses its orbit)