STI for Harnessing Ocean Resources
State of the Science
GII, World Hunger Index, GCI, Global Water Index
4.1. Introduction
The maritime area of 230,000 km2 belonging to Sri Lanka is about three times larger than the
land area and its Exclusive Economic Zone is about 517,000 km2 which is approximately eight
times larger the Island and holds many avenues, explored and unexplored, providing
countless possibilities to further the economic prosperity of the country. Nevertheless; the
country has a very narrow continental shelf with the width ranging from 9 to 45 km with an
average depth of 66 m. It’s area is about 31,000 km2 which provides limited habitat for the
coastal fishery. Ocean resources of Sri Lanka fall within the Bay of Bengal Large Marine
Ecosystem (BOBLME) which has been considered as one of the most productive (>300 gCm 2Yr-1) ecosystem in the world oceans that consist of living and non-living resources including
energy resources. Thus, it is important to conserve and sustainable use of Sri Lanka’s ocean
and coastal resources for sustainable development, including through their contributions to
poverty eradication, sustained economic growth, food security and creation of sustainable
livelihoods and decent work, while at the same time protecting bio-diversity and the marine
environment while addressing the impacts of climate change. Therefore, the future prosperity
of the country may lies in the sea, and it is of paramount importance to formulate
appropriate strategies, and develop technically appropriate manpower in the fisheries, ocean
minerals, marine and maritime sectors.
As per the above preamble; it is highly opportune to identify the ways and means that Sri
Lanka can make the sustainable use of the ocean resources via fisheries and other biological
resources, minerals, maritime transportation, sea petroleum/gas and power generation.
Investments in the appropriate technologies and on skilled human resource are must for
gaining the maximum benefits in most of the sectors. Also, there are large research gaps
existing in an array of scientific and socio-economic aspects related to ocean resources. In
order to increase and sustain the ocean resources’ contribution to economic growth,
adequate attention has to be paid to the issues which hamper the increased utilization and
sustainability of the resources. As of now, there is no comprehensive database on ocean
resources in Sri Lanka, which is vital for effective policy formulation and sustainable utilization
of it. Although there are regulations in place, they are not appropriately enforced to handle
the unsustainable activities associated with most of the ocean resources especially in the
coastal fisheries sector. Effective coordination among the institutions involved in managing
ocean resources is also a key concern in this regard. Those remain areas where immediate
policy attention is needed. Further, If an Ocean Policy has been formulated for Sri Lanka, it
could have provided several recommendations and draw up a "comprehensive, integrated,
ecosystem-based" framework for sustainably using the resources of oceans and coasts.
4.2 Potential and Opportunities for Wealth Creation from Ocean Resources through STI.
The coastal and off shore resources of Sri Lanka which considered under ocean resources
include coastal lands, ground water and surface water sources (lagoons and estuaries),
mineral deposits, sand dunes, beaches & spits and other highly productive natural habitats
which include coral reefs and wetlands (mangroves, sea grass beds, tidal flats/salt marshes)
and deep sea areas including associate fauna.
About a decade back, only the coastal region has contributed 40% of the national GDP
(Saundranayagam et al. 1994). It could be more today, considering the economic
development that had taken place within the coastal region since then, compared to the rest
of the country. In particular,
o Offshore/high-sea fishing provided 159,680 metric tons and Coastal sea provided
257,540 metric tons of fish during the year 2012 (Unstoppable Sri Lanka - 2020). (Fish
production from the lagoons and estuaries also to be included)
o Rich mineral resources such as ilmenite and monozaite bearing beach sands, silica
sands, miocene limestone, kaolin, copper, magnetite and peat.
o 62% of the industrial units and 70% of the tourist infrastructure facilities (National
Report – BOBLAME) and bio diversity hot spots remain within the ocean territory.
Deep Sea Fisheries: It is assumed that offshore and high sea fishery resources are under
exploited by Sri Lanka; most probably due to high investment cost required and technological
gaps. Thus, there is a need to adopt sustainable programs that emphasize the development of
offshore/high sea fishing industry. As mentioned in the Public investment strategy of the
Government “Unstoppable Sri Lanka 2020”; it is planned to enhance the offshore/high se fish
production by 354% as at 2012 production. For achieving this objective; national level
responses in many areas are necessary but it may not sufficient. Regional and international
collaborations are imperative particularly in conducting research, knowledge/technology
transfer and capacity building in relation to infrastructure, equipment and human resource.
Adhering and respecting to regional and international regulations also imperative to continue
market collaborations for deep sea fishery resources. It also requires a strong institutional
framework, which can be built upon existing institutions at regional level. Human resources
especially in the areas of remote sensing and GIS application, oceanography and ocean
engineering, oil and gas exploration, fish stock assessment, post-harvest practices and value
addition, Biotechnology, new technologies in pollution monitoring to be enhanced within the
country.
Remote sensing is widely being used in diverse areas of the ocean such as mapping of mass
movement of pollutants in the coastal and marine environments, mapping, predicting and
providing early warnings of life-threatening events in the coastal and marine environment
and most importantly searching and mapping of potential of fishing grounds. Sri Lanka lags
behind in the use and application of remote sensing in the areas said the above while
comparing to advanced fishing nations. Further to remote sensing, developing and using of
Unman Underwater Vehicles (UUV) would be a desirable application on fishing operations,
stock assessments, searching of underwater mineral resources, hydrographic surveys,
scientific sampling and mapping, debris field mapping, security of fishing harbors and other
commercial harbors. Improving and adopting into such sciences and technologies may
support towards wealth creation of the country through utilizing unexploited ocean resources
of Sri Lanka.
Further, concerning the growth of offshore/high sea fishery sector, it is necessary to address
technical development of sub sectors of fishery such as fleets, fishing methods and related
technologies as illustrated in Figure 1.
Technical Improvement of
fishing fleets, fishing methods,
fishing gears & post harvest
handling practices & fishing
harbours
Advanced & collaborative
research in association with
scientist of regional &
international
Use of advanced technologies for
searching fishing grounds (remote
sensing/GIS) and enhancing
technical knowledge of fishing crews
Facilitating for
exploring &
sustainable
harvesting of
offshore / high sea
fishery resources
Figure 1: Required ST interventions for improving off Sea/high Sea fishing of Sri Lanka
Coastal Fisheries: Indigenous knowledge of the traditional fishermen play vital role in costal
sea fishing even at present. However, it has been observed that coastal fish production has
not proportionately increased in line with the significant increase the numbers of mechanized
costal fishing vessels since 2005. Further, as of now, there has been little or no bio-economic
modeling carried out to compute the maximum sustainable yield levels (MSY) for important
costal fish species around Sri Lanka. In addition, as mentioned in the Fisheries Outlook of
National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), Sri Lanka does not
have reliable data on the extent to which the country’s costal fishery resource is under the
risk of over-exploitation. Still substantial data and research gaps exist and requisite to address
for sustainable utilization of such resources for the economic development of the country.
Mariculture: The potential for mariculture practices in Sri Lanka has been realized and it is
seen as an alternative to meeting the widening gap in rising demand for seafood. In Sri Lanka,
considerable mariculture practice is the prawn (Penaeus monodon) farming and it has been
the most lucrative commercial aquaculture since it started in the mid-1980s. By the end of
1999, an estimated total of 1,300 prawn farms covering a coastal area of 4,500ha and 80
hatcheries with an annual capacity of 750 million post larvae had developed in the
Northwestern province of Sri Lanka.
The industry recorded its peak economic
performances in 2000 by earning US$ 69.4
6,000
5,000
million worth of foreign exchange for the
4,000
total exported volume of 4,855 MT and
3,000
subsequently exporting of farmed P.
2,000
monodon accounts almost 15-30% of the
1,000
0
seafood export sector in each year.
Moreover, shrimp farming has contributed
towards the development of support
Production MT
Linear (Production MT)
industries such as agricultural lime outlets,
fiberglass manufacturers, feed outlets, machinery supply and repair facilities, hardware stores
and laboratories while providing many rural livelihoods. However, nearly for two decades, P.
monodon production of Sri Lanka was not increased in line with the time period (Figure 2) and
also the industry does not reach up to the optimum production levels in relation to the land
area (ecologically and economically worth) which utilized for constructing ponds.
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
Figure 2: Anual Production of farmed P. Monodon Sri Lanka
y = -18.758x + 3331
R² = 0.0079
Table 1: Export income from P. Monodon. Values in US $ Million.
Year
Value
2004
23.62
2005
17.66
2006
20.50
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
22.38 10.00 14.14
14.24 16.28 13.12
Percentage contribution to Total Export in 2013
2004 – 2013 Average growth
2013
19.46
0.18%
- 3.63%
2%
Though many constrains including diseases affect to the industry everywhere in the
world; the major producing countries of Penaeus sp. including Thailand, Vietnam,
Indonesia, India, Philippines, China etc. still rely on the practice and contributing to
the global market with considerable financial figures comparing to Sri Lanka. Not only
viral diseases, but also some of the substantial constrains still affecting to the industry
of Sri Lanka. Not applying of latest and advanced biological and engineering
technologies into the sector, knowledge and information gap remains at the grassroot
level farmers on latest technological developments, lack of governmet assistance on
either science or technology and necessory infrastructure development, not
practicing of best aquaculture management practices due to various reasons can be
mentioned. Most of the other farming countries aim to address or manage the
current challenges (as mentioned in the Figure 3) of shrimp farming industry via
relevant sciences and advance technological solutions yet Sri Lanka need to adhere to
incerese the production at least to make a cnotribution upto 2% of national expert
earnings of the country.
Technical Improvement of farms with
assistance of aquaculture engineers,
limnologists, renweable energy experts
etc.
Use of advanced technologies in hatchery
Advanced & collaborative research in
management, brood-stock development &
association with scientist of regional &
management, producing of SPF brooders
international especially on feed, water
and SPF or SPR - PLs with assistance of
quality managment brooders and PLs
pathologists, bio technologist, virologists,
geneticist etc.
Enhancing the
shrimp production
Sustainabley in Sri
Lanka
Figure 3: Vital ST interventions for improving off Sea/high Sea fishing of Sri Lanka
Note* SPF = Specific pathogen free. SPR= Specific pathogen resistance, PLs= Post Larvae
Inappropriate design and construction of farms, none of the facilities established for waste
and waste water management, extremely high electricity/fuel cost, out dated aeration
techniques and the quality of feed are the areas to be improved with assistance of relevant
technical experts. Improved hatchery technologies, advance management of brood-stocks
and Post Larvae (PLs), inappropriate responses for disease outbreaks also areas to be
improved strongly. Introducing of new species under controlled conditions would be another
strategy to adopt. Exporting of farmed prawns yet contributed only 1 - 2% of the national
export earnings during each year (Table 1) which is quite possible to enhance further with
appropriate sciences and technologies as mentioned in the Figure 2.
Commercially important marine fin-fish species such as seabass (Lates sp.), grouper
(Ephinephelus sp.) and milk fish (Chanos chanos) farming in Sri Lanka at minor scale yet and
need more technical enhancement and investments for scaling up and commercializing. Pilot
scale projects of Sri Lanka have proved that highly valuable species in the export market such
as Mud crabs (Scylla serrata) and sea cucumber are also possible species to initiate
commercial level farming while adhering to the sustainable practices. Main bottle neck for
the above culture practices is timely availability of quality seeds within Sri Lanka. Hatchery
technologies for Seabass (Lates sp.) are established and commercial level framing is initiated
(though it further needs technical enhancement and expansion), but for all the other species
mentioned above; hatchery technologies to be developed or transferred appropriately to Sri
Lanka from the countries such technologies are already developed.
Technical Improvement of hatchery
technologies and establishing of
hatcheries for Mud crab, Sea
cucmber, Grouper, Millkfish etc. by
aquaculture engineers, limnologists,
aqua-culturists, bio-technologist etc
Stratergic identification (considering
monsoonal winds/rains, ocenographical
parameters & reosurces users) &
demarcting of suitable sites for farming by
relavant Scientists (Oceanographers,
aquaculture engineers, limnologists, aquaculturists, etc)
Establishing of necessory legisilations for
mariculture practices to support the
industry & for making it sustainable by
policy planners
Facilitating for
Sustainable
Mariculture
Practices in Sri
Lanka
Figure 4: Necessary ST interventions for establishing sustainable mariculture practices in Sri Lanka.
Seaweeds: Extensive beds of seaweeds are found in Jaffna, Palk Strait, Gulf of Mannar, Pearl
bank off Silawathurai and along the southwest and southern coast of Sri Lanka
(http://www.fao.org). According to available published data, the macro algal flora/seaweeds
comprised of 572 species along the costal belt of Sri Lanka. Seaweed, apart from being a food,
is an important source of colloids or gels such as alginic acid (mainly for the textile industry),
carrageenan (food industry), agar (Laboratory and food industry) and medically important
elements as iodine, vitamins, minerals and many other unidentified anti-bacterial and antifungal properties.
Economic use of brown algae is the production of alginic acid and most of the brown
seaweeds found in Sri Lanka rich with alginic acids. During the 1960–70 several pilot scale
operations were undertaken to examine the feasibility of extracting alginic acid from local
seaweeds especially from Sargassum sp. Locally manufactured alginic acid was found to be of
international standard. According to the first quantitative survey done by Durairatnam (1963)
in the southwest coast; Sargassum species are found in large quantities. The survey revealed
that some 800 tons of the seaweed could be harvested from the coast. Considering the entire
coast Sargassum available areas of the country; the potential may higher than the estimated
amount from southwest coast. In addition to Sargassum; several other species such
as Laminaria sp., Macrocystis sp., Turbinaria sp., Fucus sp., and Ascophyllum sp. which are
found in Sri Lanka are rich in alginates.
Another two genera of red seaweed, Gelidium sp. and Gracilaria sp. account for most of the
raw material used for the extraction of agar. Cultivation methods for Gracilaria sp. has been
developed in warm sea waters in Asia and few attempts were made in Sri Lanka. According to
the results, obviously, Gracilaria sp. also can be successfully grown in coastal waters of Sri
Lanka with some seasonal variations, but still the supply of Gracilaria sp. comes mainly from
the wild especially from Trincomalee, Mannar and Kalpitiya districts and directly exported
without adding value. Gracilaria sp. has been exported from Sri Lanka since 1800s
(Duraitarnam, 1933). Exports to England of dried bleached Gracilaria sp. was some 5,700 lbs
in 1831 and 15,000 lbs in 1840 where it was sold at 09 d/lbs. During 1941 to 1944 it was
estimated that 20,000 lbs of seaweed was exported to India annually. In 1950's Japan
imports Gracilaria sp. from Sri Lanka.
Sri Lanka has recently gained experience on farming of Carrageenans bearing edible red
seaweeds such as Kappaphycus sp. Carrageenans are widely used in the food, cosmetic and
pharmaceutical industries of the entire world, for their strong binding to food proteins,
gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Sri Lanka too imports many tones of
carrageenan annually. Experiential level farming practices reveled that near shore areas in
East, Northern and Northwestern coastal areas support for best growth performance of
Kappaphycus sp. with some seasonal variations. Despite this, the full potential for
Kappaphycus sp. cultivation in Sri Lanka has not yet recognized. Since vegetative cultivation is
possible and farming techniques are plain, commercialized farming and value addition would
assist to the GDP of the country.
During the 60s and 70s decades, seaweed was a negligible item in most of the current farming
countries [(i.e. Philippines, Indonesia, India, Africa (Tanzania), Oceania (Solomon Islands), and
Latin America]. In Philippine, the development of seaweed farming in 1973 foreign revenues
increased to almost fifty times. Since then what has been a minor sea products is now
generating more than US$ 50 million for the country and now the third most important
fishery export of the Philippines (www.fao.org). Indonesia is also striving to produce 10
million tons of seaweed per by 2015 (www. indonesia-oslo.com).
Marine-derived Peptides and Proteins: Biological activities and applications of marinederived proteins and peptides are valuable resource for researchers in Sri Lanka in marine
biochemistry field as well as food industry, cosmetics and pharmaceutical fields. There have
recently been significant advances worldwide in isolating functional ingredients from marine
bio-resources and seafood by-products for use in these industries, but little has been
published, creating a knowledge gap. Applications of Marine-derived Peptides and Proteins in
the Food Industry will be useful not only to biomaterial scientists but also to the fishery
industries, entrepreneurs and industrialists looking to add value to the flourishing industry of
fish processing.
Ocean Bio Diversity: Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity of the Ocean territory of Sri
Lanka is not yet recognized or valued though such parameters have considerable economic
value. Estuaries & lagoons, coral reefs, mangroves, sea grass beds and salt marshes with high
ecosystem diversity as well as species diversity and function as vital breeding or nursery
grounds for numerous species of fish, crustaceans and mollusks which are economical vital in
the local as well as export markets. Genetic diversity within coastal habitats and even in the
deep sea is believed to be high but this aspect has not been investigated yet. Even micro
fauna (bacteria and fungus) may have medicinal or industrial value tough none of the
research has done which is to be addressed through bio-technology.
Salt: Among the unlimited resources of the ocean; Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is one of its prime
commodities which can easily exploit with freely available energy sources (Solar & Wind) and
raw material (Sea water). Necessary infra-structure and advanced technologies such as pure
vacuum dried technology to be establish yet to produce salt up to export level. Electrolysis of
sea water gives rise to a valuable chemical; NaOH and as byproducts hydrogen and chlorine
which are economically valuable again. Sea water is also a commercial source of Magnesium
chloride, magnesium sulfate, lithium metal or lithium compounds, bromine compounds,
gypsum & potash fertilizer. It is compulsory to establish R&D works for extracting such
valuable raw materials/chemicals from the oceans.
Mineral Resources: Areas rich in heavy mineral sands have been identified in along the
coastal belt of Sri Lanka. The utmost coastal mineral sand deposit locates in the East coast of
Sri Lanka from Pulmudei to Kokkilai. As mentioned in the Arjuna’s Atlas of Sri Lanka; the
deposit contains about 4,000,000 tonnes of mineral sands with an average composition of
70% ilmanite, 10% zircon and 8% rutile. Nature gifted another three deposits have been
discovered along the stretches of beach from Mullaithivu to Nillavelli and Nayaru,
Pudawaikattu and Thevikallu. These deposits have a proven reserve of about 3,000,000
tonnes of ilmanite, 6,000,000 of rutile and 4,000,000 tonnes of zircon. Above coastal mineral
deposits could be the most valuable natural resource in Sri Lanka in terms of economic value.
Yet, all most all coastal mineral resources are simply use in the domestic market or export as
raw materials as it is exploited or partially processed (Table 1) while letting the country to
lose a great amount of income.
Table 1: Produces and annual
production by Lanka Mineral Sands Ltd.
(http://www.lankamineralsands.com/)
Ilmenite
Rutile
Zircon
Monazite
Hi Titanium Ilmenite
90,000 tonnes
9,000 tonnes
5,500 tonnes
100 tonnes
4,000 tonnes
It is vital to establish necessary R&D works
through appropriate S&T at the national scale to
extract titanium oxide from ilmanite and rutile
which is an important white pigment and also in
the manufacture light alloys and some other
advanced materials. Positive initiatives are been
taken by Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology
(SLINTEC) to extract Titanium from ilmanite
mineral sand but its commercial application to be
established yet.
Ilmanite deposits are further found in the West coast and the beach for several miles north of
the Kelani river (Herath, 2008), in Kaluthara and many other areas of the country where larger
rivers meet the sea. However, a systematic scientific study to measure the radiation levels in
beach sands and the volume of deposits in these areas has still not been carried out
(Mahawatte & Fernando, 2013). Such study in these areas is important to estimate the
radiation exposure to the public and in locating previously unidentified mineral sand deposits
and to evaluate economical use.
Not only coastal stretch, Ocean bed around the country is rich with thick sedimentary
Mesozoic deposits, which are sources of minerals mainly Manganese, Sulphides and Cobalt
(Unstoppable Sri Lanka, 2020). But, discovering Ocean mineral resources is yet to expand,
while harnessing the most advanced technologies. Accurate estimation of the resources is
also extremely essential. The physical availability of ocean mineral resources alone does not
guarantee its economic production. Advance technologies for adding value/processing of
minerals yet to explore and establish in Sri Lanka.
Energy sources: Ocean produces two types of energy: thermal energy from the sun's heat,
and mechanical energy from the tides and waves. In addition, Sri Lanka is blessed with oceanbased energy source; ocean generated wind power which is not yet fully tapped. According to
Elliott et al. (2003), it has been estimated that there is nearly 5000 km 2 of windy areas with
good-to-excellent wind resource potential in Sri Lanka and the windy coastal areas are
estimated to encompass 700 km2 with a potential installed capacity of 3500 MW.
(http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_renewable_wind_potential.html -14.03.2014).
The worldwide resource of wave energy has been estimated to be greater than 2 TW (Cruz et
al., 2008). Sri Lanka’s strategic geographical location can be used to generate wave energy as
the country has been identified as retaining a huge potential for wave power. Technology for
the wave energy is developed by the various countries in the world; thus transferring of the
technology at least at the experimental scale would enhance interest on it and finally would
benefit the country rather than depending on fossil fuel for generating electricity while
considering fluctuating fossil fuel prices and the impact of global warming. Ocean thermal
energy is also used for many applications including electricity generation in some countries.
Warm water currents around the country especially at the eastern area may utilizable for
power generation. The possible discovery of gas and oil resources in the Mannar Basin will
open new avenues for economic activities which can have significant impacts on Sri Lanka.
4.2. National and International Targets
National Targets
Sectors
Off shore/High seas fish production
Coastal fish production
shipping
Per capita fish consumption
2012
159,680
257,540
2016
425,000
310,000
2020
725,000
375,000
4.3. Ocean based Industries in prioritized areas
4.3.1.1. Exiting Ocean based Industries
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Boat building and Ship building
Commercial Ports (Colombo, Galle
Shipping/maritime transportation
Fishing
Costal and Marine Aquaculture
Tourism
Mining
4.3.1.2. Sectorial classification of industries based on ocean resources
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.3.2. Local Industries related to ocean resources and value of industries
Industry
Coastal Fishery
Deep Sea Fishery
Salt
Mineral sand
Boat building
Shrimp Farming
Value of the industry - 2013
4.3.3. Ocean Based Export Industries and Export Earning
No Industry
1
2
3
4
5
Fish (frozen, chilled or fresh)
Shrimp & other crustaceans
Mineral sand
Boat building
Salt
Export Earning – U. S. $ Mn.
% Contribution to
2010
2011
2012
2013 Total Exports in
2013
161.18 149.07 168.39 189.61
1.71%
30.98 36.18 29.21 44.12
0.4%
9.99
15.48 25.27 7.14
0.06%
58.53 149.25 56.59 82.00
0.74%
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.00%
Total U. S. $ Mn.
3.45
Export Income (US$ Mn.) of Ocean Based Industries for One Decade
Period from 2004 to 2013
Boat Building
123.09
481.83
Natural Salt
Mineral Sands
1.32
120.67
729.73
87.33
43.5
171.45
463.46
Crabs
Lobsters
Prawns
Fresh or chiiled fish
Frozen Fish
Other Edible Fish
The heights export income; 72.973 US$ Mn. Per year ± 24.828 US$ Mn. (32.84% from the
ocean based exports) is encounter by exporting of frozen fish especially by exporting Tuna
species into Europe and Japan markets. Exporting of boats and fresh or chilled fish share the
percentages of 21.68% and 20.85% respectively from the ocean based export earnings.
Mineral sands which has immense potential to support to increase the county’s GDP still
counts only 5.43% since exporting without processing up to the end products. Production of
salt (NaCl) is another area that has considerable potential in Sri Lanka to increase though it is
still representing only 0.06% (0.132 US$ Mn. Per year ± 0.22 US$ Mn.) from the ocean based
export earnings.
4.4. R&D in Ocean Resources (in prioritized areas vs total available capacity for
Ocean R&D in Sri Lanka).
Gas
Petroleum
4.4.1. Projects (completed, ongoing and new) – based on sectorial classification
No Project and the Project Objective
1
Hikkaduwa Coastal Zone Management
Project.
Improving the environment and welfare of
the people in Hikkaduwa through
sustainable solid and liquid waste
management systems and minimize marine
Project
duration &
cost
2000-2004
Rs. 271 Mn.
Funding
Agency
Status
AUS AID
Completed
2
4
5
6
7
8
pollution
Hambantota Integrated Coastal Zone
Management Project (HICZMP) Phase II
Promote sustainable use & development of
the coastal resources.
Lunawa Environment and Community
Development Project.
Rehabilitation & Improvement of existing
canal and structures in drainage area of
Lunawa Lagoon and Upgrading the living
conditions of communities through provision
of improved infrastructure at resettlement
sites.
Coastal Resources Management Project
(CRMP)
1. Coastal Stabilization
2. Coastal Environment and resources
management
3. Institutional Strengthen
4. Harbour development in three
locations.
Conservation of Bio diversity through
integrated Collaborative Management in
the Rekawa, Ussangoda and Kalamatiya
Coastal Eco Systems.
Ensure conservation & sustainable use of the
Bio Diversity through development of
collaborative management system.
Institutional Strengthening of the Oil Spill
Contingency Management
Regional Technical Assistance for Coastal &
Marine Resources Management & Poverty
Reduction in South Asia.
Sustainable Management of the Bay of
Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem
(BOBLME)(GCP/RAS/236/GEF)
Construction and Upgrading of Fishery
Harbours and Anchorages Project
Vessel Monitoring System
11 IUCN
Exploration of oil and gas in Mannar basin
4.4.2. Technologies – technology levels
4.4.3. People – Nos, skills and expertise
4.4.4. Places
4.4.5. Provisions
4.4.6. Funds
2002-2004
NOK 10.7
Mn
NORAD
Completed
2002
JBIC
Rs. 7900 Mn.
Completed
2000-2005
US$ 80 Mn.
ADB/Govt.
of
Netherlands
Completed
2000-2005
US$ 750,000
UNDP
Completed
2000-2003
Govt. of
Norway
ADB
Completed
2001-2003
GEF,
Ongoing
FAO,NORAD,
NOA,
Sweden
?
?
?
4.4.7. Publications and patents
1. Herath M.M.J.W. (2008), Beach Mineral Sands in Sri Lanka. Occurrence, Global Trends
and Current Issues. Geological Survey and Mines Bureau, Colombo.
2. Mahawatthe P. and Fernando K. N. R.Radio activity levels in beach sand from the west
coast of Sri Lanka. J. Natn. Sci. Foundation 2013 41 (4)279-285.
Table: Published articles on the fields of Fish Farming, Fish Stock Assessments, Marine Pollution,
Ocean Minerals, Oceanography, Tuna
Country
Overall
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014 >2014
China
2,267,937 307,623 344,626 396,541 414,055 446,028 355,452 3,612
Iceland
6,866
969
1,140
1,132
1,284
1,295
1,022
24
India
542,811
65,767
78,012
95,166
104,257 110,821 87,671
1,117
Japan
741,305
126,189 127,721 131,517 132,782 130,473 91,918
705
Norway
92,993
13,851
14,811
15,862
17,144
17,381
13,791
153
Philippines
8,711
1,127
1,284
1,548
1,634
1,749
1,346
23
South Africa 81,291
11,088
12,045
13,467
14,935
16,083
13,584
89
Sri Lanka
5,615
826
857
948
1,036
1,156
787
5
Taiwan
238,810
37,682
40,201
42,968
42,998
43,529
31,109
323
Thailand
62,950
8,487
9,941
10,769
12,016
12,088
9,546
103
UK
948,236
152,847 157,766 163,263 169,446 173,743 130,375 796
USA
3,357,903 547,863 571,619 590,444 600,424 597,903 447,255 2,395
© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. SciVal ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier Properties S.A.,
used under license.
Date last updated 17-Nov-14, Date exported 22-Dec-14
Biological, biotechnological and the industrial applications of seaweeds available around Sri
Lanka still to be evaluated. Considerable efforts on cultivation of selected species of seaweeds
are currently being undertaken but there is a lack of methodological strategies in place to
develop economically feasible farming practices. Novel compounds isolated from seaweeds
are reviewed to provide an invaluable reference for anyone working in the field.
novel drugs from these sources. This book aims to rectify this situation, providing an
important review of recent advances and potential new applications for macroalgae. Focusing
on the chemical and structural nature of seaweeds the book brings the potentially valuable
bioactive nature to the fore. Novel compounds isolated from seaweeds are reviewed to
provide an invaluable reference for anyone working in the field.
Biotechnological use of macroalgae covering a wide range of product classes, from
polysaccharides to terpenes and from enzymes to biofuels,