FOOD SECURITY AND DONOR ACTIVITY IN KENYA
BY
Gerrishon K. Ikiara
A Note Prepared for the International Food Policy and Research Institute
Revised Draft
14th May 2012
1
Contents
1.0
1.1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3
An Overview of Recent Food and Nutrition Security Status in Kenya .......................................... 3
2.0
The Coordination Mechanism for Food Security in Kenya ............................................................... 5
3.0
Donor and Government Investments and Expenditures on Food .................................................... 8
and Nutrition Security ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.1
An Overview of Investments by Development Partners in Food Security Related Activities ....... 8
3.2
Agricultural Sector Medium-Term Investment Plan 2010-2015 ................................................. 12
3.3 Government and Donor Contributions to the Protracted Relief and Recovery Operations
Programme (PPRO) ........................................................................................................................ 14
2
Introduction:
1.0
Food and nutritional security has been a major challenge to Kenya for a long time as a result of a
wide range of factors including inefficient and inadequate food production, poor distribution and
management of available food supplies, challenges associated with climate change, influx of
external refugees from neighbouring countries, internally displaced persons, poor coordination
among various government institutions as well as among donors and other stakeholders involved
in food security and related issues and financing constraints.
After a brief overview of food and nutrition situation in Kenya in the last few years, this note
reviews some of the major programmes targeted on food and nutrition security issues; the
participation of government, donors and other stakeholders involved in the financing and
implementation of the programmes; and the nature of coordination mechanisms within
government ministries and other government institutions, as well as existing coordination
mechanisms involving government on one hand development partners and other stakeholders, on
the other. The note further makes observations on the strengths and weaknesses of the
coordination mechanisms.
The note focuses on the following related issues to food and nutrition security:
1)
2)
3)
4)
The broad categories of food security that are underway in Kenya.
An examination of the volume of foreign aid into food security efforts in Kenya in the
recent past.
Government efforts to coordinate foreign aid directed to food security and related
efforts.
Development partners coordination of aid among themselves and with government
institutions.
1.1
An Overview of Recent Food and Nutrition Security Status in Kenya
Kenya continues to suffer from high levels of food and nutritional insecurity. The country’s draft
Sessional paper on Food and Nutrition security estimates that about 10 million people (25
percent of the total population) suffer from chronic food insecurity and poor nutrition while
another 2 to 4 million need emergency food assistance throughout the year, (Republic of Kenya,
National Food and Nutrition Security Policy, Draft, July 2011, p(vii).
The country has faced major nutritional deficiencies for a long time. Official data from
government sources including Central Bureau of Statistics, the Kenya Demographic and Health
Surveys, show that about 35 percent of the children are stunted due to an insufficient and
inadequately balanced diet and that for a whole decade between 1998 and 2008, there was no
improvement in the nutritional status of this category of children.
Kenya’s food security is especially influenced by droughts. For instance, while the country’s
food insecurity had declined by more than 12 percent between 2002 and 2007 when there was no
3
major drought, the food security situation deteriorated dramatically soon after as a result of
severe drought conditions during 2007-2009 period, leading to a six-fold increase in the number
of people requiring food assistance, from 650,000 to 3.5 million respectively (Government of
Kenya, Medium-Term Plan, 2010-2015,p2).
Stressing the critical contribution of changing purchasing power to the trends in the country’s
food security, Kenya Agricultural Sector 2010-2015 Medium-Term Plan notes: “low purchasing
power is a significant driver of food insecurity in the country…and that increased food output
alone is unlikely to significantly reduce food insecurity on aggregate” especially in a situation of
escalating inflation (IBID).
Despite the desire to meet the MDG goals, indications are that the country is unlikely to meet its
2015 MDG targets of reducing poverty and hunger by 50 percent, based on the Millennium
Development Goals Report of 2009 and 2010.
The country’s food security situation has been aggravated by a large number of refugees that the
country has continued to host for more than two decades. The refugees are drawn from countries
like Somalia, Ethiopia and Southern Sudan which have suffered from long-drawn civil wars or
conflicts some of which have lasted for more than two decades.
Kenya’s new draft Food and Nutrition Policy provides a broad framework bringing together
various dimensions and a review of measures needed to strengthen the coordination of various
food security and nutrition enhancement strategies for the Kenyan population. The policy also
attempts to coordinate more effectively initiatives from various sectors as well as government
and development partners initiatives, enhance better harmonization, alignment between activities
and initiatives emanating from the sectoral groups, central government and development
partners to ensure that efficiency and other benefits from these activities are maximized and that
the initiatives are relevant, coordinated and adequately responsive to the rapidly changing
conditions and challenges.
A key objective of the proposed policy is to achieve the government’s stated objective that all
Kenyans throughout their life-cycle will enjoy at all times safe food in sufficient quantity and
quality to satisfy their nutritional needs for optimal health.
The main objectives of the draft National Food and Nutrition Policy can be summarized as
follows:
1. Attainment of good nutrition for optimal health of the country’s population
2. Increase the quantity and quality of food supplies in the country, which is readily accessible
and affordable to the whole population at any time.
3. Enhancing value and creating synergy to existing initiatives by sectoral, government, and
development partners initiatives.
4
4. The policy recognizes the importance and attempts to promote an all embracing multi-public
and private sector participatory framework.
5. The policy is designed in a way that will enable it remain dynamic and able to handle
situations and conditions in the country and globally.
6. Ensure that vulnerable groups are protected against food and nutrition insecurities through
appropriate and innovative cost-effective safety net measures that are linked to long-term
development.
7. The Policy is based on human rights, child rights and women’s rights including the universal
“Right to Food”. After a long delay, the draft policy paper was discussed and adopted as a
Sessional Paper by the Kenya Parliament in May 2012.
2.0
The Coordination Mechanism for Food Security in Kenya
Until 1998, Kenya’s food security activities as well as early warning systems were largely
uncoordinated, both among donor organizations as well as within government institutions. A
large group of international organizations involved in early warning, food distribution, collection
of data relating to food and nutritional status, etc, carried out activities independently and with
limited consultation or exchange of information. The consequences of this weak coordination
was lack of a consistent analysis of the situation, duplication of efforts leading to wastage, poor
and sometimes contradictory policies, the emergence of parallel systems created by development
partners and the government, and inefficient implementation of food and nutritional security
programmes.
One of the early efforts to create some coordination on food security and related issues was an
initiative of the World Food Programme (WFP) in the early 1990s. The coordination efforts were
chaired by the WFP with the participation of a limited number of international organizations.
The initiative was in form of a bi-weekly forum, whose main objective was to share and
exchange information relating to emergency food issues aimed at improving its operational
efficiency and creating more coordinated structure for estimation financing and distribution of
emergency food supplies.
In 1998, WFP, Government of Kenya, development partners and other institutions agreed to
establish a broader forum which would coordinate all parties involved in food security activities
in Kenya. The Kenya Food Security Meeting (KFSM) was thus created with the broad objective
of bringing together all parties involved in food security and widen the scope of the fora to
include related activities such as running an early warning system, undertaking more accurate
and comprehensive food security analysis and providing updates on the situation. Soon after
members of the KFSM agreed to establish a steering group nominated from its members, known
as the Kenya Food Security Information Steering Group (KFSSG).Its mandate was to develop a
sustainable, comprehensive, and multi-agency coordination framework able to carry out early
warning, food security status monitoring, and assessments for the country.
5
The overall Food Security Coordination structure today consists of:
1. The Kenya Food Security Meeting (KFSM) which is a national open forum comprising
senior level representatives of all interested organizations involved in food security and
related activities including senior GoK officials, United Nations agencies operating in Kenya,
other development partners, international NGOs and other stakeholders. The meetings are
usually co-chaired by the government and the UN (mainly WFP). This acts as the top policymaking organ for both Government and donor organizations.
2. Below KFSM is the Kenya Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG) which is a technical subcommittee of the KFSM. Its functions include provision of technical advisory services to
members of KFSM on issues related to food security and drought. The sub-committee is also
co-chaired by the GoK and the UN. Members of the sub-committee are usually appointed
from the KFSM member organizations with technical capacity on issues related to food
security and drought management.
Some of the GoK representatives in KFSSG sub-committee are from the Office of the
President, Ministries of Agriculture, Livestock Development, Water and Irrigation, Medical
Services, Public Health and Sanitation and Education.
Representatives of the donor organizations in the sub-committee include FAO, WFM,
UNICEF, UNDP,USAID, World Vision, Oxfam, CARE-Kenya and a number of other
development partners. KFSSG activities are expected to serve Sectoral Working Groups
(SWGs) namely, Data and Information, Health and Nutrition, Agriculture and Livestock,
Water and Sanitation, Food Aid Estimates, Education & Disaster Management.
The Sector Working Groups work through coordination of sectoral activities in their areas of
specialization and are usually chaired by the GoK representatives.
3. Food Security Coordination Committee is another component of the food security
coordination mechanism. It is comprised of senior government officials from the key relevant
ministries such as Agriculture and Livestock, Water andIrrigation, Health and Nutrition,
Special Programmes, etc. The committee is chaired by the Head of Public Service and meets
periodically to review the nation’s food security situation, drought and other related issues,
based on the technical information from KSSG. The high level representation from the key
ministries is meant to facilitate quick decision making and implementation of agreed actors.
4. Food Security Executive Committee is another focal point and takes place in Cabinet
meetings held to discuss food security issues especially those requiring urgent national
attention. The meetings are chaired by the President.
5. In addition to the above national and sectoral forums, Kenya’s food security coordination
mechanism is decentralized to the district level in form of the District Steering Groups
(DSGs), chaired by the District Commissioners and acting as KFSM at the district level.
Technical District Steering Groups, consisting of technical arms of DSGs, play a similar role
6
to that of KFSSG; and Community Level structures especially in areas where communities
have received some training and organized in local community development committees or
other relevant committee actively participate in managing food security, drought and related
issues such as transparency and accountability in food distribution.
Fig 1. National Level Kenya Food Security Coordination Structures
Kenya Food Security Meeting
Health & Nutrition
WG
Kenya Food Security
Steering Group
Emergency Education
WG
WESCORD
Data &
Information WG
Disaster
Management
WG
Food Aid
Estimates
Agriculture &
Livestock WG
Information & Reporting
Flow
Management Support
Source: Ministry of Special Programes
7
3.0
Donor and Government Investments and Expenditures on Food
and Nutrition Security
This section of the note looks at the relative levels of participation of donor institutions and
government of Kenya in financing two programmes. The first example is on the financing of
Agricultural sector’s Medium-Term Plan aimed at creating sustainable medium-term and longterm structures for enhancing food and nutrition security in the country, while the second
example looks at the participation of World Food Programme (WFP) and Government of Kenya
in food relief and recovery programme for the vulnerable populations in 24 arid and semi-arid
districts that suffer from prolonged drought periods.
3.1
An Overview of Investments by Development Partners in Food Security
Related Activities
Development Partners have played a key role in Kenya’s food security through directly funding
some of the food security activities and indirectly through broad support to the agricultural and
infrastructural projects that have facilitated more efficient and good distribution of available
food.
In its latest Agricultural Development support programme, the government identifies the
following as the country’s “major development partners” in the Kenya’s agricultural and rural
development sectors: the World Bank, ADB, EU, FAO, FAD, WFP, UNDP with regard to
multilateral institutions and GTZ, Denmark, Sweden, USAID, Finland and Japan in the case of
bilateral donors (Republic of Kenya, “Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme:
Programme Document” Ministry of Agriculture, Sept 2011, Nairobi).
World Food Programme (WFP)
According to the Ministry of Special Programmes the World Food Programme is the most
dominant player in Kenya’s provision and handling of emergency relief food distribution in the
country. Thus, out of the 4.3 million people requiring emergency food supplies between May and
December 2011, about 3.8 million of the people were under WFP while only 0.5 million were
under GoK run food programmes, underlining the dominant position of WFP.
The organization also supports about 550,000 refugees in the country’s two main refugee camps,
Dadaab and Kakuma catering for refugees from Somalia and Southern Sudan respectively.
WFP has also been the main supporter for the country’s supplementary feeding programme
catering for an estimated 80,000 malnourished under-5 year old children and the school meals
programme targeted at about 630,000 pre-primary and primary school children in the arid and
semi-arid areas and slum areas of Nairobi.
8
The GoK is also providing school meals to about 659,000 such needy children who were
previously under the WFP as part of the changing policy of WFP to move away from short-term
intervention measures for Kenya’s food security problem to measures that are more sustainable
and are targeted at economic recovery including food-for-assets and cash-for-assets support
activities for enhancing the country’s food security status.
It is estimated that by end of 2012, about 950,000 people would be involved in these projects,
with half of them participating in food distribution and the other half through cash-for-assets
programmes.
As part its longer term projects aimed at enhancing of sustainable food security, WFP has been
working with other development partners and GOK to build capacities of small holder farmers in
food production, food storage technologies, management of warehousing facilities, quality
control and record keeping. In addition to food security issues, WFP has also been supporting the
country’s programmes related to the implementation of all the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) and the country’s Vision 2030 programme aimed at transforming Kenya into a middleincome developing country by 2030.
WFP food security and related activities programme for Kenya 2012 are planned to cover
5,243,500 beneficiaries requiring 345,281 metric tonnes of food at a total cost of approximately
USD 369 million
Africa Development Bank (ADB)
The African Development Bank (ADB) continues to be a key investor in programmes that
directly and indirectly address food security issues in Kenya. ADB has established a close
relationship with the government and is rated very highly with regard to its implementation of
the Paris Declaration on aid effectiveness. It has for instance, aligned its Country Strategy Paper
2008/2012, with the government’s Medium Term Investment Plan (MTIP).
The Bank’s investment programme is strongly tilted towards infrastructural projects which
account for almost 68 percent of its portifolio in its 2008-2012 country strategy with agricultural
related projects having a 17.6 percent sharing (Republic of Kenya, 2011, p.9). some of the road
projects funded by ADB have opened up large areas of the arid North-Eastern province
significantly improving transportation of food in the region by private sector traders as well as
for government food distribution efforts.
Department for International Development (DFID)
The UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) has also been a major donor in
support of food security in Kenya. It has largely focused on assistance to arid and semi-arid areas
9
of Kenya, especially in North-Eastern Province which has been one of the highly vulnerable
areas in Kenya in terms of food security.
Since 2008, DFID has given financial resources for technical support to the Ministry of State for
Northern Kenya, first established as a Ministry in 2008 to help deal with special problems of the
area.DFID has also been the main supporter for the Hunger Safety net Programme, providing
cash transfer resources for the elderly and the poor in the region. DFID has negotiated with GoK
to increase its support for Northern Kenya for UK Pounds 15 million starting in 2011.
European Union (EU)
The European Union continues to be a key development partner investing in food security and
related issues in Kenya, with special focus on promotion of “agricultural productivity and
commercializing the development of ASALs and livestock security” (Republic of Kenya, 2011,
p.9).
Apart from direct financing a wide range of developmental programmes such as infrastuture
water and energy, EU is one of the major contributers to WFP resource base that find their way
in food security related activities making EU a key player in enhancing Kenya’s food security
directly and indirectly. During a recent official visit to Kenya by the EU’s commissioner for
development Mr Piebalgs it was announced that EU has budgeted 4.3 billion ksh (USD 5.2) for
investment in food security programmes (Daily Nation, 3rd May 2012 p.9)
The World Bank
The World Bank is associated with the support of the Kenya Agricultural Productivity and
Agribusiness Project (KAPAD). The project is in its second phase and is described by the
Ministry of Agriculture as “one of the main agricultural programmes in Kenya”. Its main
objective is to raise agricultural productivity and increases for small scale farmers in the project
areas, through modernization of agricultural technologies, promotion of agribusiness and
empowerment of the project participants and other stakeholders. The Bank has been negotiating
with the Kenya Government to extend q credit facility of USD 50 million for the extension of
cash transfer programmes to covet more beneficiaries in more parts of the country.
Nordic Countries
The government of Netherlands has been another important development partner in the financing
of food security enhancing activities in northern Kenya. With its aid channeled through SNV
Kenya, Dutch assistance has been directed at raising agricultural productivity, improving access
to markets and to opening up domestic, regional and international trade opportunities.
Finland has provided key financial support to the Programme of Agriculture and Livelihoods in
western communities (PALWECO) of Kenya. The programme focuses on improving the
region’s food security through enhancement of the rural population’s livelihoods. The current
10
budgeted resources for the programme amount to Euros 30.5 million with the project being
implemented by the Ministry of State Planning and National Development and Vision 2030.
Jointly Funded Food Security Programmes: Cash Transfer Initiatives
As part of the country’s food security programme, Kenya has been implementing some Cash
Transfer Programme for the orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), The Elderly and the Hunger
Safety net Programme mainly in the country’s ASAL pastoralist areas of Northern Kenya.
These cash transfer programmes have been implemented in collaboration with a number of key
development partners, notably the World Bank, DFID, UNICEF and others (See Table 1). While
the development partners played a leading role at the initial stages of these cash transfer
programmes, the government’s participation in financing the programmes has dramatically
expanded between 2005/06 and 2008/09 financial years from a budget of USD 800,000 to more
than USD 9 million. This trend of rapid expansion of government financing of cash transfer
(programmes for the most food security vulnerable sections of the Kenyan population continued
during the 2009/10 and 2010/12 financial years with the government shouldering increasingly
heavier responsibilities..
The main objectives of the programme include reduction of malnutrition among children aged
below 5 years and pregnant mothers or those with babies, provisions of safety nets and facilitated
by asset creation for vulnerable communities to raise their capacity to cope with some of the
sources of food insecurity, support and help sustain livelihoods for more secure food and
nutrition status, and improvement of nutritional status for vulnerable women and children.
The programme is expected to be aligned with relevant government strategies as well as with
those of the United Nations e.g the United Nations Development Assistance Framework 20092013.
11
Table 1: The scale-up of Kenya’s OVC-CT programme 2005-2010
Scale-up
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Household
coverage
500
3,000
12,500
25,000
70,000
100,000
District coverage
3
17
37
37
47
47
Partners
GOK,
Sida,
UNICEF
GOK,
Sida,
UNICEF
GOK,
Sida,
UNICEF
, DFID
GOK,
Sida,
UNICEF
, DFID,
Danida
GOK,
Sida,
UNICEF,
DFID,
Danida,
World
Bank
GOK,
Sida,
UNICEF,
DFID,
Danida,
World
Bank
7
Source: UNICEF Kenya.
3.2
Agricultural Sector Medium-Term Investment Plan 2010-2015
Kenya has developed a 5-year Medium-Term Investment Plan, 2010-2015 as a key strategy for
enhancing her food and nutrition security. The plan has a budget of 247 billion ksh (3.1 million
USD) and consists of 6 main investment pillars: increasing productivity, commercialization and
competitiveness promotion of private sector participation; strengthening sustainable land and
resource management; performing delivery of agricultural services; increasing market access and
trade; ensuring effective coordination and implementation.(Government of Kenya, Agricultural
Sector Development Strategy: Medium-Term Investment Plan: 2010-2015, p45).
Each of these investment pillars attempts to address important areas that are regarded as crucial
in strengthening the country’s food and nutrition security in the medium term and to address one
of the major weaknesses in the country’s food and nutrition security with regard to over
emphasis on emergency responses at the expense of medium and long-term sustainable
situations.
12
Table 2 shows the main investment pillars of the plan and budgetary share of each of them, while
Table 3 gives the financial contributions by the Government, development partners, the private
sector and the resulting financing gap.
The highest priority is accorded to promotion of sustainable land and natural resource
management which is allocated 103.7 billion ksh(1297 million USD)- 42 percent of the total
budget for the five-year period. The second in priority pillar is enhancing productivity,
commercialization and competiveness, which is allocated88.92 billion ksh(1,112 million USD) –
36 percent of the total budget for the period (See Table 2).
The Government of Kenya is expected to play the most dominant role in the financing of the
medium-term plan, accounting for approximately 65.3 percent of the total budget.
Development Partners are expected to meet about 31 percent of the budget, approximately 77
billion ksh during the period, with the private sector expected to contribute 2.6 billion ksh or 1
percent of the total budget. A funding gap of almost 35 percent is projected (see Table 3).
The investment plan is designed to be implemented in a coordinated framework that allows all
stakeholders including development partners, private sector and government to participate
effectively in its three-layer mechanism, ,i.e at the national, sub-national, and local levels.
Table 2: The 5-year MTIP budget 2010-2015
Investment Pillar
Ksh
Billion
USD million
Budget Share (%)
1. Increasing productivity,
commercialization and
competitiveness
2. Promoting private sector
participation
3. Promoting sustainable land and
natural resource management
4. Reforming delivery of
agricultural services
5. Increasing market access and
trade
6. Ensuring effective coordination
and implementation
TOTAL
88.9
21,112
36.0
30.88
386
12.5
103.74
1,297
42.0
2.47
31.0
1.0
19.75
247
8
1.24
15
0.5
247
3,088
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya
13
Table 3: MTIP financing (Kshs billion)(2010-2015)
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Total
Share
Total MTIP
37.05
46.93
46.93
53.34
61.75
247.00
100%
GoK
28.45
30.35
32.24
34.14
36.04
161.22
65.3%
Contribution
Funding Gap
8.60
16.58
14.69
20.20
25.71
85.78
34.7%
Development
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
77.00
31.2%
Partners
Private
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.54
0.57
2.55
1.0%
Sector
Remaining
6.23
2.5%
Gap
Source: Agricultural Sector Development Strategy: Medium-Term Investment Plan:2010-2015,
Government of Kenya, 2010
3.3
Government and Donor Contributions to the Protracted Relief and
Recovery Operations Programme (PPRO)
Twenty-four districts in Kenya are currently listed as areas which suffer from prolonged food
insecurity and needing relief and recovery activities most of the time. The estimated number of
people or beneficiaries needing relief food in these districts was estimated to be 2,352,000 (See
Appendix table).
In 2010, out of 2,352,000 beneficiaries of the PPRO programme, slightly more than half of them
(i.e. 1.2 million) were under the general food distribution programme, with the rest involved in
food for assets, supplementary feeding for mother and child health care and expanded school
feeding programmes.
To handle the problems associated with these programmes, the Protracted Relief and Recovery
Operations programme (PPRO) was created in May 2009 as a joint programme implemented and
coordinated jointly by the Government of Kenya through the relevant ministries and the World
Food Programme (WFP). The programme was to run between May 2009 and April 2012. The
main objective of PPRO is to undertake relief and recovery to the vulnerable population in the
country, with special attention to the above 24 districts, to be found in largerly arid and semi-arid
parts of Kenya.
The programme is mainly financed and implemented by the Government of Kenya and World
Food Programme. However, contributions through WFP continue to be the main source of
funding of the programme. Although the Government of Kenya was expected to contribute 30
percent of the resources needed for the programme, this target has not been achieved, according
to the available information, implying that WFPs contribution to the programme was above 70
percent per annum.
14
By end the of 2010, the WFP had received an estimated ksh 21 billion from various donors for
the PPRO programme, whose total resource requirements for the three year period was estimated
to be ksh 37 billion (US$ 474 million). Thus, by end of 2010, 57 percent of the required
expenditure budget for PPRO had been raised through WFP.
Between end of May 2011 and December 2011, an estimated number of 4.3 million people in
Kenya were under emergency and relief food programme, out of which 3.8 million were covered
by the World Food Programme while 0.5 million were under the government of Kenya
Programme indicating the dominant role of the World Food Programme in financing of
Emergency and Relief food programme in the country.
15
Appendix 1
Beneficiary Numbers Under the Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation (PRRO)-2011
District
No. of Beneficiaries
1.
Turkana
265,300
2.
Marsabi
90,200
3.
Samburu
82,600
4.
Moyale
16,600
5.
Isiolo
55,600
6.
Mandera
117,000
7.
Wajir
172,700
8.
Garissa
101,700
9.
Ijara
26,100
10. Tana River
58,400
11. West Pokot
64,800
12. Baringo
45,300
13. Kajiado
46,300
14. Laikipaia
66,200
15. Makueni
129,600
16. Kitui
37,100
17. Mwingi
45,900
18. Mbeere
24,600
19. Tharaka
15,600
20. Kilifi
41,000
21. Kwale
60,900
22. Malindi
25,600
23. TaitaTaveta
33,700
24. Koibatek
11,300
Total
1,634,100
Source: Ministry of State for Special Programes, Government of Kenya
16
References
1) Daily Nation, 3rd May 2012 pg 9
2) Government of Kenya, Medium-Term Plan 2012-2015.
3) Gerrishon Ikiara, Cash Transfer as an Instrument for Food Security in Kenya, paper
prepared and presented at African Women Studies Centre on Implementation of Article
43(1)(C), September 2011, Nairobi, Unpublished.
4) Republic of Kenya “Agricultural sector Development Support Programme;
Programme Document”, Ministry of Agriculture2011, Nairobi.
5) Republic of Kenya, National Food & Nutrition Security Policy, draft July 2011
17