Anatomy and Physiology I – Test 3’
Fall 2014
1.
Match the term with the characteristic on the left. (1 pt each)
__I__ Band that is not found in skeletal muscle
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
__A__ Found in the heart
__B__ Voluntary muscle
__E__ Is found in the walls of the arteries
__K__ Band of muscle that contains both thick
and thin myofilaments
__C__ Neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Acetylcholine
Actin
Smooth muscle
Synaptic cleft
Fasicle
Tropomyosin
Massillon Tigers Marching Band
I band
A band
Epineurium
__J__ Band that shortens during muscle contraction
__F__ Gap between nerve and muscle at the neuromuscular junction
__G__ Bundle of muscle fibers
__H__ Thin myofilament regulatory protein that covers the active site on actin
__D__ Contractile protein on the thin myofilament
__L__ Connective tissue that surrounds a whole nerve
DESCRIBE a “power stroke” as occurs during muscle contraction AND mention the two muscle
proteins that are involved. Does this shorten or lengthen the sarcomere? (3 pts)
During a power stroke myosin in the thick mylfilament pulls on actin in the thin myofilament, causing the
thin and thick bands to overlap and the sarcomere to shorten
2.
3.
Briefly DESCRIBE each of the following (what is it?) AND tell where each is found. BE
SPECIFIC! (2 pts each)
a.
Saddle joint
Both interacting bone surfaces contain a concave and a convex region; trapezius and thumb metacarpal
b.
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of muscle fiber; covering muscle fiber
c.
Troponin
Regulatory protein found in thin myofilaments that, upon binding Ca+2, alters the shape of tropomyosin
d.
Gomphosis
Tooth socket in mouth (within the mandible and maxilla)
e.
Ball-and-socket joint
Joint in which rounded, globular head fits into a cup-shaped cavity; between head of humerus and
glenoid cavity
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f.
Epimysium
Connective tissue that surrounds a muscle
g.
Belly of a muscle
Central portion of a skeletal muscle
h.
Muscle fiber
Single muscle cell; within skeletal muscle
i.
Perineurium
Connective tissue that surround a nerve fasicle
j.
Symphysis
Joint in which bones are united by fibrocartilage pad; pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
k.
Suture
Joint between skull bones
l.
T-tubule
Inward extension of sarcoplasmic reticulum; central portion of triad
m.
Syndesmosis
Joint in which bones are united through fibrous connective tissue; between ulna and radius
n.
Pivot joint
Joint in which one bones swivels around another; between atlas and dens of axis
o.
Synchondrosis
Joint in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage; found between 1st rib and manubrium
p.
Tendon
Band of dense regular connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
4.
a. Name all proteins in thin myofilaments AND their function(s) in muscle contraction. (4 pts)
Actin – contractile protein that binds myosin at its active site
Tropomyosin – in resting state, blocks active site to prevent actin-myosin binding. During contraction, it
moves, uncovering the active site
Troponin – after binding Ca+2, it changes shape, forcing troponin to uncover the active site on actin
b. Which muscle protein binds to Ca+2? Is it found in the thick or thin myofilaments?
Troponin in thin myofilament
5.
Name and BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THREE functions of skeletal muscle. (3 pts)
See lecture notes
6.
Name and briefly DESCRIBE the FOUR GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS of muscle? (4 pts)
See lecture notes
7.
Briefly describe the FUNCTION of each during muscle contraction: (1 pt each)
a.
Glycogen
Polysaccharide that stores glucose in muscle for later use in aerobic respiration to produce ATP
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b.
Terminal cisternae
Receive electrical signal from t-tubule and tell the rest of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca+2
c.
Power stroke
Pulls thin myofilament over the thick, shortening the sarcomere
d.
Ca+2
Binds troponin and signals troponin to change shape and cause tropomyosin to uncover actin active site
e.
K+
Leaves the cell during repolarization
f.
Acetylcholine receptor
When it binds ACh, it allows Na+2 to enter the cell and K+ to leave (depolarization and repolarization)
g.
Junctional folds
Infoldings of the sarcolemma that increase its surface area, allowing more ACh to bind to its receptor
h.
Synaptic vesicle
Releases ACh into synaptic cleft
8.
What is the name for the sheet of dense regular connective tissue that is attached to some
muscles? One example is found in the lumbar region of the back. (1 pt)
Aponeurosis
9.
Bones and muscles
a.
Describe repolarization (include in your answer the ion that is involved and whether it
enters of leaves the cell) (1 pt)
+
K leaves cell
b.
Describe depolarization (include in your answer the ion that is involved and whether it
enters of leaves the cell) (1 pt)
Na+ enters cell
What triggers a wave of depolarization along the muscle’s plasma membrane? Name the
CHEMICAL that travels across the gap between nerve and muscle AND the molecule on
the motor end plate to which it binds (2 pts)
When the axon releases ACh, it travels across the synaptic cleft to bind the AChR on the motor end plate.
The AChR is a chemically-gated ion channel that permits Na+ to enter the cell and begin depolarization
c.
d.
Epiphyseal
Name the type of fracture that occurs along the “growth plate” on children (1 pt)
e.
Describe the difference between a complete and an incomplete fracture (1 pt)
Complete breaks bone into separate pieces while incomplete does not go all the way through the bone
f.
Describe a Colles fracture. What SPECIFIC population is more prone to getting this
type of fracture? Why is this so? (3 pts)
Compression of distal ends of ulna and radius; elderly with osteoporosis; their bones are thinner and
they have tendency to fall and catch themselves
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10.
BRIEFLY describe AND give an EXAMPLE of the following types of movements: (2 pts each)
a.
Rotation
Piviting around a point; turning one’s head from side to side
b.
Supination
Turning an area upwards; turning one’s hand so that the palm faces upwards
c.
Protraction
Sticking a part outwards; protruding one’s chin forwards
d.
Dorsiflexion
Pointing the toes upwards
e.
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body; moving one’s arms laterally
11.
Are the following characteristics of smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, or none of
these: LIST ALL CORRECT ANSWERS (1/2 pt each)
a.
Includes the styloid process
None
b.
Cardiac
Allows a person to move blood out of the heart
c.
Contains striations
Cardiac and skeletal
d.
Has no nuclei
e.
Mature cells do not divide
f.
Voluntary
None
Skeletal
Skeletal
12.
DESCRIBE a sphincter AND give an example of TWO sphincters. What is the FUNCTION of
the TWO sphincters that you named? BE SPECFIC!!!
a.
A sphincter is …… (1 pt)
A ring-like muscle surrounding an opening that controls passage of material through the opening
b.
Sphincter #1 and its function (2 pts)
Cardiac sphincter (bottom of esophagus); prevents stomach contents from moving back into esophagus
c.
Sphincter #1 and its function (2 pts)
Rectal sphincter; allows the release of feces
13.
DRAW a figure of a microscopic view of muscle on it LABEL the following: (1/2 pt each)
a.
Thin myofilament
d.
Area that contains troponin
b.
Sarcomere
e.
Z line
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c.
d.
A band
I band
f.
g.
Thick myofilament
Area that contains myosin
See Lecture 11 notes, bottom of page 8
14.
Name each of the TWO SPECIFIC types of movement: (1 pt each)
Extension
Inversion
Bonuses:
1.
Name TWO areas where osteoporosis often causes fractures in elderly women.
Hips, distal ulna and radius, vertebrae
2.
Name the muscle and bone attached to the Achilles tendon.
Gastocnemius and soleus attached to the calcaneous
3.
In what war did America conquer Tibet? In what century did that war begin and end?
We never conquered Tibet or even fought a war against them!!!
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