METRO EAST EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
GEOGRAPHY
LEARNER MATERIAL
SPRING SCHOOL 2013
Recent urbanisation patterns in South Africa
Map skills Calculations
3424BB HUMANSDORP Nov 2010
QUESTION 2
2.1
Determine the magnetic bearing of trigonometrical station 94 in block E1 from
spot height 97 in block D1 for 2010. Show ALL calculations. Marks will be
allocated for calculations.
5
2.2
Calculate the average gradient of Main Street on the orthophoto map from point
7 to 8. Show ALL calculations. Marks are allocated for calculations.
6
2.3
Identify the man-made feature marked 2 on the orthophoto map.
1
2.4
Draw a free-hand (rough) cross-section of the landform from
spot height 24 (F7) to trigonometrical station number 290 (F8) on the
topographical map.
2
2.5
Identify the landform represented in the cross-section that you drew in
QUESTION 2.4.
1
2.6
What is the height of the dam wall marked W in blocks F1 and F2 on the
topographical map?
1
2.7
Block E1 on the topographical map is covered by cultivated land. Calculate the
area of this block in km2. Show ALL calculations. Marks are allocated for
calculations.
4
20
MEED 2013 SPRING SCHOOL
Page 2
2.1
3318DB PAARL. DBE/November 2011
QUESTION 2: GEOGRAPHICAL TECHNIQUES AND CALCULATIONS
Calculate the gradient between trigonometrical station 172 in block C8 and spot
height ·162 in block B9. Show ALL calculations. Marks will be allocated for
calculations.
2.2
The following is a cross section from the windmill (block E4) to trigonometrical
station 184 (block E6).
2.2.1
Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section above.
2.2.2
Identify the features labelled X and Y on the cross section.
X: ___________________________________________________
Y: ___________________________________________________
6
4
2
1
2.2.3
Why are cross sections exaggerated?
2.3
Calculate the magnetic declination for the year 2011. Show ALL calculations.
Marks will be allocated for calculations.
5
2.4
Give TWO reasons why the magnetic declination will be useful to a person using a
map on a field trip.
2
20
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Page 3
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
3318DB PAARL. DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012
QUESTION 2: GEOGRAPHICAL TECHNIQUES AND CALCULATIONS
Calculate the gradient between Honey Dew, (marked 7), and Groenleegte,(marked
8) on the orthophoto map. Show ALL calculations. Marks will be allocated for
calculations.
Refer to both the topographical map and the orthophoto map when answering the
questions below.
Which one, the topographical map or the orthophoto map, has a
larger scale?
6
1
2.2.2
Give ONE reason to support your answer to QUESTION 2.2.1.
1
2.2.3
By how much is the scale of the map that you have selected in
QUESTION 2.2.1 larger?
1
2.3.1
Give the true bearing of trigonometrical station 184 (block E6) from
trigonometrical station 227 (block D5).
1
2.3.2
Calculate the magnetic bearing of trigonometrical station 184
(block E6) from trigonometrical station 227 (block D5).
2
2.3.3
Is there intervisibility between trigonometrical station 184
(block E6) and trigonometrical station 227 (block D5)?
1
2.3.4
Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.3.3.
1
2.4
Calculate the area covered by the orthophoto map in km². Use the
demarcated area on the topographical map for all measurements. Show ALL
calculations. Marks will be allocated for calculations.
6
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20
2829AC HARRISMITH. DBE/November 2012
2.1
QUESTION 2: CALCULATIONS AND APPLICATION
Harrismith holds an annual marathon that involves contestants running via
Platberg. Study both the photograph of Platberg below and the area covered by
blocks A/B10, 11, 12 and 13 on the topographical map before answering the
questions below.
2.2.1
Identify the landform named Platberg.
1
2.1.2
Identify the shape of the slope that the contestants will be running up between
points C–D (block A/B10) on the topographical map. Explain your answer with
reference to the contour lines on the map.
2
2.1.3
Slope
______________________________________________________
Explanation
______________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Calculate the average gradient of the slope between spot height 1797 and spot
height 2263 in block A10 on the topographical map. Show ALL calculations.
5
2.1.4
Comment on the level of difficulty of this slope for a contestant.
1
2.1.5
Explain why a zig-zag footpath (block A11) has been cut over Platberg.
1
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Page 5
2.2
Using the information on the topographical map, determine the magnetic
declination for this year. Show ALL calculations/steps followed.
2.3
Refer to the feature labelled Blokhuis (4) on the orthophoto map.
4
6
20
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2829AC HARRISMITH. DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2013
2.1
QUESTION 2: CALCULATIONS AND APPLICATION
Calculate the gradient of the slope between spot height 1729 (8) and spot height
1794 (9) on the orthophoto map.
5
2.2.
Refer to the cross section below of the feature labelled Blokhuis (4) on the
orthophoto map and answer the questions that follow.
2.2.1
Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section marked 2–3 on the
orthophoto map.
5
2.2.2
Why is it necessary to exaggerate a cross section vertically?
1
2.2.3
Identify the feature labelled X on the cross section.
1
2.3
What is the true bearing of trigonometrical station 299 from spot height 1731 in
block C9 on the topographical map?
1
2.4
Calculate the area, in square kilometres, of the urban area demarcated by a dark
line on the topographical map (blocks A, B, C/7, 8, 9).
4
2.5
2.5.1
Refer to the orthophoto map.
Was this photograph taken before or after midday (12:00)?
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1
Page 7
2.5.2
Give ONE reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.5.1.
1
2.5.3
The photograph was most likely taken during a very dry period of the year. Explain
this statement with reference to block B7 on the topographical map and the
corresponding area on the photograph.
1
20
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Page 8
Climate and Fluvial processes
November 2012
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
Study the synoptic weather map (FIGURE 1.3) and answer the questions that
follow
Identify the low-pressure system labelled A.
Explain why pressure system A is referred to as a low-pressure cell.
What evidence is there on the map that it is winter?
Why are the weather conditions being experienced along the east coast of South
Africa ideal for outdoor activities?
Give a reason for the overcast conditions at Marion Island.
Refer to weather system B.
a) State ONE way in which it is likely to affect the weather of Cape Town in
the next 24 hours.
b) Why do these cyclones generally move in an easterly direction?
c) Comment on the impact that these cyclones will have on tourism in the
South-western Cape.
MEED 2013 SPRING SCHOOL
1x2=2
1x2=2
2x2=4
1x2=2
1x2=2
2
2
2
18
Page 9
November 2012
Study FIGURE 2.3 which shows the frequency of occurrence of tropical cyclones.
2.3.1 Name the ocean with the highest number of tropical cyclones.
2.3.2 Explain why there is a lack of tropical cyclones along the equator (zero degree
latitude).
2.3.3 What is the relationship between the occurrence of tropical cyclones and a sea
temperature that exceeds 26,5 °C?
2.3.4 Give TWO reasons why tropical cyclones do not occur in the area marked A.
2.3.5 Explain why tropical cyclones dissipate when they move overland.
2.3.6 State the impact that these tropical cyclones will have on the economy of
countries that lie in their path.
1x2=2
1x2=2
1x2=2
2x2=4
2x2=4
3x2=6
20
Feb March 2011
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.4.6
Refer to FIGURE 2.4 and also read the extract dealing with human response
to global warming.
Define the term global warming.
Not all people believe that global warming is a reality. With reference to the
cartoon, give ONE reason for this statement.
What was the main aim of the Kyoto Protocol?
State, giving ONE reason, whether the Kyoto Protocol achieved its objective or
not
Give ONE possible reason why countries, such as the USA and Australia, were not
prepared to commit to the Kyoto Protocol.
Write a single paragraph (no more than 12 lines) outlining the negative impact of
global warming on Africa and its inhabitants.
1x2=2
1x2=2
1x2=2
2x2=4
1x2=2
6x2=12
24
MEED 2013 SPRING SCHOOL
Page 10
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
Refer to FIGURE 2.4 (A – F) representing the drainage basins of two river
systems (A and B) and flow hydrographs (C – F) to show run-off in rivers after
rain showers. Also read the extract on floods below.
Flooding occurs when water overflows its normal channels such as streams and storm
water drains. Floods may also occur when there is an accumulation of water by drainage
into areas which are not normally submerged. Floods are common in South Africa following
long periods of drought. Drought, overgrazing and the deterioration of the land make the
ecosystem vulnerable. Humans can alter the flow characteristics of a river negatively by
clearing vegetation, constructing impermeable tar and concrete surfaces and building
on a river's flood plain.
(1 x 2)
Define the following terms referred to above:
(2)
a Drainage basin.
(1 x 2)
b. River system
(2)
(2 x 2)
Describe the shapes of drainage basins A and B respectively.
2.4.3
List and explain any TWO factors that could influence the run-off in a river.
2.4.4
Suppose a rain shower of 100 mm occurs in each of drainage basins A and B.
Which of the flow hydrographs (C – F) will most likely represent stream flow at
the point marked = in drainage basins A and B respectively?
MEED 2013 SPRING SCHOOL
(4)
(4 x 2)
(8)
(2 x 2)
(4)
Page 11
2.4.5
2.4.6
Give a reason for each of the choices you have made in QUESTION 2.4.4.
At which point, X, Y or Z, would there be a greater risk of flooding?
2.4.7
Give ONE reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.4.6.
2.4.8
In order to control flooding, a drainage basin must be managed properly.
Conservation of the whole drainage basin must be sustainable to reduce the
risk of flooding.
Write a paragraph (no more than 12 lines) to explain how the sustainable
management of drainage basins can reduce the risk of flooding. In your answer
also indicate the negative impact of flooding for the local communities living in
the drainage basin.
(2 x 2) (4)
(1 x 2)
(2)
(1 x 2)
(2)
(6 x 2)
(12)
Feb - Mrt 2012
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
Refer to FIGURE 2.5 showing the geology of a particular area.
Does the diagram show tilted/inclined or horizontal strata?
The hill is an example of a hogback ('hogsback').
a) Name the types of slopes labelled A and B.
b) Give an explanation for the steepness of slope A.
Explain why these landscapes are of little value to humans.
Explain why the hogback ('hogsback') will most likely not develop in the Karoo region
of South Africa.
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2
4
4
4
2
16
Page 12
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
FIGURE 2.6 shows a mesa.
Name the slope forms/elements labelled A and B.
Briefly describe how mesas form.
State ONE characteristic of mesas.
A typical slope has four slope elements. Using FIGURE 2.6, discuss the significance of
these slope elements to human activities.
4
4
2
12
22
People, Places and Needs
November 2012
3.3.1
Study FIGURE 3.3 which shows land-use in an urban area.
Describe ONE characteristic of the CBD.
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1X2=2
Page 13
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
State ONE factor that would have influenced the location of the regional
shopping centre.
Give a brief description of the rural-urban fringe.
Recreational facilities are commonly found in the rural-urban fringe.
Give evidence from the diagram to support the statement above.
Why are the recreational facilities mentioned in QUESTION 3.3.4 found in the
rural-urban fringe?
Describe ONE way in which industries located in the rural-urban fringe impact
negatively on the environment.
Discuss TWO plans that the local government (city council) can use to correct the
damage caused by these industries.
Name ONE way in which the green-belt land and the Oak Green Woods Country
Park can play a role in the sustainable development of the rural-urban fringe.
1X2=2
1X2=2
1X2=2
2x2=4
1X2=2
2x2=4
1x2=2
FEB 2013
3.5
Refer to FIGURE 3.5 which highlights the policies associated with foreign trade.
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
What does foreign trade mean?
Is foreign trade fairly divided between economically developed and
economically less developed countries? Give evidence from the sketch to
support your answer.
Developing countries generally have a negative trade balance
1X2=2
3X2=6
Define the term negative trade balance.
Explain the effect that a negative trade balance has on the economy of
developing countries.
1X2=2
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2X2=4
Page 14
14
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.5
What is a water transfer scheme?
Explain why there is an increasing demand for water in South Africa.
Give TWO natural reasons for South Africa experiencing water shortages.
Farmers use the largest amount of water in South Africa. Name TWO methods
that they can use to reduce water usage
The Lesotho Highlands Project is seen as a means of addressing the economic
needs of both South Africa and Lesotho. Write a paragraph (approximately 12
lines) detailing how this project will improve the economy of both these
countries.
1X2=2
2X2=4
2X2=4
2X2=4
6X2=12
26
Feb 2012
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
FIGURE 4.3 shows an urban land-use model.
Which land-use model does the sketch resemble?
Refer to the land-use zone labelled A.
MEED 2013 SPRING SCHOOL
1x2=2
Page 15
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
a) Name the land-use zone.
b) Describe the location of the zone.
c) Why is the shape of zone A unrealistic?
Give TWO reasons for the development of shanty towns.
Suggest TWO challenges associated with shanty town settlements.
Which aspect of the model typically resembles a South African
city?
Currently many people are living in cities with a population of more than
5 million. Urbanisation is still taking place and cities are continuously
growing.
Define the term urbanisation.
Is urbanisation at present greater in developing countries or developed
countries? Give a reason why this is the case.
Give TWO reasons for rapid urbanisation in the above-mentioned parts of
the world.
Green belts have an important role to play in preventing urban sprawl. Write
a paragraph (approximately 12 lines) to explain the concept green belt and
assess some of the advantages of establishing them in cities.
1x2=2
1x2=2
1x2=2
2x2=4
2x2=4
1x2=2
1x2=2
2x2=4
2x2=4
6x2=12
40
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
Explain the term food security.
Africa has a very high percentage of subsistence farmers. Assess how this
will impact on food production.
Explain TWO environmental factors that led to food insecurity in southern
Africa.
Genetically modified crops are seen by many as solutions to food insecurity.
Substantiate your viewpoint on this debate.
1x2=2
2x2=4
2x2=4
6x2=12
22
MEED 2013 SPRING SCHOOL
Page 16
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
4.6.6
Refer to FIGURE 4.6 on street trading and answer the questions below.
Give another name for street trading.
Explain why street trading is seen to be part of the 'hidden economy'.
Describe the problem being experienced by street traders in the cartoon.
Suggest TWO measures that can be put in place to increase the
contribution of this type of trading to the economy of South Africa.
Why is street trading mainly a characteristic of developing countries?
Explain why this type of trade is important to developing countries.
GRADE 12
1x2=2
2x2=4
1x2=2
2x2=4
1x2=2
2x2=4
18
GEOGRAPHY
WHAT LEARNERS SHOULD KNOW WHEN THEY ENTER THE FINAL EXAM
CLIMATOLOGY
1. Conditions for the development of a Tropical Cyclone
(FACTORS + EXPLANATION)




Warm ocean - above 27 °C (2)
Needed to provide heat energy and moisture (2)
High evaporation rate (2)
For condensation and latent heat to be released (2)
Located between 5° - 30° north / south of the equator (2)
As the Coriolis force is ineffective at the equator (0° - 5°) (2)
Unstable air (2)
Air caused to rise (2)
2. Conditions for the development of a Mid-Latitude Cyclone

Two different air masses meet/ (2)
cold polar easterlies meet warm westerlies/ (2) and
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
develop into mid-latitude cyclones (2) because:
between 30°-60° N/S of the equator/ (2)
warm air mass is uplifted (displaced)/ (2)
uplift results in condensation/ (2)
increased cloud cover/ (2)
which will result in precipitation/ (2)
3. Ways in which people's lives have been changed by the existence of heat islands.

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Trapped pollutants could result in respiratory problems (2)
Use of air-conditioners because of higher temperatures (2)
Deterioration of buildings (2)
More renovation of buildings such as frequent painting (2)
Unpredictable rainfall (2)
Increase in health problems/examples related to heat island (2)
Increase in stress/discomfort (2)
Movement to suburbs/counter-urbanisation (2)
4. The effect modern buildings have on heat islands.

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

Modern buildings are made of a lot of glass/steel which results in the
Multiple reflection of heat (2)
Buildings create a greater surface area which absorbs/reflects heat (2)
Buildings are made of concrete which absorbs/reflects more heat (2)
Tall buildings trap heat as wind cannot disperse the heat (2)
More air conditioners/heaters (2)
More buildings therefore less vegetation to play cooling role (2)
5. State the difference in the weather conditions experienced during winter
and summer over the South African interior by referring to the role played
by the KHP.
Summer
Winter
Moist air
Dry air (2)
Cloudy
No clouds (2)
Rainfall
Little/no rain (2)
No frost
Frost at night (2)
Small temp range
Large temp range
6. The environmental impact a mid-latitude cyclone might have.

Flooding (2)
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Soil erosion (2)
Destruction of natural ecosystems (2)
Loss of natural habitat for animals (2)
Veld fires destroy vegetation (2)
Destruction of coastline (2)
Damage to coastal dunes (2)
Loss of agricultural land (2)
Snow / low temperatures result in loss of live stock (2)
Destruction of infrastructure (2)
Destruction of homes (2)
7. Explain why sunny conditions may be indicated for all the inland weather stations.




Inversion lower than the escarpment (2)
Warm moist air cannot reach the interior (2)
Little moisture over interior will reduce condensation (2)
No cloud formation to block out the sun (2)
8. Why is the vertical positional change of the inversion from winter to summer of
great importance to farmers on the South African plateau?




During summer moist air reaches the interior (2)
Precipitation over the interior (2)
Rivers filled with water (2)
Farming can take place (2)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
1. The process of river capture
- Stream on lower level erodes headward (2)
- Stream eroding headward cuts through the watershed (2)
- Water of stream on a higher flow level is captured (2)
- Water of stream on higher level diverted to stream on lower level (2)
2. Are all four of the slope forms/elements always visible in all landscapes?
Explain your answer, giving reasons.
No (2)



Amount of rainfall will determine slope forms (2)
Type of underlying rock (2)
Rate and type of weathering and erosion varies in different
areas (2)

Talus can bury the scarp slope (2)
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


Vegetation density differs (2)
Mass movement covers certain slope forms (2)
Some slopes destroyed by human activities (2)
3. Explain what has happened to the river; why it seems to have moved.
(Hint: Refer to meanders, erosion, deposition and ox-bow lakes.)








A meander is a bend along the course of a river (2)
After heavy rainfall the water is fast flowing and cuts/erodes into the outer bank
(undercut slope) of a river (2)
Meander neck is reduced (2)
Water is slow moving on the inner bank (slip-off) resulting in deposition (2)
After a period of time when the river cannot negotiate the bend, it will cut through the
meander neck (cut off the loop), forming an ox-bow lake (2)
Stream will now follow a straight path (2)
River will start to meander again (2)
The meandering river migrates (2)
4. Methods that can be introduced to reduce flooding along the river course






Small catchment dams in upper course to release water at intervals into the main
stream (2)
Large flood control dams in lower reaches (2)
Raise river banks (leveés) artificially (2)
Line rivers with cement to reduce friction and increase velocity (2)
Increase gradient by cutting through meander necks to increase velocity (2)
Increase vegetation/prevent deforestation (2)
5. Methods that can be used to reduce the dangers associated with mass movement
(rockfalls)
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
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


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Cement barriers along the slope / retaining walls (2)
Slopes covered by nets (2)
Build protective roof over road / tunnel roof (2)
Plant pillars into the soil to stabilise soil (2)
Remove loose rocks regularly (2)
Create controlled rockfalls to remove loose rocks (2)
Regular inspections (2)
Road signs (2)
Restriction of human activities (2)
Plant natural vegetation (2)
Reduce deforestation (2)
Cut and fill of slopes (2)
Drainage and run-off channeling structures (2)
Reinforce rock structures with bolts (2)
Temporary closing of roads (2)
Cementation of slopes (2)
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6. Why a stream can rejuvenate itself.






Increased precipitation (2)
Increase in volume of water (2)
Stream capture (2)
Reduction in vegetation increases run-off (2)
Drop in sea-level (2)
Isostatic uplift of land (2)
7. Explain, with reference to the underlying rock structure, how a cuesta is formed.





Sedimentary rock layers tilted (2)
Rock layers vary in resistance (2)
Rock layers exposed to the Earth’s surface (2)
Soft rock erodes away to form valleys (2)
Hard rock protrudes above surface to form ridges (2)
8. Explain why there is a short lag time and a high flood peak




The land is covered by artificial surfaces (2)
Water does not infiltrate the surface (2)
More water reaches the stream therefore flood peak is higher (2)
Water flows faster on artificial surfaces so lag time shortened (2)
9. Explain why all four slope forms are NOT always found on a mountain or ridge.


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

In high rainfall areas sheet flow occurs (2)
Sheet flow results in rounded slopes (2)
Where temperature extremes occur, exfoliation occurs (2)
Outer layers of exposed rock will flake off (2)
This process results in rounded slopes (2)
SETTLEMENT
1. PUSH & PULL factors

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
Higher paying jobs (2)
Better housing and services (2)
Higher standard of living (2)
Better social life (2)
Better education (2)
Availability of jobs (2)
Natural disasters such as floods and droughts in rural areas (2)
Lack of services in rural areas (2)
Poor infrastructure in rural areas (2)
Lack of jobs and low salary on farms (2)
Lack of entertainment in rural areas (2)
Crime in rural areas (2)
2. Reasons for COUNTER-URBANISATION
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



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Not able to get a job (2)
Not able to get decent home (2)
Standard of living was lower (2)
Experience hunger (2)
Experience poverty / low wages (2)
Could not afford to send children to school (2)
High crime rate (2)
3. Negative effects of deforestation on the environment.

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
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Topsoil will be more easily eroded (2)
Loss of soil moisture (2)
Higher levels of carbon-dioxide (2)
Higher temperatures (2)
Loss of organic matter in the soil (2)
Decrease in soil fertility (2)
Desertification (2)
Contribute to ozone depletion (2)
Reduce oxygen production (2)
Disrupt food chains / food webs / ecosystems (2)
4. Physical factors that resulted in the choice of a site for the power station.
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Close to coal mine (2)
Close to river (2)
Open space (2)
Direction of prevailing winds (2)
Away from CBD (2)
Away from residential areas (2)
5. What environmental problem has resulted from mining activities?
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Sinkholes/subsidence of earth (2)
Air pollution (2)
Destruction of natural vegetation (2)
Accelerated soil erosion (2)
Loss of valuable agricultural land (2)
Creation of mine dumps (2)
Land and water pollution (2)
6. Reasons why heavy industries such as the power station and cement factory are
located on the outskirts of cities.
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Air pollution (2)
Noise pollution (2)
Bad odours/smells (2)
Dangerous activities (2)
Cheaper land / large space (2)
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Bulk transport facilities (2)
7. Distinguish between a low-order function and a high-order function.
Low order: Needed on a daily basis and has a small sphere of influence, range
and threshold population (2)
High order: Needed with greater intervals and has a large sphere of influence,
range and threshold population (2)
8. Why it is important for an urban settlement to slow down the movement of people
from rural areas?
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Avoid overcrowding (2)
Minimise traffic congestion (2)
Pressure on resources (2)
Avoid pollution (2)
Unemployment in the city (2)
Lowering living standards (2)
Informal settlements could develop (2)
Prevent increase in crime (2)
Prevent development of social problems (2)
To prevent urban decay (2)
9. Factors that promote the farming sector in South Africa.
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High, reliable rainfall in eastern half of country (2)
Fertile soil in eastern half of the country (2)
Level gradient of plateau (2)
Availability of water in eastern half of country (2)
Large markets (2)
Well developed transport network (2)
Well developed structures (2)
Labour resources (2)
10. Explain why farming can be described as a vulnerable economic activity in SA.
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Droughts will decrease yields/harvests and income (2)
Floods will decrease yields/harvests and income (2)
Soil erosion and drop in fertility will decrease yields/harvests and income (2)
Poor/incorrect farming methods will have a negative effect (2)
Insects/pests can destroy crops (2)
Diseases among livestock can destroy animals (2)
Fire can destroy crops and livestock (2)
Reduced demands / competition for a product can have negative effect (2)
11. Reasons why young, active people leave rural areas (push factors ONLY)
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Poor service delivery (2)
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Poor infrastructure (2)
Poor employment opportunities (2)
Employment opportunities pay poorly in rural areas (2)
Mechanisation of farming (2)
Uneconomical farming units (2)
Farming costs are increasing (2)
Low standard of living (2)
Droughts (2)
Declining soil fertility (2)
Few entertainment facilities (2)
12. Effects (on the town) of rural-urban migration
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Services close down (2)
Infrastructure deteriorate (2)
Fewer job opportunities (2)
Towns become economically stagnant
Develop into ghost towns (2)
13. Why are women in the rural areas so vulnerable and how will HIV/Aids impact on
their lives?
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Lack of social services e.g. medical and education (2)
Cultural bias to using condoms (2)
Women in rural areas have inferior status to men (2)
Increased domestic responsibilities (2)
Must farm the land (2)
Becomes only breadwinner (2)
Must take care of sick and orphans (2)
Women lack decision-making power (2)
They cannot secure land rights (2)
14. How will HIV/Aids impact on young children in rural communities?
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More orphans (2)
Loss of primary care-givers and family breadwinners (2)
Exposed to illness and death on a regular basis (2)
Increased adult responsibilities (2)
Child-headed homes (2)
Deprived of childhood (2)
Deprived of education (2)
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PEOPLE & THEIR NEEDS
1. Socio-economic factors that have given rise to food insecurity in this continent.
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High cost of production – cannot afford new technologies (2)
Rural-urban migration – younger generation doesn’t want to work on farms (2)
HIV/Aids – shortage of labour in rural areas (2)
Many subsistence farmers – low agricultural output (2)
Poor farming methods e.g. monoculture leads to low agricultural output (2)
Low per capita income – no money to buy food (2)
Limited capital to invest in large-scale commercial farming (2)
High level of illiteracy impacts negatively on farming practices (2)
Political instability / war – impacts negatively on farming practices (2)
2. At present the world produces more food than it needs. How is it possible that so
many people are still undernourished?
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Developed countries produce large amounts of food, which the less economically
developed countries cannot afford to import (2)
Not eating a balanced diet (2)
Food aid does not always reach the people it is intended for (2)
Increased demand of agricultural products for bio-fuel (2)
Resources do not reach people because of war and conflicts (2)
3. Factors that PROMOTED industrial development in South Africa
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Wide variety of minerals provided raw materials (2)
Wide variety of agricultural products provided raw materials (2)
Availability of flat land (2)
Large labour pool to supply workers (2)
Large market to sell products (2)
Well-developed infrastructure to transport goods (2)
Availability of water needed in industrial processes (2)
Availability of energy resources to provide much-needed electricity (2)
Government support ensures industrial growth (2)
4. Factors that are currently RESTRICTING industrial development in South Africa.
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Distance to markets increases the cost of the product (2)
Labour costs and strikes slow down industrial development (2)
Water shortages mean water must be imported at high cost (2)
Pollution puts more strain on the environment (2)
Larger industrial output places greater strain on infrastructure (2)
Less land available for expansion of industries (2)
HIV/Aids aggravates skill shortages (2)
Value of the rand increases costs to import and transport goods (2)
Power outages (load shedding) – Eskom’s inability to provide reliable power (2)
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5. The importance of industrial growth for the development of South Africa's
economy.
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Finished goods are exported and earn foreign income (2)
Results in positive balance of trade (2)
Provides employment to many people (2)
Development of settlements (2)
Development of infrastructure (2)
Foreign investment (2)
Increases GDP (2)
6. Various strategies (measures) have been introduced to decentralise industrial
development in South Africa. Name incentives that could convince an industrialist
to move his/her industry out of a centralised location.
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Government can carry cost of the move (2)
Tax rebates (2)
Provide land and buildings cheaply (2)
Provide transport of goods at reduced cost (2)
Provide electricity and water cheaply (2)
Provide housing for labourers at a reduced rate (2)
Free skills training / development (2)
Encourage partnership between private and public enterprises (2)
7. What steps must be put into place to ensure that no socio-economic injustices are
done to the local inhabitants of an area set aside for sustainable development?
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Be inclusive of indigenous knowledge systems (2)
Consult with local inhabitants (2)
Employ local inhabitants in construction phase (2)
Employ local inhabitants in newly-developed projects (2)
Provide opportunity for entrepreneurship e.g. selling curios (2)
Investment opportunities for local inhabitants in businesses (2)
8. Local Agenda 21 recognises the FOUR principles of sustainable development.
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Quality of life must be improved (2)
Equity must be promoted within and between generations (2)
A healthy environment must be maintained (2)
Environment and development must not be separated (2)
9. How the aims of Local Agenda 21 can be implemented to achieve sustainable
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development.
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Consultation with local communities to identify their needs (2)
Strategies to ensure sustainable use of resources (2)
Indigenous knowledge to be incorporated into all development strategies (2)
Local development must be placed alongside conservation strategies (2)
Local governments (municipalities) are accountable (2)
10. “Water is considered to be one of South Africa's critical resources. Even though it
is a renewable resource South Africa could run out of fresh water soon.”
Explain how proper water management can result in a more sustainable use of
South Africa's scarce (limited) water supplies.
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Protect wetlands as important water sources (2)
Wetlands purify water (2)
Build dams with small water surfaces to reduce evaporation (2)
Build dams in eastern half of country where evaporation is lower (2)
Less wasteful irrigation methods (2)
Do not irrigate in dry areas (2)
Prevent deforestation to reduce run-off (2)
Above reduces soil erosion and prevents silting up of dams (2)
Use less artificial fertilisers to maintain quality of water (2)
Purification of industrial waste water before being released into streams (2)
Treatment of sewerage effluents before being released into streams (2)
Education / awareness programmes (2)
Legislation to protect water sources (2)
Recycling of water (2)
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