Name:
Date:
Period:
Chemistry B
UNIT 9-11 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
STANDARDS ADDRESSED
UNIT 9: REACTION RATES & EQUILIBRIUM
8a Students know the rate of reaction is the decrease in concentration of reactants or the increase in
concentration of products with time.
8b Students know how reaction rates depend on such factors as concentration, temperature, and pressure.
8c Students know the role a catalyst plays in increasing the reaction rate.
9a Students know how to use Le Châtelier’s principle to predict the effect of changes in concentration,
temperature, and pressure.
9b Students know equilibrium is established when forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
UNIT 10: BIOCHEMISTRY
10a Students know large molecules (polymers), such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starch, are formed by
repetitive combinations of simple subunits.
10b Students know the bonding characteristics of carbon that result in the formation of a large variety of
structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules.
10c Students know that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
UNIT 11: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
11a Students know protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together by nuclear forces that overcome the
electromagnetic repulsion between the protons.
11c Students know some naturally occurring isotopes of elements are radioactive, as are isotopes formed in
nuclear reactions.
11d Students know the three most common forms of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, and gamma) and know
how the nucleus changes in each type of decay.
11e Students know alpha, beta, and gamma radiation produce different amounts and kinds of damage in matter
and have different penetrations.
UNIT 9: REACTION RATES & EQUILIBRIUM
KEY VOCAB
Reaction rate
Collision theory
Reaction coordinate
Catalyst
Activation energy
Equilibrium
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Name:
Date:
Period:
Chemistry B
KEY POINTS
 Reaction rate is defined as:
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o the decrease in concentration of reactants over time
o the increase in concentration of products over time
Reactions occur when molecules collide (collision theory)
A reaction coordinate graphs the energy associated with a reaction
Activation energy is the amount of energy required for a reaction to go to
completion
A catalyst speeds up the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy:
 Equilibrium is established when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of
reverse reaction
 The concentration of reactants and products do not change during equilibrium
 Equilibrium is dynamic (reactions keep on going & do not stop)
 Le Chatelier’s Principle: if a system is at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in
concentration, temperature, or pressure, the system will shift to counter this change.
o Concentration
 the equilibrium shifts away from the side you add to and towards the
side you remove from
o Temperature
 if you increase temperature, the equilibrium shifts away from the side
with heat
 if you decrease temperature, the equilibrium shifts towards the side
with heat
o Pressure
 If you increase the pressure, the equilibrium shifts towards the side
with fewer molecules
Name:
Date:
Period:
Chemistry B

If you decrease the pressure, the equilibrium shifts towards the side
with more molecules
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. As you increase temperature, the rate of reaction _______________________.
2. As you decrease concentration of reactants, the rate of reaction _______________________.
3. As you increase pressure, the rate of reaction ___________________________.
4. Draw a picture explaining what collision theory is and how it determines reaction
rate.
5. Draw a reaction coordinate below and label: reactants, products, and activation
energy
6. What is a catalyst? How does it affect the activation energy? Draw the effect of a
catalyst on the reaction coordinate above using a dotted or dashed line.
Name:
Date:
Period:
Chemistry B
7. Use the following reaction for the next 5 questions. You can answer shift left, shift
right, or no effect.
UO2(s) + 4HF(g) + Energy
⇌ UF (g) + H O(g)
4
2
a. If I increase the temperature, then the reaction will _________________________
b. If the pressure is increased, then the reaction will __________________________
c. If more HF is added to the system, then the reaction will ____________________
d. If UF4 is removed, then the reaction will _________________________________
e. If H2O is added, then the reaction will ___________________________________
UNIT 10: BIOCHEMISTRY
KEY VOCAB
Polymer
Protein
Nucleic acid
Starch
Monomer/Subunit
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Glucose
KEY POINTS
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A polymer is a chemical compound consisting of repeating units called monomers
(or subunits)
Proteins are polymers made out of monomers called amino acids
Nucleic acids are polymers made out of monomers called nucleotides
Starch is a polymer made out of monomers called glucose
The element carbon likes to bond with a lot of atoms because it has 4 valence
electrons
Carbon can make single, double, & triple bonds
Most organic life is made out of carbon-containing compounds
Name:
Date:
Period:
Chemistry B
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. Which of the above are subunits of protein? _________
2. Which of the above are monomers of starch? __________
3. Which of the above are subunits of nucleic acids? __________
4. Which of the above is a hydrocarbon? __________
UNIT 11: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
KEY VOCAB
Force
Gravity
Electromagnetic
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force
Nuclear fusion
E=mc2
Isotope
Average atomic mass
Radioactive decay
Alpha decay
Beta decay
Name:
Date:
Period:
Chemistry B
Nuclear fission
Gamma decay
KEY POINTS
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A force is a push or a pull
Gravity is the pull or attraction between any two objects based on their mass
Electromagnetic force is the attraction between opposite charges or the repulsion
between like charges
The strong nuclear force holds the nucleus of an atom together
o It is stronger than the electromagnetic repulsion between the protons that
wants to pull the nucleus apart
The weak nuclear force that makes certain elements radioactive
Nuclear fusion is when two atomic nuclei combine to form one new atom
Nuclear fission is when a heavy nucleus splits into smaller, more stable nuclei
Einstein’s equation E=mc2 describes how a small loss in mass (m) of a nucleus is
converted into large amounts of energy (E)
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons
o Isotopes therefore have different atomic masses
Radioactive decay is the spontaneous breakdown of a nucleus into a smaller
nucleus and radiation
The 3 forms of radioactive decay are alpha (α), beta (β), & gamma (γ) decay
Alpha (α) decay releases an alpha particle (42He) as radiation
o Travels a few centimeters through the air
o Blocked by paper
Beta (β) decay converts a neutron into a proton and an electron (beta particle). The
beta particle/electron is released as radiation
o Travels a few meters through the air
o Blocked by metal wall
Name:
Date:
Period:
Chemistry B

Gamma (γ) decay occurs when a nucleus goes from high energy to low energy and
releases gamma rays
o most dangerous, can cause mutations in DNA and cancer
o blocked by thick walls of lead or concrete
\
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Rank the 4 fundamental forces from strongest to weakest.
2. Compare and contrast the strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces. Discuss why
the strong nuclear force prevents the nucleus of the atom from splitting apart.
3. You have a 10 kg substance. How much energy would be produced if this mass was
converted to energy? (c = 3.0 x 108)
Name:
Date:
Period:
Chemistry B
4. You produce 250,000 J of energy when you convert some mass into energy. How
much mass did you begin with? (c = 3.0 x 108)
5. Three isotopes of silicon occur in nature, 92.23% is 28Si, 4.68% is 29Si, and 3.09% is
30Si. Calculate the average atomic mass of silicon.
6. Determine whether the following equations are alpha, beta, or gamma decay:
a)
b)
4319K  4320Ca + electron
21084Po  20682Pb + 42He
7. Write a nuclear equation for the alpha decay of 238U.
238U
 _________ + __________
8. Write a nuclear equation for the beta decay of 238U.
238U
 _________ + __________