Appendix, raw data
Table AI. Primary energy conversion factors.
Energy carrier
Value
Unit
Source
Diesel
39.6
MJ/l
Swedish EPA1
Electricity
7.56
MJ/kWh
Swedish EPA1
Methane
39
MJ/Nm3
Swedish EPA1
Biogas (60 % CH4)
23
MJ/Nm3
Estimated based on Energy Gas
Sweden and Thompson and
Taylor2-3
Table AII. Input data for energy calculations with estimated uncertainty for large-scale (LS)
and small-scale (SS) scenarios.
Parameter
Scale
Energy demand pre-treat.
SS,LS
Energy demand ensiling
SS,LS
Unit
Value
Uncertainty
Source
kWh/t wwt
15
±20%
Estimated based on Cadoche
and Lopez4
MJ/t wwt
140
±20%
Pöschl et al.5
MJ/t wwt
digestate,km
t wwt/hour
0.4
±20%
Risén et al.6
28
±20%
This study
Transport capacity of truck SS,LS
t wwt/route
26
±20%
Heat demand AD
SS
MJ/t wwt
250
±30%
This study and Berglund and
Börjesson7
Berglund and Börjesson7
Heat demand AD
LS
MJ/t wwt
110
±30%
Berglund and Börjesson7
Electricity demand AD
SS
MJ/t wwt
33
±30%
Berglund and Börjesson7
Electricity demand AD
LS
MJ/t wwt
66
±30%
Berglund and Börjesson7
VS
SS, LS
% of dry weight
80
±1%
Dry weight
SS,LS
% of wet weight
18
±10%
Mustafic and UlfsdotterTuresson8
Average of 6 samples from
Trelleborg, Davidsson et al.9
Methane yield
SS
Nm3 CH4/t VS
210
±20%
Energy demand digestate
transportation
Loading cap. wheel loader
SS, LS
SS,LS
Estimated based on Gregeby
and Welander10
±20%
Estimated based on Gregeby
and Welander10
33
±1%
Pöschl et al 5
%
40
±1%
Pöschl et al 5
SS
%
50
±1%
Pöschl et al 5
Thermal effic. of CHP
LS
%
48
±1%
Pöschl et al.5
Energy demand upgr.
LS
kWh/m3 biogas
0.4
±10%
Persson11
Methane loss upgr.
LS
%
1
±100%
Peterson and Wellinger12
Spreading of digestate
SS,LS
MJ/t wwt digestate
15
±15%
Risén et al.6
Biogas composition
SS,LS
% CH4
60
±15%
Mustafic and UlfsdotterTuresson 8. Assuming 40 %
CO2
Amount of digestate
formed from substrate
SS,LS
Fraction
0.8
±15%
Risén et al.6
Methane yield
LS, co-dig.
Nm3 CH4/t VS
242
Electrical effic. of CHP
SS
%
Electrical effic. of CHP
LS
Thermal effic. of CHP
Table AIII. Input data used for energy balance calculation (uncertainty not included in the
data).
Parameter
Explanation
Diesel consumption
of wheel loader
SS,LS
Diesel consump.
truck (full-load)
Truck 40 t
Unit
Value
Source
l/h
16
This study
l/km
0.35
Mårtensson13
Diesel consump.
truck (empty)
Truck 40 t
l/km
0.25
Mårtensson13
Transport distance
SS
km
10
This study
Transport distance
LS
km
40
This study
Transport distance
digestate
SS,LS
km
10
This study
Table AIV. Swedish standard mix of electricity.
Explanation
Value
Units
Source
Renewable Energy sources
53.2
%
Gode et al.14
Non-renewable energy
46.8
%
Gode et al.14
sources
Table AV. Data for calculation of petrol equivalents.
Parameter
Value
Unit
Source
Energy content
biomethane
40
MJ/m3
Energy Gas
Sweden2
Annual fuel
consumption for a
private car
1600
l petrol/year
Energy Gas
Sweden2
Petrol equivalents
1.1
l petrol/m3 CH4
Energy Gas
Sweden2
Table AVI. Average elemental composition of red filamentous macroalgae at Trelleborg.
Explanation
Value
Units
Source
Al
512
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
As
3.9
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
B
521
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Ba
22.9
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Ca
38400
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Cd
1.4
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Co
1
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Cr
1.2
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Cu
8
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Fe
1292
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Hg
0.05
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
K
13630
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Mg
8278
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Mn
158
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Mo
1.7
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Na
23167
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Ni
6.3
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
P
2118
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Pb
2.7
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Si
209
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Ti
15
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
V
2.4
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Zn
91
g/t dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Cl
20723
g/t dwt
Average of 4 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
C
28
% of dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
H
3.8
% of dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
N
2.6
% of dwt
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
S
1.8
% of dwt
Average of 2 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
C/N
14
TOC
34
% of dwt
Average of 2 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Ash
30-40%
% of dwt
Average of 2 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
Lipid content
3-4
% of dwt
Not site specific, average for different
Average of 6 samples from Trelleborg
Davidsson et al.9
red macroalgae15
Carbohydrate
content
30-60
% of dwt
Not site specific, average for different
red macroalgae15
Protein
content
20-40
% of dwt
Not site specific, average for different
red macroalgae15
References to Appendix
1
Swedish EPA,“Appendix 20: Thermal values and Emission factors energy UNFCCC GWP conversion
factors,” Report, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2009:4. (2009).
2
Energy gas Sweden,“Basic data on biogas,” Report, Energy Gas Sweden, 2012:03. (2007).
3
A. Thompson and B.N. Taylor,“Guide for the use of International System of Units (SI) ” Report,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Number 811. (2008).
4
L. Cadoche and G.D. Lopez, Biological Wastes. 30. 153 (1989).
5
M. Pöschl, S. Ward, and P. Owende, Applied Energy. 87. 3305 (2010).
6
E. Risén, E. Gregeby, O. Tatarchenko, E. Blidberg, M.E. Malmström, U. Welander, and F. Gröndahl,
Journal of Cleaner Production. 53. (2013).
7
M. Berglund and P. Börjesson, Biomass and Bioenergy. 30. 254 (2006).
8
A. Mustafic and E. Ulfsdotter-Turesson,“Algae as a natural resource and source for renewable
energy,” Report, Trelleborg Municipality, Report 13 [In Swedish]. (2010).
9
Å. Davidsson, E.U. Turesson, and M. Karlsson,“Seaweed and algae as a natural resource and for
renewable energy production,” Report, Trelleborg Municipality, Sweden [In Swedish]. Report
2. (2008).
10
E. Gregeby and U. Welander,“Anaerobic digestion of marine substrates in lab and pilot scale,”
Report, Lineus University, (2012).
11
M. Persson,“Evaluation of upgrading techniques for biogas,” Report, Swedish Gas Centre [In
Swedish], SGC 142. (2003).
12
A. Petersson and A. Wellinger,“Biogas upgrading technologies – developments and innovations,”
Report, IEA Bioenergy, IEA Bioenergy, Task 37. (2009).
13
L. Mårtensson,“Emissions from Volvo’s trucks (standard diesel fuel),” Report, Volvo Truck
Corporation, Memorandum 20640/03-017. (2003).
14
J. Gode, F. Martinsson, L. Hagberg, A. Öman, J. Höglund, D. Palm, T. Ekvall, L. Hallberg, J. Högberg,
M.L. Söderman, M. Jerksjö, and T. Rydberg,“Environmental facts 2011. Estimated emission
factors for fuels, electricity, heat and transport,” Report, Number 1183 Värmeforsk AB,
Stockholm, [In Swedish]. (2011).
15
P. Rupérez, Food Chemistry. 79. (2002).