Opathology two marks
No
What is….?
Answer…
1
Abfraction
A regressive alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition leading to loss of tooth surface at the cervical areas of teeth caused
by tensile and compressive forces during tooth flexure. Alternatively, Cervical erosive lesions that cannot be attributed to any particular etiology
2
Abrasion
A regressive alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition leading to abnormal loss of tooth structure due to non-masticatory
physical friction.
3
Abscess
4
Acantholysis
A histopathological feature, characterized by loss of the intercellular bridges of the prickle cell layer (spinous) of the epithelium usually caused by accumulation of
fluid or edema in between the keratinocytes.
5
Acanthosis
A histopathological feature, characterized by excessive thickening of the intermediate cell layer or the stratum spinosum resulting in broadening and elongation of
the rete pegs. It is considered as one of hall mark of epithelial dysplasia.
6
Acanthosis nigricans
A rare acquired dermatological disease with an abnormal Keratinization process leading to development of velvety brownish alteration of skin. Sometimes this disease
may be a marker of malignancy.
7
Accessory cusps
8
Acidogenic theory
9
Acinic cell adenocarcinoma
A malignant salivary gland malignancy that salivary gland cells showing serous acinar differentiation, most commonly found in the parotid gland.
10
Acquired disturbances
Disturbances in the structure or morphology of any organ form birth or during growth and can occur as a result of environmental or hereditary factors.
11
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
A syndrome caused by the infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus causing the suppression of the immune system and predisposing the individual to infections.
12
Acral lentiginous melanoma
A melanoma that is a brown in color irregularly shaped macular lesion that undergoes progression to nodular melanoma.
13
Acrodynia
14
Acromegaly
15
Actinic chelitis
A chronic inflammatory lesion caused by chronic exposure to actinic or sunlight manifesting in skin of the middle and lower third of face and commonly in lower lips.
16
Actinic keratosis
Is a common cutaneous premalignant lesion caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation exposure with microscopic changes in epithelium and connective tissues.
17
Actinic lentigo
Is a benign, multiple, freckle like lesion resulting from chronic exposure to ultraviolet damage to skin.
18
Actinomycosis
19
Acute
Of shorter duration. Usually have severe symptoms.
20
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
An infection of the gingiva caused by fusobacterium and Borecellia vincentii affecting inter- dental papillae as a punched out lesion covered by a pseudomembrane.
21
Acute osteomyelitis
A rapidly destructive inflammatory process of bone and soft tissues associated with bone that usually consists of granulation tissue, purulent exudates, and islands of
non-vital bone (sequestra).
22
Acute pulpitis
An inflammation of the pulp caused by injury to the pulp, usually from dental caries or trauma. The thermal change (hot or cold) initiates the pain that is relived on
removal of the noxious stimuli. It is usually either reversible or irreversible.
23
Addison´s disease
24
Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma
25
Adenoma
26
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
27
Adenosquamous carcinoma
A rare, aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa consisting of a mixture of malignant squamous and glandular cells.
28
Adult monostotic fibrous dysplasia
A rare form of fibrous dysplasia occurring spontaneously in adulthood involving a single bone.
29
Adventious dentin
30
Aerodontolgia
31
Agenesis
32
Agranulocytosis
A marked decrease in the number of granulocytes (circulating or immature), particularly neutrophils.
33
Allergen
A substance capable of inducing hypersensitivity or an allergic reaction.
34
Allergy
A hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen. Re-exposure to the same allergen elicits an exaggerated reaction.
A localized accumulation of pus caused by an infection. Example periapical abscess.
A developmental anomaly of shape characterized extra cusp like the cusp of Caraebilli in maxillary first molar.
It states that dental caries is a chemico-parasitic process consisting of two stages- the decalcification of enamel as a preliminary stage followed by dissolution of the
softened residue. The acid required for decalcification is synthesized by the fermentation of starch and food residue by the bacteria’s. This theory was proposed by
Miller.
A chronic mercury exposure in infants and children where it produces a cold clammy skin, erythematous rashes, excessive salivation, and gingivitis may be the
features of the condition.
A hormonal disorder that results when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone.
Is an infection of filamentous, branching, gram positive anaerobic bacteria belonging to actinomycetes family. The supparative reaction is with yellowish sulphur like
flecks that are the colonies of the organisms.
A rare hormonal disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol and less commonly aldosterone.
A rare low grade histopathological variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma or in sun-exposed skin of the face and lower lip. The malignant cells are arranged in a
gland like pattern.
In Clinical terms refers to a glandular malignancy either benign or malignant.
An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, well-circumscribed lesion that usually occurs around the crowns of unerupted anterior teeth of
young patients and consists of epithelium in swirls and ductal patterns interspersed with spherical enamel like calcifications.
The pathologically formed secondary dentin as a result of abnormal irritation.
A condition similar to pulpitis experienced in deep fillings in high altitudes is referred as aerodontalgia.
Complete absence of an organ and its associated structures.
35
Alveolar cyst of new born
They are small, superficial keratin filled cyst found in the alveolar mucosa of infants that arise from the remnants of the dental lamina.
36
Alveolar osteitis
37
Amalgam tattoo
Oral soft tissue discolorations due to amalgam; most common exogenous pigmentation of the oral cavity.
38
Ameloblastic carcinoma
An aggressive neoplasm of the jaws in which the epithelial cells exhibit histologic features of common ameloblastoma and malignancy.
39
Ameloblastic fibroma
An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, that is well circumscribed often located over unerupted molars in young patients; the
connective tissue recapitulate primitive ectomesenchyme often found during various stages of odontogenesis.
40
Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma
An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium and ectomesenchyme, that has general features of ameloblastic fibroma but contains enamel and dentin. Alternatively
it is an expansile odontogenic tumor in young patients that contains the soft tissue components of ameloblastic fibroma and the hard tissue components of complex
odontoma.
41
Ameloblastic odontoma or odontoameloblastoma
42
Ameloblastoma
43
Amelogenesis
44
Amelogenesis imperfecta
45
Amino acid
An organic compound containing the amino group NH2. Amino acids are the main component of proteins.
46
Amyloidosis
Represents a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by the deposition of an extra cellular proteincious material called amyloid.
47
Anachoretic pulpitis
Refers to the inflammation of pulp caused by agents reaching pulp through circulation.
48
Anaphylaxis
49
Anaplasia
Lack of differentiation of cells
50
Anaplastic
Refers to an adult cell that has changed irreversibly toward more primitive cell types and is often malignant.
51
Anemia
52
Anesthesia dolorosa
53
Aneurysmal bone cyst
54
Angiolipoma
A benign tumor that consists of an admixture of mature fat and numerous small blood vessels.
55
Angioma
A benign tumor made up of blood or lymph vessels.
56
Angiomatosis
57
Angioneurotic odema
58
Angiosarcoma
59
Angular chelitis
It is an infectious diseases occurring along the corners of mouth caused by Candida, staphylococci or streptococci or a mixed infection. The lesion ulcerates and
readily bleeds.
60
Anitschkow cell
The cytologic smear of a recurrent apthous ulcer show a characteristic change in nucleus of epithelium with elongated nuclei containing a linear bar of chromatin.
Such a cell is termed as Anitschkow cell.
61
Ankyloglssia
A developmental anomaly of tongue characterized by an abnormal extensive adhesion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth or the lingual aspect of the anterior
portion of the mandible caused by a short lingual frenum.
62
Ankylosed teeth
Teeth that are fused to the alveolar bone by means of cementum; a condition especially common with retained deciduous teeth.
63
Anodontia
Congenital condition in which all the teeth fail to develop.
64
Anomaly
Any deviation from normal. May involve in composition, number, size, shape or structure.
65
Antibody
A protein produced in the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. Antibodies react specifically to antigens in an attempt to neutralize these foreign
substances.
66
Antigen
A substance, usually a protein, which is recognized as foreign by the body's immune system and stimulates formation of a specific antibody to the antigen.
67
Antoni A tissue
In neurilemoma, some of the neural tissue is regularly arranged in streaming fascicles of Schwann cells which often are palisaded and regularly arranged, refered as
Antoni A tissue.
68
Antoni B tissue
In neurilemoma, a part of the neural tissue is irregularly arranged in streaming fascicles of Schwann cells which often are less organized and less cellular refered as
Antoni B tissue.
69
Apert’s syndrome or Acrocephalosyndactyly
A rare craniosynostosis syndrome with characteristic features including acrobrachycephaly, Kleeblattschadel (clove leaf) deformity and syndactyly of second, third
and fourth digits of limbs observed.
70
Apical peridontal cyst
An odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin that is preceded by dental caries and a chronic periapical granuloma and stimulation of rests of Malassez present in the
periodontal membrane.
71
Aplasia
Absence of an organ owing to lack of division of cells resulting in absence in that particular cells. Or Absence of an organ or a part of an organ due to failure of
development of the embryonic tissue of origin or a defect in synchronous growth or a signaling molecule.
72
Aplastic anemia
A rare type of life threatening hematological disorder characterized by failure of the hematopoeitic precursor cells to produce all blood cells, caused usually by the
exposure to certain drugs, virus and carcinogens.
73
Apthous ulcer
A recurrent ulcer of uncertain etiology. The chief etiological agents suggested include viruses, stresses and allergy. Includes a solitary large major variant and a
multiple small minor variant.
74
Arrested caries
The destruction of initial clot usually after a traumatic extraction prevents the normal healing process causing the clinical condition of alveolar ostetits. Also known
as dry socket.
A rare odontogenic tumor that contains an ameloblastomatous component together with odontoma-like elements.
A unicentric neoplasm of odontogenic epithelium that is clinically benign, anatomically persistent, locally invasive and that has a wide spectrum of histologic
patterns.
The process of formation of the enamel portion of the tooth.
A spectrum of hereditary defects in the formation of ameloblasts and the mineralization of enamel matrix that results in teeth with multiple generalized
abnormalities affecting the enamel layer only.
A type of hypersensitivity or allergic reaction in which the exaggerated immunologic reaction results from the release of vasoactive substances such as histamine.
The reaction occurs on re-exposure to a foreign protein or other substance after sensitization.
A quantitative and or qualitative reduction of hemoglobin in blood. (Or) Reduction to less than normal of the number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin or
to the volume of packed red blood cells in the blood. (Or) Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
An uncommon side-effect of surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia resulting in a combination of anesthesia and spontaneous pain of the facial skin.
An uncommon lesion (Pseudocyst) located primarily in the posterior mandible and maxilla with clinical features similar to central giant cell lesion often containing
many large blood-filled spaces separated by connective tissue septa containing giant cell tissue and lined by epithelium.
The process of subcutaneous vascular proliferation is referred to as angiomatosis.
A diffuse edematous swelling of subcutaneous or submucosal soft tissues and is related to changes in vascular permeability due to mast cell granulation or C1 esterase
deficiency.
Malignant, rare, rapidly growing lesion of endothelial cells that is more common in young patients and has a poor prognosis.
A dental caries that has become static and does not show any tendency for further progression.
75
Asteroid bodies
The granulomatous inflammation of sarcoidosis contains laminated stellate inclusions called as asteroid bodies.
76
Asymptomatic
A lack of symptoms or complaints by the patient.
77
Atrophic
A normally developed tissue that has decreased in size as compared to its normal size.
78
Atrophy
Shrinkage in size of cell due to loss of cell substance.
79
Attrition
80
Atypical
Irregular, not conformable to the type.
81
Auspitz sign
A Clinical sign in psoriasis wherein when the dry scales are removed forcefully reveals a one or more tiny bleeding spots.
82
Autoantibody
An antibody that reacts against an antigenic constituent of the person's own tissues.
83
Autoimmune disease
A disease or a lesion characterized by tissue injury caused by a humoral or cell-mediated immune response against constituents of the body's own tissues.
84
Autoimmunity
Immune-mediated destruction of the body's own cells and tissues; immunity against self.
85
Autoinoculation
To inoculate with a pathogen such as a virus from one's own body.
86
Autosomes
The non-sex chromosomes those are identical for men and women.
87
B lymphocyte
88
Baby bottle syndrome
89
Bacillary angiomatosis
90
Ballooning degeneration
91
Basal cell carcinoma
A common, locally invasive, slow spreading, non metastasizing primary epithelial malignancy of the basal layer of skin and its appendages composed of medullary
pattens of basaloid cells.
92
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
Rare, aggressive form of poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma consisting of medullary patterns of cells with central areas of necrosis and resembles to
basal cell carcinoma of skin.
93
Bell’s palsy
Is an acute, often unilateral paralysis of the facial musculature with no proven cause.
94
Benign
Not malignant; favorable for recovery.
95
Benign fibro-osseous lesions
A heterotrophic collection of non-neoplastic intraosseous lesions that replaces normal bone and consists of a cellular fibrous connective tissue within which
nonfunctional osseous structures form.
96
Benign fibrous histiocytoma
A diverse group of benign neoplasm that exhibit both fibroblast and histiocytes and characterized by a storiform pattern with the spindle shaped fibroblast with
vesicular nuclei predominating.
97
Benign lymphoepithelial cyst
A lymphoepithelial cyst commonly located intraorally on the posterior lateral tongue and the anterior floor of the mouth inside the lymphoid tissue and is usually
submucosal in its position.
98
Benign migratory glossitis
A developmental anomaly of tongue characterized by multiple sensitive irregularly shaped erythematous patches on the tongue with arcuate white rims that enlarge
and change shape daily.
99
Bifid condyle
Is a rare developmental anomaly of head & neck region characterized by a double headed mandibular condyle. Fractures of condyle during growth may lead to bifid
condyle.
100
Bifid uvula
Is the most minimal manifestation of cleft palate and is limited to soft tissue structure of the uvula.
101
Biopsy
Excision of a living tissue for the purpose of examination by a pathologist.
102
Black hairy tongue
103
Blanching
To take the color out of / Make white.
104
Bleopharochalasis
Refers to the recurring edema of the upper eyelids leading to sagging of the lid at the outer canthus of the eye. It is a major component of the Ascher’s syndrome.
105
Blue nevus
A benign pigmented epithelial pathology that presents as a dark blue dome-shaped papule or as a flat macule on the skin or mucosa. Made up of nevus cell and
appears blue due to tyndallization effect.
106
Bohn’s nodules
An uncommon superficial raised nodule scattered over the hard palate often near the border with the soft palate in infants that resolve without treatment; derived
from rests of the dental lamina and consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining.
107
Bony
108
Botryoid odontogenic cyst
109
Branchial cleft cyst
110
Brodie´s abscess
111
Bruxism
112
Buccal bifurcation cyst
A cyst of uncertain origin found primarily on the distal or facial aspect of a vital mandibular third molar, consisting of intensely inflamed connective tissue and an
epithelial lining.
113
Bulimia
A psychiatric compulsive eating disorder characterized by episodic eating of large volumes of food, followed by purging behavior such as self-induced vomiting. This
may cause erosion of the lingual aspect of mandibular anterior teeth.
114
Bull’s eye lesion
Skin or mucous membrane lesions which are concentric rings resembling a circle within a circle; with a slightly depressed, dusky purple center, an elevated,
surrounding macular erythema pale middle zone, and an erythematous border; usually associated with herpes simplex or erythema multiforme or drug eruption or
mycoplasma infection.
A regressive alteration of tooth structure usually involving hard tissue of the permanent dentition leading to loss of tooth structure due to mechanical action of
mastication. Is a physiological process when involving aged individuals and pathological in young patients.
A lymphocyte -B cell (B for Bursa of fabricus in birds), that forms in bone marrow and matures without passing through the thymus. It matures into plasma cells that
produce antibodies or Immunoglobulins.
See Rampant caries
Is a multifocal subcutaneous vascular proliferation associated with cat scratch disease and often observed in patients with long standing HIV infection. They respond
to erythromycin.
The virus (Simplex virus) infected cell exhibit acantholysis, nuclear clearing and enlargement and is called as the ballooning degeneration.
Is a developmental defect of tongue, characterized by marked accumulation of keratin on the filliform papillae of the dorsal aspect and associated with other
conditions.
Composed of or containing bone.
A slow-growing, non-expansile developmental odontogenic cyst derived from rests of the dental lamina resembling a bunch of grapes. The cyst contains an embryonic
lining of 1 to 3 cuboidal cells and distinctive focal thickenings (plaques).
An unusually large lymphoepithelial cyst located on the lateral aspect of the neck.
A chronic abscess walled off in a sclerotic bone.
A parafunctional masticatory habit related to stress or a sleep disorder, characterized by grinding one's teeth. May lead to attrition.
115
Bulla (bullous/ bullae)
A circumscribed elevated blister like lesion that is more than 5 mm in diameter, usually contains serous fluid.
116
Cabots rings
A red blood cell abnormal feature observed in peripheral smear of pernicious anemia.
117
Café au lait spots
Hyperpigmented lesions that may vary in color from light brown to dark brown. The borders may be smooth or irregular. Often found with fibrous dysplasia,
neurofibromatosis and certain endocrine abnormalities.
118
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
An odontogenic tumor arising from epithelium which is locally aggressive consisting of strands and medullary patterns of squamous and clear cells that are often
accompanied by spherical calcifications (“Lisegang” ring) and amyloid-staining hyaline deposits. Also known as “Pindborg tumor”
119
Calcifying odontogenic cyst
A rare, well-circumscribed, solid or cystic lesion derived from odontogenic epithelium that superficially resembles follicular ameloblastoma but contains "ghost cells"
and spherical calcifications.
120
Cancrum oris
Is rapidly progressive opportunistic infections of the normal oral flora during immunocompromised state and often begins as ANUG.
121
Candidiasis
Encompasses a group of mucosal and cutaneous conditions with a common etiologic agent from the Candida genus of fungi; the most common oral mycotic infection.
122
Canker sores
Also known as apthous stomatitits. It is a most common oral pathological ulceration attributed to many reasons. May present as a major, minor and recurrent forms.
123
Cannon’s disease
See white spongy nevus
124
Capedont teeth
Is a term given to teeth affected with dentinogenesis imperfecta.
125
Capsule
Compressed fibrous connective tissue around a benign tumor or a cyst separating it from surrounding tissues.
126
Carcinogen
A cancer causing agent.
127
Carcinogenesis
The train of biological events that underlies development of neoplasia.
128
Carcinoma
A malignant growth made up of epithelial cells that are capable of infiltration and metastasis.
129
Carcinoma in situ
The most severe stage of epithelial dysplasia, involving the entire thickness of the epithelium, with the epithelial basement membrane remaining intact.
130
Caries, dental
The microbial disease of teeth involving progressive demineralization of inorganic parts of tooth and followed by dissolution of organic material and modified by the
saliva and dietary factors.
131
Carotid artery syndrome
Is an abnormal developmental defect caused by the elongation of styloid process and or mineralization of stylohyoid ligament that leads to facial pain, dysphagia and
transient syncope. Also known as Eagle’s syndrome.
132
Carotid body tumor
133
Carpet tack lesions
In discoid lupus erythematosus, when the cutaneous scales are forcefully removed numerous extensions that had dipped in to the enlarged pilosebaceous canals. Such
a lesion is described as carpet tack lesion.
134
Carrier
In genetics, a heterozygous individual who is clinically normal but who can transmit a recessive trait or characteristic; also, a person who is homozygous for an
autosomal dominant condition with low penetrance.
135
Cell-mediated immunity
136
Cellulitis
A painful swelling of the soft tissue of the mouth and face resulting from a diffuse spreading of purulent exudate along the fascial planes that separate the muscle
bundles.
137
Cementifying fibroma
Also known as ossifying fibroma, cemento –ossifying fibroma. It is a well demarcated, osteogenic neoplasm that is composed of fibrous tissue that contain variable
amount of calcified structure- bone and cementum in varying proportion.
138
Cementoblastoma
A benign, well-circumscribed neoplasm of cementum-like tissue growing in continuity with the apical cemental layer of a tooth (often molar or premolar) that
produce expansion of cortical plates and pain.
139
Cementoma, Familial gigantiform
Is a synonym used for florid type of cemento-osseous dysplasia that occurs in a familial pattern as an autosomal inherited condition.
140
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Are a group of common fibro-osseous lesions in the jaw that have pathologic features similar to fibrous dysplasia.
141
Cemento-osseous dysplasia, florid
A variant of cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the adult females and commonly in the afroamericans.
142
Cemento-osseous dysplasia, Focal
A variant of cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the mandibular posterior region, usually in the middle aged females and with no racial predilection.
143
Cemento-osseous dysplasia, periapical
A variant of cemento-osseous dysplasia that is found in the mandibular anterior periapical region, usually in the middle aged females and commonly in the
afroamericans.
144
Cemento-ossifying fibroma
A well-demarcated, encapsulated, expansile lesion of the jaws composed of cellular fibrous tissue containing spherical calcifications and irregular, randomly oriented
bony structures and may be central or peripheral in location.
145
Central
146
Central giant cell lesion
An intraosseous destructive lesion of the jaws in which lesions tends to expand the cortical plates, cause movement of teeth, and produce root resorption; composed
of multinucleated giant cells in a background of mononuclear fibro-histiocytic cells and red blood cells. The cause may involve an abnormal calcium metabolism
including renal and parathyroid gland pathology.
147
Central odontogenic fibroma
An intraosseous benign neoplasm tissue of odontogenic origin (ectomesenchyme with or without epithelium) containing widely scattered islands and strands of
embryonic odontogenic epithelium and calcifications.
148
Central papillary atrophy of tongue
A form of erythematous candidal infection in the central part of the dorsum of tongue. Presents as a well demarcated erythematous zone that is often asymptomatic.
It was previously thought to be a developmental anomaly of tongue.
149
Centromere
150
Cervical enamel projection
151
Chanchre
152
Cheesy
Lesion’s texture is similar to curds of cheese.
153
Chemotaxis
Taxis or movement in response to chemical stimulation. Often exhibited by the phagocytes.
154
Cherubism
Are the tumors that arise from the carotid body (chemoreceptors responsible for detecting changes in blood pH/ oxygen tension, at the bifurcation of carotids).
Immunity in which the predominant role is played by T lymphocytes.
In Oral Pathology, a lesion occurring within Jaws.
The constricted portion of the chromosome that divides both the arms.
Focal apical extensions of the enamel beyond the normally smooth cervical margin and on to the root of the tooth.
Refers to the lesion of primary syphilis. Develops at the site of inoculation as a papular lesion with a central ulceration.
An autosomal dominant rare developmental fibro-osseous type of lesion of the jaws in children involving more than one quadrant and stabilizes after the growth
period, usually leaving some facial deformity and malocclusion.
155
Chlorodontia
A type of intrinsic greenish discoloration of teeth caused by accumulation of bilirubin that breaks in to biliverdin. This is formed during conditions hyperbilirubinemia.
156
Chondrosarcoma
157
Choriostomas
Ectopic rests of non transformed tissues, not indigenous to that particular site. Or Is a tumor like growth of microscopically normal tissue in an abnormal location.
158
Chromatid
Either of the two vertical halves of a chromosome that are joined at the centromere.
159
Chromatin
A general term used to refer to the material (DNA) that forms the chromosomes.
160
Chronic
Persisting over a longer duration; generally implies that there has been little change or extremely slow progression over a long period.
161
Chronic apical pulpitis
An irreversible lesion located at the root apex showing the extension of the inflammatory process from the pulpal chamber. (Clinical; Radiological)
162
Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis (pulp polyp)
163
Chronic osteomyelitis
164
Chronic pulpitis
165
Chrysiasis
166
Chvosteks’s sign
Is an oral finding observed in hypoparathyroidism. It is characterized by a twitching of upper lip when the facial nerve is tapped just below zygomatic process. It
suggests a latent degree of tetany.
167
Clear cell
A cell often associated with pathological lesions in hematoxycillin and eosin stain and which has a clear cytoplasm with a small peripherally located nucleus often due
to accumulation of water, carbohydrate or proteins that do not take the stain.
168
Cleft lip
169
Cleft palate
A multifactorial developmental defect of the palate characterized by a lack of complete fusion of the two lateral portions of the palate, resulting in a communication
with the nasal cavity.
170
Cleidocranial dysplasia
A rare condition inherited as an autosomal dominant and characterized by partial or complete absence of the clavicles, defective ossification of the skull, and faulty
occlusion due to missing, misplaced, or supernumerary teeth along with high arched palate.
171
Coagulation
172
Codon
173
Colley’s anemia
174
Commissure or the angle of mouth
175
Compound nevus
The nevus characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the basal cell layer of the surface epithelium and involving the underlying connective
tissue.
176
Concrescence
A developmental anomaly or post inflammatory defect involving shape of teeth in which there is union of two adjacent teeth by cementum alone without the
confluence of dentin.
177
Condyloma acuminatum
Is a virus induced (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) proliferation of the stratified squamous epithelium of the genetilia.
178
Condyloma lata
Is a benign viral induced (HPV-2, 4, 40) hyperplasia of stratified squamous epithelium that appears as a painless papule or a nodule with a papillary projections.
179
Congenital
Present at, or existing from the time of birth.
180
Congenital lip pits
Autosomal dominant trait resulting in developmental defects involving the vermilion border of the lower and upper lip either at the central or the commissural area.
181
Consanguinity
Blood relationship. In genetics, the term is generally used to describe marriages among close relatives.
182
Corps rands
Refers to the peculiar round shaped dyskeratotic cells observed in Darrier’s disease.
183
Corrugated
184
Cotton roll burn
An iatrogenic injury caused by the oral mucosa become adherent to the dry cotton roll and their rapid removal from the mouth lead to stripping of the epithelium in
the area.
185
Crouzon syndrome or Craniofacial dysostosis
An uncommon, autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder characterized by craniosynostosis and dysmorphic facial features. The characteristic features include
acrobrachycephaly, Kleeblattschadel (clove leaf) deformity and syndactyly of second, third and fourth digits of limbs observed.
186
Crowe’s sign
Axillary freckling is known as crowe’s sign and observed in neurofibromatosis.
187
Cyst
Is a pathologic epithelium-lined cavity, usually containing fluid or semisolid or gas. (Kramer)
188
Cystic hygroma
Anomaly of the lymphatic system characterized by single or multiple cysts within the soft tissues, usually involving the head and neck.
189
Cytologic
Pertaining to the scientific study of cells.
190
Cytology
The scientific study of structures within the cell.
191
Cytopathologic
Pertaining to or characterized by pathologic changes in cells.
192
Darrier’s disease
An uncommon genodermatoses inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with defect in the adherence mechanism between surface squamous epithelial cell leading
to acantholysis and characterized histopathologically by test-tube reteridges, corpsrands and grains.
193
Dead tracts
Is a age related change in dentin, where in due to a trauma the odontoblastic process die and dentinal tubules are filled with air in section that appear as dark in
transmitted light.
194
Degeneration
An uncommon malignant bone neoplasm in the jaws, usually of the anterior maxilla, consisting of a proliferation of chondroblasts or spindle-shaped mesenchymal
cells and abnormal cartilage but no osteoid or bone.
An uncommon and specific type of inflammatory hyperplasia reaction of pulp to deep caries in a young person in which an inflamed hyperplastic pulp extends through
a large carious lesion of a non-vital tooth.
Prolonged inflammation of bone and soft tissues of bone including marrow, almost invariably due to infection.
An inflammation of the pulp caused by injury to the pulp, usually from dental caries or trauma. The thermal change (hot) initiates the pain that is not relived on
removing the noxious stimuli. It is usually irreversible and with a dull pain.
Is a common complication of gold therapy that is manifested as a slate blue discoloration of sun exposed skin.
A developmental defect of middle face characterized by the failure of fusion of median nasal process and maxillary process resulting in soft tissue abnormality.
Refers to the process of clotting.
The vertical sequence of three bases in DNA that codes for an amino acid. (Genetic)
Is also known as thalassemia major. It has a defective hemoglobin synthesis inherited through 2 defective genes for beta globin molecule causing microcytic,
hypochromic anemia.
The junction of the upper and lower lips at the corner of the mouth.
Descriptive term for a surface that appears wrinkled.
Refers to the pathologic changes with cells which may to a certain extent reversible.
195
Delayed eruption
The process of eruption of deciduous or permanent teeth very lately in relative to the normal age range.
196
Dens evaginatus
A developmental anomaly in the shape of teeth in which a focal area of the crown projects outward and produces what appears as an extra cusp or an abnormal
shape to existing cuspal arrangements. Often caused by an evagination of the crown during developmental stage.
197
Dens in dente
"A tooth within a tooth"- A developmental anomaly in the shape of a malformed tooth caused by an invagination of the crown before it is calcified. (Or) An enamellined “pouch” extending apically from the lingual surface. It commonly affects maxillary lateral incisor teeth and manifests as an invagination on the lingual surface
that may reach the pulp. Also known as Dens invaginatus.
198
Dental fluorosis
A condition of enamel hypoplasia characterized by white chalky spots or brown staining and pitting of teeth due to an increased level of fluoride in affecting enamel
matrix formation and calcification by the reaction of fluoride on the process of calcification.
199
Dental transposition
A developmental anomaly characterized by a normal teeth erupting in to an inappropriate position.
200
Denticle
A regressive alteration of teeth characterized by spherical calcification within the dental pulp lying free or attached to the pulpal surface of the tooth
201
Dentigerous cyst
A common developmental type of odontogenic cyst associated with unerupted teeth and is caused by fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and
the enamel surface, resulting in a cyst in which the crown is located within the lumen and root(s) outside.
202
Dentin dysplasia
A hereditary developmental defect in dentin formation in which the coronal dentin and tooth color is normal; the root dentin is abnormal with a gnarled pattern and
associated shortened and tapered roots.
203
Dentinogenesis
204
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
205
Denture epulis
Is a tumor like hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue that develops in association with the flange of an ill fitting denture.
206
Denture sore mouth
Or Denture stomatitis. It is an erythematous or better a chronic atrophic candidiasis localized to denture bearing areas of maxillary denture.
207
Dermatofibroma
Or fibrous histiocytoma. They are a diverse group of soft tissue benign tumors that exhibit both fibroblastic and histiocytic differentiation.
208
Dermoid cyst
Is an uncommon developmental cystic malformation of the midline of the upper neck or the anterior floor of the mouth of young patients, derived from remnants of
embryonic skin, consisting of a lumen lined by a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and containing one or more skin appendages such as hair, sweat, or
sebaceous glands.
209
Desmoplastic fibroma
A Benign diffuse infiltrative proliferation of fibroblasts leading to mature collagen deposition, occurring primarily within the mandible in young patients. A
histopathological variant of fibroma.
210
Differential diagnosis
211
Differentiation
212
Diffuse
A term used to describe a lesion whose borders are not well defined or demarcated and is not possible to detect the exact parameters of the lesion.
213
Dilacerations
A developmental anomaly manifested as an abnormal bend or curve. More commonly occurring in the root of a permanent tooth.
214
Diploid
Having two sets of chromosomes; the normal constitution of somatic cells.
215
Distodens
An accessory molar situated distally is called as distodens or distomolars.
216
Dominant
A term often used in genetics. It means a trait or characteristic that is manifested when it is carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes.
217
Donovan bodies
218
Donovan bodies
Are tiny elongated basophilic and argyrophilic rods in the large mononuclear phagocytes in the intracytoplamc cysts in Granuloma inguinale.
219
Doorthy Reed cell
Are the characteristic typically binucleated (owl eye nuclei) or multinucletated (pennies on plate) with prominent nucleoli in Hodgkins lymphoma.
220
Dorsal
221
Double lip
A rare developmental anomaly commonly characterized by a horizontal fold of redundant mucosal tissue located on the inner aspect of the upper lip. May be
congenital or acquired.
222
Down syndrome
A common chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of an additional third chromosome in chromosome 21 and presents mild to moderate mental retardation and
associated medical and dental problems.
223
Drug induced gingival hyperplasia
Increased amount of gingiva. Generalized increase in the fibrous component of the gingiva in patients who have been taking long term doses of phenytoin,
cyclosporine and nifedipine. Persistent dental plaque, calculus (tartar) and gingival irritation increase the severity of the hyperplasia.
224
Dry mouth
225
Dry socket
A clinical complication of traumatic tooth extraction. It occurs due to disintegration or loss of the blood clot, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone in the
socket.
226
Dysplasia
An abnormality of development of any tissue. It is characterized by the loss of normal cellular architecture. In epithelium it is characterized by a disorderly
development. Or A non-neoplastic disorderly growth usually in epithelium.
227
Dystrophic calcifications
228
Eagle syndrome
Is an abnormal developmental defect caused by the elongation of styloid process and or mineralization of stylohyoid ligament that leads to facial pain, dysphagia and
transient syncope. Also known as carotid artery syndrome.
229
Eburnation of dentin
An arrested caries of occlusal surface which is large and lacks food retention causing the superficially softened and decalcified dentin is burnished till it takes up a
hard brown polished surface.
230
Ecchymosis
Large reddish-blue areas in skin or mucous membrane caused by the escape of blood into the tissues, where it clots. It is commonly referred to as a bruise.
Ecchymoses do not blanch on diascopy.
231
Ectodermal
relates to the outermost of the three primitive germ layers of an embryo. Ectodermal derived structures include the skin, hair, nails, oral mucous membrane, and the
enamel of the teeth.
232
Ectodermal dysplasia
Relates to a group of inherited disorders where the ectodermal derivatives such as skin, sebaceous glands, hair, enamel and nails are malformed.
233
Edema
Abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular spaces, resulting in visible swelling.
The formation of dentin.
A hereditary defect consisting of opalescent teeth composed of irregularly formed and under mineralized dentin that obliterates the coronal and root pulpal
chambers.
A list of possible conditions that fit the information (history, signs, symptoms, radiological, laboratory and histopathological) derived from the patient
The distinguishing of one thing from another. Or It is the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their cell of origin.
Are the inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of large mononuclear phagocyte in case of infection with Granuloma Inguinale, a chronic granulomatous infection. These
bodies are tiny, elongated basophilic and arygrophilic rods and present in large numbers.
Directed toward / situated on the back surface (opposite of ventral).
Decreased saliva production. Also called as xerostomia.
Ectopic linear calcification within the pulp chamber of a tooth, the etiology of which is unknown.
234
Edentulous
The clinical absence of teeth.
235
Ehler-Danlos syndrome
A group of inherited disorder of connective tissue that result in an abnormal connective tissue fibers especially collagen.
236
Embryonic
Pertaining to the earliest stage of development of an organism.
237
Emigration
The passage or white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of small blood vessels.
238
Enamel hypoplasia
A defect in tooth enamel that results in less quantity of enamel than normal.
239
Enamel pearl
Ectopic nodular deposits of enamel that primarily occur in the bifurcation or trifurcation areas on the roots of molars.
240
Enanthems
Eruptions of mucous membrane.
241
Endodermal
Pertaining to the innermost of the three primitive germ layers of an embryo. Endodermal structures include the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract (except
the nose), and the digestive tract.
242
Entropion
In chronic inflammatory conditions of eye such as cicatrical pemphigoid, conjunctival vesicle heals with scarring leading the eye lids to turn inwards. Such a condition
is referred as entropion.
243
Eosinophilic granuloma
A pathological condition that has single or multiple bone lesion without visceral involvement, characterized by proliferation of histiocyte like Langerhans cells often
affecting children.
244
Epidermoid cyst
Is a common cyst of skin with a lumen lined by keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, usually filled with keratin and without skin appendages in the capsule
wall.
245
Epidermolysis bullosa
Refers to a heterogeneous group of inherited blistering mucocutaneous disorders with a defect in attachment mechanisms of epithelial cells, either to each other or
to the connective tissue.
246
Epithelial dysplasia
A disorderly state of epithelium differentiation process characterized by a combination of individual cell and architectural alterations and is an indicator of the
potentially malignant state.
247
Epithelium
248
Epstein’s pearls
Uncommon superficial raised nodules on the midline of the hard palate of infants that resolve without treatment; derived from rests of the dental lamina and
consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining.
249
Epulis fissuratum
A reactive lesion resulting in proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with an associated chronic inflammation in response to chronic injury such as an ill fitting
denture.
250
Erosion
The pathological wearing away of hard tissues of teeth through the action of chemical substances. . Also in histopathology refers to discontinuity or denudation of
epithelium above the basal cell layer.
The cellular makeup of skin and mucous membranes.
No
Term
Definition
251
Eruption cyst
An soft tissue odontogenic cyst with the histologic features of a dentigerous cyst that surrounds a tooth’s crown that has erupted
through bone but not soft tissue and is clinically visible as a soft fluctuant mass on the alveolar ridges. Also known as Eruption
hematoma
252
Eruption sequestrum
A small spicule of calcified tissue (bone) that is extruded through the alveolar mucosa often that overlies an erupting molar.
253
Erythema
Refers to an abnormal redness.
254
Erythematous
A change in the area of pathology caused by a redness of the tissue due to engorgement of the capillaries in the region. Usually
erythematous lesions blanch on diascopy.
255
Erythroleukoplakia
Refers to a reddish white, raised, unscrappable patch more than 5 millimeter in diameter and cannot be attributed to any cause
other than the use of tobacco, with reddish areas representing epithelial cells that are so immature that they can no longer produce
keratin.
256
Erythroplakia
Refers to reddish, raised, unscrappable patch more than 5 millimeter in diameter which cannot be attributed to any other cause other
than the use of tobacco, the definition carrying no histopathological connotation. (Or ) A predominantly lesion of the oral mucosa that
cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion; some leukoplakia will transform in to cancer. (Axell T, 1996)
257
Esophageal webs
Refers to the abnormal fibrosed bands of tissue in the esophagus in Plummer – Vinson syndrome leading to dysphagia.
258
Etiology
The study of the factors that cause disease and their introduction to the host.
259
Ewing sarcoma
260
Exanthems
261
Exophytic
262
Exostoses or Exostosis
263
Expansile
264
Expressivity
In clinical genetics, the degree of clinical manifestation of a trait.
265
Extrinsic stain
Superficial stains on the external surface of teeth like tobacco, coffee, drugs etc.,
266
Exudate
267
Facial paralysis
Is an acute, often unilateral paralysis of the facial musculature with no proven cause.
268
Facies
The appearance of the face.
269
Fever
A pathological elevation of body temperature to greater than the normal of 98.6°F (37°C).
270
Fibrin
An insoluble protein that plays a vital role in clotting mechanism of blood.
271
Fibroepithelial polyp
A less common fibrous hyperplasia of connective tissue occurring in the hard palate beneath a maxillary denture. It presents as a
flattened pink mass attached to the palate with a stalk.
272
Fibroma
A reactive hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue that evolves in response to chronic irritation in which there is extensive elaboration
of collagen resembling scar tissue.
273
Fibromatosis
Are a broad group of fibrous proliferation with diffuse infiltrative proliferation of fibroblasts and mature collagen occurring within the
soft tissues of the head and neck in young patients. Their biological behavior is between benign fibrous lesion and Fibrosarcoma.
274
Fibro-osseous lesions
They comprise a diverse group of processes that are characterized by replacement of normal bone by a fibrous connective tissue
containing newly formed mineralized products that do not exactly resemble the tissue it replaces.
275
Fibrosarcoma
276
Fibrous dysplasia
277
Fibrous histiocytoma or Dermatofibroma
278
Field cancerization
279
Firm
280
Fissural cysts
281
Fissure
282
Fissure tongue
283
Fistula
A drainage pathway or abnormal communication between two epithelium-lined surfaces due to destruction of the intervening tissue.
284
Fistula, congenital of lower lip
Are rare congenital invaginations of the lower lip that arises from persistence of the lateral sulci on the mandibular arch.
285
Fistula, oroantral
Is a fistula connecting the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity formed usually as a complication of a extraction of upper molar.
286
Fluctuant
A wavelike motion felt on palpating a cavity with non-rigid walls, especially one containing fluid.
287
Fluoride mottling
A rare malignant bone neoplasm of uncertain cell origin in young patients, the lesion being composed of anaplastic small, dark, round
cells containing glycogen granules and . intermediate filaments often exhibiting translocation t(1122)(q24,q12)
Eruptions of skin accompanied by inflammation.
Refers to an outwardly growing lesion.
An exophytic nodular benign growth of dense cortical bone commonly located on maxillary or mandibular buccal alveolar bone, usually
in the bicuspid / molar area.
Refers to the ability of a lesion of being extended or expanded.
Fluid composed of cells, proteins, and solid materials that pass through vessel walls into adjoining tissues; may leak from incisions or
sites of infection or inflammation to form a clot.
Refers to the malignant neoplasm of fibroblastic cells.
A developmental asymptomatic regional alteration of fibro-osseous lesion of bone in which the normal architecture is replaced by
fibrous tissue and nonfunctional trabeculae-like osseous structures; lesions may be monostotic or polyostotic, with or without
associated endocrine disturbances.
They are a diverse group of soft tissue benign tumors that exhibit both fibroblastic and histiocytic differentiation.
The tendency of oral cancer to develop multiple mucosal cancers as primary and reflects the effect of diffuse exposure to local
carcinogens that increases the malignant transformation potential of all exposed epithelial cells.
Relatively solid, compact, or unyielding to pressure or touch.
Originally believed to arise from cystic degeneration of epithelium remnants entrapped along lines of fusion of embryonic growth
processes.
A narrow slit or cleft.
A developmental anomaly of tongue observed as deep grooves in dorsum of tongue which cause no adverse consequences other than
being a collection site for food debris and colonization site for Candida albicans. Caused by improper fusion of the lateral swellings.
A condition of enamel hypoplasia characterized by white chalky spots or brown staining and pitting of teeth due to an increased
ingestion of fluoride affecting enamel matrix formation and calcification by impairment of ameloblastic function.
288
Fluorosis
An enamel defect resulting from ingestion of fluoride in excessive quantities. It causes permanent hypomaturation of the enamel with
increased surface and sub- surface porosities.
289
Foam cells
Are lipid laden phagocytes that appear as empty in H&E section as lipids are lost during processing. The presence of foam cell with
macrophage and numerous inflammatory cells in the vincity indicates that there is foreign body reaction present.
290
Focal epithelial hyperplasia
Is a virus induced, multiple, soft non-tender, flattened plaques and papules that are localized proliferation of oral squamous
epithelium affecting children.
291
Focal osteitis
Also known as dry socket. A complication of traumatic tooth extraction, resulting in a dry appearance of the exposed bone in the
socket, due to disintegration or loss of the blood clot.
292
Follicular cyst
Also known as dentigeous cyst. A common developmental type of odontogenic cyst associated with unerupted teeth and is caused by
fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and the enamel surface, resulting in a cyst in which the crown is located
within the lumen and root(s) outside.
293
Forchheimer’s sign
Oral lesions of Rubella. They consist of small, discrete, dark red papules usually found in soft palate and rarely in hard palate. These
papules coincide with the appearance of exanthematous rashes of the skin.
294
Fordyces granules
They are collection of ectopic sebaceous glands that occur in various locations within the oral cavity.
295
Foreign body granuloma
A granuloma reaction to foreign materials in the connective tissue which are too large to be ingested by either host defense cells.
296
Fourniers molars
See mulberry molars
297
Frenal tag
A redundant piece of mucosal tissue that projects from the maxillary labial frenum.
298
Frictional keratosis
299
Fusion
Is defined as a single enlarged tooth or a two joined teeth in which the tooth count reveals a missing tooth when the anomalous tooth
is counted as one.
300
Gardner syndrome
A rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by gastrointestinal adenomatous polyps, multiple osteomas and soft tissue tumors
such as cutaneous epidermoid cysts and fibromas.
301
Gargoyle cell
In Gauchers disease, a most common lipid reticuloendotheliases caused by a lack of enzyme glucocerebrodiase resulting in
accumulation of glucocereamide within lysosomes of the cells of macrophage or monocyte lineage and the cytoplasm resembles a
wrinkled silk appearance is called the Gargoyle cell.
302
Garrè osteomyelitis
An unusual reaction of the periosteum to a chronic inflammation usually in the posterior mandible of young patients as a periosteal
hyperplasia demonstrating an onion skin like reduplication of cortical plates.
303
Gaucher’s disease
The most common lipid reticuloendotheliases caused by a lack of enzyme glucocerebrodiase resulting in accumulation of
glucocereamide within lysosomes of the cells of macrophage or monocyte lineage and the cytoplasm resembles a wrinkled silk
appearance.
304
Gemination
Is a single tooth germ splits completely or partially, forming two separate crowns. Also defined as a single enlarged developmental
anomalous tooth in which the tooth count is normal when the anomalous tooth is counted as one. The tooth usually has a single root
and root canal; also called twinning.
305
Genetic heterogeneity
306
Geographic tongue
Is a common anomaly of tongue with unknown etiopathogenesis that presents as multiple, sensitive, irregularly shaped erythematous
patches on the tongue with arcuate white rims that enlarge and change shape daily.
307
Ghost cells
They are the altered epithelial cells which are eosinophilic, with absence of nuclei but retaining the basic cell outline within the
epithelial component of calcifying odontogenic cyst.
308
Ghost teeth
A localized, nonhereditary, developmental anomaly affecting the one or several adjacent teeth in which the enamel and dentin are
thin and irregular and fail to adequately mineralize; surrounding soft tissue is hyperplastic and contains focal accumulations of
spherical calcifications and odontogenic cell rests.
309
Gingival cyst of the adult
A small developmental odontogenic cyst of the gingival soft tissue derived from the rests of the dental lamina, containing a lining of
embryonic epithelium of cuboidal cells and distinctive focal thickenings similar to the lateral periodontal cyst.
310
Gingival cyst of the newborn
Uncommon superficial raised nodules on edentulous alveolar ridges of infants that resolve without treatment, derived from rests of
the dental lamina and consisting of keratin-producing epithelial lining.
311
Globulomaxillary cyst
A developmental fissural cyst that arises from epithelium entrapped during fusion of the globular portion of medial nasal process with
maxilla, commonly arising between maxillary lateral incisor and the canine with inverted pear shaped radiolucency. [ The origin is now
considered as odontogenic cyst than a fissural cyst]
312
Glossodynia
313
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Is the neuralgia of the ninth cranial nerve with sharp intense lancinating pain with abrupt onset and short duration along the area of
innervation by the ninth cranial nerve.
314
Glossopyrosis
Refers to a painful or tender or burning sensation of tongue with uncertain causes that includes infections, malnutrition, deficiency
status ,underlying endocrine disturbances etc
315
Gorlin cyst
A rare, well-circumscribed, solid or cystic lesion derived from odontogenic epithelium that superficially resembles follicular
ameloblastoma but contains "ghost cells" and spherical calcifications.
316
Gorlin sign
Is the ability of a subject to touch the tip of the nose wit the tip of the tongue. Although a common ability it is most commonly
observed in patients with Ehler-Danlos syndrome.
317
Graft Versus Host disease
It occurs in recipients of allogenic bone marrow transplants. With the failure of immunosupression or the graft being immunologically
active they are perceived as foreign body and resulting in a debilitating immunologicalreaction called Graft Versus Host disease.
318
Granular cell tumor
Refers to a submucosal mass consisting of diffuse sheets of large cells of either nerve or muscle origin with a cytoplasm of densely
packed eosinophilic granules (lysosomal bodies) and commonly found in the dorsal surface of the tongue.
319
Granuloma
It refers to a mass of inflammatory tissue consisting of a central collection of macrophages, often with multinucleated giant cells,
surrounded by lymphocytes. The lesion is essentially a reactive one with vascular proliferation and a peripheral fibrous tissue to
localize the reaction.
320
Granulomatous
It refers to a well-defined area that has developed as a reaction to the presence of living organisms or a foreign body. The tissues
consist primarily of histiocytes and the presence of epitheioid cells.
321
Gumma
The scattered foci of granulomatous inflammation presenting as an indurated, nodular, ulcerated lesion often associated with tissue
destruction in tertiary syphilis is gumma.
322
Haemangioendothelioma
323
Hairy tongue
Refers to the developmental abnormality of tongue with marked accumulation of keratin on the filiform papillae of the dorsum
tongue resulting in hairy appearance and discoloration of the tongue
324
Halo nevus
Is a type of melanocytic nevus that has a pale hypopigmented border probably as a result of the nevus cell destruction by the immune
system .
325
Hamartoma
A nonspecific, trauma induced whitish unscrappable hyperkeratotic lesion.
Having more than one inheritance pattern.
Or Glossopyrosis
Is a term used to describe vascular tumors with microscopic features intermediate between those of Hemangiomas and angiosarcomas.
A non-neoplastic malformation that present as a mass of disorganized tissues indigenous to that particular site.
326
Hamartoma
Is a developmental tumor like but non neoplastic developmental malformation native with that area of body in which it is formed.
Often present at birth, growth persists till physiologic growth stops and essentially benign.
327
Hand –Schuller- Christian disease
A chronic disseminated form of langerhans cell disease involving bone, skin and viscera, characterized by proliferation of histiocyte
like Langerhans cells often affecting children.
328
Hansen disease
Is the other name of leprosy caused by M. leprae.
329
Haploid
A cell with a single set of chromosomes, like a gamete.
330
Heck’s disease
See Focal epithelial hyperplasia
331
Hemangioma
A benign proliferation of large (cavernous) or small (capillary) vascular channels occurring commonly in children with individual lesions
having variable clinical courses.
332
Hemangiopericytoma
Is a rare, slow growing, painless, benign neoplasm that is derived from the cells whose processes encircle the endothelial cells of
capillaries seen most commonly in adults. The stag horn appearance is observed in histopathology.
333
Hematoma
A large ecchymosis or bruise caused by the escape of blood into the extra vascular tissues. Hematomas are blue on the skin and red on
the mucous membranes. As hematomas resolve they may turn brown, green, or yellow.
334
Hemifacial atrophy
Or Romberg syndrome/Parry Romberg syndrome. An uncommon developmental degenerative condition characterized by atrophic
changes affecting one side of face. The cause for this condition is obscure
335
Hemifacial hyperplasia Or Hemifacial
hypertrophy
A rare developmental anomaly characterized by unilateral enlargement of the body. It is usually more of hyperplasia than
hypertrophy.
336
Hemolysis
The term refers to the disintegration of elements in the blood. A common form of hemolysis occurs during anemia and involves lysis or
the dissolution of red blood cells.
337
Hemophilia
338
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver.
339
Hereditary
Transmitted or transmissible from parent to offspring; determined genetically.
340
Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
A rare autosomal dominant inherited genodermatosis showing thick white corrugated white plaques in buccal mucosa in childhood.
Additionally ocular involvement is common.
341
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
Is a slowly progressive gingival enlargement caused by the collagenous overgrowth of the gingival fibrous connective tissue. Often
occurs with syndromes and associated with hypertrichosis, craniofacial deformities, epilepsy and mental retardation.
342
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Is an uncommon mucocutaneous disorder, inherited as a autosomal dominant trait, with numerous vascular abnormalities, the most
common being small collections of dilated capillaries (telangiectasia)
343
Herpes gladiatorium
344
Herpes labialis
The recurrent form of the herpes simplex virus 1 along the vermillion border and adjacent skin of the lips. Also known as cold sore or
fever blister.
345
Herpes zoster
The painful reactivation of the varicella zoster virus that has resided in the dorsal spinal ganglia, along the distribution of the
affected sensory nerve forms clusters of vesicles on an erythematous base is referred as herpes zoster.
346
Herpetic paronychia or Herpetic whitlow
A less common site of infections of the human simplex virus -1 along the thumbs or fingers.
347
Heterozygote
An individual with two different genes at the allele loci.
348
Histicytosis X
349
Homozygote
An individual having identical gees at the allele loci.
350
Hormone
A chemical substance produced in the body that has a specific regulatory effect on certain cells or a certain organ or organs.
351
Howell – Jolly bodies
A red blood cell abnormal feature observed in peripheral smear of pernicious anemia.
352
Humoral immunity
353
Hurler cell
See Gargoyle cell
354
Hutchinson’s freckle Or Lentigo maligna
Occurs mostly on sun exposed surface area of elderly persons and represents a melanoma in purely radial growth phase.
355
Hutchinson’s incisors
Screwdriver-shaped central incisors seen in congenital syphilis.
356
Hyerplastic gingivitis
Focal or generalized fibrous hyperplasia of the marginal gingiva with an associated chronic inflammatory response.
357
Hypercementosis
Excessive deposit of cementum on root surface.
358
Hyperchromatic
Staining more intensely on comparison with normal. Inflammatory cells staining are taken as the standard.
359
Hyperdontia
360
Hyperkeratosis
Excessively thickened layer of the stratum corneum. A feature of epithelial dysplasia.
361
Hyperpigmentation
Refers to excessive melanin pigmentation. Multiple causes including postinflammatory, smoking, drugs etc.
362
Hyperplasia
An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the number of constituent cells.
363
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of constituent cells.
364
Hypocalcification
Less than normal amount of calcification.
365
Hypochromic Stained less intensely on comparison with normal. Inflammatory cells staining are taken as the standard.
Refers to a variety of bleeding disorders associated with a deficiency (usually genetic) of any one of the clotting factors of blood.
The herpes virus infection spread through contact sports such as rugby, wrestlers, contaminating through areas of abrasion.
A probable neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans type of histiocytic cells with a wide spectrum of biological behavior ranging from a
single lesion of the mandible to diffusely distributed bone lesions in combination with organ and other soft tissue lesions; consists of S100 positive histiocytes containing Birbeck granules and accumulations of eosinophils.
Immunity in which antibodies play the predominant role.
A condition characterized by extra teeth in supplement to the normal set of teeth.
366
Hypodontia
The congenital absence of one or more (But less than 6) teeth as a result of agenesis.
367
Hypophosphatasia
368
Hypophosphatemia
Deficiency of phosphates in the blood.
369
Hypopigmentation
Decrease in pigment production as compared to the adjacent normal tissue.
370
Hypoplasia
371
Hypotrophy
372
Idiopathic bone cavity
373
Immune complex
A combined product of antibody and antigen.
374
Immune reaction
A protective response of the host to a specific invading pathogen or toxins secreted by it.
375
Immunodeficiency
376
Immunoglobulin
377
Impacted teeth
378
Impetigo
A superficial infection of skin occurring in endemic among children and caused by Sterptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus.
The disease manifest as a vesicle or bullae that rupture with a crusting.
379
Incisive canal cyst or nasopalatine duct cyst
An intraosseous developmental cyst of the midline of the anterior palate, derived from the islands of epithelium remaining after
closure of the embryonic nasopalatine duct. Appears as a heart shaped radiolucency between roots of maxillary incisors.
380
Incontinentia pigmenti
A rare inherited genodermatoses with female predilection and has a high risk of malignancy occurring in infancy. May present as a
vesicular, verrucous, hyperpigmentation and or atrophic stage.
381
Induration
Characterized by being hard; an abnormally hard portion of a tissue with respect to the surrounding similar tissue.. Often used to
describe the feel of locally invasive malignant tissue on palpation.
382
Infection
Invasion by pathogenic microorganisms causing disease by local cellular injury, secretion of a toxin, or antigen-antibody reaction in
the host.
383
Infectious mononucleosis
Is a symptomatic disease caused by Epstein Barr Virus, spread by intimate contact producing low grade fever, lymphadenopathy,
pharyngitis, tonsillitis and rarely hepatosplenomegaly.
384
Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia
An asymptomatic reactive proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with an associated chronic inflammation in response to chronic
injury such as ill fitting denture.
385
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
386
Inflammatory reaction
A defense mechanism to an invading pathogen or toxins which includes repair and destruction; prepares tissue for healing and controls
spread of infection.
387
Intradermal nevus
In latter stages of compound nevus, the nevus cells are restricted to underlying connective tissue of skin after which the pigmentation
is reduced, surface becoming papillomatous with hairs appearing from centre of the lesion.
388
Intraductal papilloma
An ill defined salivary gland tumor common in adults as a unicystic, dilated structure submucosally with papillary projections in to the
lumen of the duct.
389
Intramucosal nevus
The pigmented nevus is characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the underlying connective tissue.
Mucosal counterpart of intradermal nevus.
390
Intrinsic stain
Deeply formed stains in the inner layers of the dentin and pulp.
391
Invasion
The infiltration and active destruction of surrounding tissues.
392
Inverted ductal papilloma
393
Involcrum
394
Iron deficiency anemia
395
Irreversible pulpitis
396
Irritation fibroma
397
Ischemia
398
Jaffe-Lichtenstein syndrome
399
Jaundice
A diseased condition of the liver due to the presence of bile pigments in the blood and characterized by yellowish staining of the eyes,
skin and body fluids.
400
Junctional nevus
The pigmented acquired nevus that is characterized by a proliferation of nevus cells microscopically within the basal cell layer of the
surface epithelium, named because microscopically appears at the junction of epithelium and connective tissues.
401
Juxta organ of Chevitz
Is a cluster of nests of squamous epithelial cells found in sites of inferior alveolar nerve block and intimately associated with
myelinated nerves.
402
Kaposi sarcoma
A unique form of angiosarcoma that occurs in elderly and HIV-positive patients and has a predilection for the palate, associated with
Human Herpes virus -8.
403
Karyotype
404
Keratoacanthoma
A benign, self limiting, endophytic epithelial growth appearing as a well circumscribed keratin-filled crater on sun-exposed skin; often
mistaken for well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
405
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
The chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder that principally involves the salivary, lacrimal and eyes is the Sjogren’s syndrome. The
effect of such a condition on eye is keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
An osteodystrophy with genetic metabolic disorder of bone mineralization caused by a deficiency in alkaline phosphatase in serum and
tissues. The condition is characterized by skeletal defects resembling those of rickets.
Reduction in size of tissue due to a lesser number of cells. May be physiology or pathology.
Decrease or reduction in size of cell in a tissue or organ.
Or simple bone cyst results due to a trauma to bone that is insufficient to cause fracture resulting in an intraosseous haematoma
which does not undergo organization but liquefies to form a cyst.
A deficiency of the immune response caused by quantitative or qualitative defect of the lymphoid cells.
Or Antibody. Are proteins synthesized by plasma cells in response to a specific antigenic stimulus. They are important for humoral
immune system.
Those teeth that are formed but cannot erupt in to oral cavity because of a physical obstruction or lack of space.
A reactive tissue growth often associated with a denture that is poorly maintained and worn always.
A rare minor salivary gland tumor presenting as a asymptomatic nodule that is made up of proliferation of squamoid epithelium with
multiple bulbous papillary projection that fill the lumen.
New reactive bone formation by the periosteum, usually in cases of osteomyelitis.
Is the most common cause of anemia which forms when the supply of iron by the body cannot keep with the pace of need for iron in
the production of red blood cells. The erythrocyte appears as hypochromic and microcytic in nature.
A severe inflammation of pulp, progresses from reversible pulpitis, that cannot be restored to its original constituents nor repairable.
A reactive hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue that evolves in response to chronic irritation (ill fitting denture, sharp teeth) in
which there is extensive elaboration of collagen resembling scar tissue.
A deficiency of nutrition and oxygen to a part of the body usually due to constriction or blockage of a blood vessel.
A syndrome characterized by polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the skeletal system and cafe-au-lait spots.
A photomicrographic representation of a person's chromosomal constitution arranged according to the Denver classification.
406
Keratotic
A condition of the skin characterized by the presence of increased keratin growths. On the oral mucous membrane, keratotic tissue
usually looks white; the term also refers to a thickening of the outer layer of the oral epithelium.
407
Kissing lesion
The central papillary atrophy of tongue is an chronic low grade candidiasis, from which the infection spreads to the palate when the
tongue is at res due to the intimate contact.
408
Kissisng disease
409
Klestadt cyst
410
Koilionychia
411
Koplik’s spot
The oral manifestation of measles that develop in the early course of the disease occurring as multiple ares of mucosal eerythema
within which are areas of numerous small bluish white macule. These represent focal areas of necrosis.
412
Kveim test
It is a skin test for sarcoidosis where a sterile suspension of human sarcoid tissue is injected intradermally and a paponodular lesion
develop at the site with in 4 to 6 weeks in cases of positive individuals.
413
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
414
Lateral
415
Lateral periodontal cyst
A rare, slow-growing, non-expansile developmental odontogenic cyst derived from one or more rests of the dental lamina, containing
an embryonic lining of 1 to 3 Cuboidal cells and distinctive focal thickenings or plaques.
416
LE cell
A cell that is a characteristic of lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. It is a mature neutrophil that has phagocytized a
spherical inclusion derived from another neutrophil.
417
Leiomyoma
Benign neoplasm of smooth muscles. In oral cavity they arise from the vascular smooth muscle.
418
Leiomyosarcoma
Are malignant neoplasm of smooth muscles.
419
Lentigo maligna melanoma
Slowly evolving melanoma that develops within a pre-existing pigmented lesion on the sun-exposed skin of elderly patients.
420
Lepra cell
In histopathology of a lepromatous leprosy lesion, sheets of lymphocytes intermixed with vacuolated histiocytes called leprae cells.
421
Leser- trelat sign
422
Lesion
423
Letterer- Siwe disease
424
Leukemia
Represents several types of malignancies of haematopoietic stem cell derivation.
425
Leukocytosis
A temporary increase in the number of white blood cells circulating in blood.
426
Leukodema
A common, bilateral developmental anomaly of buccal mucosa of unknown cause characterized by a diffuse grayish white opalescent
appearance of mucosa that disappears on stretching with a striking intracellular edema of the spinous cell layer.
427
Leukoplakia
Refers to greyishwhite, raised, unscrappable patch more than 5 millimeter in diameter which cannot be attributed to any other cause
other than the use of tobacco, the definition carrying no histopathological connotation. (Or) A predominantly white lesion of the oral
mucosa that cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion; some leukoplakia will transform in to cancer. (Axell T, 1996)
428
Lichen planus
A common, bilateral, mucocutaneous disease where it presents as either white reticular, plaque, or erosive lesions with a prominent T
lymphocyte response in the immediate underlying connective tissue. (Clinical; Histopathological)
429
Lichenoid eruptions
A common unilateral, mucocutaneous disease where it presents as either white reticular, plaque, or erosive lesions with a prominent
T lymphocyte response in the immediate underlying connective tissue caused by an abnormal immunological reaction and clinically
resembling lichen planus.
430
Linea Alba
A soft linear streak of hyper keratinized reactive tissue on the buccal mucosa along the occlusal line. The line may be formed by
irritation from rough buccal cusps, bruxism or habitual clenching of teeth.
431
Linear gingival erythema
A thin narrow band of reddish along the free gingival margin commonly observed in HIV infected individuals.
432
Lingual mandibular salivary gland depression
See Stafne’s cyst.
433
Lingual thyroid nodule
434
Lingual varicosities
435
Lip pits
436
Lipid
437
Lipid endoreticulotheliosis or Lipoid proteinosis
438
Lipoma
A benign neoplasm of normal fat cells that appears as a soft, movable swelling, often with a slight yellowish coloration.
439
Liposarcoma
A rare, malignant neoplasm composed of a wide spectrum of histologic patterns of the fat cells.
440
Lisch nodules
A translucent brown pigmented spots on iris seen in Neurofibroma.
441
Lobulated
442
Local
Confined to a limited part, not general or systemic.
443
Ludwig angina
Is a cellulitis involving submandibular, sublingual and submental spaces leading to difficulty in breathing.
444
Lues
See Infectious Mononucleosis
A developmental cyst of the soft tissue of the anterior muco-buccal fold beneath the ala of the nose, most likely derived from
remnants of the inferior portion of the nasolacrimal duct.
The spoon shaped nails seen often in cases of severe anemia.
See histicytosis X.
Situated at the side.
The sudden appearance of numerous seborrheic keratoses with pruritis associated with an internal malignancy is known as the Lesertrelat sign.
A site of structural in body tissues that is produced by disease or injury.
An acute disseminated disease with prominent cutaneous, visceral and bone marrow involvement of Langerhans cell disease primarily
occurring in infants.
A common developmental abnormality of tongue in which there is an accessory accumulation of thyroid tissue that is usually
functional within the body of the posterior tongue.
See Varicoses.
An autosomal dominant trait resulting in developmental defects of lip involving the paramedial portion of the vermilion of the lower
and upper lip or the labial commissure area.
Fat or fatty; a naturally occurring substance made up of fatty acids.
Are relatively rare group of inherited storage disorders resulting in lack of certain enzymes necessary for processing specific lipids
resulting in accumulation of lipids within a variety of cells.
Made up of lobules, which are smaller divisions of lobes as seen in brain, lung, and salivary glands. Some pathologic lesions are
described as lobulated when the lesion is divided into smaller parts.
See syphilis.
445
Lues maligna
In the presence of compromised immune system, secondary syphilis exhibits an explosive and widespread form of syphilis with
formation of necrotic ulcer.
446
Luetic glossitis
Diffuse atrophy and loss of dorsal tongue papillae in a diffusely enlarged lobulated and irregularly shaped tongue observed in syphilis.
447
Lupus erythematosus
Is an immunologically mediated multisystemic disease often involving skin, kidney and cardiac complications.
448
Lupus vulgaris
Refers to the tuberculosis of skin.
449
Lyell’s disease
See TEN
450
Lymphadenopathy
An enlarged lymph node due to an infection or a disease process or a neoplastic process in the area drained by the lymph node.
451
Lymphangioma
452
Lymphoblastic
453
Lymphocyte.
A variety of leukocyte or white blood cell that is important to the immune response and that arises in the lymph nodes. Lymphocytes
can be large or small, and are round, non-granular, and classified as either T- or B-lymphocytes
454
Lymphoepithelial cyst
A cyst with a lumen lined by a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and a capsule containing multiple normal lymphoid follicles
and a dense accumulation of normal lymphocytes.
455
Lymphoid tissue
Tissue composed of lymphocytes supported by a meshwork of connective tissue.
456
Lymphoma
Is a malignant disease of lymphoid system.
457
Macrodontia
458
Macroglossia
A developmental or acquired disorder where the tongue is larger than normal.
459
Macrognathia
Large jaws as compared to normal.
460
Macrophage
A large, mononuclear phagocyte derived from monocytes. Macrophages become mobile when stimulated by inflammation and interact
with lymphocytes in an immune response.
461
Macrostomia
An increase in the width of the mouth, resulting from failure of union of the maxillary and mandibular processes, with extension of
the oral orifice toward the ear.
462
Macule
A focal area of color change that is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue e.g. Freckles.
463
Malaise
A symptom that describes a feeling of uneasiness, discomfort, or indisposition.
464
Malignant
465
Malignant ameloblastoma A type of ameloblastoma which has metastasized.
466
Malignant potential
467
Mandibular lingual cortical defect
468
Marble bone disease
469
Margination
470
Mastication
Chewing.
471
McCune-Albright syndrome
A syndrome characterized by polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the skeletal system, cafe-au-lait spots, and endocrine dysfunction.
472
Median mandibular cyst
473
Median rhomboid glossitis
See central papillary atrophy of tongue.
474
Meiosis
The two-step cellular division of the original germ cells, which reduces the chromosomes to haploid.
475
Melanoma
A common malignant neoplasm of melanocytes occurring on skin and mucosal surfaces that commonly have a radial and superficial
initial growth period before it extends into the deeper underlying tissues and metastasizes.
476
Melanosis
Disorder of increased melanin pigmentation that develops without preceding inflammatory disease; condition characterized by
abnormal deposits of melanin (especially in the skin).
477
Melanotic macules
A small, flat, brown areas of the mucosal surfaces caused by an increase in the production of melanin granules but not in the number
of melanocytes due to physiologic or reactive cause.
478
Mesenchymal
The meshwork of embryonic connective tissue in the mesoderm that gives rise to the connective tissue of the body, blood vessels, and
lymph vessels.
479
Mesial
Toward the midline.
480
Mesiodens
A supernumerary tooth between the maxillary central incisors.
481
Metaplasia
Is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another type. Or One form of epithelial cell changing to another due
to various causes. Example Ciliated respiratory epithelium becoming stratified in case of smokers.
482
Metastasis
The spread of neoplastic cells to parts of the body remote from the primary tumor and the establishment of new tumors in those sites
via blood, lymph, direct seeding.
483
Metastasize
To spread or travel from one part of the body to another.
484
Metastatic tumor
A tumor formed by cells that have been transported from the primary tumor to a site not connected to the primary tumor.
A developmental anomaly of lymphatic vessels with a benign proliferation of lymphatic vessels that occurs as a focal superficial lesion
within the oral cavity and as a massive diffuse lesion of the neck like cystic hygroma.
Pertaining to a cell of the lymphocytic series
Large teeth as compared to normal.
A neoplastic growth that grows rapidly, and can readily metastasize.
Is the risk of cancer being present in a potentially malignant state, either at initial diagnosis or in future and expressed in
percentages.
See Stafne cyst
See Osteopetrosis
A physiological phenomenon that occurs during the early phases of inflammation in which white blood cells tend to occupy the
periphery of the blood vessels and adhere to endothelial cells that line the vessels.
A rare, developmental fissural cyst of questionable origin in the anterior midline of mandible arising from epithelium entrapped
within the mandible during its fusion in embryonic life.
485
Microcyte
A red blood cell that is smaller than normal.
486
Microdontia
Teeth that is considerably smaller than normal.
487
Microglossia
Tongue that is considerably smaller than normal.
488
Microstomia
Jaws that is considerably smaller than normal.
489
Midline lethal granuloma
A rare pathological process that is characterized clinically by aggressive destruction of the midline structures of palate and nasal
fossa. Has been now classified as a type of lymphoma.
490
Mikulicz’s disease
A bilateral painless swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands with an intense lymphocytic infiltrate, with destruction of acini and
ductal cells becoming hyperplastic.
491
Miller’s liquefaction foci
Are formed by focal coalescence and breakdown of few dentinal tubules in dental caries and liquefaction focus is an ovoid area of
destruction parallel to course of dentinal tubule filled with necrotic debris that increases by expansion. This expansion compresses
and distorts the normal dentinal tubules.
492
Miller’s theory
493
Mitosis
494
Mitotic figure
Dividing cells caught in the process of mitosis.
495
Mixed tumor
See pleomorphic adenoma
496
Molluscum bodies
In infection with a DNA pox group of virus, molluscum contagiosum, the central portion in lobule is filled with bloated keratinocytes
that contain large, intranuclear, basophilic viral inclusion called molluscum bodies.
497
Molluscum contagiosum
A DNA pox virus induced epithelial hyperplasia that presents as numerous papules that contain basophilic inclusion bodies called
molluscum bodies. The lesion is more common in children and immunocompromised.
498
Morsicatio buccarum and linguaraum
A common reactive lesion arising due to chronic chewing of buccal mucosa (buccarum) and lingual (linguarum) appearing as thick,
irregular, shredded white patch often with zones of erythema or bleeding. May reflect a sharp teeth or a stressful condition.
499
Mucocele
500
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
A common salivary gland malignancy with a variable biological potential, is made up of mucous producing acinar cells, epidermoid
cells and intermediate cells.
No
Term
Definitions
501
Mucopolysaccharidosis
A heterogenous group of metabolic disorder usually inherited in an autosomal recessive fashions characterized by lack of one or more
normal enzymes leading to accumulation of these glycosaminoglyans or mucopolysaccharides.
502
Mucopurulent
503
Mucormycosis
See zygormycosis
504
Mucositis
Mucosal inflammation.
505
Mucous escape phenomenon or Mucous
extravastion phenomenon
506
Mucous patch
507
Mucous retention cyst
508
Mulberry molars
509
Multilocular
A term used to describe a radiographic appearance of multiple, rounded compartments of locules. These can appear "soap bubblelike" or "honeycomb-like".
510
Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome.
Autosomal dominant condition involving the parathyroids, pancreas, thyroid and adrenal with one variant (MEN--IIB) that has an oral
manifestation consisting of multiple neuromas on the mucosal surfaces
511
Multiple myeloma
A relatively plasma cell malignancy with multiple bony lesions occurring often in old aged with pathological fractures, radiographically
punched out radiolucency and histopathologically as sheet of round blue cell and amyloid deposits.
512
Mumps
An endemic paramyxovirus infection affecting bilateral, salivary glands, spreading through respiratory droplets often in children
occurring with fever and malaise. The complications include epididymo-orchitis and meningocephalitis.
513
Munro abscess
514
Mutagenesis
The induction of genetic mutation.
515
Mutation
A permanent change in the arrangement of genetic material.
516
Myelophithisic anemia
An anemia caused by malignant proliferation of leukocytes compressing the normal marrow tissues.
517
Myofibromatosis
See dermatofibromatosis.
518
Myospherulosis
A reactive, foreign body granulomatous reaction to placement of topical tetracycline in a petrolatum base in a surgical site or defect.
519
Myxoma
520
Nasoalveolar cyst
521
Nasolabial cyst
See acidogenic theory
The way in which somatic cells divide so that the two daughter cells receive the same number of identical chromosomes. The process
that is responsible for growth.
Is a common salivary gland cyst resulting from rupture of a salivary gland duct and spillage of mucin in to adjacent tissues.
Consisting of both mucous and pus.
Is a common salivary gland cyst resulting from rupture of a salivary gland duct and spillage of mucin in to adjacent tissues.
Lesions of secondary syphilis. See syphilis.
Is an epithelium lined cavity that arises from salivary gland tissue and represents a ductal dilatation or obstruction. Clinical features
are similar to mucoceles.
Berry-like molars, due to atrophy of pulp horns in congenital syphilis.
A collection of neutrophils inside the epithelium is called as Munro’s abscess and observed in Psoriasis.
A much debated aggressive intraosseous lesion derived from embryonic connective tissue associated with odontogenesis and primarily
consisting of a mucoid ground substance with widely scattered undifferentiated spindled mesenchymal cells.
See nasolabial cyst
A developmental fissural cyst of the soft tissue of the anterior muco-buccal fold beneath the ala of the nose or in the upper lip, most
likely derived from remnants of the inferior portion of the nasolacrimal duct.
522
Nasopalatine duct cyst
An intraosseous developmental fissural cyst of the midline of the anterior palate, derived from the islands of epithelium remaining
after closure of the embryonic nasopalatine duct. The lesion presents as a heart shaped radiolucent area between maxillary central
incisors in a radiograph.
523
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
524
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
525
Natal teeth
526
Necrosis
The death of a cell as a result of injury or disease.
527
Necrotizing sialometaplasia
An uncommon locally destructive inflammatory condition of the salivary glands resulting from ischemia of the salivary gland tissue
that leads to local infraction. It mimics a malignancy in clinical and histopathological presentation.
528
Neonatal teeth
Refers to those teeth that arise within the first thirty days of life are neonatal teeth.
529
Neoplasia
The process of the formation of tumors. See tumor.
530
Neoplasm
See tumor.
531
Neuralgia Inducing Cavitational Osteonecrosis
(NICO)
A low grade, non-supparative, osteomyelitis of jaw with poorly visible radiographic features occurring in patients with neuralgic pain.
532
Neurilemmoma
See Schwanomma.
533
Neurofibroma
534
Neurofibromatosis
A common hereditary condition autosomal dominant condition characterized by multiple neurofibromas of various sizes.
535
Neurofibrosarcoma
A malignant counterpart of Neurofibromatosis.
536
Neurogenic sarcoma
537
Neuroma
A benign tumor of nervous tissue.
538
Neutropenia
A diminished number of neutrophils in the blood.
539
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by oral, systemic and skeletal anomalies. An inherited group of defects which involve
abnormalities of the skin, eyes, nervous system, endocrine, glands and bones. The condition is characterized by an unusual facial
appearance and a predisposition for skin cancer.
540
Nevus
A benign, exophytic, usually pigmented, congenital lesion of the skin or mucosa composed of focal collections of rounded
melanocytes; a mole. It may be flat or elevated, pigmented or non-pigmented, and may or may not contain hair.
541
NICO
See Neuralgia inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
542
Nicotine palatinus
See smoker’s palate
543
Nicotine stomatitis
A diffuse, reactive, reversible white change of the buccal mucosa caused by a combination of hyperkeratosis and acanthosis,
frequently containing multiple small nodules; found in heavy smokers due to the heat.
544
Nikolsky's sign
A clinical sign observed some bullous diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid where the superficial epithelium
separates easily from the basal layer on exertion of firm sliding manual pressure.
545
Nodular fascitis
546
Nodular melanoma
547
Nodule
548
Odontogenic cyst
549
Odontogenic fibroma
A peripheral or intraosseous (central) benign neoplasm derived from connective tissue of odontogenic origin containing widely
scattered islands and strands of embryonic odontogenic epithelium and calcifications.
550
Odontogenic keratocyst
A cyst derived from the remnants (rests) of the dental lamina, with a biologic behavior similar to a benign neoplasm, with a distinctive
lining of six to ten cells in thickness, and that exhibits a basal cell layer of palisaded cells and a surface of corrugated parakeratin.
551
Odontogenic tumors
552
Odontoma
553
Oligodontia
Absence of six or more teeth than the normal number of teeth.
554
Oncogenic
Capable of causing tumor formation.
555
Oncology
The study of tumors or neoplasms.
556
Opportunistic infection
A disease caused by a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but becomes pathogenic under certain circumstances.
557
Oral submucous fibrosis
Is an insidious chronic disease affecting any part of the oral cavity & sometimes the pharynx. It is always associated with juxta
epithelial inflammatory reaction followed by fibroelastic change of lamina propria with epithelial atrophy leading to stiffness of the
oral mucosa causing trismus and inability to eat. (WHO, 1967)
558
Ossifying fibroma
A well-demarcated fibro-osseous lesion, encapsulated, expansile intraosseous lesion of the jaws composed of cellular fibrous tissue
containing spherical calcifications and irregular, randomly oriented bony structures.
559
Osteoblastoma
A benign neoplasm of bone that arises from osteoblasts with similar clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of osteoid
osteoma consisting of well-demarcated, rounded intraosseous swellings, each with an active cellular central nidus surrounded by a
wide zone of osteoid, with pain upon palpation.
560
Osteogenesis imperfecta
A spectrum of diseases of bone due to a basic alteration in the formation of bone connective tissue matrix, resulting in an inability of
the matrix to fully mineralize exhibiting a tendency for multiple broken bones, blue sclera of the eyes and associated dentinogenesis
A rare benign neoplasm with vascular and fibrous component occurring in nasopharyngeal region of young males.
An aggressive form of squamous cell carcinoma arising from epithelium lining the nasopharynx commonly occurring in Cantonese
Chinese and attributed to Epstein –Barr virus.
Refers to those teeth that may be present at birth.
A common type of peripheral nerve neoplasm, occurring as demarcated or diffuse benign proliferation of perineural fibroblasts that
are oriented in either a random pattern with a myxoid background or a nodular (plexiform) pattern.
Malignant neoplasm with a poor prognosis of perineural fibroblasts or Schwann cells with a propensity to rapidly extend along the
associated nerve trunk.
Localized benign lesion composed of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that are often clinically mistaken for a malignancy.
A form of melanoma of the skin and occasionally the mucosa that arises as a raised mass with a limited radial-growth phase quickly
invades and metastasizes and consists of a wide variety of cell shapes and sizes.
A palpable solid lesion greater than 5 mm in diameter found in soft tissue. It can occur above, level with, or beneath the skin surface.
A cyst in which the lining of the lumen is derived from epithelium produced during tooth development.
Lesions derived from epithelial or mesenchymal elements, or both, that are odontogenic in nature.
Are common developmental hamartoma of odontogenic in origin. They are found in children and young adult as painless swelling
composed of multiple small tooth like structure (compound) or conglomerate mass of enamel and dentin (Complex).
imperfecta.
561
Osteoma
An exophytic nodular growth of dense cortical bone on or within the mandible or maxilla in locations other than those occupied by tori
or exostoses.
562
Osteomyelitis
563
Osteopetrosis
564
Osteoradionecrosis
A condition of non-vital bone in a site of radiation exposure due to hypoxia hypocellular and hypovascular bone.
565
Osteosclerosis
Abnormal hardening or increased density of bone on radiographs.
566
Paget’s disease
An osteodystrophy characterized by uncoordinated bone remodeling of adults producing larger but weaker bones, extensive pain, high
levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline, and an increased tendency for pathological fractures and develop
malignant bone neoplasm.
567
Palpation
The evaluation of a lesion by feeling it with the fingers to determine the texture of the area. The descriptive terms for palpation are
soft, firm and fluid filled. These terms also describe the consistency of a lesion.
568
Papillary
A term describing a small numerous projection usually found in clusters.
569
Papillary hyperplasia
A reactive tissue growth that usually develops beneath an ill fitting upper denture.
570
Papilloma
A benign exophytic papillary growth of stratified squamous epithelium. Most common epithelial pathology. Often caused by Papilloma
virus.
571
Papillon Lefevre syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe destructive periodontal disease affecting both the primary and permanent
dentitions and hyperkeratosis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet due to an immune defect.
572
Paradental cyst
An odontogenic cyst of uncertain origin found primarily on the distal or facial aspect of a vital mandibular third molar, consisting of
intensely inflamed connective tissue and epithelial lining.
573
Parakeratin
An epithelial component of keratosis which has small residual nuclei in the superficial corneal layer.
574
Parulis
A sessile nodule on the gingiva at the site where draining sinus tact reaches the surface.
575
Pathogenesis
A series of events taking place in a disease leading to the presentation of complaint.
576
Pavementing
The process of adherence of leukocytes to the endothelial cells lining an injured blood vessel.
577
Pedunculated
Attached by a stem-like or stalk base similar to that of a mushroom. Or The narrowest part of the lesion is attached to the surface.
578
Pellicle
The thin covering on the surfaces of teeth derived from the salivary proteins. When microorganisms colonize this pellicle it is termed
as plaque.
579
Penetrance
The prevalence of individuals with a given genotype that manifest clinically the phenotype associated with that trait.
580
Periapical abscess
581
Periapical cemental dysplasia
Asymptomatic diffuse periapical radiolucent and radiopaque areas in which cemento-osseous tissue replaces the normal architecture
of bone.
582
Periapical cyst
An inflammatory odontogenic cyst of preceded by a chronic periapical abscess or a granuloma with epithelium derived from rests of
Malassez present in the periodontal membrane usually as a result of dental caries.
583
Periapical granuloma
A mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment at the tip of
the root.
584
Pericornitis
An inflammatory lesion caused by the accumulation of food debris in a soft tissue space between erupting teeth and the alveolar
mucosa covering it and subsequent infection of gram negative organism. Common in mandibular third molars.
585
Periodontal abscess
586
Periodontal pocket
587
Peripheral
588
Peripheral ossifying fibroma
589
Pernicious anemia
590
Petechiae
591
Phagocytosis
A process of ingestion and digestion by leukocytes.
592
Phenotype
The physical and clinical visible characteristics of an individual and is genotype’s observable appearance.
593
Phoneix abscess
An exacerbation of a chronic lesion is called as a phoenix abscess.
594
Pigmented
Colored as the result of a deposit of pigment exogenous or endogenous.
595
Pindborg tumor
See Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
596
Plaque
An area with a flat surface and raised edges.
597
Plaque
Is a complex microbial ecosystem found on the hard surfaces of oral cavity and is composed of salivary proteins, food debris,
desquamated epithelial cells and microbes. Plaque is the common cause of gingivitis.
598
Platelet
One of the formed elements found in circulating blood. A platelet has a circular or disk-like shape is small. Platelets aid in blood
coagulation and clot retraction.
599
Pleomorphic
An inflammatory process within medullary (trabecular) bone that involves the marrow spaces.
Generalized hereditary condition consisting of excessive bone mineralization, resulting in altered stature, frequent fractures, lack of
bone marrow hematopoietic function, and a tendency for severe osteomyelitis of the jaws.
A sequale of chronic pulpitis in which there is an exudates collection extending into the adjacent periapical tissues.
A localized accumulation of puss with in periodontal pockets is called as a periodontal abscess.
The pathological space between the tip of the free gingiva and the base of the sulcular epithelium at the cementum filled by plaque,
food debris and microbes.
Pertaining to the outer part, such as the edge or margin.
A benign reactive lesion that occurring exclusively on the gingiva with areas of ossification or cementum. (Peripheral cemento –
ossifying fibroma).
An anemia caused by deficiency of Vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor causing macrocytic and hyperchromic type of RBC.
Little red spots, ranging in size from pinpoint to several millimeters in diameter. Petechiae consist of extravasated blood within an
intact mucosa.
Occurs in various forms.
600
Polycythemia
An increase in the total red blood cell mass in the blood.
601
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
Fibrous dysplasia affecting several or many bones and café au lait spots. Can be classified in to Jaffe type and Mc Cune Albright
Syndrome.
602
Port wine stain
A unique type of Hemangioma consisting of superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin which produces reddish to purplish
discoloration of the surface skin.
603
Potentially malignant condition (Previously
Premalignant condition)
A disease or a habit that does not necessarily alter the clinical appearance of the local tissue but is associated with a greater than
normal risk of cancer development in that tissue.
604
Potentially malignant lesion (Previously
Premalignant lesion)
605
Primary intra osseous carcinoma
606
Primary tumor The original tumor; the source of metastasis.
607
Proliferation
608
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
609
Prosoplasia
610
Proteolytic – chelation theory
It states that Dental caries is a simultaneous process of microbial degradation of organic components and dissolution of minerals by
chelation that is independent of pH.
611
Proteolytic theory
It states that dental caries initiates at the organic or protein elements through which bacteria enters and cause the lyses of soft and
hard tissues of teeth.
612
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
An excessively elongated rete pegs composed of normal keratinocytes that extend into the immediately adjacent connective tissue,
giving a false impression of a squamous cell carcinoma seen in a variety of conditions.
613
Pulp stone
614
Pulpal abscess
615
Pulpitis
An inflammation of the pulpal tissue that may be acute or chronic with or without symptoms and reversible le or irreversible.
616
Purpura
A group of platelet disorders characterized by purplish or brownish-red discolorations caused by bleeding into the skin or tissues.
617
Purulent
Containing pus.
618
Pustule
Blisters of various sized circumscribed elevations containing pus.
619
Pyogenic granuloma
620
Pyronine bodies
Are clusters of lightly basophilic particles in association with plasmacytic infiltrate in periapical granuloma.
621
Quincke’s disease
See angioneurotic edema.
622
Radiation therapy
The careful use of high-energy radiation to treat cancer either in conjunction with surgery or chemotherapy or alone.
623
Radicular cyst
An odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin that is preceded by a chronic periapical granuloma and stimulation of rests of Malassez
present in the periodontal membrane.
624
Radiolucent
The black or dark areas in a radiograph that result from the ability of radiant energy to pass through the structure. Less dense
structures (e.g., the pulp) are radiolucent.
625
Radiopaque
The white or clear appearance in a radiograph that results from the inability of radiant energy to pass through a structure. The more
dense the structure (i.e., amalgam restorations), the whiter it appears in the radiograph.
626
Rampant Caries
627
Ramsay Hunt syndrome
628
Ranula
Is a term used for mucocele occurring in the floor of mouth.
629
Ratner bone cavity
See NICO
630
Raynaud’s phenomenon
631
Recessive In genetics, a trait or characteristic manifested clinically with a double gene dose in autosomic chromosomes or with a single dose in males if the trait is X-linked.
632
Reed- Sternberg cells
633
Regional odontodysplasia
634
Repair
The restoration of damaged or diseased tissues.
635
Residual cyst
A cyst that remains at the site of a previously extracted tooth.
636
Retention cyst
See Mucocele
637
Retrocuspid papilla
A sessile nodule on the gingival margin of the lingual aspect of the mandibular cuspids.
638
Reverse smoking
A peculiar smoking habit practiced by certain people all over world, (Andhra Pradesh in India) where the lighted end is held inside the
mouth.
639
Reversible pulpitis
Mild inflammation of the tooth pulp caused by dental caries or trauma to the pulp, the changes being reversible once the trauma is
removed.
A benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation.
A squamous cell carcinoma within bone and with no indication that it originated from surface epithelium or that it metastasized from
another site.
The multiplication of cells.
A distinct potentially malignant lesion characterized by diffuse white and/ or papillary area of the mucosa caused by varying degrees
of epithelial hyperplasia; it has the potential to develop into verrucous carcinoma or well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
Is an irreversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another type.
Calcification within the dental pulp lying free or attached to the pulpal surface of the tooth.
An inflammation of the dental pulp, associated with a localized collection of necrotic tissue and pus arising from breakdown of
leukocytes and bacteria, sometimes walled off with connective tissue.
A benign reactive lesion restricted to gingiva characterized by a fast-growing proliferation of endothelial cells and usually in response
to chronic irritation.
A rapidly spreading type of caries commonly seen in bottle feeding children occurring in areas that is less prone for caries.
Is a combination of cutaneous lesions of herpes zoster of external auditory canal with involvement of ipsilateral facial paralysis and
auditory nerves.
A phenomenon exhibited by persons exhibited to cold. From blanching of the digits to the blue color due to venous stasis the color
change is observed.
See Doorthy Reed cells
A developmental disturbance of several adjacent teeth in which the enamel and dentin are thin and irregular and fail to adequately
mineralize; surrounding soft tissue is hyperplastic and contains focal accumulations of spherical calcifications and odontogenic rests.
640
Rhabdomyoma
A rare, benign neoplasm of striated muscle.
641
Rhabdomyosarcoma
642
Rheumatoid factor
643
Riga- Fede disease
644
Rodent ulcer
645
Romberg syndrome
A characteristic loss in the soft tissues below the skin, usually on one side of the face; In some severe cases, the underlying bone is
also effected.
646
Root resorption
Breakdown or destruction of root structure; loss of root structure. The apex of the tooth appears shortened or blunted and irregularly
shaped.
647
Rootless teeth
A hereditary defect in dentin formation in which the coronal dentin and tooth color is normal; the root dentin is abnormal with a
gnarled pattern and associated shortened and tapered roots.
648
Russell bodies
649
Saint Anthony’s fire
Earlier name of Erysipelas, an infection of skin caused by streptococcus, spreading through lymphatics as red well circumscribed
indurated areas occurring in children.
650
Salivary Calculi
Refers to calcified structures that develop within the salivary ductal system, by deposition of calcium salts around a nidus of debris
within the lumen.
651
San Joaquin Valley fever
652
Sarcoidosis
653
Sarcoma
654
Scalloping
655
Scarlet fever
656
Schaumann bodies
657
Schwannoma
Well-demarcated, benign neural lesion consisting of a fibroblastic proliferation of the nerve sheath cell (Schwann cell) producing
distinctive patterns referred to as Antoni A, Antoni B tissue and Verocay bodies.
658
Scleroderma
A rare immunologically mediated dermatologic abnormality leading to Raynaud’s phenomenon or CREST syndrome with skin
developing a diffuse, hard texture with a smooth surface.
659
Scrofula
A form of tuberculosis spread through infected milk presenting as a enlargement of oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue with cervical lymph
node involvement.
660
Scrotal tongue
See fissured tongue
661
Scurvy
A bleeding gingival status caused by vitamin C deficiency status due to faculty collagen synthesis mechanism.
662
Sebaceous cyst
663
Sequestrum
A fragment of dead bone separated from healthy bone as a result of chronic inflammation or infection. .
664
Serous
A substance having a watery consistency; relating to serum.
665
Sessile
666
Shagreen patches
667
Shell teeth
668
Shingles
669
Sialadenitis
670
Sialolithiasis
671
Sialo-odontogenic cyst
An unusually large solitary or multilocular odontogenic cyst probably derived from the rests of dental lamina, consisting a stratified
squamous epithelium containing numerous mucus-secreting cells.
672
Sickle cell anemia
Is a hemoglobinopathies, a genetic disorder because of the mutational substitution of thymine for adenine in DNA, resulting in valine
than glutamic acid in beta chain of globin turning the hemoglobin to be more prone for aggregation and polymerization in
deoxygenated state.
673
Sideropenic dysphagia
See Plummer – Vinson syndrome
674
Sign
A feature of the disease or condition elucidated by the examining physician by performing palpating or auscultations.
675
Sinus tract
A pathological drainage pathway from a deep focus of acute infection through tissue and/or bone to an opening on the surface.
676
Sjogren’s syndrome
The chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder that principally involves the salivary, lacrimal and eyes is the Sjogren’s syndrome.
677
Smoker´s melanosis
A reactive, irregularly shaped brownish macular pigmentations of oral tissue that are associated with prolonged tobacco smoking.
678
Smoker’s palate
Rare, rapidly growing malignant neoplasm of striated muscle that occurs in three histologic patterns (embryonal, alveolar, and
pleomorphic) having a poor prognosis.
A protein, an immunoglobulin M (IgM), found in serum and detectable on laboratory tests. It is associated with rheumatoid
A chronic type of traumatic ulceration that is histopathologically unique exhibiting a deep pseudoinvasive inflammatory reaction with
high number of eosinophilia, also similar to “TUGSE”. The Lesion is seen in nursing babies when lower teeth erupt to cause ulcerations
at the ventral surface of tongue and rarely on dorsal surface by the maxillary incisors.
See basal cell carcinoma
Are scattered eosinophilic globules of gamma globulin secreted by numerous plasma cells seen in periapical granuloma.
Is the other name of coccidiomycosis.
Is an insidious multisystemic granulomatous disorder of unknown cause in middle aged individuals with symptoms similar to
tuberculosis with scattered nonspecific tender erythematous nodules called erythema nodosum.
Malignant growth of connective tissues origin.
A margin that is not straight or smooth; with periodical up and downs.
Is a systemic infection produced by beta hemolytic group of streptococci that begins as a tonsillitis and pharyngitis and produces an
enanthematous and exanthematous reaction via an erythrogenic toxin. Common in children.
The granulomatous inflammation of sarcoidosis contains a laminated basophilic calcifications called as schaumann bodies.
Is a common cyst of skin with a lumen lined by keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium, usually filled with keratin and without skin
appendages in the capsule wall.
When the broadest part of the lesion is attached to the surface of the body it is said to be sessile. Describing the base of a lesion that
is flat or broad.
A skin hamartoma lesion observed in trunk of patient with tuberous sclerosis that resemble skin of shark.
In severe form of dentinogenesis imperfecta, due to pulpal enlargement, thin dentin and normal enamel commonly associated with
deciduous dentition.
See Herpes zoster
Refers to the inflammation of the salivary glands which can arise from various infectious and non infectious cause, the most common
being mumps.
See salivary calculi
A reactive white keratotic patch that commonly develops in palate in reaction to the heat of tobacco smoke appearing as numerous
papules often grayish white in color with punctuate red centers. It is not a potentially malignant state.
679
Snuff dipper’s lesion
Is a reactive change in mucosa to the chronically placed smokeless tobacco appearing as a whitish or grayish white velvety lesion.
680
Somatic cells
All the cells of the human body with the exception of the germ cells.
681
Sphenopalatine neuralgia
Is a paroxysmal intense painful condition affecting the mid and upper face of unknown etiology. The pain attacks over a period of few
weeks followed by period of remission to recur.
682
Spindle cell carcinoma or Carcinosarcoma
Rare, unusual form of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma consisting of elongated (spindled) epithelial cells that resemble a
sarcoma.
683
Spitz nevus
Is an uncommon type of small melanocytic nevus that share many histopathological features with melanoma occurring during
childhood.
684
Squamous cell carcinoma
685
Squamous odontogenic tumor
A rare, sometimes multifocal, potentially aggressive lesion derived from odontogenic epithelium, consisting of islands of stratified
squamous epithelium that commonly contain microcysts and calcifications in a dense fibrous background.
686
Stafne cyst or Stafne defect
A developmental concavity of the lingual cortex of the angle of mandible, caused by overextension of an accessory lateral lobe of the
submandibular gland, and has the radiographic appearance of a well-circumscribed cystic lesion within the bone, usually below the
inferior alveolar canal
687
Stain
688
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
A severe form of erythema multiforme triggered by a drug reaction often involving the ocular, genital mucosa in conjunction with oral
and skin lesion.
689
Struge – Weber syndrome
A rare non hereditary developmental condition characterized by a hamartomatous vascular proliferations and neurological
abnormalities.
690
Stylohyoid syndrome
691
Superficial spreading melanoma
692
Supernumerary
693
Surgical ciliated cyst of maxilla
694
Sutton’s disease
Is the Major apthous ulcer with long episodes, deep and heals with scarring.
695
Swift disease
See Acrodynia
696
Symptom
A manifestation of disease of which the patient is usually aware and frequently complains.
697
Syndrome
A combination of signs and symptoms occurring commonly enough to constitute a distinct clinical entity.
698
Syphilis
699
Systemic
Pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole.
700
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Is a immunologically mediated multisystemic disease often involving skin, kidney and cardiac complications.
701
Systemic sclerosis
702
T lymphocyte
A lymphocyte that is differentiated in the thymus before migrating to tissues. The T lymphocyte, also called a T cell, is responsible for
cell-mediated immunity.
703
Talon cusp
A developmental defect in the shape of teeth that is form of supernumerary cusp which arises from the cingulum portion of the tooth
and extends to the incisal edge as a prominent projection of enamel that imparts a T shape, usually of incisors and canine.
704
Target lesion
A concentric circular erythematous rings resembling a targets or bull’s eye as observed in the immunologically mediated erythema
multiforme.
705
Taurodont
A developmental abnormality of a malformed multirooted tooth characterized by an altered crown-to-root ratio, the crown being of
normal length, the roots being abnormally short, and the pulp chamber being abnormally large.
706
Tay-Sach’s disease
A lipid reticuloendothelioses inherited as autosomal recessive trait caused by a lack of hexosaminadase A that results in accumulation
of ganglioside within lysosome of neurons.
707
Telangiectasia
The formation of small dilated capillaries near the surface of a tissue. Telangiectasia may be a sign of hereditary disorder, alcohol
abuse, or malignancy in the region.
708
Temporal arteritis
Is an idiopathic, multifocal vasculitis of cranial arteries (superficial temporal artery) presenting as a unilateral throbbing headache
characterized by the chronic inflammation of intima and tunica media of the arteries, narrowing of lumen and edema and proliferation
of intima.
709
Teratoma
A developmental tumor composed of tissue from all three germ layers and believed to arise from germ cells or entrapped totipotent
blastomeres.
710
Thalassemia
Represents a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis characterized by reduced synthesis of beta globin chains of
hemoglobin molecule. If only one gene is affected it is a minor form and if both genes are affected it is major form of thalassemia.
711
Thrombocyte
A platelet.
712
Thrombocytopenia
Decrease in the number of platelets in circulating blood due to many pathological conditions.
713
Thrush
See candidiasis
714
Thymus
715
Thyroglossal duct cyst or Thyroglossal tract cyst
A developmental midline, painless, fluctuant, movable cyst arising from remnants of thyroglossal duct epithelium.
716
Tic douloureux
See trigeminal neuralgia.
717
Tobacco pouch keratosis
A malignant neoplasm of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of locally destructive growth and distant metastasis.
A deposit on the hard tissue surface of oral cavity characterized by a color change.
See eagle syndrome
Most common form of malignant melanoma, initially appearing as an irregularly shaped brown-black macular area with jagged borders
and satellite lesions in which areas of nodular melanoma eventually develop.
One or more than the normal complement.
An intrabony cyst located near or at the floor of the maxillary sinus lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium,
caused by implantation of normal mucus-secreting sinus epithelium during previous surgery or a trauma including traumatic extraction.
Is a sexually or vertically transmitted, world wide, chronic, granulomatous infection produced by Treponema palladium. The primary
and secondary stages may be infective when occurring in oral cavity.
See Scleroderma.
A lymphoid organ that is situated in the retrosternum. It reaches maximal development at about puberty and then undergoes gradual
involution.
A reactive altered mucosa due to use of smokeless tobacco usually in mandibular vestibule or in the area of the placement of
smokeless tobacco. The alteration disappears with the discontinuation of the habit.
718
Tooth discoloration
Color changes in the teeth.
719
Tori or Torus
A benign bony nodule on the hard palate or on the lingual aspect of the premolars area of mandible.
720
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
721
Translucent
Somewhat penetrable by rays of light.
722
Trauma
A wound or injury; damage produced by an external force.
723
Traumatic bone cyst
Asymptomatic intraosseous empty cavity of young patients located primarily within the jaw bone, lined by a thin loose connective
tissue membrane and is adequately treated when blood enters the space during an intraosseous biopsy.
724
Traumatic neuroma
A benign painful nodular proliferation of nerve and fibrous tissue of the nerve sheath resulting from the futile attempt of nerve fibers
to reunite with their severed distal portion due to a trauma.
725
Traumatic neuroma
A painful reactive proliferation of neural tissue at a site of injury
726
Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma with Stromal
Eosiophilia (TUGSE)
See Riga –fede disease.
727
Treacher Collins syndrome
728
Trench mouth
729
Trigeminal neuralgia
730
Trisomy
731
Tubercle
The granuloma of tuberculosis made up of circumscribed collection of epithelioid histiocytes, lymphocytes and multinucleated giant
cells with a central caseous necrosis is called as tubercle.
732
Tuberculosis
A chronic debilitating bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberulosis, causing a cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction with
evening raise of fever, loss of weight and chronic cough.
733
Tuberous sclerosis
734
Tumor
An abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and does not cease when provoking
stimulus are removed.
735
Turner’s hypoplasia or Turner’s tooth
Enamel hypoplasia of a single tooth, most commonly one of the permanent maxillary incisors or a maxillary or mandibular premolar,
resulting from local infection or trauma.
736
Tyndall effect
737
Tzanck cells
The acantholytic epithelial cell with nucleolar fragmentation with condensation of chromation around the periphery of the nucleus.
Seen in Viral infection like herpes and pemphigus vulgaris.
738
Ulcer
A loss in continuity of surface epithelium that extends in to lamina propria. The cause of ulcer is many and usually due to a sloughing
of necrotic inflammatory tissue.
739
Unilocular
740
Varicella Or chicken pox
741
Varicosity or Varicies
Is an abnormally dilated and tortuous vein commonly observed in aged due to the loss in the rigidity of the vessel wall.
742
Ventral
Directed toward or situated on the belly surface in humans (opposite of dorsal).
743
Verocay bodies
In neurilemoma, the neural tissue is regularly arranged in streaming fascicles of schwan cells which form a palisaded arrangement
around central, acellular, eosinophilic areas called as verocay bodies.
744
Verruca vulgaris
Is a benign viral induced (HPV-2, 4, 40) hyperplasia of stratified squamous epithelium that appears as a painless papule or a nodule
with a papillary projections.
745
Verruciform xanthoma
A well demarcated, soft, painless, sessile, epithelial hyperplastic condition of unknown etiology characterized by an accumulation of
lipid laden histiocytes in the connective tissue papillae.
746
Verrucous carcinoma
A distinct, diffuse, papillary, superficial, locally invasive, usually non-metastasizing form of low grade well-differentiated squamous
cell carcinoma occurring in aged.
747
Verrucous hyperplasia
The papillary exophytic proliferation with increase in thickness of epithelium in a hyperkeratotic whitish unscrappable patch is
referred as verrucous hyperplasia.
748
Verrucous leukoplakia
A nodular leukoplakia that is exophytic and demonstrates verrucous projections is referred as verrucous leukoplakia.
749
Vesicle
A well-defined lesion of the skin and mucous membranes that resembles a sac, contains fluid, and is less than 1 cm in diameter.
750
Vincent’s infection
See ANUG
751
Visceral
752
Von Recklinghausen´s disease
An autosomal dominant hereditary condition with a mutation in 17q11.2 with an abnormal neurofibrin, presenting as multiple
neurofibromas of the skin and mucosa and associated café au lait spots of the skin with the potential for producing disfigurement and
malignant transformation.
753
Wart, Common
Is a benign viral induced (HPV-2, 4, 40) hyperplasia of stratified squamous epithelium that appears as a painless papule or a nodule
with a papillary projections
754
Wart, Veneral
755
Warthin’s Tumor
Is a benign neoplasm of parotid salivary gland that presents as a slowly growing painless nodular mass and is composed of a mixture of
ductal epithelium and a lymphoid stroma.
756
Warty dyskeratoma
Is an uncommon solitary, asymptomatic, umblicated papule of the skin the histopathology of which is very similar to that of Darier’s
disease.
A most severe form of erythema multiforme, mostly triggered by a drug exposure causing a diffuse sloughing of mucosal and skin
surface in older people.
An autosomal dominant inherited first and second branchial arch abnormality characterized by slanting palpebral fissures, sunken
cheek bones, receding chin, and malformed ears.
See ANUG
An unexplained pain in the peripheral parts of the fifth cranial nerve causing a sharp intense lancinating pain for a shorter duration
occurring in episode separated by a refractory period and has trigger zone.
A pair of chromosomes with an identical extra chromosome.
An autosomal dominant inherited uncommon syndrome characterized by mental retardation, seizure and angiofibromas.
Refers to the interaction of light with particles in colloidal solution producing the blue color of blue nevus.
A term used to describe a radiographic appearance of a single, rounded compartment or locule.
Is a common viral infection in children caused by varicella zoster or human herpes virus -3, spread through air droplets or direct
contact and causes intensely pruritic exanthema that characteristically is observed as “a dewdrop on a rose petal” after which they
ulcerate to heal.
Pertaining to body organs.
Is a virus induced (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) proliferation of the stratified squamous epithelium of the genetilia.
757
Wegener’s granulomatosis
A well recognized uncommon disease process of unknown cause with multi organ involvement with a characteristic oral change of
strawberry gingivitis and or oral ulcerations.
758
Well circumscribed
A term used to describe a lesion whose borders are specifically defined, and in which one can clearly see the exact margins and
extent
759
White sponge nevus
Relatively rare autosomal dominant hereditary condition in which the oral mucosa has a pearly white, thickened and folded. High
penetrance and variable expression.
760
Whitlow
A herpes infection involving the distal phalanx of a finger. Commonly seen in dentist.
761
Wickhams striae
They are the characteristic fine lacy white lines observed in the lichen planus.
762
Xanthoma cells
These are the numerous large macrophages with foamy cytoplasm confined to connective tissue papillae that contain lipid, diastase
resistant granules.
763
Xeroderma pigmentosum
A rare autosomal recessive trait genodermatosis that predisposes to malignancies. The defect lies in the excision repair and or post
replication mechanism of DNA.
764
Xerophthalmia
765
Xerostomia
766
Zoster sine herpete
767
Zygomycosis
Abnormal dryness of the eyes as observed in condition like Sicca syndrome.
It is a condition of dry mouth. The cause of dry mouth could be local, systemic or psychogenic factors. With true xerostomia the
quantity and or quality of saliva are diminished.
It is a type of herpes zoster that is recurrent and occurs with the absence of vesiculation of the skin or mucosa.
An Opportunistic, frequently fulminant, fungal infection that is caused by normally saprophytic organisms of the class Zygomycetes
including Absidia, Mucr, and Rhizopus. The disease frequently affects immunocompromised and diabetics. Rhinocerebral form of the
disease is of interest to the dentist.
Lesion/ Condition
Radiological appearance
Acute osteomyelitis
Moth eaten radiolucency
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Honeycomb or soap bubble appearance
Apert’s syndrome
Skull radiograph“ Beaten metal” pattern
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
Driven snow appearance
Cemento-osseous dysplasia
Cotton wool radiopacities
Central Hemangioma
Honey combed or sunburst or cotton wool appearance
Cherubism
Ground glass appearance; Floating teeth syndrome
Chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
Cotton wool appearance/ Mosaic paatern
Coronal dentin dysplasia
Thistle tube appearance
Crouzon syndrome
Skull radiograph“ Beaten metal” pattern
Dentinogenesis imperfecta – 2
Shell teeth
Ewing’ s sarcoma
Onion skin appearance; sunray appearance rarely
Fibrous dysplasia
Ground glass appearance; Rind sign
Garre’s osteomyelitis
Onion peel appearance
Gaucher's disease
Erlenmeyer flask deformity of distal femur
Gigantiform cementoma
Cotton wool radio-opacities
Globulomaxillary cyst
Pear shaped radiolucency between maxillary lateral incisor and canine
Gradner syndrome
Cotton wool radio-opacities
Hemangioma
Hair on end or crew cut appearance
Hyperparathyroidism
Partial loss of lamina dura; Ground glass appearance of bone
Hypophosphatasemia
Metaphyses of long bone show spotty or streaky or irregular ossifications
Meningioma
Hair on end or crew cut appearance
Multiple myeloma
Punched out areas of radiolucency;
Nasopalatine duct cyst
Heart shaped radiolucency between roots of maxillary central incisors
Odontogenic myxoma
Honey comb / Mottled appearance
Osteomalacia
Looser’s zone pseudofracture line
Osteopetrosis
Vertebrae- Rugger-Jersey pattern; Ribs - Endo bone (Bone with in bone )pattern; roots are
not easily distinguishable from adjacent bone
Osteosarcoma
Intramedullary parts appears as cumulus cloud densities; sunray/ sun burst pattern; widening
of periodontal ligament; Codman’s triangle (periosteum raised like tent)
Paget's disease
osteoporosis circumscripta; Cotton wool appearance; hypercementosis; loss of lamina dura
Plasmacytoma
Hair on end or crew cut appearance
Primary Intraosseous Carcinoma
Moth eaten radiolucency
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Chevron pulp
Psoriatic arthritis
Pencil cup appearance; opera glass deformity in joints
Regional odontodysplasia
Ghost teeth
Rickets
Muller’s line (Widened space @ the site of zone of preparatory calcification)
Rachitic rosary- costochondral prominence
Scleroderma
Widening of lamina dura; bone resorption at angle, condyle or coronoid area
Scurvy & Chronic Vitamin C deficiency
Increased density @ end of long bones as white lines- “line of Frenkel”;
Signet ring appearance of epiphyses;
Zone of rarefaction around white lines- represents “Trummerfield zone”
Sclerotic ring around epiphyses – “Winberger’ line”
Metaphyseal corner fracture- “Pelkan spur”
Severe iron deficiency in child hood
Hair on end or crew cut appearance
Sialdenosis (sialography)
Leafless tree
Sickle cell anemia
Hair on end or crew cut appearance
Sjogren’s syndrome (Sialography)
Branchless fruit laden tree or cherry blossom appearance
Synovial sarcoma
Spotty calcification; snow storm appearance
Synovial sarcoma
Snow storm appearance
Thalassemia
Rib with in a rib appearance of rib; Hair on end or crew cut appearance; salt and pepper
effect; Thin lamina dura
Lesion/ Condition
Histopathological appearance
Actinomycosis
Organism arranged in Radiating rosette or
Sunray pattern
Adenoid cystic carcinoma – cribriform
pattern
Swiss cheese pattern or Honey comb pattern
Alveolar soft part sarcoma
Tumor cells in pseudoalveloar or organoid
pattern
Apthous ulcer smear
Anitschkow cells
Aspergillosis
Organism are branching, septate hyphae
invading blood vessels
Basal cell adenoma- membranous type
Neoplastic cells in Jigsaw puzzle pattern
Burkitt's lymphoma
Starry sky pattern
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
Lisegang rings – concentric calcifications
Calcifying Odontogenic cysts
Tumor cells have Ghost cells
Canalicular adenoma
Paired wall arrangement of neoplastic cells
Cat Scratch disease
Lymph node cortical hyperplasia; areas of
stellate supparative necrosis surrounded by a
band of histiocytes
Chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
Bone shows mosaic pattern
Cicatricial pemphigoid
Sub-epidermal / sub-epithelial split; no
acantholysis
Cytomegalovirus
Inclusion bodies makes the owl eyes cells
Dilantin sodium induced gingival
hyperplasia
Test tube rete pegs
Epstein’s nodule
Keratin arranged in concentric “onion ring”
Ewing’s sarcoma
Neoplastic cells arranged in Filigree pattern
Family benign Pemphigus
Dilapidated brick wall effect; corps ronds and
grain
Fibrosarcoma – intermediate
Herring bone pattern
Fibrous dysplasia
Chinese letter shaped bone trabeculae
Fibrous histiocytoma
Storiform pattern; Grenz zone
Gaucher’s disease
Gaucher’s cell with crumpled silk cytoplasm
(liver cells)
Hemangiopericytoma
Stag horn pattern
Hereditary benign intraepithelial
dyskeratosis
Cell with in a cell appearance -dyskeratotic
epithelial cell
Hodgkins lymphoma
Lacunar type Reed Sternberg Cells – Owl eye
cells
Hodgkins lymphoma – Nodular, lymphocyte
predominant
Popcorn cells or Kern cells
Hurler syndrome
Hurler cells or Gargoyle cells or clear cells
Junctional nevus
"Abtropfung" effect
Keratosis follicularis
Corps ronds and grains
Lipoblastoma
Signet ring cells
Multiple myeloma
Russell cells; sheets of plasma cells that have
a cart wheel or checker board type of nuclear
pattern
Mycosis fungoides
Mycosis cells or Sezary cells with cerebriform
nucleus, Pautrier's micro abscess
Neurolemmoma
Antoni A; Antoni B; Verocay bodies
Niemann – Pick disease
Niemann –Pick cell in reticuloendothelial
system as Sea-blue histiocyte
Oncocytoma
Oncocytes in alveolar or Organoid pattern
Paget's disiease
Jig jag or mosaic pattern of bones seem
Paracoccidiodiomycosis
Organism appears as a mickey mouse ears or
Mariners wheel appearance
Para-neoplastic Pemphigus
suprabasilar split; Dyskeratotic cells
Pemphigus foliaceous
suprabasilar split, Antibodies to Desmoglein 1,
Prevesicular edema, Tzank cells in smear;
basal cells “ row of tombstones”
Pemphigus vulgaris
suprabasilar split, Antibodies to Desmoglein
1,3., Prevesicular edema, Tzank cells in
smear; basal cells “ row of tombstones”
Pernicious anemia
Bone marrow biopsy - Erythroid precursors
show checkerboard appearance
Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma
Indian filing pattern type of arrangement of
neoplastic cells
Porokeratosis of Mibelli
Coronoid lamella
Radicular dentin dysplasia
Lava flowing over boulders
Rhabdomyosarcoma – Embryonal
Tadpole shaped rhabdomyoblasts
Rhabdomyosarcoma- pleomorphic
Spindle tumor cell appears as racquet / strug/
ribbon cells
Regional odontodysplasia
Enamloid congromerulates
Sarcoidosis
Schaumann bodies (Laminated basophilic
calcifications), Asteroid bodies (Stellate
inclusions in granulomatous inflammation)
Scurvy
Grustmark and Trummerfield zone in bone
Synovial sarcoma
Appears like a developing joint with a typical
synovium like cleft
Thalassemia
Intracellular inclusion bodies in erythrocytes Fessas bodies –demonstrated by supravital
stains; Target cell appearance; “safety pin
cells”
Verruciform xanthoma
Foam cell limited to connective tissue
papillae
Warty dyskeratoma
Corps ronds and grains
White spongy nevus
Eosinophilic condensation in perinuclear
region of cells in superficial layers
Zygormycosis
Organism are large, branching, non septate
hyphae invading blood vessels
More"Bodies"
·
Apoptotic bodies : membrane bound spherical structures in Apoptosis
·
Aschoff's bodies : Rheumatic fever
·
Asteroid bodies : Sporotrichosis; Sarcoidosis
·
Babes:Ernest metachromatic granules : Diphtheria
·
Balbiani's Bodies : yolk nucleus
·
Bamboo Bodies : asbestos bodies
·
Bollinger's bodies : Fowl pox (intracytoplasmic)
·
Brachy Wächter Bodies : Infective Endocarditis
·
Brassy Body : dark shrunken blood corpuscle found in MALARIA
·
Civatte’s (colloid) bodies : Lichen planus
·
Coccoid X Bodies : psittacosis
·
Councilman bodies : Yellow fever
·
Cowdry type:A bodies : Yellow fever, Herpes virus infection
·
Cowdry type:B bodies : Adenovirus, Poliovirus
·
Davidson’s body : sex chromatin in neutrophils (dumbbell shaped); "Check Barr Bodies"
·
Döhle bodies : cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neutrophils seen in bacterial infection
·
Donovan body : Granuloma inguinale
·
Feruginous Bodies : Asbestosis
·
Gamma-Favre bodies : LGV
·
Guarnieri's bodies : Vaccinia (intracytoplasmic)
·
Hectoid bodies : Sickle cell anemia
·
Heinz bodies – thalassemia; G6PD DEF
·
Henderson:Peterson's bodies : Molluscum contagiosum
·
Herring bodies : pars nervosa of pituitary gland
·
Hirano bodies : Alzheimer’s disease
·
Histiocytosis:X(HX)(Birbeck's granules) : Histiocytosis:X
·
Howell:Jelly bodies : splenectomy , Megaloblastic Anaemia, Hemolytic anaemia
·
LE bodies (hematoxylin bodies) : SLE
·
Leishman’s Donovan’s bodies : Kala Azar
·
Lewy bodies : Parkinson's disease
·
Lipschütz' bodies : intra nuclear inclusions in herpes simplex infection
·
Miyagava's bodies : Lymphogranuloma venereum
·
Moser’s bodies : Typhus fever
·
Mott Bodies : multiple myeloma
·
Negri bodies (intracytoplasmic, intra neuron, hippocampus) : Rabies
·
Nissl’s bodies : cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons
·
Odland Bodies : Flegel’s Disease (i.e hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans); Keratinosome
·
Oken's Body : mesonephros
·
Pappenheimer bodies – non heme iron pigments in siderocyte
·
Paschen Bodies : variola or vaccinia
·
Pick BODIES : PICKS Disease
·
Red Neurons : Apoptosis
·
Reilly’s bodies : Hurler's syndrome
·
Residual Bodies : SARCOID AND SARCOID LIKE GRANULOMAS
·
Schaumann’s/Conchoids bodies (calcium & iron complexes) : Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis
·
Torres bodies : Yellow fever
·
Verocay bodies – Neurilemmoma; schwannoma
·
Weibel:Palade bodies : storage organelles of von Willebrand’s factor in platelets & endothelium
·
Winkler's & Ross's bodies : Syphilis
·
Zebra bodies : cytoplasmic inclusions in schwann cell degeneration
Zebra BODIES : Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Niemann Pick's Disease.
Apple jelly nodules in nasal septum: Lupus vulgaris
Arnold head: Cleidocarnial dysplasia
Ash-leaf spots: Tuberous sclerosis
Auspitz sign: Psoriasis
Bald tongue of Sandwith: Pellagra
Bird facies: Treacher-collins syndrome
Brazillian wild fire: Pemphigus foliaceus
Buffalo hump: Cushing’s syndrome
Bull neck: Diphtheria
Bull’s eye lesion: Steven-Johnson syndrome
Bull’s teeth: Taurodontism
Butterfly shaped lesion on malar bone: Sytemic lupus erythematous, Erysipelas
Button-hole sign: Neurofibromatosis
Café au lait spots – coast of California: Neurofibromatosis
Café au lait spots – coast of Maine: Fibrous dysplasia
Carpet tack lesions: Discoid lupus erythematosus
Cerebriform tongue: Pemphigus vegetans
Charcot’s triad: Seen in multiple sclerosis, characterized by intention tremor, nystagmus, dysarthria
Chipmunk facies: Thalassemia
Chovstek’s sign: Hypoparathyrodism
Circus rubber man: Ehler-Danlos syndrome
Claw hands: Scleroderma
Clover leaf skull deformity: Crouzon syndrome, Apert’s syndrome
Compy's sign: Measles
Cobble stone appearance: Lymphangioma, Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, Heck’s disease
Coup de saber: Facial hemiatrophy, Scleroderma
CREST: Scleroderma
Crowe’s sign: Neurofibromatosis
Cupids bow: Double lip
Dew drop on rose petal: Varicella
Erythema nodosum: Coccidiodiomycosis, sarcoidosis
Exercise bone: Traumatic myositis ossificans
Eyes upturned to heaven: Cherubism
Facies leprosa: Leprosy
Farmer’s skin: Solar elastosis
Fetal facies: Robinow syndrome
Fine pink colored glistening scales: Pityriasis rosea
Fish facies: Treacher-Collins syndrome
Forschemmier sign: Rubella
Fournier’s molars: congenital syphilis
Frog facies: Crouzon syndrome
Gorlin sign: Ehler -Danlos Syndrome
Grains of salt on a red background: Measles
Grattage sign: Psoriasis
Hamman’s crunch: Cervicofacial emphysema
Harelip: Cleft lip
Hebra nose: Rhinoscleroma
Herald spots: Pityriasis rosea
Higomenakis's sign: Congenital syphilis
Hockey stick deformity of femur: Fibrous dysplasia
Hunter’s glossitis: Pernicious anemia
Hutchinson's sign: Herpes zoster
Hutchinson's triad: Congenital syphilis with Hypoplasia of incisor (Pegged laterals, screw driver shaped central incisor and mulberry molars), Eighth nerve deafness and Interstitial
keratitis.
Iris lesion: Steven-Johnson syndrome
Iris pearl’s: Leprosy
Koebner phenomenon: Desquamative gingivitis, Lichen planus, pemphigus, Epidermolysis bullosa dystropica
Koplik's spots: Measles
Leonine facies: Leprosy
Leontiasis ossea: Paget’s disease
Leser-Trelat's sign: Seborrheic keratosis, internal malignancy
Lisch nodules: Neurofibromatosis
Livedo reticularis: Systemic lupus erythematosus
Lock jaw: Tentanus
Longitudinal lines in nails: Darrier’s disease
Luetic glossitis: Syphilis
Lupus pernio: Sarcoidosis
Magenta tongue: Riboflavin deficiency
Maldon teeth: Flurosis
Mask like face: Systemic sclerosis, Periodic paralysis, Parkinsonism, Facial palsy.
Millian sign: Erysipelas
Mitten hands: Apert’s syndrome
Moeller’s glossitis: Pernicious anemia
Mongloid appearance: Down’s syndrome, Thalassemia
Moon facies: Cushing syndrome
Moth eaten alopecia: Secondary syphilis, Tinea capitis infection.
Mulberry molars: Syphilis
Mulberry like ulcerations: Paracoccidiodiomycosis
Myopathic facies: Dystrophic myotonia
Nail fold telangiectasia: Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Nikolsky’s sign: Epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, Severe Steven –Johnson syndrome, Prophyria, Toxi Epidermolysis Necrosis, Staphylococci Scalded skin syndrome
Oil drop sign: Psoriasis
Ollendorf sign: Secondary syphilis.
Onycholysis: Psoroasis
Papyraceous scarring: Ehler-Dahlos syndrome
Parrot’s beak nose: Crouzon syndrome
Pastia’s lines: Scarlet fever
Percussion contraction: Congenital myotonia
Petrified man: Myositis ossificans progressiva
Pink teeth: Internal resorption, Leprosy
Pterygium of nails: Lichen planus
Raspberry tongue: Scarlet fever
Red strawberry tongue: Scarlet fever
Rodent facies: Thalassemia
Shagreen patch: Tuberous sclerosis
Shepard's crook sign: Fibrous dysplasia
Simian stance: Paget’s disease
Skin with sand paper texture: Scarlet fever
Snail track ulcers: Syphilis
Socks feet: Apert’s syndrome
Steinberg’s sign: Marfan syndrome
Strawberry gingivitis: Wegner's granulomatosis
Submerged teeth: Ankylosed teeth
Sulphur like granules in pus: Actinomycosis, Botryomycosis
Sun burn with goose pimples appearance: Scarlet fever
Swan neck: Dystrophic myotonia
Tapir lips: Mild restricted muscular dystrophy
Target lesion: Steven-Johnson syndrome
White strawberry tongue: Scarlet fever
Woronhoff's ring: Halo around any skin lesion
Wrist sign: Marfan syndrome
Asboe-Hansen sign (also known as "indirect Nikolsky sign" or "Nikolsky II sign") refers to the extension of a blister to adjacent unblistered skin when pressure is put on the top of the bulla.
Acroosteolysis is resorption of the distal bony phalanges. Acroosteolysis has two patterns of resorption in adults: diffuse and band like.A diffuse pattern of resorption has a wide differential diagnosis and can
include the following: pyknodysostosis, collagen vascular disease and vasculitis, Raynaud's neuropathy, trauma, epidermolysis bullosa, psoriasis, frostbite, sarcoidosis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. A band
like pattern of resorption may be seen with polyvinyl chloride exposure and Hadju-Cheney syndrome. A mnemonic commonly used for acro-osteolysis is PINCHFO - Pyknodysostosis, Psoriasis, Injury (thermal
burn, frostbite), Neuropathy (diabetes), Collagen vascular disease (scleroderma, Raynaud's), Hyperparathyroidism, Familial (Hadju-Cheney, progeria), Occupational (polyvinyl exposure).
Apple jelly nodules in nasal septum: It is the nodular form of the tuberculosis in nasal mucosa. It begins in the vestibule and extends to adjoining skin and mucosa. It is the result of direct inoculation. It
presents as glistening reddish brown or skin colored nodules also known as ‘apple jelly nodules’. An attempt to blench them with a glass slide [Diascopy] makes them more prominent, as they tend to stand
out amidst blenched surrounding. These nodules may coalesce to form characteristic ulcer with a pale granular base and undermined margins. Untreated patients tend to progress to scarring and resultant
disfigurement of the external nose.
Arnold head: In Cleidocranial dysplasia, the fontanelles may remain open until adulthood, but the sutures often close with interposition of wormian bones. Bosses of the frontal, parietal, and occipital
regions give the skull a large globular shape with small face. The characteristic skull abnormalities are sometimes referred to as the "Arnold head" named after the descendants of a Chinese who settled in
South Africa and changed his name to Arnold.
Ash-leaf spots: Hypomelanic macules in Tuberous sclerosis. They are white or lighter patches of skin that may appear anywhere on the body and are caused by a lack of melanin. These are usually the only
visible sign of diseases at birth. In fair-skinned individuals a Wood's lamp (ultraviolet light) may be required to see them.
Auspitz's sign is the appearance of punctate bleeding spots when psoriasis scales are scraped off, named after Heinrich Auspitz.This happens because there is thinning of the epidermal layer overlying the
tips of the dermal papillae and blood vessels within the papillae are dilated and tortuous, which bleed readily when the scale is removed.
Borsari's sign or Borsari's line : Dermatological sign that consists of pressure by a sharp object (such as a fingernail) producing a white line on the skin that quickly turns red. It is present in scarlet fever.
Braverman's sign is a dermatological sign that consists of fine telangiectasias around the nail (periungually). They may be associated with connective tissue diseases.
Buffalo hump: Cushing’s syndrome, the fat relocalization in nape of the neck resembling the buffalo’s hump
Bull neck: Diphtheria, The bacterial exotoxin may also cause severe swelling in the neck, that resembles the bull’s hump
Button-hole sign: Neurofibromatosis. invagination of a nodule when pressed with a finger, a characteristic of neurofibromatosis
Carpet tack lesions: Discoid lupus erythematosus. There are follicular hyperkeratotic plugs causing a carpet tack appearance as they project from the undersurface of the scale when it is removed from
advanced lesions. The dyspigmentation of older lesions often presents as central hypopigmentation and peripheral hyperpigmentation.
Cerebriform tongue: Pemphigus vegetans. Also known as Furrowed /Grooved/ Lingua Fissurata/Lingua Plicata/Lingua Scrotalis/Plicated Tongue/Scrotal Tongue
Charcot’s triad: Seen in multiple sclerosis, characterized by intention tremor, nystagmus, dysarthria
Chipmunk facies: Thalassemia. The bones of the head and face become enlarged and deformed causing an abnormal appearance resulting in a typical “chipmunk facies” appearance. This occurs because the
bone marrow, the site of red blood cell production, becomes hyperactive [enlarged] in an attempt to produce sufficient red cells to overcome the effects of the profound anaemia.
Chovstek’s sign: The Chvostek sign is one of the signs of tetany seen in hypocalcemia. It refers to an abnormal reaction to the stimulation of the facial nerve. When the facial nerve is tapped at the angle of
the jaw (i.e. masseter muscle), the facial muscles on the same side of the face will contract momentarily (typically a twitch of the nose or lips) because of hypocalcemia (i.e. from hypoparathyroidism,
pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D) with resultant hyperexcitability of nerves. Though classically described in hypocalcemia, this sign may also be encountered in respiratory alkalosis, such as that
seen in hyperventilation, which actually causes decreased serum Ca2+ with a normal calcium level due to a shift of Ca2+ from the blood to albumin which has become more negative in the alkalotic state.
Compy's sign: Measles. White patches due to degenerated squamous epithelium occurring on buccal mucosa and gingival.
Cobble stone appearance: Lymphangioma, Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, Heck’s disease
Crowe’s sign: Neurofibromatosis. Presence of axillary (armpit) freckling in people with neurofibromatosis type I
Dennie–Morgan fold: also known as a Dennie–Morgan line or an infraorbital fold, is a fold or line in the skin below the lower eyelid caused by edema in atopic dermatitis. The presence of Dennie–Morgan folds
is used as a diagnostic marker for allergy
Forschemmier sign: Rubella. Forchheimer spots are a fleeting enanthem seen as small, red spots (petechiae) on the soft palate in 20% of patients with rubella. They precede or accompany the skin rash of
rubella. They are not diagnostic of rubella, as similar spots can be seen in measles and scarlet fever. The sign is named after Frederick Forchheimer
Fournier’s molars: congenital syphilis, when screw driver shaped.
Gorlin sign: Ehler -Danlos Syndrome. Ability to touch the tip of the nose with tongue and touch the elbow with the tongue
Grattage sign: Psoriasis. Gentle scraping of the surface of a psoriasis plaque with a glass slide will remove the loosely attached scales and reveal a shiny surface peppered with fine bleeding points. These
bleeding points represent the dilated and tortuous capillary blood vessels in the papillary dermis, one of the characteristic pathological events taking place in psoriasis affected skin. This sign is known
as Auspitz sign, which is a diagnostic sign of psoriasis.
Hamman’s crunch: Cervicofacial emphysema. Hamman's sign (AKA Hammond's sign or Hammond's crunch) is a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard over the precordium in
spontaneous mediastinal emphysema produced by the heart beating against air-filled tissues.It is named after Johns Hopkins clinician Louis Hamman. This sound is heard best over the left lateral position. It
has been described as a series of precordial crackles that correlate with the heart beat and not the respirations. Also heard together with spontaneous pneumothorax; small and not a total lung collapse, on
the left side. Sounds like bubbles hitting the inside of the chest. Can be felt/seen. Hamman's crunch is caused by pneumomediastinum or pneumopericardium, and is associated with tracheobronchial injury
due to trauma, medical procedures (e.g., bronchoscopy) or proximal pulmonary bleb rupture. It is commonly seen in Boerhaave syndrome.
Hebra nose: Rhinoscleroma. Epistaxis, nasal deformity, and destruction of the nasal cartilage are also noted along with the damage may result in anesthesia of the soft palate, enlargement of the uvula,
dysphonia, and various degrees of airway obstruction.
Higomenakis's sign: Congenital syphilis. A unilateral enlargement of the sternoclavicular portion of the clavicle, seen in congenital syphilis. It is an end result of neonatal periostitis.
Hutchinson's sign: Herpes zoster. A skin lesion on the tip of the nose precedes the development of ophthalmic herpes zoster
Hutchinson's triad: Congenital syphilis with Hypoplasia of incisor (Pegged laterals, screw driver shaped central incisor and mulberry molars), Eighth nerve deafness and Interstitial keratitis.
Iris pearl’s: Leprosy. Miliary lepromas or iris pearls near the pupillary margins, which are spherical yellowish opaque micronodules upto 2 mm in size.
Koebner phenomenon: Desquamative gingivitis, Lichen planus, pemphigus, Epidermolysis bullosa dystropica. Also called the "Koebner response" or the "isomorphic response", refers to skin lesions appearing
on lines of trauma. The Koebner phenomenon may result from either a linear exposure or irritation. Conditions demonstrating linear lesions after a linear exposure to a causative agent include: molluscum
contagiosum, warts and toxicodendron dermatitis (a dermatitis caused by a genus of plants including poison ivy). Warts and molluscum contagiosum lesions can be spread in linear patterns by self-scratching
("auto-inoculation"). Toxicodendron dermatitis lesions are often linear from brushing up against the plant. Causes of the Koebner phenomenon that are secondary to scratching rather than an infective or
chemical cause include vitiligo, psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen nitidus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and keratosis follicularis (Darier disease). Also seen in Psoriasis, Pityriasis rubra pilaris, Lichen planus, Lichen
nitidus, Vitiligo, Lichen sclerosus, Elastosis perforans serpiginosa, Kaposi sarcoma, Necrobiosis lipoidica and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Warts and molluscum contagiosum are often listed as causing a
Koebner reaction, but this is by direct inoculation of viral particles.
Koplik's spots: Measles. Koplik spots are a prodromic viral enanthem of measles manifesting two days before the measles rash itself. They are characterized as clustered, white lesions on the buccal mucosa
near each Stensen's duct (on the buccal mucosa opposite the maxillary 2nd molars) and are pathognomonic for measles
Lisch nodules: Neurofibromatosis. A Lisch nodule is a pigmented hamartomatous nodular aggregate of dendritic melanocytes affecting the iris, named after Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Lisch.
Livedo reticularis: Systemic lupus erythematosus. Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears like a lace-like purplish discoloration of the
skin.The discoloration is caused by swelling of the venules owing to obstruction of capillaries by thrombi. It can be caused by any condition that makes venules swell. The condition may be normal or may be
related to more severe underlying pathology. It has a broad differential diagnosis, broadly divided into possible blood diseases, autoimmune (rheumatologic) diseases, heart (cardiovascular) diseases, cancers,
and endocrine disorders. It can usually (in 80% of cases) be diagnosed by biopsy.
Millian sign: Erysipelas. Involvement of the ear (Milian's ear sign) is a distinguishing feature for erysipelas since this region does not contain deeper dermis tissue.
Nikolsky’s sign: Epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, Severe Steven –Johnson syndrome, Prophyria, Toxi Epidermolysis Necrosis, Staphylococci Scalded skin syndrome. The sign is present when slight rubbing of
the skin results in exfoliation of the outermost layer, forming a blister within minutes.
Oil drop sign: Psoriasis. A translucent discolouration in the nail bed that resembles a drop of oil beneath the nail plate
Ollendorf sign: Secondary syphilis. AKA Buschke-Ollendorff sign - This is a sign to be elicited in case of secondary syphilis and cutaneous vasculitis, where there is deep dermal tenderness on pressing the
lesion (e.g., papular lesions of syphilis) with a pinhead.
Pastia’s lines: Scarlet fever. Pastia's sign, Pastia lines or Thompson's sign is a clinical sign in which pink or red lines formed of confluent petechiae are found in skin creases, particularly the crease in the
antecubital fossa, the soft inside depression on the inside of the arm; the folding crease divides this fossa where the forearm meets the (upper) arm (the biceps, triceps, humerus section of the upper
extremity); the inside of the elbow (the inside flexor depression (fossa) of the elbow. It occurs in patients with scarlet fever prior to the appearance of the rash and persists as pigmented lines after
desquamation.