BI30-OL3 Compare the anatomy and physiology of organisms which are representative of different
kingdoms.
a. Compare the anatomical structures and functions of organisms representative of several kingdoms,
using dissections, simulations, and/or microscopy where appropriate. (K, S)
b. Critique the use of model organisms (e.g., E. coli, Arabidopsis, drosophila, and mice) in scientific
research, including ethical implications. (A, STSE)
We will do comparative dissections for letters a and b.
a. Identify commonalities among the diverse ways in which organisms representative of various
kingdoms reproduce (e.g., binary fission, spore and seed dispersion, and gamete formation). (K)
We are going to study three basic ways in which cells reproduce.
1. Binary Fission
This process occurs in Prokaryote Cells (cells with no nucleus), like bacteria or protists. The DNA is
duplicated, and then the cell splits apart. This is cell division in which the chromosome number remains
the same, diploid to diploid.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cD3U2pgb5w
2. Mitosis
http://www.bozemanscience.com/science-videos/2012/5/6/mitosis.html
In this process the cell will copy all of its’ DNA (remember two matching strands) to make two complete
sets so that one set can be sent to each of the daughter cells. This is cell division in which the
chromosome number remains the same, diploid to diploid. Mitosis is used for most of the cell division
that occurs within your body and for most development and growth of living things.
Interphase - cell growth, preparation for division, DNA synthesis. Cells spend most of their
lives in interphase, it is the longest part of the cell cycle. (Some cells never leave
interphase)
Mitosis - The division of the nucleus that results in identical complete copies of chromosmes
packaged into two new nuclei.
Occurs in 4 phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis - The division of the cytoplasm that results in two daughter cells, occurs at the
end of telophase.
**In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when a new cell wall forms between the two new cells.
**In animal cells, the two new cells pinch and pull apart
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells that contain the exact same number of chromosomes as
the original parent cell
Daughter cells are DIPLOID
Mitosis Animations at stolaf.edu, cellsalive,wormclassroom, mcgraw-hill, sumanasinc, johnkryk
3. Meiosis
http://www.bozemanscience.com/science-videos/2012/5/6/meiosis.html
In this process the cell will copy all of its’ DNA and make two complete sets, and then it will split into two
cells so that there is one complete set of DNA in each of the two daughter cells. These two daughter
cells will then split again, making four cells each with a single strand of DNA. This is cell division in which
the chromosome number is halved, or from diploid to haploid. Meiosis is used to create the cells used
for sexual reproduction.
Setting the Stage for Meiosis
Crossing-Over - during prophase I, homologous pairs join together (synapsis) and exchange
genetic information
Exchange of DNA during prophase I increases genetic variability. Chromatids are no longer exact
duplicates.
During metaphase, chromosomes line up in PAIRS, but they line up randomly. This picture shows
all the different possible arrangements for an organism with 6 chromosomes. – a phenomenon
known as INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Fertilization = combining the genes of two different parents. Offspring show variation.
Overview of Meiosis --- occurs in two stages - Meiosis I and Meiosis II
The Phases of Meiosis
Step By Step
See Labels
Meiosis Compared to Mitosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
Number of Chromosomes
Number of Daughter Cells
Where does it Occur?
Reproduction type
Reproduction Time
Meiosis Animations at stolaf.edu, mcgraw-hill, johnkyrk,cellsalive
Gametes transport to each other in very different methods depending on the type of organism. How
can spores or seeds get dispersed? Most animal gametes?
Please complete the Flower Structure and Reproduction Colouring Assignment.
d. Explore the behavioural and structural adaptations that enable organisms to defend themselves
against threats such as pathogens and disease. (K)
e. Analyze how organisms across several kingdoms respond to various stimuli (e.g., light, touch, gravity,
chemicals, and pheromones). (K, S, A)
f. Explore how organisms from several kingdoms maintain homeostasis at the organism level (e.g.,
biofeedback, fluid regulation, and thermoregulation). (K, S)
g. Examine the different types of movement (e.g., kinesis, taxis, and locomotion) that are evident in a
variety of organisms. (K, S)
h. Compare how organisms across several kingdoms transport materials (e.g., hormones, nutrients, and
wastes) at the organism level (i.e., interorganismally). (K)
Each of the letters d, e, f, g, and h ask us to look at and compare how different processes are
completed/accomplished by different organisms. We are asked to compare and to learn the many
different ways that the same goal can be accomplished. So, the task is:
-
Work in groups, with different members focusing on a specific kingdom
Within each kingdom, the group members must pick 4 different representative
organisms to illustrate how each task is completed
Your group will have a share session with each kingdom sharing how it can accomplish
the task. Please create short note packages/info sheets that can be shared with your
group.