Cutting Through The Clutter
A Lexicon for Broadcast and Online Management
Douglas Barrett
CTV Professor in Broadcast Management, Schulich School of Business
August, 2014
In every business there is a myriad of jargon and terms of art used by insiders. To
industry neophytes these terms are often an intimidation. If you don’t know them, you
are not ready to be in the club!
On the positive side, behind each of these expressions is something both substantive
and unique to the industry, something worth learning about if this is to be your
professional world.
Over a number of years, I have built a collection of useful terms for managing in the
Canadian broadcasting and online industries. I’d really rather not use the word
“glossary” because I try to expand on the basic definition where appropriate. So I use
the word Lexicon.
I make no pretense that this document is fully comprehensive. A true Lexicon would
have many, many times the number of terms. Mine has about 100. And I have nothing
for the technical geek squad. This more of a bluffer’s tool for managers along with
those working in a section of the media industries who have an ambition to get a sense
of how the whole business fits together.
Finally, as the online universe is now so all encompassing, I focus there on terms
relating to the media and creative industry side of things.
This edition is alphabetical, and for the moment without any sub-groupings.
Readers should let me know of any additional terms it would be useful to add to the
collection. I am at barrett@barcodesdg.com.
Enjoy.
ACTRA
The Alliance of Canadian Radio & Television Artists, the
English language actors union. ACTRA covers all of
Canada except BC. French language unions in Quebec
are separate. While its’ principal task is to negotiate and
administer collective agreements between producers and
performers (for the services of performers), it is also
heavily committed to representing the policy views of the
creative community to government and its agencies, most
notably the CRTC. The general thrust of these
interventions is to protect and enhance all of the policies,
laws and regulations that support the production of
Canadian programs
Academy of
Canadian Cinema &
Television
The organization that operates the Canadian Screen
Awards (formerly called the Geminis for television and
Genies for feature films). The Quebec branch of the
organization, Academie Canadienne du Cinema et de la
Television continues to offer a televised French-language
award system for television and digital media called Prix
Gemeaux
Accretive
Accretive acquisitions of assets or businesses will add
more value than the cost of the acquisition, either
immediately or over time. The amount of consolidation
in the media industries is a signal that the aggregation
of media assets will have more value that the individual
assets on their own
Aereo
Aereo was a US based service launched in 2012 that
permitted subscribers to watch over-the-air television
through internet connected devices without obtaining the
permission of the broadcasters. Several broadcast
networks launched a copyright infringement action and on
June 24, 2014, the Supreme Court of the US ruled against
Aereo, stating in a 6-3 decision that Aereo’s business was
no different than that of a cable television provider, despite
the differences in technology. Four days later Aereo
“suspended” its services
BBM Canada
The Canadian non-profit organization that provides
audience measurement and consumer behaviour data for
television and radio broadcasters and advertising
agencies. It has recently announced a name change to
Numeris. In the major markets of Toronto, Calgary and
Vancouver it has introduced Portable People Meter (PPM)
technology, creating significant improvements and
accuracy in managing ratings data
BDU
Broadcasting Distribution Undertakings, distributors of
packaged bundles of television services: cable distributors,
such as Rogers, Shaw and Cogeco, satellite distributors
such as Shaw Direct and Bell TV and Internet Protocol (IP)
distributors such as Bell Fibe and Telus Optik, all regulated
by the CRTC. With convergence, most major BDUs
(notably except Telus) now own both programming
services and BDUs
Bill C-58
The colloquial term given to a provision of the Income Tax
Act introduced in the 70s that eliminated the deductibility of
advertising costs paid by Canadian companies to US
broadcasting stations being received in Canada. This
made advertising by Canadian companies on US border
stations prohibitively expensive and therefore shored up
the advertising market for Canadian broadcasters
Binge Viewing
From Wikipedia: “The practice of watching television for longer time spans than usual,
usually of a single television show. In a survey conducted by Netflix in February 2014,
73% of people define binge-watching as “watching between 2-6 episodes of the same
TV show in one sitting.” Binge-watching as an observed cultural phenomenon has
become popular with the rise of online media services such as Netflix, Hulu and
Amazon Prime with which the viewer can watch television shows and movies ondemand. Binge viewing is also possible on the website of some broadcasters
Broadcasting Act
Defines the structure and powers of both
the CBC and sets out the government’s B
Policy for Canada. As well, it covers the
types of broadcasting undertakings, inclu
and radio stations, and cable/satellite pro
The Act was last amended in 1991 and th
development of any of the key componen
universe that so dominates our lives toda
often described as being “woefully out of
by those who would see us move to a zer
universe. On the other hand, for those w
Canadians should have access to a broad
that retains Canadian elements, the Act h
remarkably resilient and flexible. The CR
place and continues to do its work. It rem
follow the provisions of the Act. And, imp
no ongoing plans by the government to in
amendments to the current arrangements
Broadcasting
Originally limited to describing the distribu
public, of program channels through radio
airwaves to rooftop antennas. Hence “ov
distribution. Now generically includes an
the public of channels, whether received
cable/satellite operators for re-distribution
that are only distributed by cable/satellite
Broadcasting Licence
The renewable right given by the CRTC t
radio broadcasters and cable/satellite dis
operate a broadcasting undertaking, gene
period of seven years and subject to vario
tailored conditions of licence and other ge
regulations
Broadcasting Policy for Canada
Section 3 of the Broadcasting Act has 20
which set out the underlying policy object
Canadian broadcasting system and the ru
engagement for its regulation by the CRT
policy headlines:
The system should be owned by C
It’s a public asset and service esse
cultural sovereignty
Programming should reflect our ide
Each element should contribute to
presentation of Canadian program
It should make predominant use of
creative resources in the creation a
of programs
The CBC should be distinctively Ca
It should reflect Canada and its reg
Private operators should contribute
presenting Canadian programming
Distributors should give priority to t
Canadian services
CAVCO
Canadian Audio-visual Certification Office
within the Department of Canadian Herita
the certifications of films and television pr
“Canadian” under the provisions of the In
and oversees the certification of Treaty C
such
Cabinet Appeal
The right of broadcast licensees to appea
decisions to the federal cabinet. (This rig
with the usual rights that anyone has und
law to appeal decision that affect them to
on jurisdiction or legal error grounds). Ca
essentially political. They are rarely succ
because the Cabinet does not want to be
guess independent tribunals and thus ope
Having said that, there have been notable
over-turned decisions over the years
Canadian Content Rules
For conventional television these are CRT
that require a minimum level of certified C
programming to be aired throughout the b
particularly in prime time. For Specialty a
licences the rules are imposed by individu
conditions of licence contained in each lic
Canadian Program Definition
The rules that determine whether a progr
for the purpose of subsidy, tax credits and
licensed Canadian programming services
administered by CAVCO
Conventional TV
Over–the-air broadcast networks such as
Global, together with their local affiliates.
services that are capable of being receive
antenna. They are also carried on all cab
IPTV distribution services
Convergence
A reference to the convergence of telecom
broadcasting into a single world of comm
offers services to consumers, delivers the
new ways and disrupts current business m
trend has a considerable impact on the C
regulate in the sector. In August, 2011 th
published Navigating Convergence II: C
Canadian Communications Change an
Implications, a report that examines tele
broadcasting and the evolving converged
communications in Canada
Cord Cutting
The practice of terminating one’s subscrib
with a Canadian BDU and relying exclusiv
the-air television received by antenna and
for one’s entertainment needs
Cord Shaving
The practice of reducing one’s subscriptio
programming packages in order to save c
cases substituting a larger internet data p
more services like Netflix
Cord Nevers
Those who have never subscribed to any
distribution services, relying exclusively o
program viewing
Co-production
A production in which there are two or mo
from different jurisdictions, with aspects o
being undertaken in each jurisdiction, and
program or film deemed to be “local” in ea
broadcast, subsidy or tax purposes. The
can be domestic (between provinces) or i
(made under international treaties)
Co-production Treaty
Canada is a party to bi-lateral co-product
more than 50 countries, most recently Ind
permit both countries to give a properly ce
national treatment in each country. The C
certifying body for this purpose is Telefilm
CBSC
Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, t
non-governmental body that administers
standards codes of Canada’s private broa
adjudicates complaints from viewers and
the power to impose penalties
CMF
Canada Media Fund, formerly Canadian T
the federal subsidy agency for television p
CMPA
Canadian Media Production Association,
Canadian Film & Television Production A
lobby and trade association for Canada’s
language independent production compa
CPE Requirements
Canadian Program Expenditure Requirem
the CRTC on certain licensees as a prima
(coupled with Canadian Content Regulati
that a minimum level of resources is com
broadcasters to the production of Canadi
CPM
Cost per thousand viewers: the cost of ad
on the number of viewers, among many o
is the total cost of an advertising occasion
number of viewers in the target audience.
Men 18-34 viewing a given program will b
than for Adults 18+, as there are many m
any audience
CRTC
Canadian Radio-television and Telecomm
Commission, the independent regulator o
system in Canada operating under the pr
Broadcasting Act. The CRTC has 13 Com
appointed for fixed terms (generally five y
Prime Minister’s office. It is led by its Cha
Jean-Pierre Blais, who also the chief exe
of about 450. It reports to Parliament thro
of Canadian Heritage.
Cross-platform
A strategy for making similar content avai
platforms (such as a book and an e-book
differing versions of a core creative prope
different platforms, or for having an online
strategy as part of the marketing plan for
television project
DTH
Direct-to-Home satellite distribution servic
TV and Shaw Direct
Digital Media
Essentially anything created, viewed, dist
and preserved on computers, and deliver
Internet
Department of Canadian Heritage
The federal government department char
the formation and administration of short
term policy matters in the broadcasting, a
television production arena, among other
Traditionally the Department has reported
Minister. Currently the Minister is Shelly
Member of Parliament from Saint Bonifac
Given the mandate, it is important that the
completely fluent in English and French.
predecessor, James Moore, meet that tes
Digital Extension
A digital project related to or developed in
a traditional television property (see Web
Digital Transition
The requirement for over-the-air broadca
CBC which was given an extension) to re
existing analog transmitters (and there we
hundreds across the country) with digital
a deadline of September 1, 2011
Diversity of Voices Proceeding
A 2007 CRTC proceeding to review its ap
ownership consolidation and other issues
diversity of voices in Canada. The procee
policies with regard to cross-media owne
common ownership of television services
and specialty services; and the common o
broadcasting distribution undertakings.
DGC
Directors Guild of Canada: the guild repre
numerous categories of creative technica
including Directors, in English across Can
Equity Investment
When an investor, whether a broadcaster
or private individual, contributes to the bu
program with the expectation of sharing in
earned by that program (other than such
already committed to fund product) the fin
participation is called an equity investmen
the contribution the investor generally rec
copyright or ownership in the finished pro
has “equity” in it. The share of revenue to
the investor is negotiable and complex, b
proportionately the same for all investors
production. Investors are said to share p
passu with other investors. This terms m
and by equal proportion” in English - wh
explains why people continue to use the L
really know what it means, but it sounds g
around!
FFC
Fee for Carriage is the term used to desc
controversial dispute between over-the-a
and cable/satellite operators whereby the
have demanded to receive a fee for the c
signals, hitherto rebroadcast by cable/sat
without payment. Also know as VFS or V
The CRTC agreed that broadcasters sho
negotiate such a fee but referred the matt
Court to confirm whether the CRTC has t
powers. In March, 2011 the Federal Cou
confirmed the CRTC’s jurisdiction to impo
regime. In December, 2012 the Supreme
reversed the decision of the Federal Cour
narrowly held that the CRTC’s proposed V
regime was invalid. The decision of the c
puts to rest this long simmering dispute
Friends of Canadian Broadcasting
Otherwise known as the “FRIENDS”, this
independent non-profit lobby and advoca
primary goals are to support the productio
programming, especially drama, and to “r
and Public Broadcasting”. The group has
represented by the same Spokesperson,
over 25 years. The problem is that Mr. M
sharply critical of the CBC and openly ho
management. For example, a June 2014
release headlined CBC Plan Abandons C
Morrison calling upon CBC President Hub
resign. It quoted Mr. Morrison as saying
and M. Lacroix’s “shameful statement are
values of Canadian public broadcasting”.
that ………..
Genre Protection
A CRTC policy that protects certain categ
specialty programming services by prohib
by BDUs of competing foreign or Canadia
same genre. The definition of the applica
generally set out in the licensing decision
licensed service. Certain genres, such as
sports, are excluded from this policy
Geo-blocking
Also known as geo-fencing and geo-filtering, geo-blocking is a practice of permitting
users to view sites and download applications and media based on location. It is used
by film and television studios in rights management to ensure that viewers in a specific
region are authorized. Geo-blocking is accomplished by excluding targeted Internet
addresses
Group Based Licensing
IPTV
A CRTC regulatory policy establishing a c
based licensing approach (rather than a s
approach as in the past) to large integrate
language private television ownership gro
was followed in _____ recent license rene
the stations owned by Shaw Media, Bell M
Broadcasting
Internet Protocol television is a system through which television services are delivered
using the Internet instead of traditional satellite and cable television formats
ISP
Internet Service Provider
LPIF
Local Program Improvement Fund, a fund
CRTC in 2008 to support local programm
conventional over-the-air television statio
metropolitan markets. The intention of th
support the weakest part of the system: th
originated programming of conventional b
resources for the fund come from a levy o
gross revenues of cable/satellite distributi
The CRTC announced in August, 2012 th
recovery in the advertising sector and the
transition to digital television, it was satisf
fulfilled its purpose and would be phased
years.
Let’s Talk TV
This is the possibly the largest, most part
comprehensive policy review process eve
CRTC. Originally launched in October 20
“Conversation with Canadians” that involv
discussion forum, Flash Conferences, an
questionnaire or “Choicebook” based on w
heard. In April 2014, the CRTC issued a
Consultation asking for formal submission
multi-week hearing in Ottawa commencin
8, 2014. In the Notice of Consultation, th
essentially put every major traditional elem
broadcasting policy on the table for review
questions of those wishing to participate i
While the Notice comments that the CRT
within the provisions of the Broadcasting
how the Act would give it the authority to
the changes it says it is considering. And
economic consequences for many establ
some of the ideas being floated, there is b
round of jurisdictional appeals following th
new policies expected early in 2015
Licence Fee
The amount paid by a broadcaster to rent
television program. The licensing agreem
what the broadcaster gets in return for the
number of runs, on which channels, perio
which it can be run, renewal rights in the
series, priority and exclusivity rights wher
so on
Local Station
A station licensed to serve a specific geog
Local Station can be independent or an a
national network. The station generally o
programming in prime time, and local new
programming the rest of the time. See al
Television
Multi-Channel Networks
Multi-Channel Networks (MCNs) are busi
affiliate with multiple YouTube Channels,
assistance in areas such as product, prog
funding, cross-promotion, partner manage
rights management, monetization/sales, a
development” (YouTube)
Net Neutrality
Net neutrality is the principle that Internet
should treat all data on the Internet equal
discriminating or charging differentially by
site, platform or application. Proponents
neutrality as an important component of a
In Canada the matter has been reviewed
it has adopted a set of principles for a tran
approach. However, in April, 2014 In the
however, the Federal Communications C
is reported to be considering a new rule th
Internet service providers to commercially
providers a faster track to send content.
which is still ongoing, is highly controvers
major impact on how content is priced on
Network
A television program service that is distrib
Local Stations and is distributed by these
of their service, usually in prime time. CB
Global are Networks. In Canada, Networ
Stations are licensed separately
Network vs. Spot Market
Television advertising can be bought on a
the entire country at one time. It can also
the Spot market on individual TV stations
coast
Numeris
The newly branded name of BBM Canada
Canada)
OTA Television
Over-the-air television. Every geographic
Canada has a number of licensed local O
Toronto’s include CBC Toronto, a CBC n
CTV Toronto, a CTV affiliate, Global TV,
affiliate, Citytv, a Rogers Media unit, and
independent received from Hamilton. The
licensed before cable/satellite distribution
television possible. While relatively few v
television exclusively via over-the-air ante
channels are all carried by cable/satellite
services continue to operate transmitters
See also Local Station, Network, Digital T
Cord Cutting.
OTT
Over-the-Top, an acronym used to descri
subscription services like Netflix that are r
Internet and are currently exempted from
content, carriage or ownership requireme
Paid vs Earned
A term used in relation to online advertisin
what happens when an ad that has been
specific site (paid) is attractive enough to
many additional targeted viewers through
networks at no further cost to the advertis
effectiveness of the advertising message
greater because it comes from a friend or
opposed to the advertiser itself
Pay TV
Channels delivered exclusively by cable/s
to subscribers on a fee per service basis
Pick and Pay
A term that refers to the theoretical ability
distribution service subscriber to select an
individual channels as opposed to the mu
packages that are currently on offer. The
controversial because it is easy to unders
consumer (and therefore attractive) and e
complex to implement (because in order t
flows the per channel subscriber cost cou
considerably more than at present). As a
implementation, subscribers might well re
channels for more dollars, exactly the opp
what is intended. An additional complexit
current structure of most packages is par
requirements of the Broadcasting Act for
carry Canadian channels and programmin
introduction of some form of Pick and Pay
the CRTC Let’s Talk TV proceeding
Pre-sale
A term used to describe the contractually
agreement of a broadcaster, made during
phase and before the program is produce
and air that program
PNI
Programs of National Interest. In its polic
of large English-language private televisio
groups (See Group Based Licensing) the
announced that the current exhibition req
“priority programming” would be replaced
expenditure requirement for “programs of
interest”.[1] The Commission determined t
programs would consist of long-form docu
drama and comedy, which are primary ve
communicating Canadian stories and valu
specific Canadian award shows that celeb
creative talent.
PPM or Portable People Meter
A pager sized audience measurement de
sample of 8,000 Canadians. It records a
in the audio signal of radio and TV station
electronically reports the statistical viewin
night. Because the device goes everywh
wearer, it picks up viewing in bars and oth
the home
PPV
Pay Per View services where the subscrib
each program viewing
Predominance
The Broadcasting Act requires that both p
distributors, such as cable systems, and i
channels shall make “ … no less than pre
Canadian creative and other resources in
presentation of programming”. To date, t
taken to mean that each subscriber shoul
preponderance of licensed Canadian tele
and this has of course driven the compos
packages that are made available. Simila
taken to mean that television broadcaster
circumstances carry a majority of Canadia
programming. Under the CRTC’s Let’s T
both of these concepts, and the whole co
predominance, have been put to issue. T
ironic since the CRTC is bound by the ap
provisions of the Act, and there appear to
its amendment. See Let’s Talk TV
Programming Undertaking
While it may seem odd to define somethin
clear to most of us, this one is important.
Broadcasting Act the CRTC is authorized
Programming Undertaking. A Programm
anything that distributes “Programs” to the
technical manner (including the internet).
broadly defined as “a combination of soun
that are intended to inform, enlighten and
the CRTC has the clear jurisdiction to req
Netflix (and YouTube) to obtain a broadca
operate in Canada. It also has the jurisdi
certain categories of operators from the n
licence and, in fact, has issued an Exemp
Digital Media Broadcasting Undertakings
concerning whether to continue with this b
in its current form will be an important par
TV proceeding. See Let’s Talk TV.
Pre-roll
The name of a commercial appearing prio
video (as opposed to a mid-roll or post-ro
looks like a TV commercial. Online adver
effective because: 1) you are forced to wa
a more engaged user and 3) you can take
regarding the ad if you're interested. Som
you skip over the commercial spot, but m
Rating
The audience to a program, expressed as
total population. It is usually based on a s
demographic and market. For example, a
of 8.6 for women 18-49 in Vancouver me
demographic were watching the average
program
Reach or Unique Visitors
The number of different people who watc
minute of a program. For example, the C
in Calgary could have an average daily au
100,000 viewers and a weekly reach of 4
digital world, TSN.ca attracts 2 million un
month
Real-time Bidding or RTB
An online marketing method which allows
place ads immediately based on what the
viewing. It used to be that advertisers boo
advance and could not make on-the-fly d
what ads to show based on what people w
Web. Now, advertisers can buy ads in the
between the time someone enters a site’s
and the moment the page appears. The t
advertisers to examine site visitors one by
serve them ads almost instantly
Recoupment
This term refers to the manner in which a
television program is returned back to the
financiers. Since not all investors are trea
is often a chart of recoupment arrangeme
describe how revenue will be allocated as
Roll-up
An acquisition strategy whereby a compa
businesses in the same segment in order
costs of management and provide more s
customers, thus creating operating synerg
ultimately, investor value
Share
The audience to a program, expressed as
those watching television at the time. Fo
Breakfast Television has a 25 share this m
attracts 25% of the audience of adults 18
average weekday morning in Toronto
Second Screen Viewing
The practice of using a computer device,
tablet or smart phone, while watching a te
While many or most second screen viewe
focussed digitally on matters other than th
program, some broadcasters and program
attempting to develop strategies for luring
connected with the television program. In
era, the second “screen” was a newspape
Significant (or Tangible) Benefits Test
A rule imposed by the CRTC when appro
of one programming undertaking by anoth
10% of the purchase price of the transact
by the acquiring party (during the term of
granted) on incremental benefits to the C
broadcasting system, generally in the form
commitments and service improvements,
special endowments (such as the CTV Pr
Schulich School of Business)
Simultaneous Substitution, simulcasting, or “Simsub”
If a Canadian station has bought the right
in Canada, Canadian cable/satellite opera
obligated by the CRTC to substitute the C
over the US channel when that program i
simultaneously. For example, when you w
Idol on the ABC station in your market, yo
watching the CTV version along with the
commercials sold by CTV. Under the CR
TV process the Simsub policy has been m
with the CRTC asking whether it is still ne
Broadcasters (backed by consultant studi
the annual cost of its abolition would be n
million
SOCAN
The Society of Composers, Authors and M
of Canada, a collective that administers th
rights of more than 100,000 composer, au
publisher members by licensing the use o
television and radio broadcasters in Cana
Social Media Marketing
From Wikipedia: Social media marketing
center on efforts to create content that att
and encourages readers to share it with t
networks. The resulting electronic word o
any statement consumers share via the In
sites, social networks, instant messages,
about an event, product, service, brand o
underlying message spreads from user to
presumably resonates because it appear
trusted, third-party source, as opposed to
company itself.
Specialty TV
Channels delivered exclusively by cable/s
over-the-air) and sold to subscribers in pa
There are three types of Canadian specia
Category A – these services must be carr
which pay the service a fee
Category B – these services do not have
carriage by BDUs and carriage terms are
between the service and individual BDUs
Category C – these services are licensed
(currently mainstream news and sports) t
considers to be able to be supported by m
Spectrum Auction
From Wikipedia: “A spectrum auction is a
whereby a government uses an auction s
rights to transmit signals over specific ban
electromagnetic spectrum and to assign s
resources. Depending on the specific au
a spectrum auction can last from a single
months from the opening bid to the final w
Spectrum auctions are a step toward mar
spectrum management and privatization o
airwaves.” In Canada, recent auctions ha
controversially used by the federal govern
greater degree of competition in the wirel
government has notoriously criticized the
Rogers, Shaw and Telus, and taken num
unsuccessful steps to promote the establ
fourth national carrier
Sweeps
In the past, the ratings company conducte
mail over a 4 week period in the fall and s
networks scheduled their programming to
audiences during these periods. The res
ad rates for the ensuing 6 months. This s
in about 38 smaller markets. In the 5 ma
portable people meters provide daily ratin
Syndicated Programming
Television programming that is sold mark
aired in each market at a time chosen by
(Wheel of Fortune, Oprah etc.). The inde
scheduling feature differentiates this type
from network programming. If the show i
days per week in the same time slot, it is
Tax Credits
A form of subsidy developed in Canada, a
other jurisdictions, made in the form of tax
calculated on the value of the Canadian l
the production of a film or television produ
credits are now offered by both the federa
and, separately, by most provincial gover
both Canadian and foreign producers to m
and films in their jurisdictions. Unique to
that they are “refundable” in that they are
to the production company if there is no o
income
Telefilm Canada
A federal government independent crown
roles as (i) the principal federal subsidy a
films (ii) the application and file administra
the Canada Media Fund (iii) the administr
support for festivals, trade events etc. (iv)
certification agency under Canada’s num
production treaties with other countries
Terms of Trade Agreement
An agreement that came into effect on Ju
between Astral Television, Bell Media, Co
Entertainment, Rogers Broadcasting and
one side, and the Canadian Media Produ
on the other. The agreement establishes
and binding business terms for all dealing
broadcasters and independent producers
cycle of any show made for the broadcas
Tiering and Linkage
Requirements
A series of CRTC rules that ensure a min
Canadian specialty and pay services is in
package of programming services sold to
Some tiering and linkage rules will be elim
Digital Transition is complete
3 + 1 Rule
A CRTC rule from the 70s that permitted
services to deliver three US network serv
ABC) plus PBS to their subscribers. Ope
access to US services and drove the rapi
penetration of cable in the 80s. With the
it became the 4 +1 rule
Transmedia
A way of telling stories using multiple plat
participatory elements
Triple Dub
The World Wide Web
Upfront vs. Scatter Markets
The Upfront is a largely US event where a
a commitment in June of each year for ad
fixed cost over the next 12 months. The r
inventory is sold on the Scatter Market, w
any time until a program goes to air. Scat
higher for high demand programs and tim
lower when the ad market is soft.
Value for Signal
See Fee for Carriage
Vertical Integration
Primarily as a result of the acquisition by
the Canwest Global television services an
the CTVglobemedia services, the CRTC l
of its regulatory framework for “vertical int
referring to the ownership, by one entity,
programming and distribution undertaking
programming undertakings and productio
public hearing was held in June, 2011. S
course, Bell has acquired Astral Media an
deepened vertical integration in Canada.
integrated company is also called a VI.
VOD
Video on Demand services such as Roge
Webisode
An episode of a program series intending
distribution, and usually available for dow
streaming. Where the intention is mobile
sometimes referred to as a mobisode