E4182 v6
GOVERNMENT OF JHARKHAND
Engineer-in-Chief-cum-Member Secretary
Programme Management Unit
State Water & Sanitation Mission
Drinking Water & Sanitation Department
Ranchi, Jharkhand
Doranda Market (Pani Tanki Campus), Doranda, Ranchi
Phone: 0651-240920, 9431171291
Environmental Assessment
&
Environmental Management Framework
For the World Bank Assisted Water Supply Projects
in Selected Districts of Jharkhand
DRAFT FINAL REPORT
MARCH-2013
ENV Developmental Assistance Systems (India) Pvt Ltd
(NABET Accreditation Quality Council of India)
B-5/131, Indira Nagar, Lucknow- 226018
Phone: 0522-2310576/77
E-mail: dasindia@satyam.net.in,
Website: www.dasindia.org
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
Environmental Assessment &
Environmental Management Framework for
The World Bank
Assisted Water Supply Projects in
Selected Districts of Jharkhand
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
SUBJECT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAPTER - 1
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
1.2
JHARKHAND STATE WATER AND SANITATION MISSION
1.2.1
MAIN OBJECTS
1.3
SCOPE OF STUDY
1.4
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
1.5
THE STUDY AREA
1.6
APPROACH & METHODOLOGY
1.6.1
APPROACH
1.6.2
METHODOLOGY
1.6.2.1
DATA COLLECTION AND REVIEW
1.6.2.2
SAMPLE HABITATIONS FOR FIELD STUDY
1.6.2.3
SITE VISITS
1.6.3
METHODS FOR DATA COLLECTION
1.6.4
TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
1.6.5
CONSULTATIONS
1.6.5.1
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
1.6.5.2
PUBLIC CONSULTATION / DISCLOSURE WORKSHOPS
CHAPTER - 2
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
2.6.6
2.6.7
2.6.8
2.6.9
2.6.10
2.6.11
RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION IN JHARKHAND : POLICY, REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK & PROGRAM
RWSS AT NATIONAL CONTEXT
SECTOR REFORMS PROJECT
SWAJALADHARA
SUB – MISSION PROJECT (SMP)
TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN
REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
THE 73RD AMENDEMENT TO CONSTITUTION OF INDIA AND JHARKHAND PANCHAYAT
RAJ ACT 2001
NATIONAL WATER POLICY
NATIONAL WATER MISSION CLIMATE CHANGE
JHARKHAND STATE WATER POLICY 2011
GUIDELINES FOR GROUND WATER USE
THE WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974
THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977
THE AIR (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT 1981
THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986
THE EIA NOTIFICATION OF 2006
THE WETLANDS (CONSERVATION NAD MANAGEMENT) RULES, 2010
PAGE NO
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1-6
1
1
1
2
2
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3
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5
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5
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
2.6.12
2.6.13
2.6.14
2.6.15
2.6.16
2.6.17
2.6.18
2.6.19
2.6.20
2.6.21
2.6.22
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.1.1
2.7.1.2
CHAPTER - 3
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.1.1
3.3.1.2
3.3.1.3
3.3.1.3.1
3.3.1.3.2
3.3.1.4
3.3.1.5
3.3.1.5.1
3.3.1.5.1.1
3.3.1.5.1.2
3.3.1.5.1.3
3.3.1.5.1.4
3.3.1.5.1.5
3.3.1.5.1.6
3.3.1.5.1.7
3.3.1.5.1.8
3.3.1.5.1.9
3.3.1.5.1.10
3.3.1.5.2
3.3.1.5.3
3.3.1.6
3.3.1.7
3.3.1.7.1
3.3.1.7.2
THE HAZARDOUS WASTES ( MANAGEMENT, HANDLING & TRANSBOUNDARY
MOVEMENT) RULES, 2008
BIO MEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES, 1998
MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING RULES 2000
E WASTE (MANAGEMENT & HANDLING) RULES, 2011
EIA MECHANISM AND WILDLIFE CLEARANCES
WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972
FOREST CONSERVATION ACT, 1980
THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927
THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002
WORLD BANK SAFEGAURD POLICIES
PERMISSIONS, CLEARANCES AND INSTITUTIONS
SECTOR INSTITUTIONS
CONVERGING INSTITUTIONS
NODAL INSTITUTIONS: DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT (DWSD OR
DDWS)
PROPOSED WORLD BANK ASSISTED PROJECT
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
INTRODUCTION
AN OVERVIEW OF JHARKHAND: HISTORY
GEOGRAPHY OF JHARKHAND
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
LOCATION
ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP
DEMOGRAPHY
POPULATION (CENSUS 2001) IN LAKHS
ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS
IRIGATIONAL POTENTIAL
NATURAL RESOURCES
FOREST & WILDLIFE
INTRODUCTION
LAND USE PATTERN OF THE STATE
FOREST COVER
FOREST COVER IN TRIBAL DISTRICTS IN JHARKHAND
REASONS FOR CHANGE DETECTED IN 2011 ASSESSMENT
FOREST COVER OF THE STATE IN DIFFERENT ALTITUDE ZONE
FOREST COVER IN DIFFERENT FOREST TYPES
TREE COVER
GROWING STOCK
BAMBOO
IMPORTANT PLANTS
WILDLIFE
MINES & GEOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
ROAD
ALL WEATHER AND METAL ROADS
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15
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16
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17
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21
21
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
3.3.1.7.3
3.3.1.8
3.3.2
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.2
3.3.3
3.3.3.1
3.3.3.2
3.3.3.3
3.3.3.4
3.3.3.5
3.3.4.6
3.3.3.7
3.3.3.8
3.3.3.9
3.3.4
3.3.4.1
3.3.4.2
3.3.4.3
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8
3.3.8.1
3.3.8.2
3.3.8.3
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.1.1
3.5.1.1.1
3.5.1.1.2
3.5.1.1.3
3.5.1.1.4
3.5.1.1.5
3.5.1.1.6
3.5.1.1.7
3.5.1.1.8
3.5.1.1.9
HEALTH
INDUSTRIALISATION
GEOMORPHOLOGY
FORMATION
DIVISIONS
PHYSIOGRAPHY
RANCHI PLATEAU
PAT REGION
HAZARIBAGH PLATEAU
KODERMA PLATEAU
SIMDEGA-SINGHMBHUM UPLANDS
MANBHUM AREA
PALAMU PLATEAU
RAJMAHAL PLATEAU
DAMODAR VALLEY
RIVER BASINS OF JHARKHAND
EAST FLOWING RIVERS:
NORTH FLOWING RIVERS:
SOUTH EAST FLOWING RIVERS:
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF JHARKHAND
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
CLIMATE
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS
DROUGHT AND OTHER HAZARDS
WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES RESERVE FORESTS
HAZARIBAGH WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
PALAMU NATIONAL PARK
BETLA NATIONAL PARK
DALMA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
PALAMAU TIGER RESERVE
TOPCHANCHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE & LAND HOLDINGS
SOILS
LANDUSE PATTERN
WATER RESOURCES IN JHARKHAND – AN INTRODUCTION
STATUS OF SURFACE WATER IN JHARKHAND
MAJOR STREAMS OF JHARKHAND
BRAHMANI RIVER SYSTEM
SUBARNAREKHA RIVER SYSTEM
DAMODAR RIVER SYSTEM
AMANAT & ANURANGA RIVER SYSTEM
BARAKAR AJOY & MAYURAKSHI RIVERS
WETLANDS OF JHARKHAND
MAJOR WETLANDS TYPES OF JHARKHAND
DISTRICT WISE WETLAND STATISTICS & MAPS
IMPORTANT WETLANDS OF JHARKHAND
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.3.1
3.5.3.2
3.5.3.3
3.5.3.4
3.5.4
3.5.4.1
3.5.4.2
3.5.4.3
3.5.4.4
3.5.4.5
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.4.1
3.6.4.2
3.6.4.3
3.6.4.4
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.4
3.7.5
3.7.6
3.7.7
3.7.8
3.7.9
UDHWA LAKE (BIRD SANCTUARY)
GETALSUD RESERVOIR
TILAIYA RESERVOIR
KONAR RESERVOIR
TENUGHAT RESERVOIR
MASSANJOR RESERVOIR
STATUS OF GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY
DISTRICT WISE STATUS OF AVAILABILITY & QUALITY OF GROUND WATER
AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY
DEPTH OF WATER & DISCHARGE
GROUND WATER MAPS OF JSAC
SUMMARY
DRINKING WATER & SANITATION
RURAL WATER SUPPLY THROUGH PIPE LINE
URBAN WATER SUPPLY THROUGH PIPE LINE
ARSENIC AND FLUORIDE TREATMENT
COVERAGE & TYPES OF SOURCES
CURRENT WATER SUPPLY AND TREATEMENT PLAN
SANITATION
QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES
TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN
ISSUES IN SANITATION
PROFILE OF DISEASES CAUSED BY POLLUTANTS IN JHARKHAND
THE POLLUTANTS
PROBLEM OF ARSENIC:
CONTAMINATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
INCREASING POLLUTION IN THE RIVERS
THE PRIMARY VILLAGE LEVEL DATA
INTRODUCTION
DRINKING WATER
WATER TREATEMENT
DEFECATION PRACTICES
HAND CLEANING
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
WASTE WATER DISPOSAL
SALIENT POINTS OF VILLAGE DATA
CONCLUSION OF FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION / PUBLIC CONSULTAION
CHAPTER - 4
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.1.1
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPRAISAL & ASSESSMENT
KEY PARAMETERS
APPRAISAL
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF JHARKHAND
THE PRIMARY DATA
ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT – ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
DRINKING WATER
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
4.4.1.2
4.4.1.3
4.4.1.4
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.1.1
4.5.1.2
4.5.1.3
4.5.2
CHAPTER – 5
5.
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.1.1
5.1.1.1.1
5.1.1.1.2
5.1.1.1.3
5.1.1.2
5.1.1.2.1
5.1.1.2.2
5.1.1.2.3
5.1.1.2.4
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.3.1
5.1.3.2
5.1.4
5.1.4.1
5.1.5
5.1.5.1
5.1.5.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.1.6
5.1.7
5.1.8
5.1.8.1
5.1.8.2
5.1.8.3
5.1.8.4
5.1.9
5.1.10
SANITATION
AVAILABILITY OF DATA
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFIED
POTENTIAL POSITIVE OR BENEFICIAL IMPACTS
POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS
POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
WATER AVAILABILITY
ESTIMATION OF ADDITIONAL WATER REQUIREMENT
ADDITIONAL WATER REQUIREMENT
MEASURES TO AUGMENT WATER SUPPLIES
WATER QUALITY
SURFACE WATER QUALITY
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
GROUND WATER QUALITY
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
SUGGESTIONS FOR DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION
CONSTRUCTION STAGE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
MITIGATION MEASURES
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
OBJECTIVES OF EMF
KEY ELEMENTS OF THE EMF
COLLECTION OF BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
CLASSIFICATION OF SCHEMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING
ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING DURING IMPLEMENTATION AND O&M
PHASES
APPLICATION OF EMF TO PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION AND MONITORING
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
VILLAGE LEVEL GPWSC AND SOS
SCHEME LEVEL COMMITTEE (SLC) FOR MVSS
DISRTICT LEVEL
STATE LEVEL
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING
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83-106
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
5.1.10.1
5.1.10.2
5.1.10.3
5.1.10.4
5.1.10.5
5.1.10.5.1
5.1.10.5.2
5.1.10.5.3
5.1.10.6
5.1.10.7
5.1.11
5.2
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
OBJECTIVES
APPROACH
INSTITUTIONS FOR TRAINING
DETAILS OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES
TRAINING ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
PURPOSE OF THE TRAINING
PARTICIPANTS
SCHEDULE
DETAILS OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES
BUDGET
GUIDELINES / ENVIRONMENTAL CODE OF PRACTICES
SUMMARY GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AND KEY COMPONENTS
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
MITIGATION MEASURES
MONITORING AND AUDITS
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND REPORTING
CONCUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES
TABLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
SUBJECT
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION FOR THREE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ASSESSMENTS
TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION FOR THREE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ASSESSMENTS
PROGRESS OF RWSS PROGRAMME, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES
REVISED PROJECT OUTLINE
ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS
DISTRICT-WISE FOREST COVER AREA IN JHARKHAND
FOREST COVER CHANGE MATRIX
MINES & GEOLOGY IN JHARKHAND STATE
HEALTH
MINERAL AVAILABILITY AT A GLANCE
STATUS OF IMPORTANT MINERAL RESOURCES OF JHARKHAND
STATUS LIST OF DISTRICTS AFFECTED BY HAZARDS OF VARIOUS KINDS
SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL PARKS AND WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
LANDUSE PATTERN
AREA ESTIMATES OF WETLANDS IN JHARKHAND
DISTRICT-WISE WETLAND AREA
STATUS OF GROUND WATER HYDROGEOLOGY
STATUS OF GROUND WATER IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF JHARKHAND: SUMMARY
MAJOR GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS
ARSENIC AND FLUORIDE TREATMENT
DISTRICT WISE TYPES OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES
HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF TYPE OF LATRINE FACILITY: IN THE RURAL AREAS
TYPES OF PROBLEMS RELATED TO QUALITY IN VARIOUS DISTRICTS
TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN
CONCLUSIONS OF FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS / PUBLIC CONSULTATION
AUGMENTATION, REHABILITATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SINGLE VILLAGE
SCHEMES (SVS) AND MULTI VILLAGE SCHEMES (MVS)
ADDITIONAL WATER REQUIREMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MAJOR PLAYERS IN IMPLEMENTING THE EMF
NUMBER OF TRAINING PROGRAMS
ESTIMATED COST OF TRAINING
BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
PAGE NO
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5
7
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
LIST OF BOXES
BOXES
BOXES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
SUBJECT
NIRMAL BHARAT ABHIYAN
SOME KEY FEATURES OF THE SWSM, JHARKHAND
SINGHBHUM SHEAR ZONE
AVAILABILITY OF WATER: RECOMMENDED INITIATIVES (a) Garhwa
AVAILABILITY OF WATER: RECOMMENDED INITIATIVES (a) Palamau
ISSUES OF DRINKING WATER IN JHARKHAND
ISSUES OF SANITATION IN JHARKHAND
POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
PAGE NO
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21
35
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77
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88
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
LIST OF ANNEXURES
ANNEXURES
SUBJECT
Annexure 1
Annexure 2
Annexure 3
Annexure 4
Annexure 5
Annexure 6
Annexure 7
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FIELD DATA COLLECTION
DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 10500
GUIDELINES FOR WQM&S
DISPOSAL OF REJECT BRINE FROM RO PLANT
GUIDELINES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES
SANITARY SURVEY OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES
SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATIONOF DRINKING
WATER SOURCES
SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKSOF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING
WATER SOURCES
SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKSOF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING
WATER SOURCES
SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKSOF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING
WATERSOURCES
SANITARY PROTECTION OF WATER SUPPLY SOURCES
FLUORIDE MITIGATION: EFFECTS OF EXCESS FLUORIDE IN WATER
GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF GROUNDWATER SOURCES
SELECTION OF SAFE SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN LOCATION OF TOILETS
RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE AND POLLUTION SAFEGUARDS FOR TWIN
PIT POUR FLUSH LATRINES
GUIDELINES FOR SAFE SULLAGE DISPOSAL AT HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY LEVELS
GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
FORMATS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEETS (EDS)
SCREENING TOOL FOR CATEGORIZING SCHEMES
FORM 1A, EIA NOTIFICATION
GUIDELINES FOR INTERNAL SUPERVISION
CHECK LIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION/AUDIT
SAMPLE FIELD VISIT REPORTS FOR INTERNAL SUPERVISION / EXTERNAL AUDIT
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
SAFETY PROVISIONS (BUILDING) CONVENTION, 1937 (NO. 62)
FORMAT FOR DECLARATION BY CONTRACTOR/ CONSULTANT
WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL: 4.01
STATUS OF HEALTH & HEALTH SERVICES
NATIONAL RWSS- LS PROGRAMME FOR FOUR STATES
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR STUDY ON
ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
LIST OF PROJECT DISTRICTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH ENGG. DIVISIONS FOR SELECTION OF
SCHEMES
THE LIST OF SAMPLE HABITATIONS FOR FIELD STUDY
POLICY & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RELATED TO MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
DISEASES, AILMENTS AND DISABILITIES CAUSED BY POLLUTANTS
IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF JHARKHAND
THE PRIMARY VILLAGE LEVEL DATA – SALIENT FEATURES & ANALYSIS
MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN
GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC AND WORKER’S HEALTH AND SAFETY
Annexure 8
Annexure 9
Annexure 10
Annexure 11
Annexure 12
Annexure 13
Annexure 14
Annexure 15
Annexure 16
Annexure 17
Annexure 18
Annexure 19
Annexure 19A
Annexure 20
Annexure 21
Annexure 22
Annexure 23
Annexure 24
Annexure 25
Annexure 26
Annexure 27
Annexure 28
Annexure 29
Annexure 30
Annexure 31
Annexure 32
Annexure 33
Annexure 34
Annexure 35
Annexure 36
PAGE NO
107-311
107-112
113-128
129-132
133-134
135-137
138-139
140-141
142-143
144-145
146-147
148-149
150-153
154-158
159-161
162-165
166-169
170-175
176-184
185-186
187-192
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200-201
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208-209
210-219
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227-235
236-237
238-239
240-260
261-265
266-272
273-312
313-316
317-319
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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ABBREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AE
EE
ARWSP
BCM
CGWB
CRSP
DDWS
DPR
DPSU
DRP
DSR
DSU
DWSC
DWSM
DWSD
EA
ECOPs
EDS
EE
EIA
EMF
FC
GP
GPWSC
ICR
IEC
IHHL
ISL
JE
MCM
MNP
MoEF
MVS
NGO
O&M
OHT
PC
PCs
PSU
RO
RSM
RWSS
SA
SLC
SLWM
SMP
SOs
Assistant Engineer
Executive Engineer
Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
Billion Cubic Meter
Central Ground Water Board
Central Rural Sanitation Programme
Department of Water Supply & Sanitation (Jharkhand)
Detailed Project Report
District Project Support Unit
District Resource Person
Detailed Scheme Report
District Support Unit
District Water and Sanitation Committee
District Water and Sanitation Mission
Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation
Environmental Analysis
Environmental Codes of Practices
Environmental Data Sheet
Executive Engineer
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Management Framework
Fully Covered
Gram Panchayat
Gram Panchayat Water & Sanitation Committee
Implementation Completion Report
Information, Education and Communication
Individual Household Latrines
Individual Sanitary Latrines
Junior Engineer
Million Cubic Metre
Minimum Need Programme
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Multi Village Scheme
Non-Governmental Organization
Operation and Maintenance
Over Head Tank
Partially Covered
Production Centres
Project Support Unit
Reverse Osmosis
Rural Sanitary Mart
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Support Agency
Scheme Level Committee
Solid and Liquid Waste Management
Sub Mission Project
Support Organizations
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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SPCB
SRP
SSHE
SVS
SWSM
ToR
TPPF
TSC
UGD
UNICEF
VWSC
WB
ZP
State Pollution Control Board
Sector Reform Project
School Sanitation and Hygiene Education
Single Village Scheme
State Water Supply and Sanitation Mission
Terms of Reference
Twin Pit Pour Flush
Total Sanitation Campaign
Under Ground Drainage
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee
World Bank
Zila Parishad
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
The report is presented in four chapters:
Chapter-1: Introductory chapter presents salient features of the project, the methodology
followed, and criteria for selection of sample habitations for preliminary site visits, schedule and the
procedure followed for public consultations.
•
•
Chapter-2: This chapter provides status of rural water supply and sanitation in Jharkhand and
includes information on the rural water policy and relevant legal and regulatory framework of the
proposed project. The contents briefly discuss the present rural water and sanitation institutions in
the state, their roles and responsibilities with special focus on rural water supply and sanitation. The
profile of the proposed project and the rules for participation of the beneficiary community in the
project are also briefly discussed.
• Chapter-3: This chapter presents the baseline data on relevant environmental components in the
State and and identifies the issues of environmental concern after critical review and analysis of the
data.
• Chapter-4: Fourth chapter outlines the environmental management framework and analyses the
potential environmental risks associated with the proposed project activities during the design,
preparation, construction and operation phases as well as the mitigation measures for removing/
reducing the adverse impacts and enhancing the beneficial impacts of the project. The institutional
and capacity building arrangements, monitoring and supervision arrangements and the financial
arrangements for the implementation of the EMF are also presented in this chapter. Appropriate
environmental performance indicators have been proposed for proper integration with other
indicators as tools to facilitate periodic assessment of the project performance.
Chapter-5: Presents the Environmental Management Framework which provides a systematic
approach for identifying the various possible environmental impacts at the different stages of the
scheme, identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental
impacts and devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming environmental management in
project implementation processes. The institutional and capacity building arrangements, monitoring
and supervision arrangements and the financial arrangements for the implementation of the EMF
are also presented in this chapter. Appropriate environmental performance indicators have been
proposed for proper integration with other indicators as tools to facilitate periodic assessment of the
project performance.
•
Annexures: This report has 36 Annexures including detailed tools for screening and
environmental assessment, detailed guidelines and codes of practice for improvement in
environmental management and related areas.
•
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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`
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
`
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
The Government of India has introduced the National Rural Drinking Water Supply Program in order to address
water supply and sanitation problems in rural areas. The present project will use this NRDWSP to address the
water and sanitation needs of the 4 Low Income States; Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand & Uttar Pradesh. The
Jharkhand component of this project will be implemented in 6 selected districts of the state. This task is to be
carried out through the State Drinking Water and Sanitation Mission under the Department of Drinking Water
and Sanitation. This RWSS Project for Low Income States will promote decentralized service delivery
arrangements with increased Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) and community participation, improved financial
sustainability and enhanced accountability at all levels.
EA-EMF STUDY
This proposed project falls under environmental category 'B' as per the World Bank’s OP 4.01. At this stage,
the exact size and scope of various sub-projets to be taken up under the Project is not decided. Hence an
Environmental Assessment is conducted and an Environment Managmnet Framework is prepared. This EAEMF study, comprised i). Baseline Environment Assessment, ii). Policy and Legal Environment Analysis, iii).
Institutional Assessment, iv). Environmental Issues and Impacts Identification, v). Proposing Mitigation
Measures vi) Environmental Management Framework and vii). Institutional and Monitoring Arrangement and
viii). Capacity Building. The Baseline Environment Assessment assesses the current status of rural water supply,
availability of both groundwater and surface water sources and their quality and environmental sanitation
status in the state along with status of other monitorable environmental parameters in the project area. The
Policy and Legal Analysis identifies various policies and legal procedures to be followed by the proposed
Project. The Institutional Assessment lists the various institutions involved in provision of rural water and
sanitation services, their functions and lists their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Environmental Issues and Impacts Identification lists all the issues related to environment identified through
analysis of primary and secondary information, field visits and consultations and the possible environmental
impacts due to the proposed Project. Proposing Mitigation Measures recommends some generic
environmental impact mitigation measures to manage the negative impacts and advocates some
enhancement measures. Environmental Management Framework sets the procedures for sub-project impact
assessment, screening, categorization, management and monitoring. Institutional and Monitoring
Arrangements details the human resource requirements, functions and responsibilities for implementation
along with identifying a set of monitorable indicators and their monitoring protocol. Capacity Building lists the
actions required to build institutional capacity and training requirements of the involved personnel.
This study was conducted using both participatory and consultative approaches. The methodology basically
comprised collection and collation of secondary data and primary data. A review and analysis of this
information led to the delineation of the baseline status of relevant environmental components pertaining to
the State and provided the basis for assessment of the potential environmental impacts due to the proposed
project and preparation of Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for mitigating negative impacts and
enhancing positive impacts.
POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
This project is guided by policies and regulations enunciated by the Government of India and Government of
Jharkhand. These include:



73rd Constitutional Amendment
The National Water Policy of 2012
National Water Mission
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














Jharkhand State Water Policy
National Rural Sanitation & Hygiene strategy 2012-2022.
Guidelines for ground water use.
The Environment (Protection) Act, No.29 of 1986
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central Act 6 of 1974) as amended in1988
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act No 36 of 1977
The Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act 1981
The Wetlands Conservation and Management rules 2010
EIA Mechanism and Wildlife Clearances
Wildlife protection Act, 1972
Indian Forest Act 1927
The Biological Biodiversity Act 2002
Forest (Conservation) Act No. 69 of 1980 as amended in l988
The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as Amended in 1991
EIA Notification of 2006
In addition to the above, the following World Bank Safeguards policies are applicable.
Safeguard Policy
Applicability to this project
OP/BP
Environmental
Assessment
4.01
OP/BP
4.04
Habitats
Natural
Applicable to this project.
Hence an EMF is prepared including a detailed description of assessment
procedures for each of the activities proposed under the project.
OP/BP 4.36 Forestry
Not applicable. As the schemes to be taken up under the project would not
convert or degrade natural habitats.
Applicable to the project.
Some of the sub-projects under the Project could be located in forest areas.
Assessment procedures and mitigation measures are included in the EMP. These
include procedures for obtaining approvals from Forest Department and
guidelines for compensatory afforestation.
OP
4.09
Management
Pest
Not Applicable. Vector control measures, if undertaken in the project will be in
accordance with the OP 4.09 avoiding use of insecticides in classes 1a, 1b and 2.
OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary
Resettlement
Not Applicable. The project will ensure that people are not displaced.
OP/BP 4.20 Indigenous
Peoples
Applicable to the project. To be decided based on the Social Assessment Study.
OP/BP
4.11
Physical
Cultural Resources
Not Applicable to the project. No existing cultural property will be damaged.
OP/BP
Dams
Not applicable. Since the project does not involve construction of dams.
4.37
Safety
of
OP/BP 7.50 Projects on
International Waterways
Not Applicable to the project. There are no cross boundary rivers in the state.
OP/BP 7.60 Projects in
Disputed Areas
Not applicable. As no project components will be proposed in disputed areas.
BASELINE DATA ANALYSIS
The annual replenishable ground water resources in Jharkhand are estimated to be 5.58 BCM out of which
about 20% is being utilized. Major rivers/ streams of Jharkhand include Brahmani, Subarnarekha, Damodar,
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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Amanat, Anuranga, Barakar Ajoy and Mayurakshi. There are no zones classified as o ver e xploited, critical or
semi-critical in Jharkhand. Extraction of groundwater is an issue due to the rocky terrain. Frequent drying of
sources is also an issue reported.
Water quality of shallow hand pumps is considered poor by the villagers. Groundwater in Jharkhand is affected
in many districts with excess Fluoride, Iron, Nitrate and Arsenic. Bacterial contamination is found in surface
water in many places in Jharkhand, in addition to increase in turbidity levels due to mining activities. There is
reported radioactive contamination of water in East Singhbhum district. The presence of fissured rocks below
top soil allows percolation of waste water into the ground. About 80% of rural areas in Jharkhand suffer water
quality problems.
The types of drinking water sources and the type of schemes existing in the rural areas of Jharkhand Open
wells (Dug wells), Hand pumps, Tube wells, Surface sources (rivers, infiltration structures, dams etc) and
Wetlands (ponds, lakes). The types of schemes are Single village schemes, Multi-village schemes, Piped water
supply schemes and Mini water supply schemes. It may be observed that a majority (more than 75%) of the
rural population of Jharkhand is dependent on hand pumps.
The total requirement of water for the proposed schemes is approximately 66 MCM per annum which is
roughly 2.8 % of annual replenishable groundwater and 1.5% of the available surface water resources available
in Jharkhand.
The status of sanitation in Jharkhand is very dismal, with only about 8% households having access to sanitation
in the rural areas and the balance defecating in the open. Solid and Liquid Waste Management does not exist
in most parts of rural Jharkhand. While the solid waste management is absent, the liquid waste management is
limited to building of a few meters of isolated non-functional drains.
Jharkhand has 22,894 SqKm of forest which is 29% of the total geographic areas of the state, which is amongst
the highest in India. There are 11 wildlife sanctuaries and reserves in Jharkhand. Wetlands constitute an area
of 170,000 ha. in the state. Forest lands are being increasingly designated as mines in Jharkhand thus reducing
forest cover.
Jharkhand is famous for its rich mineral resources like Uranium, Mica, Bauxite, Granite, Gold, Silver, Graphite,
Magnetite, Dolomite, Fireclay, Quartz, Fieldspar, Coal (32% of India), Iron, Copper (25%of India) etc. The
mining of these resources affects the groundwater availability and quality in addition to affecting streams and
water bodies due to ore-waste, coal washeries and detritus.
IMPACTS AND ISSUES
The proposed project is likely to result in positive environmental impacts, owing to benefits such as improved
access to safe water, enhanced availability of water, better sanitation, etc., due to investments in water supply
systems, groundwater management, water harvesting, capacity building. etc. Some of the significant
environmental issues are: (i) Water Availability, (ii) Water quality, (iii) Lack of Environmental sanitation, (iv)
Near absence of Solid and liquid waste management and (v) Possibility of sub-projects in forest areas. However
there are risks of potential adverse impacts due to improper location, planning, execution and management of
schemes are listed below:
a)
There are no known over-exploited blocks in the state. However, there is a possibility of local source
being rendered due to over exploitation.
b) Locational impacts, if sub-projects are located near natural heritage site, protected forests, cultural
heritage sites and archaeological monuments.
c) Inappropriately and poorly designed water treatment plants could cause contamination of water
sources and water supplies resulting in negative health impacts.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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d) Occupational, health and public safety risks during construction and during operation and
maintenance.
e) Safety and health issues due to storage of chemicals such as chlorine.
f) Long term public health risks from use of materials such as Asbestos Cement pipes.
g) Ill maintained water supply systems could result in water wastage and contamination.
h) The impacts of mining activities are on forests, soil erosion, land subsidence, loss of biodiversity and
the impacts on water quantity and quality.
The specific issues related to water and sanitation are enumerated below:
Water
The sources of water available in the rural areas of Jharkhand, as already listed earlier are open or dug wells, hand
pumps, tube wells, rivers, lakes ponds or dams.
1. According to the results of tests of the water samples under the RGNDWM 7 out of 12 districts
selected are afflicted with quality problems.
2. According to the reports of the CGWB there are quality problems of one or more kinds in almost all
districts. Therefore there is discrepancy between the results of the two agencies.
3. The laboratories that were established at district levels are reported to be mostly non-functional and
all tests are either done at the few functional laboratories or are not done at all.
4. Most of the rural population is covered by hand pumps. There are few piped water supply schemes.
5. The hand pumps installed in areas where fluoride levels are high are not provided any facility to treat
excess fluoride.
6. In spite of the fact the forest cover in Jharkhand, even after continued denudation for decades, is still
the maximum amongst the states of India and there is plenty of rainfall in Jharkhand ground water
exploitation is very little. This is said to be because the geological formation at most places is rocky,
water percolates into the ground through fissures and cracks and stored in voids, small in size, that
hold limited quantities of water and yield small discharges. Bores are successful if these voids are hit.
Otherwise they fail.
7. The quality of ground water is affected by the natural geological formations and have minerals of
various kinds present in them. The quality of ground water is also aggravated by the leachates from
mines.
8. One remarkable fact about the quality of ground water, as it appears from the test results of the
RGNDWM, is that water obtained from hundreds of deep tube wells (in local terminology a tube well
deeper than 50 m is called a deep tube well) the MPN count is very high. It is necessary to carry out a
detailed and thorough investigation into the causes of the MPN being so high and in such a large no of
tube wells.
9. The test reports on record, of deep tube wells, also reveal abnormally high turbidity contents. It also
needs detailed investigation because if turbidity is contributed by partially soluble minerals within the
strata, that form colloidal solutions in water, such as those of iron, the turbidity will have to be
treated and iron, if it is in excess of permissible limits, will have to be brought within acceptable limits.
10. Because of uncertainty of success and short life of, and unsatisfactory quality of water in, tube wells
there is reason for surface water to be preferred. The durability of source is certainly an advantage in
case of river waters provided rivers are perennial. But there are hardly any perennial rivers in
Jharkhand. The quality of river water is, however, much worse than the quality of tube well water.
Provided that there is no chemical pollution, water from tube well requires only disinfection while
river water requires complete treatment including sedimentation and filtration. The limited
availability of power in rural areas is an equal demerit in both cases. The capital cost as well as the
maintenance cost is likely to be higher for the river water than for the tube well water.
11. There are several dams and natural lakes in Jharkhand that can be used for supplying drinking water
after treatment to sizeable chunks of rural population nearby. There also smaller wetlands that can be
used, perhaps for single village schemes.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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12. It was observed that the perception people had of the quality of water was limited to the water being
physically clean, without colour or turbidity. The devices used for storage of water were often
unclean, particularly in places of public utility.
Sanitation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
More than 90% households in rural areas defecate in the open. It is not only because people do not
have sanitary latrines or cannot afford sanitary latrines but because it has become a matter of liking
or a habit or kind of tradition for men to go out and far away from home for defecation, particularly if
there is a river nearby. This is learnt from interaction, mostly with women folk available at homes
during day time, on visit to an adivasi village in district Khunti.
Most people, men and women, adivasis and Muslims included, want sanitary latrines within their
property, at least for female members of their family. Some people are willing as well as able to pay
Rs 1000 to1500 for the latrines. Others are only willing and do not seem to be able to pay.
As data suggest where latrines have been constructed arrangement for proper disposal of effluent is
not available at most places. The disposal is either in a nearby drain or in a pond or out in the open.
Septic tanks are generally not constructed in rural areas. People do not seem to be familiar with
septic tanks. Soak pits are thus means of disposing effluent from latrines toilets. As geological
formation underlying the surface of earth in most part of Jharkhand is rock with fissures and cracks
that may often be continuous over long distances to establish connection between the crust and the
ground water table, it can only be conjectured for the time being, that these latrines along with the
ones that do not even have soak pits, could be a factor causing bacterial pollution of ground water.
It was observed that sanitation programs launched earlier, with assistance of the central government,
like the ILCS (Integrated Low Cost Sanitation) did not take off well in spite of the fact that nearly half
the cost of unit was available to beneficiaries as subsidy. It was not only in Jharkhand but in many
other states also that the assistance of the government was poorly utilized. Analysis of performance
of the program suggested following major factors being responsible:
 Cumbersome accounting of the subsidy component
 Requirement of cumbersome documentation in case of loan component for which there
was provision
 Lack of hassle-free and efficient delivery system
 A large part of the unit was to be constructed in situ and people were not very confident
about the quality
 Lack of awareness about sanitation
There are no standard, officially accepted, authenticated designs for latrines for different soils and
geological and hydrological conditions (or geo-climatic conditions) available for people and
implementers of the program to be assured of the credibility of the product quality.
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
The findings of the EA study indicate that while the proposed project interventions are expected to result in
overall environmental and public health improvements in the state, potential adverse impacts could occur if
the schemes are not properly designed, sited, implemented, and maintained. To ensure that the identified
environmental issues are addressed in the various stages of the implementation of the sub-projects an EMF
has been developed for this project. In order to mainstream environmental management and to ensure that
the EMF is systematically implemented for all the project sponsored schemes, the EMF needs to be integrated
in the scheme cycle. This EMF proposes the following actions:





Filling the EDS
Screening of Sub-Projects
Classification of sub-projects
Conducting an EA and preparation of specific EMP in case of sub-projects with significant impacts
Implementation of the EMP given in the EMF for all sub-projects
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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

Monitoring of identified Environmental Indicators
Reporting
At the Detailed Project Report (DPR) preparation stage, the available environmental information in the EDS will
be evaluated and based on the level of expected environmental and public health impacts, the proposed
scheme would be classified as Category 1 and Category 2, based on the potential impacts, whether limited or
significant. The environmental classification of schemes by using the screening tool is done by the ES of the
DPMU and submitted to Project Manager DPMU and then to EE of the concerned division of DDWS, who will
also ensure that the scheme is evaluated in terms of applicability of the various policies, laws and guidelines
and necessary procedures followed to ensure compliance and obtain necessary clearances and permissions
should also be obtained. The screening of schemes will identify scheme specific issues and based on OP 4.01
on Environmental Assessment, relevant Bank policies will be triggered to develop a mitigation plan which will
be an Environmental Management Plan for a particular scheme. Appropriate institutional and implementation
arrangements associated with capacity building and capacity support also require focused attention.
As part of the generic Environment Management Plan this EMF has provided several Environmental Codes of
Practice (ECoPs) with technical specification required for effective implementation. These ECoPs respond to
the environmental priorities analyzed as part of the EA.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ECoPs for Identification of Sources of Water Supply
ECoPs on Protecting Surface Water Supply Source and Ensuring Sustainability
ECoPs on Protecting Ground Water Supply Sources and in Ensuring Sustainability
ECoPs on Water Quality Monitoring
ECoPs on selection of Safe Sanitation Technology Options (Including Drainage) at Individual
Household and Community Level
6. ECoPs on Selection of Location for Community Toilets
7. ECoPs on Safe Sullage Disposal and Organic Waste Management
8. ECoPs on Safe Solid Waste Management at Individual Household and Community Level
INSTIUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
At the State level the Empowered Committee prepares the environment policy and sets the guidelines for the
EMF implementation, monitoring and evaluation. This committee also liaises with other departments with
regard to environmental issues.
The Project Director, SWSM will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the EMF across the state.
One State Level Environmental Expert in the state SPMU will ensure that environmental management activities
are in conformity with the EMF and that necessary guidance and budget is provided to implement these plans.
A capacity building program has been outlined as part of the EMF, aiming at building environmental awareness
and environmental management capacity in the project implementation structure at all levels including
communities. Capacity building for environmental management will be integrated with overall capacity
building component of the project. For the achievement of the EMF related capacity building a budget of Rs. 4
crore has been proposed.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
1.
INTRODUCTION
The State of Jharkhand, carved out from the State of Bihar in the year 2000, is spread over an area of about
79,700 square kilometre (skm) with population of about 27 million in 2001 (Census of India, 2001). More
recent estimates (2007) have reported population of about 30 million in the State. According to the Census of
India, 2001, urbanization levels are low as only about 22 percent of the State population resides in its urban
centres. Administratively, the State is organized into 24 districts, 33 sub-divisions, 211 community
development (CD) blocks and over 32,500 villages. Two notable features of Jharkhand are its high proportion
of Scheduled Tribe population (about 28 percent in Jharkhand in comparison to 8 percent in India) and the
high percentage of area under forest cover (about 29 percent in Jharkhand in comparison to 23 percent in
India).
Poverty levels in Jharkhand are among the highest in the country. As per the official records, in 2004-05
about 40 percent of the population was classified below the poverty line (BPL) in comparison to 28 percent in
India. According to the Planning Commission Report, 2007, in rural areas poverty ratio is about 46 percent
BPL in comparison to 28 percent in India, which is significantly higher than urban poverty (about 20 percent
of the urban population BPL in comparison to 26 percent in India). (These figures are based on the Uniform
Recall Period (URP) consumption, whereas those based on Mixed Recall Period (MRP) expenditure are lower
overall both at the State and India. The data set substantiates the relatively higher levels of poverty in
Jharkhand.
1.1 BACKGROUND
A Brief Overview of the RWSS Sector in Jharkhand
It is estimated that about 99,000 out of 120,000 (approximately 82 percent) of rural habitations in Jharkhand
are Fully Covered (FC), indicating the proportion of FC habitations in the State is significantly higher than the
all India level of about 57 percent. The number of Partly Covered (PC) and Not Covered (NC) habitations in
Jharkhand is estimated at about 5,500 and 15,300 respectively (about 5 percent and 13 percent of the total
number of rural habitations in the State). The figure is a significant contrast with the corresponding all India
figures of 27 percent and 16 percent respectively. Notably, as per other estimates, even with only about 51
percent of the data for the State, which is available online, the estimated number of slipped back habitations
between 1999-2005 in Jharkhand is about 10,000 (with about 7,700 rural habitations having slipped to the
PC and about 2,300 habitations having slipped to the NC category). In a further indication of the challenges
in ensuring sustainability and O&M, it is reported that about a quarter of the handpumps being nonfunctional at any point of time. The problem is compounded due to late reportage (concerned DW&SD Junior
Engineers are often intimated of complaints three-four weeks later) and shortage of field staff (XLRI, 2005).
The Census of India, 2001, indicates that in terms of household level arrangements, the majority of rural
households depend on wells (about 58 percent) and handpumps (about 30 percent). Further, only about 10
percent of the rural households report water supply.
Sanitation remains another significant challenge with the proportion of rural households. The Census of India,
2001 indicates that latrines being as low as 7% (in comparison to 22% in India). The Jharkhand Rural Water
Supply & Sanitation sector assessment has pointed to issues relating to drainage and waste disposal (XLRI,
2005). The vision of the Jharkhand Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Sector is to ensure safe, adequate and
sustainable drinking water and sanitation services cost effectively to all households, establishments and
institutions in Jharkhand with a view to ensure a healthy and dignified life to all citizens of the state through
community population at all levels.
1.2 JHARKHAND STATE WATER AND SANITATION MISSION
The Government of India resolved to address the problems of sustainable water supply and sanitation in rural
areas by focusing a strategic programme on the 4 worst affected states of the country - Assam, Bihar,
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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Jharkhand & Uttar Pradesh. The Jharkhand component of the project shall be implemented in selected districts
of the state, namely Garhwa, Palamu, Giridih, Dumka, Godda, Sahibganj, Pakur, Jamtara, Dhanbad, Saraikela,
East Singhbhum (Jamshedpur) and Khunti. This task is to be carried out in the aforesaid selected districts
through the State Drinking Water Mission under the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
1.2.1
MAIN OBJECTS
The main objectives of this project are:









To assess the existing status of environment in the state.
To identify environmental concern threats and issues related to the RWSS sector.
To identify the environmental issues associated with all phases of implementation.
Develop environmental codes of practices needed at various stages such as planning, construction
and operation and maintenance.
To identify generic environmental issues beyond the scope of RWSS and suggest remedial measures.
To identify household and environmental sanitation issues.
To make an assessment of pollution level with regard to water supply and its usages & propose
appropriate sanitation technology options.
To prepare an Environment Management Framework including well-defined performance indicators.
To identify good practices in conservation of water and recycling of waste material.
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of the study includes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Conduct an analysis of the environmental status and issues in the program area for the state.
Identify the potential environmental impacts of range of activities to be undertaken through the state
projects and review the effectiveness of environmental management through the program systems.
Assess the country and state policy, present legal and regulatory requirements relevant to the WSS
program, the performance of the program and identification of provisions to ensure compliance.
Review of the existing capacity and institutional arrangements for environmental management in the
program in the programe area of the state.
Develop an Environmental Management Framework for the state.
1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
The proposed project falls under environmental category 'B' as per the World Bank’s OP 4.01 (Annexure-26).
Accordingly, an Environmental Analysis (EA) of the project has been commissioned by the Department of
Drinking Water & Sanitation (DDWS) of the Govt of Jharkhand. This EA intends to provide insight into the
environmental challenges facing the project, including source sustainability, water quality management,
drainage, waste disposal and household sanitation issues. The project is under formulation. Presently,
whereas the project activities and number of districts/villages have been tentatively determined, the specific
sub-projects to be taken up in the project villages have yet to be identified. It is, therefore, decided to
undertake EA and prepare Environmental Management Framework (EMF). The EMF shall provide detailed
guidance for conducting screening and environmental assessment for sub-projects to be undertaken up
under the DDWS. As such, the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the study have been formulated as in Annexure27.
The purpose of the EA is to identify upfront the potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of
influence of the DDWS; examine project alternatives; identify methods of improving project selection, siting,
planning, design and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse
environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts during project implementation. EA in the districts
has taken into consideration the natural environment (air, water and land), human health and safety;
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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country's overall policy framework, national legislation, institutional capabilities related to the environment
and obligations of the country under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements.
1.5 THE STUDY AREA:
The consultants have covered the entire State of Jharkhand for secondary data analysis. However, primary
(Village Level) data collection is focused on the following 12 selected districts of the proposed project:
1.
2.
3.
4.
GARHWA
GIRIDIH
GODDA
SAHIBGANJ
5.
6.
7.
8.
PAKUR
DHANBAD
PURBI SIGHBHUM
PALAMU
9.
10.
11.
12.
DUMKA
JAMTARA
KHUNTI
SARAIKELA
The project areas and investigation sites to be included under EA have been finalized in consultation with the
PMU Jharkhand. The list of Divisions & indicative schemes to be covered as a part of EA study are enclosed as
ANNEXURE-29.
1.6 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
1.6.1
Approach
As suggested in the Terms of Reference and in the World Bank’s OP 4.01, the approach to this assignment is
both participatory and consultative. The approach makes use of combination of both field study and desk
study. In order to be specific the study made use of quantitative methods of research and these methods were
duly supported by qualitative methods of research. Further the assignment used Triangulation and Feedback
as tools for verification and validation of the findings of the study.
1.6.2
Methodology
The methodology followed in conducting the Environmental Assessment Study is depicted in the figure and
brief description below:
1.6.2.1 Data Collection and Review
The methodology basically comprised collection and collation of secondary data on water resources
availability, their utilization, problems of water availability and quality as relevant in the context of the
proposed Project, demographic, socioeconomic and health aspects, water supply and sanitation coverage and
service levels and problems in O&M of existing water supply systems. The study also included an analysis of
policy, legal and institutional framework related to water and sanitation with specific focus onJharkhand. A
review and analysis of this information led to the delineation of the baseline status of relevant environmental
components pertaining to the State and provided the basis for assessment of the potential environmental
impacts due to the proposed project and preparation of Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for
mitigating negative impacts and enhancing positive impacts.
The present study has primarily relied upon the available secondary sources of data relevant to the proposed
project. The main sources of such information comprised the DDWS, the Jharkhand State Ground Water Board,
Central Ground Water Board and the Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board. The DDWS, as the nodal agency
for the provision of rural water supply and Sanitation in the state, has generated over the years, data
pertaining to water services to rural areas. Such data includes water supply coverage in the State, sources of
water supply, water quality of rural schemes, etc.
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Figure: Methodology Flow Chart
1.6.2.2 Sample Habitations for Field Study
2 sample villages were selected from 12 districts of Jharkhand to assess the existing status of water supply,
sanitation, public health and personal and environmental hygiene. The selection of villages for village level and
household survey was done in consultation with SWSM based on the guidelines given in the Terms of
Reference. The villages were selected in such a way that each selected village matches at least one parameter
of the environmental issues so as to represent in the best possible manner the typical conditions in the state.
The parameters governing the selection of villages are given below:


Presence/ Absence of functional water supply scheme
Canal/ River water source/ Ground water source
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








Adequate/ Inadequate canal water supply (dry season)
Adequate/ Inadequate/ Declining yield of ground water
Adequate/ Inadequate water works infrastructure
Potable water available (deep aquifer greater than 60 m)
Shallow Ground water not potable due to quality problems
Deep ground water non potable due to Arsenic/ Fluoride/ Iron/ Nitrate/ MPN (E-coli)
High incidence of disease related to water supply and sanitation
Inadequate O & M of water supply by Gram Panchayat (GP)
Other considerations such as mining and radiation from Uranium mining
The list of sample habitations for field study is furnished in Annexure.
1.6.2.3 Site Visits
Site visits were taken up for field assessment using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), household surveys and
for conducting Focus Group Dsicussions (FGDs). During the field visits the local DDWS personnel were
contacted regarding water and sanitation status in the sampled villages and the area in general. The Gram
Panchayat Sarpanch and other key members of the village were consulted to list the issues related water and
supply and in particular environmental issues related to water and sanitation. The site visits were conducted
using participatorty approaches like trasact walks, field observations, mapping, FGDs, etc.
1.6.3
Methods of data collection:
Methods of data collection for three different levels of assessments are given below:
Table-1
S. No.
Method of data collection
1
Village Level Assessment
Using Transect Technique.
24 Villages
Collection of information from Gram Pradhan, other
members of Gram Panchayat, and other informed citizens
of the village with the help of format
2
Community level assessment
(30 Assesments)
Household survey
20 Household per village
(480 Households)
Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques, Focus
Group Discussions
Direct interview of sample of beneficiaries with the help
of a pre-tested interview schedule to cover water supply,
sanitation and waste management.
3
1.6.4
Assessment particulars
Tools of data collection:
Tools of data collection for three different levels of assessments are given below:
Table-2
S. No.
Assessment particulars
1
Household survey
2
3
Village level assessment
Community level assessment
Tools of data collection
A pre-tested structured interview schedule in 20
Household of every village.
Using a transect format
Focus Groups and Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and
techniques and Focus Group Discussions.
The list of sample habitations for field study is furnished in Annexure-30
A format for Pre-Feasibility for Village Transect Walk (from source to stand) is placed as Annexure-1
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1.6.5
Consultations
1.6.5.1 Focus Group Discussion
In keeping with the World Bank's OP 4.01, FGDS were organized, basically to serve as means of consultation,
communication, disclosure and feedback, as part of the environmental screening, in the 24 sample habitations.
The objective of these FGDs was to identify environmental issues, as related to the proposed Project activities,
that need to be addressed. The Focus Groups consisted mainly of local villagers, PRI representatives, line
department staff, CBOs and NGOs.
During these FGDs, the participation of the target population, elected representatives of the GP, local NGOs,
economically/ socially weaker sections, informed/ knowledgeable public and opinion leaders, etc. was
mobilized. The participants to these FGDs were briefed on the proposed Project, its objectives, scope and the
rules for participation in the project, the environmental issues and possible proposed mitigation and
management measures. The participants' opinions were solicited on the following main issues:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Quantity of current water supply
Quality of current water supply
Household sanitation facilities
Sullage disposal
Prevailing diseases
Their expectations from the proposed project
Local traditional practices and indigenous knowledge related issues
Other environmental issues
A summary of the village level FGDs is furnished in Annexure.
1.6.5.2 Public Consultation / Disclosure Workshops
The public consultation process was undertaken following the drafting of Environmental Management
Framework in consultation with DDWS. Similar district level consultations will be under taken in a couple of
districts. One state level public consultation\ disclosure workshops will be organized to invite suggestions/
inputs of the stakeholders to finalize the EMF document. The executive summary of EMF in Hindi language will
be circulated to PRI representatives, SHGs, line department staff, NGOs, etc., one week in advance of the
consultation workshop. The final state level public consultation workshops will be held at Ranchi at a date
suitable to all participating stakeholders. During these workshops inputs from stakeholders will be collected
and incorporated following the consultation process and the EMF will be suitably revised. A report of these
public consultation/ disclosure workshops will be annexed to the Final Report.
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CHAPTER-2
RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION IN JHARKHAND:
POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK & PROGRAM
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
2. RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION IN JHARKHAND: POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK &
PROGRAM
2.1 RWSS IN NATIONAL CONTEXT
Table-3 Progress of RWSS Programme, Government of India1
Development Stage
The first government-installed
rural water supply schemes
Government of India’s effective
role
The First generation programme
Year
1952
The second generation programme
1986-87,
1991-92
The third generation programme
1999-2000,
2002
Fourth phase
2012-13
1972-73
1972-1986
Major Thrust
Basic drinking water supply facilities to the rural
population
Launch of Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
(ARWSP).
Provision of adequate drinking water supply to the rural
community through the Public Health Engineering
System.
Technology Mission renamed in 1991-92 as Rajiv
Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission Stress on
water quality, appropriate technology intervention,
human resource development support and other
related activities
Sector Reform Projects evolved to involve community in
planning, implementation and management of drinking
water related schemes, later scaled up as Swajaldhara
in 2002
Ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of
potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and
equity while also adopting decentralized approach
involving PRIs and community organizations.
Decentralization & conjunctive use of water etc.
Article 245(2) of the Constitution of India empowers the State to legislate on matters relating to water
(enumerated in the State List of the Seventh Schedule). State Governments are, therefore, responsible for
providing drinking water and sanitation facilities for the population. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional
Amendments have, however, empowered the State Governments to delegate and power and assign the
responsibility of water and sanitation to the Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs). The First Five Year Plan, introduced the 'National Water Supply and Sanitation Program’ in 1954 and
provided funds for development of Social Welfare Sector. The programme initially focused on construction of
open wells to provide drinking water in the water scarcity ares with the involvement of local population.
During the sixties, wells were constructed in comparatilvely easy locations, leaving out the difficult locations.
The availability of drinking water further deterioriated during recurring droughts due to falling level of
ground water and drying up of open wells. In the early seventies, the State Government realized the need
for developing deep bore wells, particularly in difficult habitations. Consequently, `bore wells programme’
was started by the State Government with assistance from UNICEF. This marked a shift in emphasis from
construction of open wells to bore wells.
With the introduction of the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) in 1972-73 by the
Government of India (GOI) with 100% grant-in-aid to the states, greater emphasis was placed on coverage of
difficult habitations in the state. The programme was withdrawn after 1973-74, following the introduction of
1 National Rural Drinking Water Programme: Framework for Implementation, Department of Drinking Water
Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India
http://rural.nic.in/sites/downloads/pura/National%20Rural%20Drinking%20Water%20Programme.pdf
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Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) under the Fifth Five Year Plan. However, the slow progress in the supply
of safe drinking water to the rural population under the MNP led to the reintroduction of ARWSP in 1977-78.
The approach to water supply and sanitation in the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh Plans broadly followed
the guiding principles of the New Delhi declaration, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in
December 1990. Thes guiding principles include:
(a) protection of the environment and safeguarding of health through integrated management of
water resources and liquid and solid waste;
(b) organisation of reforms, promoting an integrated approach including changes in procedures,
attitudes, and behaviour, and the full participation of women at all levels;
(c) community management of services, backed by measures to strengthen local institutions in
implementing and sustaining water and sanitation programmes; and
(d) sound financial practices, achieved by better management of existing assets and extensive use of
appropriate technologies.
The Eleventh Five Year Plan targeted to ‘provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there
are no slip-backs. The Plan also targets to complete 7.29 crore individual toilets for achieving universal
sanitation coverage in rural areas.
The twelth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) targets to cover 25% of the Rural population under the piped water
scheme against a present average of 7% and to check the depletion of ground water by constructing
RWH/purchasing structures and a substantial increase in the coverage of BPL houses, school and Anganbadi
Toilets. It also proposes to provide 100% coverage of piped water supply and sewage in urban areas and
bring down the extent of non reserve water to 15%.
2.2 SECTOR REFORMS PROJECT
Sector Reform Project (SRP) was the beginning of the reforms in the rural water supply and sanitation sector
initiated in 1999 covering 67 districts in 26 states. The program was a paradigm shift from the regular supply
based approach to demand based approach.
Benefits from the sector reforms project include:
 Improved public facilities for drainage
 Reduction in incidence of water borne diseases amongst children
 Reduction on time spent, predominantly by women, in collecting water
 Introduction of appropriate technology and designs for water supply systems
These in turn would increase the health and productivity standards in the rural areas of India.
2.3 SWAJALADHARA
Sector Reform Project (SRP) has been scaled up throughout the country in the form of centrally sponsored
Swajaladhara launched on 25th December 2002. This programme is a paradigm shift from supply driven to
demand driven, centralized to decentralized implementation and Government's role from service provider to
facilitator. A fundamental reform principle of Swajaladhara is the empowerment of villagers to ensure their full
participation in the project through a decision making role in the choice of the drinking water scheme,
planning, design, implementation, control of finances, management arrangements including full ownership of
drinking water assets. The community has to share partial capital cost either in cash or kind or both as well as
100% responsibility of operation and maintenance (O&M). An integrated service delivery mechanism is also
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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promoted which includes taking up conservation measures through rainwater harvesting and ground water
recharge systems for sustained drinking water supply.
Lessons learnt from “Swajaladhara” program are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The empowerment of the PRIs is a viable and sustainable option for scaling up the decentralized
service delivery model.
There is a need for consistent policy throughout the state, irrespective of the sources of financing.
The PRIs need to be well integrated into the institutional design of the project and organic links
between user committees and GPs are essential for institutional sustainability.
The partial financing of capital cost by the users as well as user management and financing of O&M is
a viable development concept.
The sustainability issue is best addressed by emphasis on beneficiary involvement and empowerment,
and capacity building of state/ local governments and communities, along with promotion of cost
recovery.
Guidelines for environmental safety as per Swajaldhara Projects




States would need to enact and implement law on effective ground water extraction control,
regulation and recharge.
State Government should integrate water conservation and rain water harvesting schemes with the
drinking water supply schemes.
Rural drinking water, sanitation, health, and hygiene programmes need to be integrated at the State,
District, Block and GP levels.
DWSM and the SWSM should arrange for periodic monitoring and review of the functioning of
completed water supply schemes by officers, experts, NGOs, Institutions etc. Suitable monitoring
mechanism and systems may be put in place in this regard by the State Government.
2.4 SUB – MISSION PROJECTS (SMP), RGNDWM AND NRDWP
Sub Mission projects are taken up particularly for providing safe drinking water to the rural habitations
facing water quality problems like fluorosis and brackishness and for ensuring source sustainability through
rain water harvesting and artificial recharge. The program is funded in the ratio of 75:25 by the GOI and the
State Governments respectively.
The first major push to rural water supply came with the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP)
in the 1970s, which gave full grant to the State Governments for implementing water supply schemes in
problem villages. By March 1981, the coverage of rural water supply was 30.8 per cent. Following the
International Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD-1981-91), the second major push came
with the launching of the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) that was later renamed as Rajiv Gandhi
National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM). The Mission issued comprehensive guidelines for ARWSP (1986),
helped formulate National Water Policies (1987 and 2002) and introduced the sector Reform Project (SRP) in
1999. The focus of the RGNDWM was to adopt a community based demand-driven approach instead of the
hitherto government forced supply driven approach. In doing so, the projects under RGNDWM are basically
oriented towards community participation with a part (minimum of 10%) of the capital cost required to be
borne by the community themselves. The balance amount is contributed by the Central Government.
(Evaluation Study on Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM), Programme Evaluation Organisation,
Planning Commission Report No-210, Nov 2010)
The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) functions under the Ministry of Drinking Water &
Sanitation (MDWS) of the Central Government and provides financial and technical support to supplement the
efforts of States to provide adequate potable drinking water to the rural population. Rural drinking water
supply is a State subject and has been included in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution among the
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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subjects that may be entrusted to Panchayats by the States. The Vision of the NRDWP is "Safe drinking water
for all, at all times, in rural India." The goals /objectives of the NRDWP are:










To ensure provision of safe and adequate drinking water supply to all uncovered, partially covered
and quality affected habitations in the rural areas of the country.
To ensure that all schools and anganwadis have access to safe drinking water.
To enable GPs/ VWSCs to plan, manage, operate and maintain local water sources and water supply.
to provide enabling support and environment for PRIs and local communities for this purpose.
Enable rural communities to monitor and keep surveillance on their drinking water sources, water
supply and initiate corrective action to have contaminants free water.
Ensure equity - high priority in coverage/ investment habitations with high SCs/ STs and minority
population.
Promote participatory integrated water resources management with a view to ensure drinking water
security - water availability, supply and consumption to be measured.
Provide access to information through online reporting system with information in public domain to
bring in transparency and informed decision making.
Ensure household level drinking water security through water budgeting and preparation of village
water security plans.
Consciously move away from high cost treatment technologies for tackling arsenic and fluoride
contamination to development of alternative sources in respect of arsenic and alternate
sources/dilution of aquifers through rainwater harvesting for tackling fluoride contamination.
Encourage handing over of management of rural drinking water schemes (RWS) to the Panchayati Raj
Institutions.
The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Rural Development in 2009, issued new
guidelines for rural water supply namely the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP). The
guidelines reflected a change in the philosophy and implementation strategy with respect to the earlier
programmes. The aim was to provide safe and adequate water for drinking, cooking and other domestic needs
on a sustainable basis to every rural person by 2012. Major emphasis has been on ensuring sustainability of
water availability in terms of potability, adequacy, convenience, affordability and equity while also adopting
decentralised approach involving Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and community organisations.
(DRINKING WATER FOR THE LAST PERSON, A programme of capacity building on rural drinking water supply August –
September 2011 Jharkhand, Centre for Science and Environment)
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2.5 TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN
A direct relationship exists between water,
sanitation and health that, consumption of
unsafe drinking water, improper disposal of
human excreta and lack of personal and food
hygiene have been the major causes of many
diseases in developing countries like India.
High infant mortality rates are also
attributable largely to poor sanitation. It was
in this context the Central Rural Sanitation
Programme (CRSP) was launched in 1986 with
the objective of improving the quality of life of
the rural people and to provide privacy and
dignity to women. The concept of sanitation
apart from disposal of human excreta includes
liquid and solid waste disposal, food hygiene,
and personal, domestic as well as
environmental hygiene. The CRSP was
restructured in 1999 to introduce the Total
Sanitation Campaign (TSC). TSC is a
comprehensive programme to ensure
sanitation facilities in rural areas with a
broader goal to eradicate the practice of open
defecation. It follows a principle of "low to no
subsidy" where a nominal subsidy in the form
of incentive is given to rural poor households
for construction of toilets.
Box-1
TSC which has now been renamed as “Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan” giving strong emphasis on
Information, Education and Communication
(IEC), Capacity Building and Hygiene Education
for
effective
behavior
change
with
involvement of PRIs, Support Organizations
(SOs), and NGOs, etc. The key intervention
areas are individual household latrines (IHHL),
School Sanitation and Hygiene Education
(SSHE), Community Sanitary Complex,
Anganwadi toilets, Rural Sanitary Marts
(RSMs) and Production Centres (PCs). The
main goal of the GOI is to eradicate the
practice of open defecation by 2017. To give
fillip to this endeavour, GOI has launched
Nirmal Gram Puraskar to recognize the efforts
in terms of cash awards for fully covered PRIs
and those individuals and institutions who
have contributed significantly in ensuring full
sanitation coverage in their area of operation. The
Panchayats as the unit.
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan

Provision of Individual Household Latrine (IHHL) of both
Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Identified Above Poverty Line
(APL) [identified APL HHs such as SCs/STs, Small & Marginal
farmers, landless labourers with homestead, Physically
handicapped and Women headed households] households
within a Gram Panchayat.

Incentive amount now stands at RS. 5100/- only w.e.f. April
2012(Central Share=3700 + State Share=1400).

School toilet unit cost will be Rs. Rs. 38500/- in the ratio of
70:30 central and State share respectively.

Anganwadi toilet unit cost will be Rs. 10000/- in the ratio of
70:30 Central and State share respectively.
Capacity Building component to be a part of IEC which is
up to 15% of the project outlay and 2% of that to be
earmarked for Capacity Building. Unlike past individual
specific approach implementation of NBA is proposed with
‘Gram Panchayat ‘as the base unit.
Project under NBA will be forwarded to the GoI as State Plan
unlike District specific projects in the past.
Administrative component will be up to 4% of the project
outlay.
NBA made a part of CSR for encouraging corporate houses to
participate in the sanitation campaign.
All the Gram Panchayats
habitations will have access
to water. Priority may be given to Gram Panchayats having
functional piped water supply (Conjoint approach to be
followed).







Extensive capacity building of the stake holders
like Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Village Water and
Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) and field functionaries for
sustainable sanitation.
Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) for
proposed and existing Nirmal Grams.
Up
150 HHs
151 to 300 HHs
12
301 to 500 HHs
15
More than 500 HHs
20
Appropriate convergence with MGNREGS with unskilled man- days
and skilled man-days.
project is being implemented in rural areas with Gram
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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2.6 REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
(For Details See Annexure. 31)
Rural water supply is a state subject under the Constitution of India. However, Jharkhand state is also guided
by policies and regulations enunciated by the State Government as well as the Government of India. These
include:
























2.6.1
73rd Constitutional Amendment
The National Water Policy of 2012
National Water Mission
Climate Change
Jharkhand State Water Policy
National Rural Sanitation & Hygiene strategy 2012-2022.
Guidelines for ground water use.
The Environment (Protection) Act, No.29 of 1986
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central Act 6 of 1974) as amended in1988
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act No 36 of 1977
The Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act 1981
The Wetlands Conservation and Management rules 2010
The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transportation rules) 2008
Bio Medical Waste Management and Handling Rules.
Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling rules, 2000
E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011
EIA Mechanism and Wildlife Clearances
Wildlife protection Act, 1972
Indian Forest Act 1927
The Biological Biodiversity Act 2002
Forest (Conservation) Act No. 69 of 1980 as amended in l988
The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as Amended in 1991
EIA Notification of 2006
World Bank Safeguards
The 73rd Amendment to the ‘Constitution of India’ and The Jharkhand Panchayat Raj Act
2001
The 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India in 1992 institutionalized the three-tier Panchayati Raj System
(the Gram Panchayat, the Panchayat Samiti and the Zila Panchayat). Article 243-B has provided for the
Constitution of Panchayat at the village, intermediate and district levels in all states of India with a population
of more than 20 lakh. The State Legislature under Article 243-C has been entrusted the responsibility of
making provisions for composition of such Panchayats by Law. The Amendment Act of 1992 contains
provisions for devolution of Powers and responsibilities to the Panchayats both for the preparation of
economic development plans and social justice as well as for the implementation in relation to 29 subjects
listed under Powers, Authorities and functions of the Panchayat in the eleventh schedule of the Constitution.
Drinking water (S. No. 11), Health and Sanitation (S. No. 23) and Maintenance of Community assets (S. No. 29)
are included in this schedule.
The Jharkhand Panchayati Raj Act, 2001, provides for constitution of Panchayati Raj institutions in the State of
Jharkhand except areas covered under the Patna Municipal Corporation Act, 1951, Bihar and Orissa Municipal
Act, 1922 and Cantonment Act, 1924. The Act specifies the Powers and Functions of the Panchayati Raj
Institutions, set up in three tiers as corporate entities, at the village, block and district levels, which include the
management of natural resources, keeping a watch over local schemes, making drinking water available for
domestic use and also sanitation and conservancy. In terms of delegation of functions, all the three tiers of
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PRIs appear to be adequately assigned the duties of managing and maintaining drinking water sources and
managing and maintaining rural water supply and sanitation schemes.
2.6.2
National Water Policy
The Draft National Water Policy 2012 has been adopted in December 2012 by the National Water Resources
Ministry. The policy recognizes that water is a scarce resource and supplies need to be conserved and
augmented. It also encourages scientific inter basin transfer of water and the necessity of ensuring supply of
potable drinking water to all citizens, preferably through locally available sources, discourages transporting
water from long distances, advocates for framework legislation and differential pricing policy regimes,
provides for community participation and establishes a role for Panchayats. It also suggests that least water
intensive sanitation systems with decentralized sewage treatment plants should be incentivized.
2.6.3
National Water Mission-Climate Change
The National Water Mission has been constituted under the Prime Ministers National Action Plan on Climate
Change, to ensure integrated water management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure a
more equitable distribution of water, both within and across the states. It seeks to develop a framework to
optimize water use by increasing water use efficiency by 20% through regulatory mechanisms with differential
entitlements and pricing. The Mission will also seek to ensure that a considerable share of the water needs of
urban areas is met through recycling of wastewater. It also makes a provision for policy interventions to
promote enhanced storage of water both above and below ground, rainwater harvesting etc.
The Mission aims at optimizing the efficiency of existing irrigation systems, including rehabilitation of system
that have been run down and also expand irrigation where feasible with a special effort to increase storage
capacity. Incentive structures will be designed to promote water–neutral or water–positive technologies,
recharging of underground water sources and adoption of large scale irrigation programs which rely on
sprinklers, drip irrigation and furrow irrigation.
2.6.4
Jharkhand State Water Policy 2011
The Jharkhand State Water Policy recognizes water as ”a scarce resource, the right of every citizen to
equitable access to water for the fulfillment of basic needs and the necessity for state policy, legislative and
program initiatives in protection and enforcement of such rights.
The policy seeks to adopt a new framework, restricting the fundamental relationships of the state and water
users, creating entitlements of water and incentives for water user organizations for greater involvement
participation in management, creating new institutional arrangement at the State Level and at the river
basin level to guide and regulate water resources planning and development, reviewing the existing
institutional arrangement in the water sector and appropriately restructuring and adjusting them,
promoting water efficient technologies and formulating appropriate legislation, rules and notifications to
achieve these strategy options.
In terms of water for domestic use, the policy promotes ensuring drinking water for all by providing adequate
domestic water facilities for the entire population both in urban and in rural areas to meet their needs. The
Government also intends to work out a time bound action plan to augment the live capacity of existing
reservoirs by de-siltation or use of other water efficient technologies and management options. The State,
through the Pollution Control Board shall draw up a plan for control of pollutant discharges.
It emerges that the policy plans for a very robust system of water resource management to achieve the
objection of quality, quantity and equitable distribution. It gives priority to domestic water supplies, puts in
place a system of tariffs and regulation and also seeks to promote community involvement and people’s
participation in planning and implementation of water sector projects including drinking water and sanitation.
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2.6.5
Guidelines For Ground Water Use
The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has notified 82 areas for regulation of ground water
development. The District Administrative Heads (DC or DM) in case of Administrative Block or Taluka, or the
Head of the Municipality (in case of Municipal Area) of the notified areas in the country have been appointed
as ‘Authorized officers’ by Central Ground Water Authority under Section 4 of the Environmental Protection
Act,1986(EPA). Regulation of Ground Water development in Notified areas is through district administrative
heads assisted by Advisory Committees under the provisions of Section 4 of the EPA, 1986. All issues pertaining
to granting of NOC's for ground water withdrawal, checking violations, sealing of groundwater abstraction
structures, launching of prosecution against offenders, attending to complaints, etc., are to be addressed by
the Authorized officers. The guidelines provide for abstraction of ground water in Notified and Non-Notified
areas for various users.
2.6.6
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Act provides that no person shall discharge any sewage or trade effluents beyond the standards as
prescribed by the Board into any stream, river, and well or on land. It also provides that no person shall
knowingly add any other substance which is likely to cause an impediment in the flow of any stream leading to
aggravation of Pollution (Section 24).It also establishes a mechanism of consent wherein a consent to establish
and operate (Section-25/26) has to be obtained from the Pollution Control Board for establishing or taking
steps to establish any industry, operation or process or any treatment and disposal system which is likely to
discharge sewage or trade effluents into a stream, river, well or land or to begin to make a new discharge of
sewage or alter the existing discharge. Wastewatershould be treated to prescribed standards before discharge
into water bodies. Sludge from water treatment plants and sewage treatment plants must be properly
processed and disposed.
2.6.7
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977
The Act provides that the State Pollution Control Boards and Committees shall levy and collect Cess from
persons carrying on any industry and from all local authorities for the purposes of and utilization by the
Pollution Control Boards constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974.The Cess
shall be assessed on the basis of water consumed by the person or local authority and would also include
supply of water. Local Bodies will have to furnish monthly cess returns to the Pollution Control Board and
ensure timely payments to avoid interest payment and other penal provisions.
2.6.8
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981
The Act provides for a Consent of the State Pollution Control Board for establishing or operating any industrial
plant in an air pollution control area and also prescribes that no person having any industrial plant in an air
pollution control area shall discharge emissions of any air pollutants in excess of the standards prescribed by
the State Pollution Control Boards. An Industrial plant under the Act is defined as any plant used for industrial
or trade purposes and emitting any air pollutants in the environment. Diesel Generating sets and other
building construction equipment utilized may be covered. Project proponents should ensure compliance.
2.6.9
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Act lays down a procedure for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution through
regulating the discharge or emission of any environmental pollutant in excess of standards as may be
prescribed. Contravention of provisions of the act is punishable by imprisonment up to seven years or fine up
to Rs 1 lakh. An additional fine up to Rs. 5,000 for every day of violation is also prescribed. Contravention of
provisions of the act is punishable by imprisonment up to seven years or fine up to Rs 1 lakh. Additional fine up
to Rs. 5,000 for every day of violation is also prescribed.
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2.6.10 The EIA Notification of 2006
All projects listed under Schedule-I of this notification of 14-9-2006 require environmental clearance from the
MoEF. River Valley projects, Common Effluent treatment plants, common hazardous waste management,
common municipal waste disposal facilities, Building and Construction projects and area development projects
as specified in the schedule to the notification, need an environmental clearance. This project may not require
Environmental Clearance. However, individual project components may have to be examined in this reference
and the EMF designed to ensure that environmental safety measures are integrated into the project.
2.6.11 The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules 2010
Reclamation of wetlands, setting up of new industries, handling hazardous chemicals and wastes, using
genetically engineered organisms, solid waste dumping, disposal of untreated effluents, constructions of
permanent nature within 50 meters or any other adversely impacting activity is prohibited within the wetland.
The rules also classify wetlands for conservation and list a series of activities that can be undertaken with the
prior approval of the State Government within the wetlands. In terms of water supply and sanitation this
would include withdrawal of water or the impoundment, diversion or interruption of water sources within the
local catchment area of the wetland ecosystem, treated effluent discharges. The State Government will have
to ensure that an E.I.A. as per the E.I.A. Notification of 2006 is conducted before granting permissions.
2.6.12 The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules,
2008
The Rules under the Environment Protection Act of 1986 prescribe that every person who is engaged in
generation, processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, use, collection, destruction, conversion,
and offering for sale, transfer or the like of the hazardous waste is required to obtain an authorization from
State Pollution Control Board. Sanitation projects involving the handling of hazardous wastes will have to
comply
2.6.13 Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
These rules apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose, or handle biomedical waste in any form and prescribes that it shall be the duty of every occupier of an institution generating
bio-medical waste which includes a hospital, nursing home, clinic, dispensary, veterinary institution, animal
house, pathological laboratory, blood bank by whatever name called to take all steps to ensure that such
waste is handled without any adverse effect to human health and the environment and a proper authorization
availed from the Pollution Control Board. Sanitation projects involving the handling of biomedical wastes will
have to comply.
2.6.14 Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules 2000
These rules prescribe procedures for waste collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and
disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes and for seeking an authorization from the Pollution Control Boards for the
same. Further, the rules mandate that all cities set up suitable waste treatment and disposal facilities by
December 31, 2003 or earlier. These rules also specify standards for compost quality, health control &
management and closure of land-fills.Sanitation projects involving the handling of Municipal wastes will have
to comply. However, at present this may be applicable to notified areas only (cities, villages or towns notified
as municipalities or notified town areas.) but may apply to rural areas if integrated waste handling facilities are
proposed.
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2.6.15 E- Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011
The Rules have been published by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India and have
come into effect from 1st May 2012.
These apply to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and
processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components specified in Schedule-1 of the Rules,
collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste and not apply to batteries, covered under the Batteries
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2001, Micro and Small Enterprises defined in the Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises Development Act, 2006 and Radio Active Wastes covered under the provisions of Atomic Energy
Act, 1962.
The Rules list down the responsibilities of the different stakeholders. It prescribes responsibilities for
producers including that of obtaining an Authorisation from the Pollution Control Boards. It also fixes
responsibilities of the Collection Centers, Bulk consumers, dismantlers, transporters and recyclers who have to
ensure that they obtain authorization and registration from the SPCB/PCC and no damage is caused to the
environment during storage and transportation of e-waste.
2.6.16 EIA Mechanism and Wild Life Clearances
The Government of India has prescribed procedures to be followed for Environmental Clearances for all
projects falling inside National Parks and Sanctuaries and Conservation Reserves and within 10 km from
boundaries of such areas. Clearances for activities inside National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Conservation
Reserves should also have the approvals of the Hon’ble Supreme Court. For activities within 10 km of the
boundaries of National Parks, Sanctuaries, etc. a prior clearance of the Standing Committee of the National
Board for Wildlife has to be obtained which is generally subject to recommendation of the State Board for
Wildlife. The procedures have been prescribed through letter no. F. No. 6-10/2011 WL dated 15-03-2011
issued by the MoEF, Government of India.
2.6.17 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
This Act provides for protection to listed species of Flora and Fauna in the declared network of ecologically
important protected areas such as wild life sanctuaries and national parks and regulates activities within or
outside the protected areas which may have an adverse impact on the ecology of the areas. Ecologically
sensitive areas, wild life sanctuaries and national parks should be avoided while selecting sites for project
components. If this is not possible, permission should be obtained from the National Board for Wild Life and
the Forest Department and appropriate safeguards must be adopted.
2.6.18 Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Section 2 of the act makes a provision of a prior approval of the Central Government necessary before a State
Government or any other authority issues direction for dereservation of reserved forests (which have been
reserved under the Indian Forest Act 1927), use of forest land for non – forest purpose, assigning forest land
by way of lease or otherwise to any private person or to any authority, corporation, agency or any other
organization not owned, managed or controlled by the government and clear felling of naturally grown trees.
Permission is to be obtained from the Forest Department when forest land is required for the project
activities.
2.6.19 The Indian Forest Act, 1927
The act deals with reserved forest, village forest, protected forest, control over forests and lands not being
property of government, the duty on timber and other forest produce, regulation transit of forest products,
collection of timber, penalties and procedures, cattle – trespass, forest officers and other miscellaneous
provisions. Section 26 of the Indian Forest Act 1927 prohibits a number of activities including making fresh
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clearings, tree felling, lopping, burning, grazing, quarrying, manufacturing activities, hunting, shooting, etc. in
the forest. The Act also regulates activities in protected areas.
2.6.20 The Biological Diversity Act 2002
The Biological Diversity Act 2002 is also a Central Act of Parliament aiming to provide for conservation of
biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and a fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising
out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and matter connected therewith and thereto. It provides for
a system of prior approvals of the National Biodiversity Authority on application for intellectual property rights
or patents on biological research or information. It also regulates the transfer of any biological resource or
knowledge and it provides for the establishment of a State Biodiversity Board.
2.6.21 World Bank Safeguard Policies
The World Bank has formulated 10 environmental, social and legal safeguard policies. Amongst the
Environmental Safeguard Policies, Operational Policy (O.P.) / Bank Procedure 4.01: Environmental Assessment
is an umbrella policy for the Banks Environmental ‘Safeguard Policies’ which among others also include:
Natural Habitats, Pest Management, Physical Cultural resources , Safety of dams, International Waterways etc.
Table-4
Sl.
1.
Relevant
Policy/Regulations
/ Act
OP/BP 4.01
Environmental
Assessment
World Bank
Safegaurd
Policy
2.
OP/BP 4.04
NaturalHabitats
World Bank
Safegaurd
Policy
3.
OP/BP 4.36
Forestry
World Bank
Safegaurd
Policy
4.
OP 4.09 Pest
Management
World Bank
Safegaurd
Policy
Scope
Implication for the EMF
This policy is used by the World Bank to identify, avoid
and mitigate the potential negative environmental
impacts associate with the Bank lending operations. In
the World Bank operations, the purpose of
Environmental assessment is to improve decision
making to ensure that project options under
consideration are sound and sustainable and that
potentially affected people have been properly
consulted.
The policy prohibits Bank support for projects which
would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any
critical natural habitat which include legally protected,
officially proposed for protection and unprotected but
of known high conservation value habitats. In other
non critical areas, projects can only be considered
when there are no feasible alternatives to achieve the
projects substantial overall net benefits and
acceptable mitigation measures such as compensatory
protected areas are included within the project.
The Bank does not finance projects that in its opinion
would involve significant conversion of critical forest
areas or related critical natural habitats. For areas that
are not critical, adequate mitigation measures have to
be incorporated. The Bank also does not finance
projects that contravene applicable international
environmental agreements.
Rural development and health sector projects have to
avoid using harmful pesticides. If pesticides have to be
used in crop protection or in the fight against vector
borne diseases, the Bank funded project should include
a Pest Management Plan (PMP) prepared by the
borrower either as a stand alone document or as part
of the Environmental Assessment.
Applicable to this project. This
Environmental
Assessment
Policy provides for screening of
projects according to their
impact potential and prescribes
the extent of detailing required
in the assessment process.
Applicable, if schemes tobe
taken under the project involve
critical natural habitat.
Some of the schemes taken up
under the Project may be
located inforest areas and
hence may require detailed
cosiderations
and
management.
Applicable if sanitation projects
involve the use of pesticides for
control of vector borne
diseases.
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5.
6.
OP/BP 4.12
Involuntary
Resettlement
World Bank
Safegaurd
Policy
OP/BP 4.20
Indigenous
World Bank
Safegaurd
Policy
Peoples
7.
OP/BP 4.11
PhysicalCultural
Resources
World Bank
Safegaurd
Policy
8.
OP/BP 4.37
Safety of Dams
World Bank
Safegaurd
Policy
Implemented in projects which displace people.
Requires public participation in resettlement
planning as part of EA for project.
Intended t o restore or improve i n c om e ea r ni n g
capacity of displaced populations.
Applicable to the project only
if displacement is involved.
Purpose Is to ensure indigenous peoples benefit
from Bank financed development and to avoid or
mitigate adverse affects on indigenous peoples.
Applies to projects that might adversely affect
indigenous
peoples or when they are targeted
beneficiaries.
Requires participation of indigenous peoples in
Creation of “indigenous peoples development”
plans”.
The objective of the policy is to avoid; or mitigate
adverse impacts on cultural resources from
development projects that the World Bank finances.
The borrower addresses impacts on Physical Cultural
Resources in projects, proposed for Bank Financing, as
an integral part of the Environmental Appraisal process.
Projects are classified during the screening process as
Category A or B. As an integral part of the
Environmental Appraisal process the borrower
develops a physical cultural management plan which is
consistent with the country’s overall policy framework
and National Legislation. Physical Cultural Resources
have to be included in the baseline data collection
phase of the Environmental Assessment.
The policy requires that the borrower adopt and
implement certain dam safety measures for the design,
bill tendering, construction, operation and maintenance
of the dam and associated works. Dams smaller than 15
meters in height are classified as ‘small’ and dams more
than 15 meters high as ‘large’ but dams under 10
meters high are regarded as large dams if they are
expected to become large dams during the operation of
the facility. Dams that are between 10 and 15 meters
are also regarded large if they present special design
complexities e.g. flood handling, toxicity management,
high sensitivity etc. Different procedures are prescribed
for small and large dams. For small dams, generic dam
safety measures designed by qualified Engineers are
sufficient but detailed plans have to be drawn up for
large dams.
Applicable to the project.
Adverse effects on the
indigenous people will be
avoided.
Indigenous people will be
benefited with access to water
supply and sanitation.
Applicable to the project if
existing physical and cultural
property is being impacted.
Applicable only if the project
involves construction of dams.
Bank projects involving dams are processed according
to the procedures set forth in B.P. 10.00. Investment
leading Identification to Board Presentation. Dam
Safety reports may involve plans for construction,
supervision and quality assurance, instrumentation
plan, operation and maintenance plan, emergency
procedures plan.
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9
Operational
Policy 7.50:
Projects on
International
Waterways
This policy revised in 2012, applies to any river, canal,
lake, or similar body of water that forms a boundary
between, or any river or body of surface water that
flows through, two or more states or any tributary or
other body of surface water that is a component of any
waterway as above. It also applies toany bay, gulf,
strait, or channel bounded by two or more states or, if
within one state, recognized as a necessary channel of
communication between the open sea and other
states--and any river flowing into such waters.
Hydroelectric, irrigation, flood
control, navigation, drainage,
water and sewerage, industrial,
and similar projects that
involve the potential pollution
of international waterways are
regulated under this
operational policy.
2.6.22 Permissions, Clearances and Institutions
From a perusal of the above it appears that in terms of water supply and sanitation sub – projects the
construction and operation phases may require that the activities are properly regulated so as to minimize the
environmental impacts from the project activities. The key institutions with whom these regulatory provisions
lie with are the environment department represented by the State Pollution Control Boards and the
Directorate of Environment, the Forest Department and the National Board for Wildlife. Wherever it is
anticipated, as per the provisions of law and policy given above, that a project is covered, necessary
permissions and safeguards with reference to waste disposal (solid, liquid, gaseous, hazardous, bio – medical,
plastics etc.) has to be obtained from the State Pollution Control Boards and the State Environmental Impact
Assessment Authority as applicable. Wherever a project activity is likely to involve the use of forestland or any
disturbance to wildlife or biodiversity, necessary permissions from the Forest Department and the National
Board for Wildlife should be taken the projects should also follow the guidelines of the Central Groundwater
Board and take necessary permissions as applicable, from the Central Groundwater Authority. All technologies
involved should aim at minimizing losses of water, being water efficient, being climate change resilient. The
management of the schemes should be community based. Water storage capacities have to be increased.
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2.7 SECTOR INSTITUTIONS
Jharkhand has the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation as the nodal organisation for rural water
supply and sanitation, while four other institutions have a converging impact on water supply and sanitation.
These institutions are as under:
2.7.1




Converging Institutions
Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Department
Department of Irrigation
Department of Agriculture
Jharkhand Pollution Control Board
Apart from the above there are ahost of other institutions and organisations that will have alink with the rural
drinking water and sanitation in the state. The organization of the state set up and its linkages have been
shown in the chart below:
STATE
POLLUTION
CONTROL
BOARD
JHARKHAND
SPACE
APPLICATIONS
CENTRE
(JSAC)
Government of
Jharkhand
WORLD
BANK
CENTRAL
POLLUTION
CONTROL
BOARD
Drinking Water
& Sanitation
Department
DEPT OF
ENVIRONMENT
& FORESTS,
JHARKHAND
GOI:
MINISTRY
OF
EXTERNAL
AFFAIRS
State Water &
Sanitation
Mission
DEPT OF
AGRICULTURE
JHARKHAND
DEPT OF
IRRIGATION
JHARKHAND
DEPT OF
ENVIRONMENT
& FORESTS,
GOI
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
UNIT (PMU)
Society
regi stered und er
EMF FOR
State laws
THE WB PROJECT
FOR DRINKING WATER
& SANITATION
Chairman
IN RURAL AREAS
(Ex-officio:
OF JHARKHA ND
Secr etary to the
Govt,
Departmen t of
Drinking water
DEPT OF
PANCHAYAT
RAJ & RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
JHARKHAND
Member
Secretary
Me mber
CE
DWSD
Member
Representative
of RGNDWM
GOI
Member
Secretary
Ram Krishna
Mission,
Member
Principal
St Xavier's
Institute of
Social Science,
Ranchi
CENTRAL
GROUND
WATER BOARD
MINISTRY OF
DRINKING
WATER &
SANITATION,
(MDWS) GOI
Member
Representative
of Indian
Water
Works
Association
Member
Project
Officer
UNICEF
Patna
Membe r
ED-HRD/
CE, DWSD
The functions of these institutions (as relevant to the project context) are discussed in detail in the following
sections.
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2.7.1.1 Nodal Institutions: Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DWSD or DDWS)
The DDWS has its units at the state
capital at Ranchi and most of the
district head quarters. Its presence
at the village level is not strong
enough to make a substantial dent
on the present status of lagging
behind in areas of rural drinking
water and sanitation. The DDWS
has, therefore, taken initiative to
set up the State Water & Sanitation
Mission (SWSM) predominantly led
by local village women to provide
effective policy making and
extension support and to drive a
transparent
local
governance
system within PRI framework to
address issues of water and
sanitation.
2.7.1.2 Proposed World Bank
Assisted Project
The proposed World Bank assisted
project would aim to scale up
demand
responsive
and
decentralized
service
delivery
approach across the state in the
medium term. The project will
initially cover the selected 12
districts in Jharkhand. The different
key components of the project are
as given in Chapter 1.
A unique feature of the proposed
project is its bottom up planning
process in which the beneficiary
community is actively involved in all
stages of development of the
project and its implementation
including O&M of facilities created
under the project.
Box-2
Some key features of the SWSM, Jharkhand are as follows:
(a) Sustainability of the initiative: VWSC as incubator of Good Governance initiative and as implementing
authority sustains on peoples demand. Professional back up and financial independence are two key issues in
sustainability. VWSC are mandated to get professional back up from DPMU (District Project Management
Unit) and BRC (Block resource Centers). and as independent standing body of Panchayats they are
mandated to receive assistance from central and state agencies as well as from donor agencies. Also
regularly they are free to collect revenue through water supply and associated services. Considering
professionally managed SWSM as key to the changed scenario Department has decided to go for
DWSM (District Water & Sanitation Mission) in a similar manner. Process for appointment of domain
experts and Subject matter specialists in DPMU has been instituted. As the key to success is
establishment of transparent people centric governance mechanism up to the last mile, sustainability of
SWSM and VWSC are ensured.
(b) Impact /Benefit Resulting from the Initiative:
Comprehensive analysis of the key result area, key performance indicators and other socio economic
Impact Indicators before and after the implementation of initiative is given below in terms of
improvement in delivery time of services, better beneficiary feedback, improvement in measurable
indicators and simplified procedures;
i.Improvement in delivery Times of Services
Tube well repairing time improved from 15 Days to 5 Days (As feedback received from the field); Project
Conceptualization to O& M transfer time reduced to 6 to 8 Months (Compared between VWSC involved
project supported by PRADAN and normal projects); Improvement in construction time of Toilet and
sanitation facility (From demand to supply cycle used to take more than a year while presently it is
completed in three months). Any Complain is addressed electronically on the same day and physically within
3 working days.
ii.Better Beneficiary Feedback
Focused intervention by SWSM through VWSC has received positive response from participant villagers. This
is reflected in terms of Accounts opening, regularization of VWSC meetings, increased participation, demand
registration for sanitation facilities and complain registration during the period. As on June, 2012
10768VWSC has opened their account in bank. Restoration of Service Level was achieved in 8965 no of
habitations during 2011-12. Increased Enthusiasm about sanitation sector activity is also reported by
international agencies like GSF, and World Support Program. At State Project Management Unit, SWSM
representatives receive regular call from the participant villagers, GP representatives and other
individuals/institutions. In a recently held meeting with World Bank representatives VWSC leaders from 20
Panchayet shared their enriching experience of engagement with SWSM. Some exemplary case lets as shared
by VWSC representatives are enclosed in annexure for reference.
iii.Improvement in Measurable Indicators
The effort made by SWSM e team is reflected in movement of NRDWP indicators as per the parameter
fixed by Government of India. Key Result area is given below;
Particulars of the Indicator
Achievement in 2011-12
Remarks
(Quantity and Percentage)
Partially Covered habitation
17010
92.92
Highest in Number in the Eastern
Zone
Coverage of quality affected
habitations
415
51.62
Increased over previous period
Coverage of School
1946
98.08
Increased over previous period
Coverage of PWSS (New )
5205
-
Radically increased previous period
Availability of Drinking Water
-
63.6
Increased over previous period
Population covered with PWSS
4614540
-
Increased over previous period
Total Expenditure
169.84 Cr
70.83
The state has least opening balance
among the Eastern States for 2012-12
Program Fund Utilization
167.40 Cr
73.37
Increased over previous period
PWS Scheme Completion
PRI members trained
5383
91.93
Highest among Eastern Zone
1208
-
Most number of PRI members
trained as per IMIS during the period
(Near & Within the premises)
The key objectives of the proposed
project are:
a) To improve the quality of rural
water supply and sanitation
services and to achieve
 Sustainable development,
 Poverty reduction,
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


Sustainable health and hygiene benefits to the rural population,
Empowerment and inclusion of community in general and rural poor and women in particular, and
Strengthening the decentralization process.
b) To promote the long term sustainability of the rural water supply and sanitation sector by identifying and
implementing an appropriate policy framework and strategic plan.
These objectives will be achieved through:
 Adopting a demand responsive approach and use of participatory process for delivery of sustainable
service to project communities,
 Phased implementation of appropriate policy and institutional reforms for changing role of the
government from provider to facilitator,
 Community and Village Panchayat capacity building,
 Women's development initiatives built into the project,
 Targeted Tribal Development Plan.
 Construction/ up gradation of drinking water supply, drainage and sanitation schemes, including
water quality monitoring programs,
 Groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting will be integral parts of drinking water source
development.
 Promoting integrated water resource management, and
 Establishing financial viability and sustainability of rural water supply and sanitation services
Table-5 Revised Project Outline (as proposed in December 2012)
Sl. Name of
No. District
1
2
Schemes Proposed (In no.)
Name of DDWS
Division
SVS
MSVS
MVS
MMVS
Total
Population
(In lakh)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Garhwa
476
22
5
2
505
5.99
Giridih 1
111
68
10
2
191
3.09
Giridih 2
285
19
18
2
324
3.91
Godda
18
458
31
0
507
11.04
Sahibganj
72
42
16
14
144
7.68
Pakur
134
228
19
10
391
8.27
Dha’bad 1
430
0
0
2
432
5.37
Dha’bad 2
15
47
5
5
72
3.60
Jamshedpur
889
51
7
2
949
10.76
1
Garhwa
2
Giridih
3
Godda
4
Sahibganj
5
Pakur
6
Dha’bad
7
E.S’bhum
8
Palamu
Palamu
455
5
16
12
488
8.31
9
Dumka
Dumka
72
334
64
27
497
10.77
10
Jamtara
Jamtara
146
162
24
10
342
3.09
11
Khunti
Khunti
308
224
56
2
590
4.91
12
Saraikela
Saraikela
78
29
23
1
131
2.75
Total
3489
1689
294
91
5563
89.53
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CHAPTER-3
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
3
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides an overview of the physical geography of the state, with special emphasis on water
resources. This environmental baseline has been developed mainly on the basis of data collected through
secondary sources, and has been supplemented by public consultations and field surveys in sample
villages.
3.2 AN OVERVIEW OF HISTORY OF JHARKHAND
The new state of Jharkhand was formed on 15th November, 2000, the birth anniversary of the legendary
Bhagwan Birsa Munda and was earlier a part of Bihar. However, according to some historians there was
already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha
Empire. According to legend, Raja Jai Singh Deo of Orissa had declared himself as the ruler of Jharkhand
in the 13th century. The local tribal heads had developed into barbaric dictators who could govern the
province neither fairly nor justly. Consequently, the people of this state approached the more powerful
rulers of Jharkhand's neighbouring states who were perceived to have a more fair and just governance.
This became the turning point in the history of the region where rulers from Orissa moved in with their
armies and created states that were governed for the benefit of the people and involved their
participation, thus ending the barbarism that had marked the region for centuries.
Later, during the Mughal period, the Jharkhand was known as Kukara. After 1765, it came under the
control of the British Empire and was formally known as Jharkhand, the Land of forests and bushes.
In post-Independence era, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha started a regular agitation which forced the
government to establish the Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council in 1995 and finally as a full-fledged
state. On 2nd August 2000, the Parliament of India passed the Bihar Reorganisation Bill to create the
state of Jharkhand and thus 18 districts were carved out of Bihar to form Jharkhand on 15th November,
2000.
3.3 GEOGRAPHY OF JHARKHAND
3.3.1
Physical Environment
3.3.1.1 Location
The state of Jharkhand is flanked by Bihar in the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in the west and
Orissa in the south. Jharkhand is a recently formed state, having been carved out of the Southern
portion of the earlier state of Bihar.
Jharkhand mainly comprises of the forest tracks of Chhotanagpur plateau and Santhal Pargana. This area
in and around the districts of Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas was formerly Southern Bihar and is
thickly wooded and consists of various hills. The Chotanagpur plateau is one of the most beautiful areas.
This area is studded with hills of 300 to 900 m in altitude and covered with verdant virgin forests. This
area comprises of rivers, lakes, meadows and valleys and rich in wildlife and is an ideal retreat of peace
and beauty.
Jharhkand is bordered by the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west,
Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital. The other
major cities, all highly industrialised cities of eastern India, are Jamshedpur, Bokaro, and Dhanbad.
Jharkhand is also popularly known as 'Vananchal' means a land mass covered with forests. Jharkhand is
known for its mineral wealth and forest products together with excellent human resources. Forest
reserves support populations of tigers and Indian elephants. Most of the state lies on the Chota Nagpur
Plateau, which is the source of the Koel, Damodar, Brahmani, Kharkai, and Subarnarekha rivers, whose
upper watersheds lie within Jharkhand. Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The National
Parks and the Zoological Gardens located in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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The State covers 79.70 lakh ha. area (2.42% of the geographical area of the country) with a population of
269 million (as per Census 2001), the state accounts for 2.6% of the total population of the country. It has
sizeable Tribal population (26.3%). Topography of the State is mostly undulating, hilly and sloping with
mountains, forests, river basins and valleys.
It has a rich endowment of forest and mineral resources. It has some of the richest deposits of coal and
iron Ore in the world. It is the largest producer of coal, copper, kynite and mica in the country. It is
blessed with rich fauna and flora.
3.3.1.2 Administrative Setup
The state consists of 5 Administrative Divisions namely:
I. South Chhotanagpur comprising 5 districts - Ranchi, Khunti, Simdega, Gumla and Lohardaga.
II. North Chhotanagpur comprising 7 districts - Hazaribagh, Ramgarh, Chatra, Koderma, Giridih,
Bokaro and Dhanbad.
III. Kolhan comprising 3 districts - East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan.
IV. Palamu comprising 3 districts - Palamu, Garhwa and Latehar.
V. Santhal Parganas comprising 6 districts - Sahebganj, Pakur, Jamtara, Deoghar, Dumka and
Godda.
District
Sub-Division
Developmental Blocks
Panchayats
Villages
Towns
Corporations
Nagar Parshad/ Nagar Panchayat
24
36
259
4423
32615
149
3
37
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3.3.1.3 Demography
3.3.1.3.1 Population (Census 2001) In Lakhs
State
Urban
Rural
ST
SC
Population
(0-6 yrs.)
Male
Female
Total
138.85
32.06
106.79
35.66
16.40
25.22
130.60
27.88
102.72
35.21
15.48
24.34
269.45
59.94
209.51
70.87
31.88
49.56
Urban
Rural
ST
SC
Population (0-6 yrs.)
Population density /sq. km
Jharkhand
22.24%
77.76%
26.3%
11.8%
18.4%
338
National Avg.
27.8
72.2%
8.1%
16.2%
15.9%
313
Sex Ratio
Total
941
933
0-6 years
965
927
ST
987
978
SC
974
936
(The census of 2011 provisional results are withheld for
administrative reasons)
3.3.1.3.2 Administrative Details
The number of blocks, villages and habitations in the state are as shown in the Table-6.
Table-6
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
District
BOKARO
CHATRA
DEOGHAR
DHANBAD
DUMKA *
GARHWA *
GIRIDIH
GODDA
GUMLA
HAZARIBAG
JAMTARA
KHUTI *
KODERMA
LATEHAR
LOHARDAGA
PAKUR
Blocks
9
10
10
8
10
19
12
9
12
10
4
6
6
7
6
6
Panchayats
248
159
201
383
206
196
359
200
159
227
118
91
109
115
67
128
Villages
692
1315
2329
1289
2572
859
2546
1610
945
1105
1066
743
581
738
353
1132
Habitations
4077
7644
8497
3661
7384
4371
4573
5827
4532
4556
5260
2995
1850
4309
1645
3644
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17
PALAMU *
18
18
PASCHIM SINGHBHUM
16
19
PURBI SINGHBHUM *
11
20
RAMGARH
4
21
RANCHI
13
22
SAHIBGANJ
9
23
SAREIKELA KHARSAWAN * 9
24
SIMDEGA
10
Total
234
* Tentative Proposed Project Districts
289
214
231
143
275
166
135
94
4513
1700
1651
1670
358
1192
1266
1113
448
29273
6804
8803
6697
1955
5967
2912
4835
6393
119191
3.3.1.4 Irrigation Potential
The irrigation potential of the state of Jharkhand is as follows:
Total irrigation potential created upto March, 2009
Major and Medium irrigation: 2.34 lakh ha.
Minor irrigation : 4.96 lakh ha.
: 7.31 lakh ha.
(Source: Water Resources Deptt.)
3.3.1.5 Natural Resources
3.3.1.5.1 Forest & Wildlife
3.3.1.5.1.1 Introduction
The geographical area of the state is 79,714 Km2 which accounts for 2.42% of the country’s area. The
state falls between 22000’ N – 24037’ N latitude and 83015’ E – 87001’ E longitude. The important rivers
of the state are Sone, Keol and Damodar. Jharkhand has a tropical climate with annual average rainfall of
about 900 mm. The temperature varies between 40c to 470c.
The population of the state is 32.97 million (Census 2011) which constitutes 2.72% of the country’s
population. Of this, rural population is 75.95% and urban population 24.05%. The population density is
414 persons per Km2. The livestock population is 18.10 million (Livestock Census 2007).
3.3.1.5.1.2 Land Use Pattern of the State
Land Use
Total geographical area
Reporting area for land utilization
Forests
Not available for cultivation
Permanent pasture and other grazing lands
Area in ‘000 ha
7,972
7,970
2,239
1,332
110
Percentage
Land under misc. tree crops and groves
Culturable wasteland
Fallow lands other than current fallows
Current fallows
Net area sown
93
336
962
1,394
1,504
1.17
4.22
12.07
17.49
18.87
100.00
28.09
16.71
1.38
3.3.1.5.1.3 Forest Cover
The Forest cover in the state, based on interpretation of satellite data of November 2008- January 2009,
is 22,977 Km2 which is 28.82% of the state’s geographical area. In terms of forest canopy density classes,
the state has 2,590 Km2 area under very dense forest, 9,917 Km2 area under moderately dense forest
and 10,470 Km2 area under open forest. The forest cover of the state is shown in below table.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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Recorded forest Area in Jharkhand
Geo.
Total Forest Area as in ‘ISFR
Area(GA)
2009’
79,714
2
(Area in km )
Recorded Forest Area
Total
Forest
Area
Reserved Protected Unclassed
Forests
Forests
Forests
4,387
19,185
33
23,605
23,605
%
GA
of
29.61
Table-7
(Area in Km2)
District-wise Forest Cover Area in Jharkhand
District
Geographical
Area
2011 Assessment
Very
Dense
Forest
Mod.
Dense
Forest
Open
Forest
Total
% of
GA
Change
Scrub
Bokaro
1,929
64
244
560
252
29.03
0
48
Chatra
3,732
251
863
663
1,777
47.62
-5
15
T
Deoghar
Dhanbad
2,479
0
84
85
169
6.82
0
5
2,996
0
50
155
205
6.84
0
17
Dumka
6,212
0
314
323
637
10.25
0
58
Garhwa
4,092
124
406
835
1,365
33.36
0
55
Giridih
4,963
98
422
344
864
17.41
10
8
Godda
2,110
15
268
116
399
18.91
0
25
T
Gumla
Hazaribagh
9,077
324
919
1,414
2,657
29.27
0
33
5,998
272
626
1,164
2,062
34.38
9
44
Koderma
1,435
68
321
207
596
41.53
-4
0
Lohardaga
1,491
174
219
110
503
33.74
0
10
Pakur
1,571
3
172
108
283
18.01
0
19
Palamu
8,657
529
1,809
1,189
3,527
40.74
0
88
Paschimi
Singhbhum
Purbi
Singhbhum
Ranchi
9,907
453
1,559
1,829
3,841
38.77
6
81
3,533
53
621
404
1,078
30.51
67
38
7,698
141
684
1,079
1,904
24.73
0
67
Sahebganj
1,834
21
336
193
550
29.99
0
72
Grand Total
79,714
2,590
9,917
10,470
22,977
28.82
83
683
3.3.1.5.1.4 Forest Cover in Tribal Districts in Jharkhand
(Area in Km2)
% of Change*
GA
Forest Cover in Tribal Districts – Jharkhand
No.
of Geo. Area
Forest Cover 2011
Tribal
Districts
Very
Dense
Mod.
Dense
Open
Forest
Scrub
Total
Forest
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8
44,413
Forest
1,677
Forest
6.67
6,218
13,962
31.44
73
341
3.3.1.5.1.5 Reasons for change detected in 2011 Assessment
Changes reported in current assessment which have been validated through ground truthing of selected
sample points in the field, are mainly due to plantation activities and regeneration of forests owing to
protection measures taken by the SFD. The change matrix reveals that there has been an increase of 18
km2 in the moderately dense forest and 65 km2 in open forest whereas there is no change reported in
the very dense category.
Table-8
Forest Cover Change Matrix
2009 Assessment
2011 Assessment
VDF
MDF
Very Dense Forest
2,590
0
Moderately
Dense 0
9,899
Forest
Open Forest
0
2
Scrub
0
0
Non – Forest
0
16
Total 2011
2,590
9,917
Net Change
0
18
2
(Area in km )
Total 2009
OF
0
0
Scrub
0
0
NF
0
0
10,398
2
70
10,470
65
0
680
3
683
0
5
1
56,048
56,054
-83
2590
9,899
10,405
683
56,137
79,714
3.3.1.5.1.6 Forest cover of the state in different altitude zones
Altitude Zone-wise
Altitude Zone
0-500m
500-1000m
1000-2000m
Total
Forest Cover
VDF
1,038
1,493
59
2,590
MDF
6,978
2,807
132
9,917
2
(Area in km )
OF
7,684
2,754
32
10,470
Total
15,700
7,054
223
22,977
3.3.1.5.1.7 Forest Cover in Different Forest Types
Forest type mapping using satellite data has been undertaken by Forest Survey of India with reference to
Champion & Seth Classification. As per this assessment, the state has five forest types which belong to
two forest type groups, viz. Tropical Moist Deciduous and Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests. Percentagewise distribution of forest cover in different forest type groups found in the state is given in the pie
diagram.
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3.3.1.5.1.8 Tree cover
Tree cover of the state has been estimated using TOF inventory data collected over a period of six years, i.e.
2004-10. The estimated tree cover in the state is 2,914 km2 which is 3.66% of its geographical area. Six
districts of the state (Deoghar, Dhanbad, Giridih, Gumla, Koderma and Ranchi) have been inventoried.
Forest and Tree Cover
Category
Tree Cover
Forest Cover
Forest & Tree Cover
Area
2,914
22,977
25,891
% of Geographical Area
3.66
28.82
32.48
3.3.1.5.1.9 Growing Stock
The growing stock in the recorded forest area has been estimated on the basis of the current forest cover map,
forest type map and forest inventory data. For trees outside forests (TOF), the same has been estimated using
TOF inventory data.
Growing Stock
Forest
116.308
TOF
51.308
(million cum)
Total
167.616
3.3.1.5.1.10 Bamboo
The extent of bamboo bearing area in the forests of the state is 3,603 km2. Density-wise details, number of
culms by soundness and equivalent green weight are given below.
Bamboo bearing area by density in recorded forest area
Recorded
Pure
Dense
Scattered
Forest Area bamboo
bamboo
bamboo
23,605
14
898
1,571
2
(Area in km )
Clumps
Bamboo
hacked
regeneration
509
611
No
bamboo
20,002
Estimated number of bamboo culms and equivalent green weight
Number of culms (in millions)
Equivalent Green Weight (in 000’ tones)
Green
Dry
Decayed
Total
Green
Dry
Total
181
49
8
238
736
357
1093
Source: INDIA STATE OF FOREST RE PORT 2011 (Forest Survey of India Dheradun)
3.3.1.5.2 Important Plants:
Sal, Asan, Gamhar, Karam, Harre, Bahera, Sidha, Arjuan, Sissoo, Sagwan, Khair, Kend, Kusum, Mahulan, Pier,
Palas, Semal, Salai, Bamboo, Jamun, Karanj, Imli, Mahuan, Kanod etc.
3.3.1.5.3 Wild Life:
Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Cheetal, Sambhar, Barking Deer, Black Buck, Gaur, Neelgai, Wild Boar, Wolf, Wild
Dog, Sloth Bear, Hyena, Langur, Rhesus, Monkey, Porcupine etc.
Wildlife Sanctuary: 11
National Park : 1
Jharkhand has 28.10% of total geographical area of the State as forest against the National Average of 23.57%.
(Source: Forest Deptt.)
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3.3.1.6 Mines & Geology
Table-9
S
NO
MINERAL
1
2
3
Coal
Iron Ore (Haematite)
Magnetite
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Limestone
Copper ore
Bauxite
Kyanite
Fireclay
Graphite
Quartz & Silica
China Clay/Kaolin
Dolomite
Bentonite
Talc/ Soap Stone
JHARKHAND’S
SHARE WRT
INDIA
29.17
27.58
0.10
S
NO
MINERAL
15
16
17
0.43
16.21
3.57
5.56
9.48
6.13
4.78
7.33
0.68
0.15
0.11
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Black Granite
Coloured Granite
Apatite rock
phosphate
Asbestos
Barytes
Cromite
Cobalt
Felspar
Garnet
Gold Ore
Manganese Ore
Mica
Nickel
Ochre
JHARKHAND’S
SHARE WRT
INDIA
23.64
27.07
0.69
0.04
0.35
20.04
1.82
0.0016
0.09
1.98
1.42
4.77
0.26
3.3.1.7 Infrastructure
3.3.1.7.1 Road
National Highways 1844 KM State Highways & PWD Roads including Major District roads (including urban
roads) 6880 KM. Rural roads including classified rural roads & Minor District Roads 24300 KM (Approx)
3.3.1.7.2 All Weather and Metal Roads
Jharkhand
36%
25%
21.4 km
Villages having access to all weather roads
Villages having access to all metal roads
Road Length per 100 square km
India
57%
45%
74.2km
3.3.1.7.3 Health
Table-10
INDICATORS
IMR per 1000
Child Mortality Rate (CMR)
MMR (Per one lakh)
JHARKHAND (2009)
44
26.1
312
TFR
Full immunization
Birth rate
Death rate
% of birth in institutional delivery
Birth/ Death rate/IMR is per 1000 population.
MMR is per lakh live birth
3.2
54.1
25.6
7.0
40.1
INDIA (2009)
50
18.4
254
2.6
59.7
22.5
7.3
72.9
SOURCE
SRS, 2009
NFHS-III (2005-2006)
MMR 2004-06 Spl
Survey
HMIS-2008
HMIS-2009
SRS, 2009
SRS, 2009
CES, 2009
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3.3.1.8 Industrialisation
No of industrial development Authorities: 4 (Ranchi, Adityapur, Bokaro, Dumka)
No of mega industries (Sept 2010): 24
No of Large & medium industries: 106
No of small and micro-industries: 1335
3.3.2
Geomorphology
3.3.2.1 Formation
The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a continental plateau - an extensive area of land thrust above the general land.
The plateau has been formed by continental uplift from forces acting deep inside the
earth. The Gondwana substrates attest to the plateau's ancient origin. It is part of the Deccan Plate, which
broke free from the southern continent during the Cretaceous to embark on a 50-million-year journey that
was violently interrupted by the northern Eurasian continent. The northeastern part of the Deccan Plateau,
where this ecoregion sits, was the first area of contact with Eurasia.
3.3.2.2 Divisions
The Chota Nagpur Plateau consists of three steps. The highest step is in the western part of the plateau,
where pats, as a plateau is locally called, are 3,000 feet (910 m) - 3,500 feet (1,100 m) above sea level. The
highest point is 3,819 feet (1,164 m). The next part contains larger portions of the old Ranchi and Hazaribagh
districts and some parts of old Palamu district, before these were broken up into smaller administrative units.
The general height is 2,000 feet (610 m). The topography is undulating with prominent gneissic hills, often
dome-like in outline. The lowest step of the plateau is at an average level of around 1,000 feet (300 m). It
covers the old Manbhum and Singhbhum districts. High hills are a striking part of this section - Parasnath
Hills rise to a height of 4,480 feet (1,370 m) and Dalma Hills to 3,407 feet (1,038 m). The large plateau is
subdivided into several small plateaux or sub plateaux.
3.3.3
Physiography
The physiography of Jharkhand is largely defined by the Chhotanagpur Plateau (CNP) region and other distinct
geomorphic domains. The Chhotanagpur Plateau (CNP) region extending from the western part of state to the
border of West Bengal in the east is characterized by distinct steps i.e. level of planation. This has been further
divided into a number of 2nd and 3rd order division based on variation in relief, drainage and geology. Based
on broad geomorphic parameters, Jharkhand may be divided into the following geomorphic domains:-
3.3.3.1 Ranchi Plateau
This is the largest part of the Chhotanagpur Plateau having an average elevation of about 700 meters above
msl. There are many waterfalls at the edges of Ranchi Plateau where rivers form waterfalls when they descend
through the escarpments of the plateau down to the area of significantly lower height. That is the reason the
plateau is highly dissected at the edges. Hundru Falls (75m) on Subarnarekha River, Dassam Falls (39m) on
Kanchi River and Sadni Falls (60 m) on Sankh River are some of the examples of scarp falls.
3.3.3.2 Pat Region
The western higher plateau with an average elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above mean sea level merges
into the plateau of Surguja district of Chattisgarh. The flat topped plateaux, locally known as pats are
characterized by level surface and accordance of their summit levels shows they are part of one large
plateau. The area is also referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. It is believed to be composed of Deccan lava.
The Netarhat Planation Surface locally known as PATS has also been referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau.
This is the highest plateau region of the Chhotanagpur Plateau with an average height of 1000 meters the
highest point being 1164 meters. Pat Region is characterized by level surface. The denudation and secondary
enrichment of Granite Gneiss of this region has given rise to some of the best Bauxite deposits.
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3.3.3.3 Hazaribagh Plateau
This lies to the north of Ranchi Plateau and is separated by E-W running Damuda valley in which deposition of
Gondwana sediments took place. The Hazaribagh Plateau measures about 64 km (east-west) and 24 km
(north-south) with an average elevation of 610 m. The north-eastern and southern faces of this plateau are
mostly abrupt but to the west it narrows and descends to the south and connects with the Ranchi Plateau
through Tori Pargana. As the plateau is highly dissected at the edges, seen from the north, the edge of this
plateau has the appearance of a range of hills.
3.3.3.4 Koderma Plateau
The Koderma Plateau is also referred to as the
Hazaribagh Lower Plateau. The northern face of this
plateau, elevated
800 ft above the plains of Bihar has the appearance of a
range of hills but in reality it is the edge of a plateau.
The slope of this plateau to the east is uniform and
gentle. The western boundary of the plateau is formed
by the deep bed of the Lilajan River. The southern
boundary consists of the face of the higher plateau
comprising Parasnath Hills.
3.3.3.5 Simdega-Singhbhum Uplands
The Ranchi Plateau gradually slopes down towards
south east into Singhbhum region. This region is
characterized by highly dissected high (600-900 m)
rugged hills, steep hill sides, cliffs and narrow valleys;
the reason of this high dissection being the type of rock
more susceptible to erosion and structurally highly
disturbed area. The prominent tectonic feature, the
Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) runs south of Dalma Range
arcuately for a length of 150 km in this region. To the
north of Tatanagar, the Dalma hills (500-600m) form a prominent east-west trending hill range.
3.3.3.6 Manbhum Area
The lowest step of the Chotanagpur Plateau, the Manbhum area covers Dhanbad and part of Bokaro district.
This area has a general elevation of 300 meter and it consists of undulating land with scattered hills.
3.3.3.7 Palamu Plateau
It lies at a lower height then the surrounding areas of Chotnagpur Plateau. This upland intrudes the Ranchi
plateau on the east and merges with the Pat Region in the south. On the west are the Surguja highlands of
Chhattishgarh and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. On the north-western corner, the Son River forms the
state boundary.
3.3.3.8 Rajmahal Plateau
The Rajmahal hills composed primarily of Mesozoic volcanic basaltic traps along with Gondwana sediments in
the form of Intra Trappean Beds form a plateau (150-200m) above msl in Shaebganj and Pakur districts of the
eastern part of the state of Jharkhand. The Rajmahal plateau trends N-S with a slope towards east possibly as a
result of uplift in the west. The subsidence of the eastern region had led to the deposition of Recent Ganga
sediments on this part.
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250'
Dissected belt
1250'
Koderma
R a n c h i P l a t e a u 2 0 0 0'
Dissected belt
D is sec ted Regi on
Hazaribagh Plateau
Singhbhum
Damodar Valley
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
Sections across Jharkhand (from North to South) showing Physiography of Chhotanagpur Plateau
(Arrows indicate direction of movement)
3.3.3.9 Damodar Valley
The Damodar Valley is a trough between the Ranchi and Hazaribagh plateaus resulting from enormous
fracture. This basin had been the place of deposition of several hundred meters of Gondwana sediments
ranging in age from late Carboniferous to early Cretaceous, later constituting the great belt of Damodar Valley
Gondwana Coalfields.
3.3.4
River Basins of Jharkhand
Damodar Basin
Brahmani Basin
(Orissa & Jharkhand)
Son Basin
: Damodar, Barakar, Bokaro, Konar, Jamunia, Khadia and Bhera/Subarnarekha Basin
: Subarnarekha, Kharkai, Raru, Kanchi, Damra, Karru, Chinguru, Garra
: Deo, Koina, North karo, Sankh, South karo, South koel
: Amanat, Auranga, Burha, Kanhar, North koel, Son
3.3.4.1 East Flowing Rivers:





Bakreshwar River: It is a tributary of the Mayurakshi River. It originates in Santhal Parganas division of
Jharkhand, flows in to the Mayurakshi River in Murshidabad district.
Dwarka River: It originates in Santhal Parganas, flows through Birbhum district and then flows through
Murshidabad district where it joins the Bhagirathi.
Ajay River: Originates on a small hill in Munger district of Bihar, forms the border between
Bardhaman District of West Bengal & Jharkhand. It’s main tributaries are Pathro and Jayanti
Mayurakshi: Rises from Trikut Pahar in Deoghar district, flows across Godda, Deoghar, Dumka and
Sahebganj districts. There is Massanjore Dam across this river at 30 km NE of Dumka
Bansloi: River: Originates in Bans Hills in Sahebganj distt, flows through Pakur distt and eventually
flows into Bhagirathi.
3.3.4.2 North Flowing Rivers:



Kiul River: The Kiul originates from the Tisri Hill Range in Giridih district. It first flows through Jamui
and Lakhisarai districts. It falls into the Ganges near Surajgarha.
Lilajan River: The Lilajan originates north of Simaria in Chatra district on the Hazaribagh plateau, south
of Gaya it unites with the Mohana River to form Falgu River.
Punpun River: It originates in Palamu district at an elevation of 300 metres, flows in a north-east
direction through Chatra, Aurangabad, Gaya and Patna districts and joins the Ganges at Fatuha.
3.3.4.3 South East Flowing Rivers:
Baitarani River: The Baitarani originates from the Guptaganga hills in Gonasika of Keonjhar district in Orissa.
The beginning portion of Baitarani acts as the boundary between Orissa and Jharkhand. A major portion of the
river basin lies within the state of Orissa while a small patch of the upper reach lies in Jharkhand state.
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3.3.5
Geological History of Jharkhand
The Older Metamorphics of Singhbhum region is believed to be the oldest rock exposed in the state
constituting the basement of the Iron Ore Series. The Older Metamorphic Group Orogenic Cycle continued to
operate till 3000 Ma whereas the Iron Ore Orogeny Cycle continued up to 2000 Ma in the Southern
Singhbhum. The Singhbhum Orogeny continued up to 905-934 Ma in the Northern Singhbhum. The low and
high grade facies rocks in the Northern Singhbhum are the strtigraphic equivalent and their juxtaposition had
been brought about by the Singhbhum Thrust. The end of Iron Ore Orogeny was marked by intrusion of
Singhbhum Granite, polyphase deformation and metamorphism in the Northern Singhbhum. This phase of
polyphase deformation, metamorphism and igneous intrusion culminated in upliftment of the Precambrian
rocks of the state. This resulted in to development of a stable and cratonized Precambrian terrain.
This was followed by a prolonged period of denudation and sedimentation. A number of sedimentary groups
have formed during this period. The Kolhan Group and the Vindhyan Group are such examples in South
Singhbhum and in Garhwa districts respectively. After this there was a big pause in the geological history of the
state. At the end of the Palaeozoic era, i.e. towards the Upper Carboniferous a new series of changes took
place manifested by gravity block faulting of the Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss terrain. This resulted in
development of a number of basins in which deposition of sediments in glacial condition (Talchir), fluvial and
lacustrine conditions with intercalated plant remains (Damudas), flood plains and shallow lakes (Panchets) and
arid condition (Mahadevas) took place. The post-Panchet and pre-Mahadeva period witnessed transverse
faulting in the Gondwana basin. After this the crust of the earth is appeared to have experienced regional
tension resulting in outpouring of vast quantity of basaltic lava and volcanic material forming Rajmahal Traps.
After the Rajmahal period, the Jharkhand region did not experience any major geological activity.
A number of eminent Geoscientists have contributed significantly in exploring the geology of Jharkhand. H. W.
Voysey, Lieut. Tickells, Col. J. C. Haudhton, Emil Stoeher and V. Ball were amongst the earliest workers to have
worked in the region between 1844-1868. The work of Sri P. N. Bose led to the discovery of Gorumahisani iron
ore deposit which eventually gave birth to the first iron ore company TISCO in 1904. H. C Jones (1918-1932), J.
A. Dunn (1940) and Dunn and Day (1942) were the pioneer workers who had done the regional geological
mapping of Singhbhum and surrounding region. Detail geological work in the region was done by Holmes,
Sarkar and Saha.
3.3.6
Geology and Mineral Resources
Jharkhand state a part of the Indian Peninsular Shield is a stable cratonic block of the earth’s crust. Jharkhand
is known for its diversified geological set up. The whole of Singhbhum region is considered as a natural
geological museum. Geologically, Jharkhand consists of different types of rock formations ranging from PreCambrian to Cenozoic era.
The most predominant hard rocks in the state comprise of the Archaean metamorphics with associated
intrusives and sedimentaries belonging to Vindhyan and Gondwana Super Group with associated igneous
rocks. The Raj Mahal hills, lying in the north-eastern extremity of the Chotanagpur Plateau consists of Jurassic
volcanic lava flows.
The Archaean metamorphics occur in East and West Singhbhum, Ranchi, Gumla, Lohardaga, Palamu, Giridih,
Hazaribagh, Chatra, Ramgarh, Dhanbad, Godda, Deoghar and Dumka districts. They are represented by various
types of Schists, Gneisses, Granulities, Quartzites, Meta basics and other basic intrusives and Granites. The
Archaean formation of West Singhbhum district possesses the iron bearing Iron Ore Group.
The Vindhyans comprising chiefly of Khenjua-shales, Procelanite, Limestone and Sandstones occupy a small
area in the north-western part of Garhwa district. The Gondwanas are represented by alteration of
agrillaceous and arenaceous sediment & intervened with numerous coal seams. They are located in Palamu,
Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Bokaro, Chatra, Dumka, Giridih, Dhanbad and Godda districts.
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Structurally the state can be divided into “Southern Singhbhum Province” and “Northern Chotanagpur
Province” devided by Tamar – Khatra Fault (TKF) popularly known as the “Northern Singhbhum Shear Zone”.
The famous “Singhbhum Thrust Zone” is the store house of several important minerals traversing East
Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan district
Box-3 Singhbhum Shear Zone:
The most spectacular structural element of the Singhbhum Craton in the southern part of the state is a 1-10 km
wide and over 160 km long arcuate belt of shear zone called Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ). It separates the North
Singhbhum Mobile Belt in the north from the Iron Ore Group and the Singhbhum Granite in the south. The SSZ
consists of a number of thrust planes with variable upward displacement of the northern block. A number of
cross faults are also known to have displaced the shear zone.
The SSZ is host to mineral occurrences of economic importance. This belt hosts several copper, uranium and
apatite-magnetite and several other deposits. Besides these, nickel, gold, molybdenum, silver, tellurium and
selenium are also extracted as by-products from the copper and uranium ores. The mineralized sections are
Baharagora, Badia-Mosabani, Pathargarah-Surda, Kendadih-Chapri, Roam-Rakha Mines-Tamapahar,
Ramchandra Pahar-Nandup-Turamdih etc.
Jharkhand is one of the richest areas in the whole country, rich in minerals with huge reserves of coal, iron ore,
mica, bauxite and limestone and considerable reserves of copper, chromite, asbestos, kyanite, china clay, fire
clay, steatite, uranium, manganese, dolomite, tungsten, gold, etc. The distribution of these minerals is mostly
localized. Coal is found in the Gondwana rocks of the Damodar basin. The well known coalfields of the area are
Raniganj, Jharia, east and west Bokaro, Ramgarh, and south and north Karanpura. If Damodar valley is the
repository of coal resources, Singhbhum is a veritable museum of non-fuel minerals with huge deposits of iron
ore and sizeable deposits of copper, uranium, chromite, asbestos, kyanite, china clay, manganese, etc. The
Kolhan series of iron ore in Singhbhum is one of the richest iron belts in the world. The Singhbhum copperuranium belt contains the largest deposits of copper and uranium in the country today. The world's largest
deposit of high grade kyanite occurs at Lapsa Buru in the Singhbhum shear zone. Mica is an important mineral
for whose deposits the Jharkhand area leads all countries in the world. The mica belt covering about 3,800 sq
km lies in the northern parts of the districts of Hazaribagh and Giridih. Bauxite is found in and around the Pat
region in north-west Ranchi district. Thus, Jharkhand area has rich endowments of both metallic and nonmetallic minerals.
Table-11 Mineral availability at A Glance
Available Mineral Resources in PLENTY
China Clay, Fireclay, Magnetite, Graphite, Kyanite, Copper,
Bauxite, Feldspar, Mica & Decorative Stones.
Available Mineral Resources SUFFICIENT
Coal, Iron Ore, Limestone, Quartz Quartzite, Dolomite,
Pyroxenite
andalusite, Manganese, Chromite, Beryl, Talc, Gold, Bentonite
Available Mineral Resources INSUFFICIENT
Table-12 Status of Important Mineral Resources of Jharkhand
Sl. No. Mineral
Reserve/resource Available grade
(In Million tonnes)
1
COAL (C) *
76711.96
All Grades.
2
HAEMATITE (Fe2 O3 ) #
4035.74
>58% to 67% of Fe.
3
LIME STONE (Ca Mg)CO3
745.77
Cement to Sub Cement Grade.
4
QUARTZ SILICA SAND (SiO2 )
154.76
5
CHINA CLAY (AI2 O3 SiO3 ,2H2 O)
190.140
SiO2 96%
2
Superior Quality (Except Ranchi Deposits)
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6
COPPER ORE (Cu,FeS2 )
226.08
1.00% to 1.85% Cu (Approx)
7
CBM ©
300 Billion m3*
8
BAUXITE (AI2 O3 2H2 O)
117.54
Al (40.55%)
9
DOLOMITE (CaCO3 MgCO3 )
51.09
Mostly of all aualities
10 KYANITE (AI2 Si05 )
5.70
11 FIRE CLAY
66.80
Lapsaburu->60% Alumina at other place - 30% to
37%
Good quality
12 GRAPHITE (C)
10.34
Carbon contacts 3.74 to 25%
13 ANDALUSITE (AI2 Si05 )
4.00
Low grade.
14 APATITE (Ca4 (PO4 )3F)
7.27
9.60% as P2 O3
15 MAGNESITE (MgCO3 )
2.30
39% Magnesite rest talc.
BENTONITE
16 (Al, Mg)2 (Si4 O10 ) (OH)10 12H2 O
0.81
Mostly of all qualities.
17 FELSPAR (KNaCa) NAI2 O3 NSiO
1.65
Ceramic Grade.
18 CHROMITE (FeCr2 O4 )
0.73
All Grade. Cr2O3 -50% Max
19 ASBESTOS (MG6 {SiO10 )OH8 )
0.15
0.034 as Chrysotile & 0.362 as amphibole variety.
20 BARYTES (BaSO4 )
0.03
0.014 of High Quality in Palamu District.
TALC/STEATITE, SOAPSTONE,
21 (Mg 3Si4 O10 )
0.34
N.A.
22 VERMICULITE (Mg Si O )
0.03
N.A.
23 GOLD (Au)
0.34
N.A.
24 PYROXENITE
30.00
>30%MgO. 34.35% SiO2 and <1% Chrome.
25 MAGANESE ORE (MnO4 )
7.47
High Magnetic Content.
26 MICA H2 Kal2 (Si04 )2
16,65,130 kg.
All Grades.
27 MAGNETITE Fe3 O4
10.26
High Magnetic Content.
28 OCHRE
0.24
High Grade
29 QUARTZITE
40.23
High to Medium Grade
30 ROCK PHOSPHATE
107.37
Average Grade
* Source: IBM (As on 1.4.2009), # Source: IBM (As on 1.4.2009), © Source: CMPDI (As on 1.4.2009)
3.3.7
Climate
The Chota Nagpur Plateau has an attractive climate. For five or six months of the year, from October onwards
the days are sunny and bracing. The mean temperature in December is 73 °F (23 °C). The nights are cool and
temperatures in winter may drop below freezing point in many places. In April and May the day temperature
may cross 100 °F (38 °C) but it is very dry and not sultry as in the adjacent plains. The rainy season (June to
September) is pleasant. The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual average rainfall of around 1400 mm,
which is less than the rainforested areas of much of India and almost all of it in the monsoon months between
June and August.
3.3.8
Ecology
Jharkhand in the eastwhile Bihar, comprised the southern uplands of the state. The plateau has been defined
as the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forest, a tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ecoregion drier than
surrounding areas such as the Eastern Ghats and the Satpura Range that encroach on it to the south. The
plateau is covered with a variety of different habitats of which Sal forest is predominant. The plateau is home
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to the Palamau Tiger Reserve and other large blocks of natural habitat which are among the few remaining
refuges left in India for large populations of tiger and Asian Elephants.
Forests range from dry to wet and reach up to 25m tall. The plateau is also swampy in some places and in
other parts is covered with bamboo grasslands and shrubs such as Holarrhena and Dodonaea. The flora of the
plateau is distinct from the wetter parts of India that surround it and includes a number of endemic plants
such as Aglaia haslettiana and endangered plant species including Madhuca longifolia and Butea monosperma.
Tigers, Asian elephants, Four-horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra),
and chinkara (Gazella bennettii), dhole wild dog (Cuon alpinus) and sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) are some of
the animals found here while birds include the threatened Lesser Florican(Eupodotis indica), Indian Grey
Hornbill and other hornbills.
More than half of the natural forest on the plateau has been cleared for grazing land and the scale of the
mining operations on the plateau is disturbing to the movement and therefore the survival of wildlife including
elephants and tigers. About 5% of the plateau is protected area the largest of which are Palamau Tiger reserve
and Sanjay National Park.
3.3.8.1 Ecologically Sensitive Areas
The ecologically sensitive areas include:




Drought Prone Districts
Wild Life Sanctuaries
Reserved Forests
National Parks
3.3.8.2 Drought and other Hazards
Jharkhand is prone to not only droughts but to other hazards such as floods, etc. that affect the ecological
balance or otherwise the environment in one or more ways.












Drought
Mining Accidents
Chemical and Industrial Hazards
Lightning
Bird Flu
Flood
Earthquake
Fire / Forest Fire
Elephant Attacks
Climate Change
Biodiversity loss
Naxalism/ Landmine Blasts
Table-13 Status List of Districts Affected by Hazards of Various Kinds
S.No.
Name of Hazards
No. of Districts affected
1
Drought
All the 24 Districts -2010
2
3
4
Flood
Flash Flood
Forest Fire
1
3
9
5
Lightening
9
Name of the District
(Sahibgunj)
(Jamshedpur , Saraikela , Ranchi)
(Garhwa, Palamau, Latehar, Chatra, Hazaribagh, E. &
W. Singhbhum, Simdega,Gumla)
(Palamau, Chatra, Latehar, Koderma, Ranchi, Giridih,
Hazaribagh, Lohardagga, Dumka)
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6
Mining Hazards
9
7
Earthquake Hazard
Zone –IV
Zone –III
15
Zone – II
7
(Latehar, Ramgarh, Dhanbad, Lohardagga, Giridih, E.
& W. Singhbhum,Koderma)
2
(Godda & Sahibgunj - Partially)
(Godda , Sahibgunj, Garhwa, Palamau, Chatra,
Hazaribagh, Koderma, Giridih, Bokaro, Dhanbad,
Deoghar, Dumka, Godda, Pakur, Jamtara)
(Lohardagga, Ranchi, Ramgarh, Khunti, Gumla, E. &
W. Singhbhum,)
3.3.8.3 Wild Life Sanctuaries Reserve Forests
Most of the Jharkhand forest, as much as 79% was privately owned until the Zamindari system was abolished
under the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950. Before acquisition of these Zamindari forests, indiscriminate
exploitation of these forests was a common practice. However circumstances changed with time and with
greater awareness of the significance of forest cover. Presently the State is having 29.61% of its total land
under forest cover. Jharkhand is bestowed with a huge variety of plant and animal species. A panorama of this
rich variety of wildlife in Jharkhand is visible in its national parks and zoological gardens. The Betla National
Park and the Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary are main wildlife sanctuaries of Jharkhand. Situated 25 km away
from Daltonganj, the Betla National Park spreads over an area of around 250 sq. km. In the year 1974, the
Betla National Park was declared Project Tiger Reserve. In Betla National Park you can see wildlife such as
tigers, elephants, bisons (gaurs), sambars, wildboars, langurs, rhesus, blue bulls, spotted deers, antelopes,
rabbits and foxes. The Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary is situated 135 km away from Ranchi and it is set in an
ecosystem very much similar to Betla National Park. Apart from these, a Zoological Garden is also located at a
distance of 16 km from Ranchi, which houses a number of mammalian species.
(a) Hazaribagh wildlife sanctuary
Nestling in low hilly terrain, at an average altitude of 1800 ft. this 183.89 sq. km National Park has an
abundance of wild animals, i.e. wild Boar, Sambar, Nilgai, Chital, Sloth Bear, tiger and Panthar. The 1970
census has established the presence of 14 tigers, 25 Panthers and 400 Sambars. Hazaribagh means “Thousand
tigers”. Hazaribagh is famous for its wildlife sanctuary. The place is situated in the ascending and descending
slopes of Chhota Nagpur Plateau. The Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary is another important site in Uttarakhand.
It is vying for a place in the international heritage list for its recent findings of rock paintings, caves, Stone Age
tools and smelted iron slag that show a much early advent of the Iron age than the theorized Chalcolithic age.
Wild boar, sambar, nilgai, cheetal, and kakar can be sighted near waterholes at dusk here. The sanctuary is 190
sq km and was established in 1954. The sanctuary is home to animals like wild boar, nilgai and leopard. The
sanctuary is a thick forest area so it’s a safe place for birds to live. The Best Season to visit the sanctuary is
from October to March as the climate is pleasant at that time. Prior permission from the divisional forest
officer (west division) is required to enter the sanctuary. Canari Hill is 5 km. Cycle Rickshaws available from the
Hazaribagh town.
(b) Palamau National park
The Palamau National Park is located in the western part of the Chotanagpur plateau. The park is spread over a
core area of 250 square kilometers and is also known as the Betla National Park. The Palamau National Park
was brought under Project Tiger in the year 1973. It is among the first nine Tiger Reserves of the country. The
core area of the park was declared as a National Park in September 1989. Best Time to visit the national park is
from February-April.
(c) Betla National Park
Palamau's Betla National Park offers a fascinating study of wild life in natural surroundings studded with
forests, hills and valleys. The national park has a large variety of wild life. Once Betla had 2 tigers, 50
elephants, 800 sambhars, hundreds of wild boar and pythons as big as 15 to 20 feet. Most popular are the
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spotted deer seen moving in herds. The most coveted sight is a majestic gaur popularly known as bison. The
elephants are also seen in the region. The other mammalian fauna to be seen at Betla include langur, rhesus,
cheetal (spotted deer), blue bulls and wild boars. The lesser mammals are the porcupine hare junglee cat,
honey badger, jackal, malabar giant squirrel and mangoose wolf, antelope etc. The park was declared in 1974 a
tiger project reserve.
(d) Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary
Dalma Mountain Range is at an altitude of 3000 feet. Lurking in the thick cover of its jungle (193 sq. km.) are
elephants, barking deer, sloth beer, porcupines, leopard, tigers etc. The steep slope of Dalma is a trekker’s
delight. Small hideouts have been made at several places in the sanctuary where one can see wilds animals in
their natural habitat. A look from the mountaintop at the city is so visually appealing at the night that it looks
as if millions stars twinkling. Dalma provides natural air condition to the fuming steel city and is an important
source of fresh oxygen to the citizens. Late Sanjay Gandhi inaugurated the sanctuary in 1975. On the
mountaintop are the guesthouse of Tata Steel and Forest Department.
(e) Palamau tiger reserve
The Palamau Tiger Reserve lies in the western part of the Chhotanagpur plateau. The forest stretches from the
edge of the Netarhat hill range in the south to the Auranga River in the north and from the Latehar-Sarju road
in the east to Madhya Pradesh border in the west. The forest of Palamau is the catchment of the river North
Koel. Flora includes Shorea robusta, Acacia catechu, and Butea monosperma, Madhuca indica, Terminalia
tomentosa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cardifolia, Anogeisus latifolia, Indigofera pulchela, Moghania spp,
Mallotus phillipinensis, Holarrhena antidysentrica, Bothriochloa Montana, Apluda mutica and many others.
Fauna includes Tiger, Leopard, Cheetal, Sambar, Barking Deer, Wolf, Wild Dog, Elephant, Mouse Deer,
Pangolin, Fourhorned Antelope and Indian Ratel.
(f) Topchanchi wildlife sanctuary
This sanctuary is noted for the flow of migratory birds including pochards, red crested pochards and coots.
Resident birds include bronze winged jacanas, pond herons, egrets, swamp partridges, etc. The Nagi Dam
Sanctuary (1.9sq km) near Jhajha is the smallest sanctuary in the state and also a place to spot migratory birds.
Fifteen km from Patna, Danapur is also a significant shelter for migratory birds, especially janghils (open billed
storks).
Table-14 Summary of the National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries
Sl.
No.
Name
District
Legal
Status
Year of
Notification
Principal Wildlife
Nearest Rly
Station
Nearest
Airport
1976
Area
(Sq.
km.)
1026
1
Palamau
Tiger
Reserve,
Betla
Latehar
NP
Tiger, Leopard,
Elephantm,Gaur,
Cheetal, Sambhar,
Barking Deer, Sloth
Bear, Nilgai, Wild
Dog, Wolf, Hyaena
Chhipadohar,
12 km
Ranchi,
170 km
2
Hazaribag
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Hazaribag
WLS
1976
186.25
Ranchi
Road,65 km
Ranchi,
110 km
Latehar
WLS
1976
63.25
Chhipadohar,
60 km
Ranchi,
240 km
Singhbhum
(East)
WLS
1976
193.22
Tiger, Leopard,
Elephantm,Cheetal,
Barking Deer, Sloth
Bear, Nilgai, Wild
Boar, Hyaena
Wolf Spotted Deer,
Wild Boar, Hares,
Mongoose, Rats,
Squirrels, Ground
Birds
Elephant Leopard,
Mouse Deer, Barking
Deer, Wild Boar
3
Mahuadanr
Wolf
Sanctuary
4
Dalma
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Tata Nagar,
12 km
Ranchi,
110 km
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5
Topchanchi
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Dhanbad
WLS
1978
8.75
Leopard, Jungle Cat,
Cheetal, Barking
Deer, Langur, Wild
Boar, Mongoose,
Jackal, Fox, Wild Dog
Dhanbad, 25
km
Ranchi,
140 km
6
Lawalong
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Chatra
WLS
1978
207
Chandwa,
(Tori) 76 km
Ranchi,
100 km
7
Koderma
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Koderma
WLS
1985
150.62
Koderma, 10
km
Ranchi,
170 km
8
Parasnath
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Giridih
WLS
1981
49.33
Parasnath, 16
km
Ranchi,
160 km
9
Palkot
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Gumla
WLS
1990
183.18
Ranchi, 115
km
Bano 55 km
Ranchi,
115 km
10
Udhwa Lake
Birds
Sanctuary
Sahebganj
WLS
1991
5.65
Sahebganj,
42 km
Ranch/
Patna
11
Gautam
Budha
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Koderma
WLS
1976
121.142
Tiger, Leopard,
Cheetal, Barking
Deer, Nilgai, Wild
Boar, Hyaena, Langur
Tiger, Leopard, Sloth
Bear, Sambhar,
Cheetal, Barking
Deer, Nilgai, Wild
Boar, Gaint Squirrel,
Jackal, Fox, Hyaena,
Langur, Porcupine
Leopard, Sloth Bear,
Sambhar, Cheetal,
Barking Deer, Wild
Boar, Gaint Squirrel,
Hyaena, Langur,
Porcupine,
Mongoose, Jungle
Cat, Monkey
Leopard, Sloth Bear,
Jackal, Monkey,
Procupine, Hare,
Jungle Fowl,
Patridges, Koel,
Parakeet, Owl,
Pheasants
Gull, Jacana, Teal,
Cormorant, Dabchick,
Darter, Lapwing,
Plover, Wagtail,
Egret, Heron, Ibies,
Stork, Blue Rock
Pigeon, Lark, Beeeater, Sparrow, Myna
(six spp.) Pipit, Bulbul
etc. Birds of prey like
tern, Brahminy Kite,
Fishing Eagle, Hawak
and vulture. Others
like swift, Swallow,
Kingfisher, Drongo,
Indian Foller,
Parakeet etc.
Sloth Beer, Sambhar,
Cheetal, Barking
Deer, Nilgai, Wild
Boar, giant Squirrel
Koderma, 60
km
Ranchi
3.4 AGRICULTURE:
Nearly 80% of population in Jharkhand is engaged in agriculture. This implies that agriculture has a very
significant role to play in the social and economic realm in this state. The total geographical area of Jharkhand
is 79 lakh hectares. The net cultivated area is 22 lakh hectares approx. 23 lakh hectares is covered with forests.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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The climate of Jharkhand is moderate and crops like paddy(cultivated on terraced/valley lands), bajra,
sugarcane, wheat, pulses, til, maize, oilseeds(niger crop) etc. grow well here. Varieties of vegetables and fruits
like tomato, brinjal, ladies finger, cabbage, gourd, mango, litchi, papaya, lemons etc. are available for people to
relish. The farmers follow the traditional ways of cultivation and now government efforts have brought in
technology in their fields for better yield.
Crop Coverage Area under different crops is:
Crop
Rice
Wheat
Maize
Pulses
Fruit
Vegetables
Coverage
16.92 lakh ha
1.10 lakh ha
2.80 lakh ha
3.60 lakh ha
0.42 lakh ha.
2.25 lakh ha
Cropping Intensity is 117%, per capita net sown area (0.083hectare) is quite low in relation to the per capita
land holding (0.14 ha approx.) in the State. All these factors converge into a vicious circle of low agricultural
productivity, low farm income, low investment, low capital formation & subsequently stagnant rural economy.
Contribution of Agriculture to GSDP is 11%.
3.4.1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3.4.2
Agriculture and Land Holdings:
83% of the land holdings belong to small and marginal farmers. Less than 1% of holdings are above
10 hectares which covers 9% of cultivable area. Agricultural operations are primarily of subsistence
type due to the adverse land: man ratio.
There is predominance of cereal crops in the state. About 92% cropped area is covered under food
grains and hardly 3-5% area is under cash crops. 40% of the total cropped area remains largely monocropped under rice. Lack of diversity in the cropping pattern makes the farmers more vulnerable to
any downward deviation in rainfall.
Agricultural operations are not profitable because they are primarily of subsistence type due to large
number of fragmented holdings.
Large tracts of land are left uncultivated by poor farmers due to lack of capital. They have little or no
resources of their own to provide for high cost of inputs needed to increase agricultural productivity.
The institutional credit flow to the agriculture sector is negligible and agricultural extension activities
are minimal.
49% of the soils have high concentration of toxicity. Therefore the productivity of soil is very low.
Agriculture is basically dependent on rain.
The State does not have a perennial river system. All rivers in the State are seasonal. They receive
water during monsoon. 80% of the rainfall is received during the monsoon months (June to Sept.).
Due to undulating topography, the water run off rate is very high.
Inadequate or non-existent post harvest management infrastructure at farm level, lack of price
incentives, low access to credit and high transaction cost involved in institutional credit are some of
the reasons which have affected productivity.
All these factors converge into a vicious circle of low agricultural productivity, low farm income, low
investment, low capital formation & subsequently stagnant rural economy. Contribution of
Agriculture to GSDP is less than 10% though a large population (approx. 60%) depends on it for
livelihood support.
Soils
Soil content of Jharkhand state mainly consist of soil formed from disintegration of rocks and stones, and soil
composition is further divided into:
1.
Red soil, found mostly in the Damodar valley, and Rajmahal area
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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2.
3.
4.
5.
3.4.3
Micacious soil (containing particles of mica), found in Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya, Barkagaon, and areas
around the Mandar hill
Sandy soil, generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad
Black soil, found in Rajmahal area
Laterite soil, found in western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and Singhbhum
Landuse Pattern
The pattern of use of land in Jharkhand has been shown in the table below:
Table-15
S.N.
Category
Areas in Lakh Hectare
1
Cultivable
Area
Forest Area
Waterbodies
Waste Land
Scrub forest
Builtup Area
Other
Total
29.74
37.30%
23.92
1.59
7.17
4.38
3.99
8.93
79.72
30.00%
2.00%
9.00%
5.50%
5.00%
11.20%
100.00%
2
3
4
5
6
7
Areas in Percentage
(Source: http://wrdjharkhand.nic.in/land_pattern_state.html)
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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3.5 WATER RESOURCES IN JHARKHAND – An Introduction
Water resources available in Jharkhand and in
the selected districts are:







Dug wells
Hand pump
Tube wells
Rivers
Dams
Infiltration structures
Other wetlands: Reservoirs/ Ponds/
lakes
Details of the quality of water from various
sources have been discussed earlier in the. The
types of problems encountered in respect of
quality of water or extraction of water or
otherwise the human environments are:











3.5.1
Occurrence of iron beyond permissible limits
Occurrence of fluoride beyond permissible limits
Occurrence of arsenic beyond permissible limits
Occurrence of turbidity beyond permissible limits
Occurrence of nitrates beyond permissible limits
Occurrence of manganese and zinc beyond permissible limits
Occurrence of radioactivity
Occurrence of biological pollution
Short life of hand pumps and tube wells because of lowering of discharge
Failure of tube wells because of absence of water bearing strata
Failure of tube wells because of caving in of assembly
Status of Surface Water In Jharkhand
River system in Jharkhand is the principal resource of surface water other than rain water. One of the most
important features of the river system in the state is the dominant role of Ganga, which provides water for day
to day use by habitants, for drinking purposes, irrigation, industry, commercial uses and recharge the
underground water.
3.5.1.1 Major Streams of Jharkhand
3.5.1.1.1 Brahmani River System
The numerous subsidiaries divides radiating from the Palamu-Ranchi uplands give rise to a landscape, when
then on a large number of small but youthful independent river basins, the main streams emerging from which
either merge to form large more mature river or themselves mature as they reach the plains. Along the
southern slopes are the Sankh and south Koel river system cutting back deeply into the central upland and
emerging out and joining to form the Brahmani River.
3.5.1.1.2
Subarnarekha River System
The Subarnrekha emerges from the eastern slopes near Nagari (Ranchi upland) and has more or less
southeasterly course. Enlarged by several tributaries it directly drains into the Bay of Bengal, east of Balasore.
It is the largest river in Jharkhand.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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The Subarnrekha River flows eastwards upto Muri flowing down the Hirni, Dasam, Johna and Hundru falls. It
then takes a sharp turn to the south and flows into the gap between the Bhagmundi hills on the east and the
Ranchi uplanlds in the west. South of Chandil the river cuts through the Dalma range and turns south east and
flows along the valley between the Dama and Dhanjori range towards Baharagora. Here it leaves the state,
meanders eastward.
Sapghara, Gurma, Bhagalduba, Dimnajhore, the Garra, Sanjal, the Karkai are tributaries of river Subarnrekha.
3.5.1.1.3 Damodar River system
It rises from the eastern slope of the Balumath divides, east of Latehar near a place called Chulhapani in near
the boundary of Lohardaga and Latehar districts. Later on the downstream it is joined by the Bakaro, Kunar,
and Jamunia and Barakar rivers in its eastward course. It reaches by and large at mature stage before passing
the state boundary.
At Asansole the Damodar turns south east and enters the Bengal alluvial basin. Before the year 1770 the
Damodar used to drain into the Hoogly, some 63 km north of Kolkatta. Since 1770 it joins the Hoogly some 65
km south of Kolkatta. This change in the course is characteristic that the river shares with the drainage of the
Gangetic plains.
3.5.1.1.4 Amanat and Anuranga River systems
Emerging from the Western flanks of the Balumath high, north east of Lohardaga are the west flowing Amanat
and Auranga rivers which join the noth flowing North Koel and drain into the Sone. The east flowing Damodar
and the west flowing Amanat-Auranga system thus separated by the Balumath high drain the east west
trending Gondwana coal basins and have a distant ancestry.
3.5.1.1.5 Barakar Ajoy and Mayurakshi Rivers
The region between the northern slopes of Hazaribagh plateau and the Kodarma-Rajmahal divides are drain by
the Barakar, Ajoy and Mayurakshi rivers which flow to the south east through the Santal Pargana plains.
Dwaraka, Brahmani, Pagala, Gumani, Chandan and Chira rivers:These rivers have originated from Rajmahal plateau. Dwaraka, Brahmini, Pagala and Gumani drain down the
Rajmahal plateau towards eastward slop.
The western slopes of the Rajmahal ridge are drained by the Chandan and Chira rivers.
3.5.1.1.6 Wetlands of Jharkhand
The important wetlands of Jharkhand are Udhwa lake bird sanctuary, Getalsud Kansjor dam, Konar dam,
Tilaiya dam, Massanjore dam, Maithon dam and Tenughat dam.
3.5.1.1.7 Major Wetland Types of Jharkhand
Major wetland types observed in the state are River/Stream, Reservoirs, Tanks/ Ponds, Lakes, Riverine
wetlands, Waterlogged-Natural, Ox-bow Lakes, Waterlogged-Man-Made and Aquaculture Ponds.
Table-16 Area Estimates of Wetlands in Jharkhand
Sr. No.
1
2
Wet
code
No.
Wetland Category
1100
Inland Wetlands Natural
Lakes/Ponds
Ox-bow lakes/ Cut-off
1101
1102
Number
of
Wetlands
16
18
Total
Wetland
Area
(Ha)
% of
wetland
area
3204
83
1.88
0.05
Open Water (Sq km)
PostPre- monsoon
monsoon
area
area
1343
71
385
70
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Sr. No.
Wet
code
No.
Wetland Category
3
1103
4
5
6
1104
1105
1106
1200
7
8
9
10
1201
1202
1203
1204
Number
of
Wetlands
Total
Wetland
Area
(Ha)
meanders
High altitude
wetlands
Riverine wetlands
42
Waterlogged
58
River/Stream
344
Inland Wetlands -Man-made
% of
wetland
area
Open Water (Sq km)
PostPre- monsoon
monsoon
area
area
-
-
-
-
1629
231
97743
0.96
0.14
57.48
781
231
97743
552
16
63442
Reservoirs/Barrages
Tanks/Ponds
Waterlogged
Salt pans
Sub-Total
1062
910
11
2
2463
48177
5688
61
8
156824
28.33
3.34
0.04
0.00
92.22
47386
5266
50
8
152879
34476
4241
35
8
103225
Wetlands (<2.25 ha)
13227
13227
7.78
-
-
Total
15690
170051
100.00
152879
103225
Area under
Aquatic
Vegetation
Area under
turbidity
levels
Low
3437
7244 (Ha)
21014
12774 (Ha)
Moderate
88410
64127 (Ha)
High
43455
26324 (Ha)
3.5.1.1.8 District-Wise Wetland (Maps and) Statistics
The state has 22 districts. Pashchimi Sighbhum district ranks first in terms of area (18939 ha) followed by
Sahibganj (16118 ha) and others. In terms of per cent area under wetlands of total wetland extent, Pashchimi
Sighbhum also ranks first (11 %). Interestingly, 50 % of the wetland area is concentrated in five districts i.e.
Ranchi (9 %), Dumka (9 %), Palamu (10 %), Sahibganj (9 %) and Pashchimi Sighbhum (11 %) and rest of the
wetlands are distributed in the remaining 13 districts. In terms of per cent area of wetlands of the geographical
area of the districts, the wetlands account for about 2.1 %. Jharkhand state has shown a significant
reduction in
the
extent of
open
water from
post-monsoon (152879ha) to premonsoon (103225 ha), which amounts to approximately 35 %. Minimum seasonal variation (11 %) in open
water extent is observed in Sahibganj district while maximum in Lohardaga (69 %). On an average the state
has shown a decrease of 35 % of open water extent. District-wise wetland area estimates is given in
table below.
Table-17 District-Wise Wetland Area
Sr. No.
District
Total
Geographical
area
(Ha)
Wetland
% of
area (ha) wetland
area
% of
geographical
area
Open Water
PostPremonsoon monsoon
(2006)
(2007)
9052
5073
1
Garhwa
4044
9362
6
0.12
2
Palamu
8705
16348
10
0.21
14948
7781
3
Chatra
3706
5253
3
0.07
4751
2117
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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Sr. No.
District
Total
Geographical
area
(Ha)
Wetland
% of
area (ha) wetland
area
% of
geographical
area
Open Water
PostPremonsoon monsoon
(2006)
(2007)
10635
5896
4
Hazaribagh
6147
11307
7
0.14
5
Kodarma
1312
3160
2
0.04
2971
1382
6
Giridih
4975
7845
5
0.10
7021
3839
7
Deoghar
2479
4046
2
0.05
3661
3008
8
Godda
2110
2445
1
0.03
2028
1475
9
Sahibganj
1599
16118
9
0.20
12979
11504
10
Pakur
1806
2734
2
0.03
2047
1463
11
Dumka
6212
15824
9
0.20
14939
11659
12
Dhanbad
2052
9438
6
0.12
8296
6108
13
Bokaro
2861
11222
7
0.14
9800
8621
14
Ranchi
7698
14728
9
0.18
13709
10165
15
Lohardaga
1491
2110
1
0.03
1809
568
16
Gumla
9077
12423
7
0.16
11729
6147
17
Pashchimi Singhbhum
9907
18939
11
0.24
16732
12354
18
Purbi Singhbhum
3533
6749
4
0.08
5772
4065
Total
79714
170051
100
2.13
152879
103225
3.5.1.1.9 Important Wetlands of Jharkhand
Udhwa lake (Bird Sanctuary), Getalsud, Tenughat, Panchet, Konar, Tilaiya, Maithon, Masanjore, Malay,
Kansjore, and Hatia reservoirs are most important wetland areas of Jharkhand state. Extensive field work was
carried out for these wetland areas. Wetland maps have been prepared for 5km buffer area of each wetland
sites.
Udhuwa lake Bird Sanctuary which is the single Bird Sanctuary of Jharkhand State is situated at about 42 km
from Sahibgunj. It is situated on the bank of the Ganges about 10 kms southeast of Rajmahal. Two water
bodies, namely Pataura and Barhale constitute the 5.65 km2 Udhuwa lake bird sanctuary. Pataura Lake is
perennial and the average depth is about 2 meter. (Kumar et al, 2004)
Damodar River comprises five reservoirs (Konar, Tilaiya, Maithon, Panchet, and Durgapur) at different
stretches to store the rain water and protect the lower valley from floods. Out of five major reservoirs,
Tenughat and Panchet are located on Damodar River, Tilaiya and Maithon on Barakar and one on Konar River,
a tributary of Damodar River. Tenughat reservoir is mainly constructed to meet the water requirements of
Bokaro Steel Plant while Durgapur barrage was constructed on Damodar River to meet the irrigation water
requirements of West Bengal. Some important lakes also exist to provide surface water for drinking and
industrial purposes out of which Topchanchi and Nalkari lakes are prominent. Topchanchi Lake serves as
source of drinking water for Jharia coalfields whereas water from Nalkari is used for Patratu Thermal Power
Plant.
Getalsud reservoir is located at 23° 27' N and 85° 33' E, across the river Subarnarekha, 40 km east of Ranchi
River Subarnarekha, the main source of inflow, originates at Nagari, in the Chhotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand,
about 50 km upstream of Getlasud dam. Konar dam is situated in the Hazaribagh district. The inflowing river
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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Konar is a seasonal stream joining the river Damodar. Tilaiya dam is constructed across the river Barakar which
is rising from the hilly forests of Hazaribagh district, at an elevation of 610 m.
Tenughat Reservoir is situated near Tenu village about 8 miles west to the Bokaro thermal power station in
Giridih district of Jharkhand State. It was constructed on Damodar river in the year 1971, to utilize the water
resources of river in Damodar and its tributaries to fulfill the needs of Bokaro thermal power station, steel
plant and its employees.
Masanjore dam (also known as Canada dam) was constructed on the river Mayurakshi. The dam was
constructed with two primary objectives (a) to generate hydro-electricity and (b) to facilitate irrigation in
Jharkhand and West Bengal.
a.
Udhwa Lake ( Bird Sanctuary)
1
2
3
4
Name : Udhwa Lake ( Bird Sanctuary)
Location: 87° 48' 55.500" E, 24° 58' 6.400" N Sahibganj known as “Udhwa lake bird sanctuary” in the
year 1991. The Sanctuary is situated at about 42 km from Sahibganj. It is situated on the bank of the
Ganga about 10 kms southeast of Rajmahal. Two water bodies, namely Pataura and Barhale institute
the 5.65 km2 Udhwa lake bird Sanctuary.
5
Area: 1605 ha
Wetland type : Lake (Bird Sanctuary)
Flora: The lake is infested with aquatic macrophytes comprising emergent, free floating and
submerged forms. Water hyacinth was found to be the dominant form. Over all 50% of the lake
surface was covered with aquatic weeds.
6
Fauna: It is a home to a variety of birds including different mynas, brahminy kites, Cattel Egret, Pond
Heron, Purple Heron, Egret , Open Billed stock, White Ibis, Dab chick or little
Grebe, fishing eagles, hose swifts and palm swifts flying at dizzying speeds. A speciality of the
sanctuary is Siberian birds flocking from different parts of the world.
7
b.
Major fish species: Udhwa lake seems to be rich in fish and fish spawn.Some common fishes of the
lake are Rohu(Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla) , Tengra,(Mystus cavasius) Bata(L. bata), reba(C.
retra) , Mirka (Cirrihinus mrigala) etc.
Getalsud Reservoir
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name : Getalsud
Location : 85°31'17.874"E,
23°26'38.601"N
Getalsud reservoir is situated in 40 km east of Ranchi city.
Name of the River: Subernarekha
Area: 2302 ha
Wetland type : Reservoir
Average Annual Rainfall : 100 to 1198 cm
Plankton: Diatoms have the maximum species diversity, followed by Chlorophyceae and blue- greens.
Desmids and Dinophyceae (Ceratium sp.) are also present. Zooplankton is represented by 12 genera of
rotifers, 6 of protozoa, 5 cladocerans and 2 of copepods.
Fauna: Fish, insects and algae are a rich source of food for migratory birds, notable among which are
Little Grebe, Bank Myna, Pied Myna, Common Crane, Cattle Egret, Tufted Pochard , Cotton Teal,
Shoveller, Little Grebe, Palm Swift etc
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8
Major fish Species: Rohu( L. Rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mirka (Cirrhinus mrigala),Reba (Cirrhinus reba)
etc.
9
Soil Type: The bottom soil is acidic and poor in organic carbon (0.46 to 0.60 %). Available phosphorus and
nitrogen are present in modest quantities (2.45 to 6.08 mg 100 g-1 and 24.38 to 35.06 mg 100 g-1). The
morphometric and edaphic indicators of productivity and the estimates on the standing crop send
conflicting signals on the status of the water body.
10 Benthic fauna: Bottom substrate in the lotic sector is soft and rich in organic matter, comprising decaying
vegetation, but during monsoons, silt deposition is reported to blanket the organic matter. Density of
benthic organisms is high in the lotic sector, their number attenuating towards the lentic sector.
c.
Tilaiya Reservoir
Name: Tilaiya
Location : 85°25'56.201"E 24°20'38.8"N
Tilaiya Dam is situated in Hazaribagh district
Name of the River: Barakar
Area: 4865 ha
Wetland type : Reservoir
Average Annual Rainfall : 127 cm.
Major Fish Species: The major fish species were Catla (Catla catla), Mirka (Cirrhinus mrigala),
Labeo calbasu, Rohu (L.rohita), Bata (L.bata), L. dyocheilus,Puntius sarana, Cyprinus carpio,
Notopterus notopterus and Ompok bimaculatus etc.
Soil Characteristics: The bottom soil is acidic (pH 5.6 to 5.9) and silty clay loam with low organic
carbon (0.31 to 0.50%) and available phosphorus (3.0 mg P2O5 100 g-1). Organic nitrogen is in
medium productivity range (0.073 to 0.101%).
Water is rich in ionic concentration.
Alkalinity (53.5 mg 1-1) and specific conductivity (98.7 to 211 μmhos) are indicative of the the
reservoir's proclivity to good organic productivity. Values of nitrate (0.25 mg 1-1) and phosphate
(0.03 mg 1-1) are satisfactory. Gross primary productivity is estimated at 199 to 300 mg C m3 day-1.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d.
Konar Reservoir
Name : Konar
1
2
Location : 85°45'50.731"E 23°55'50.85"N Konar Dam is situated in Hazaribagh district.
3
Area: 2149ha
4
Wetland type : Reservoir
Plankton: The plankton in Konar is characterised by a poor species diversity and an overwhelming
dominance of Microcystis aeruginosa and Diaptomus sp. among the phyto- and zooplankton respectively.
5
Name of the River: Konar
6
Major fish: The constituent species were Catla (Catla catla), Mirka (Cirrhinus mrigala), Labeo calbasu,
Rohu (L. rohita), Bata (L. bata), L. dyocheilus, Puntius sarana, Cyprinus carpio, Notopterus notopterus and
Ompok bimaculatus etc.
7
Ionic Concentration: Konar is the richest in ionic concentration. The total alkalinity varies in the range of
43.5 to 83.0 mg 1-1 and specific conductivity within 81.20 to 147.6μmos during different seasons of the
year.
8
Soil Type: Basin soil of Konar reservoir is organic carbon. The concentration of available phosphorus is a
low 1.2 to 8.0 mg P2O4 100 g-1. Organic nitrogen of 0.069 to 0.101% is medium to high and pH of soil is
acidic (5.4 to 6.0).
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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e.
Tenughat Reservoir
Name : Tenughat
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f.
Location : 85°50'1.091" E
23°43'51.677" N
Tenughat Dam is situated in Bokaro district.
Name of the river: Damodar
Area: 3814 ha
Wetland type : Reservoir
Average Annual Rainfall: 1320mm
Plankton: In the Reservoir free floating phytoplanktons and zooplanktons were having a good growth.
The phytoplanktons found in the reservoir were Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas lemna, Ajola, Hydrilla,
Vacillinaria,Chara, and potamojiton. This vegetation was good food for major craps.
Major Fish Species: Catla (C. catla), Mirka (C. mrigala), Rohu (L. rohita), L. calbasu, Bata(L. bata), C.
carpio ,P. sarana, M. aor, W. attu, B. bagarius etc.
Irrigation: Considering the necessity of irrigation in the region, cultivable land between Tenu-Bokaro
canal and river Damodar is being irrigated. Only an area of 800 hectares is being irrigated now.
Massanjor Reservoir
Name : Massanjor
1
Location : 87°18’39.3”E, 24°6’29.9”N
Masanjore reservoir is situated in Dumka District of Jharkhand.
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of the River: Mayurakshi
Area: 5027
Wetland type : Reservoir
Average Annual Rainfall : 1447mm
Plankton: Agmenellum sp., Anabena sp. Ceratophyllum sp., Dentella sp. Diatomella sp.
Major Fish Species: W. attu, C. catla, N. chitala, H. fossilus, Papda, C.mirgala, L. rohita , M.aor etc.
8
Major Functions: To generate hydro- electricity and to facilitate irrigation in Jharkhand and West
Bengal.
Major Weeds found were: Ipomia aquatica, Myriophyllum, Limnathemu, Potamogetan, Hydrilla and
Ceratophyllum.
9
3.5.2 Status of Ground Water Hydrogeology
Area (Sq.km)
Rainfall (mm)
Total Districts
Sub- Divisions
Blocks
79,714
917
24
36
259
The state is underlain by variety of rock formations from Pre-Cambrian to recent age. A major part of the state
is underlain by formations comprising of granites, granite gneisses, meta- sedimentaries and a variety of
volcanic rocks. The volcanic formation represented by Rajmahal traps are exposed as patches in a linear
fashion in the north-eastern part. The sediments belonging to Vindhayan system are seen exposed in the
north- western part of the state. The lateritic capping is invariably seen in the south western part. Recent
alluvial formations are mostly confined to the valleys along major rivers of the state. The ground water
exploration has revealed presence of 3 to 4 potential fractured zones at variable levels within a depth of 200
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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m from the ground level. The discharge of the exploratory wells is highly variable ranging between 3.6 to 54
m3/hr. In some of the pockets higher discharge wells has also been constructed.
Table-18
Dynamic Ground Water Resources
Annual Replenishable Ground water Resource
Net Annual Ground Water Availability
Annual Ground Water Draft
Stage of Ground Water Development
Ground Water Development & Management
Over Exploited
Critical
Semi- critical
Ground Water User Maps
Artificial Recharge to Ground Water (AR)
Ground Water Quality Problems
Contaminants
Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l)
Iron (>1.0 mg/l)
Nitrate (>45 mg/l)
5.58 BCM
5.25 BCM
1.06 BCM
20 %
NIL
NIL
NIL
22 districts
 Area identified for AR: 2450
 Quantity of Surface Water to be Recharged:
546 MCM
 Feasible AR structures: 500 Nala Bunds, 336
Revival of Kandi Ponds, RWH in Urban Areas for
1.5 Lakhs houses.
Districts affected (in part)
Bokaro, Giridih, Godda, Gumla, Palamu, Ranchi
Chatra, Deoghar, East Singhbhum, Giridih, Ranchi,
West Singhbhum
Chatra, Garhwa, Godda, Gumla, Lohardega, Pakur,
Palamu, Paschimi Singhbhum, Purbi Singhbhum,
Ranchi, Sahibganj
3.5.3 District Wise Status of Ground Water
3.5.3.1 Availability and Quality
Data on quality of water of some selected districts of Jharkhand is available with the Central Ground Water
Board and a summary of this data is presented in Table 19:
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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Table-19 Status of Ground Water in Selected Districts of Jharkhand: Summary
(Source: CGWB)
S no District
Geographical Population Average
Area (Sq km.) (As on
Annual
2001
Rainfall
Census)
(mm)
3
Major Drainages
Forest GROUND Type of
area: WATWER Water
QUALITY
1
2
1 Bokaro
2861
4
1777662
5
1198
6
7
Damodar, Konar and 722.3
Bokaro
8
Potable
2 Deoghar
2479
1165000
1162
River Ajay and its
tributaries viz
Bhagdura, Partho,
Dama, and Jayanti
346.3
Potable
3 Dhanbad
2041.6
2393423
1241
Damodar and
Barakar
189.3
Potable
9
Alkaline
GW dev. Number of No. of No. of MAJOR GROUND WATER
%
Over
Critical Blocks PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
Exploited Blocks notified
Blocks
10
16%
11
NIL
12
NIL
13
NIL
14
Fluoride, Iron, Mn, Zn, above
desirable limit around Industrial
area.
15
25.25
23%
NIL
NIL
NIL
Iron concentration above
permissible limit (1 mg/l) in
Palajori and Sarawan block
13.97
NIL
NIL
NIL
1. Sporadic nitrate occurrence at
few places and Fluoride value
above permissible limit at Mahuda
More (2.1ppm) hand pump
2. Lowering of water table near
active colliery mining areas.
.
9.27
29.42%
NIL
NIL
NIL
Fluoride
47.27
41%
Nil
Nil
Nil
Fluoride and Nitrate above
permissible limit in patches
14.87
28%
Nil
Nil
Nil
Low discharge of bore wells in
Gondwana Formations
42.44
Calcium
Bicarbonate 18%
type
4 Garhwa
4044.1
1035464
1193
5 Godda
2110
1047000
1063.1
6 Hazaribagh
6046
2277475
1234
North Koel, Banki, 1911.5 Potable
Son and Dhorara
Ganga,Kajhia, Harna, 313.7
Sunder Sapin, Kao,
Cheer and Geura
Rivers
Slightly
Alkaline
Barakar, Konar,
2566
Bokaro and Damodar
Ca - HCO3
Type
Potable
FOREST
COVER %
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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7 Jamtara
1791.7
653081
1293.7
Brahmani,
302
Mayurakshi, Ajoy
and their tributaries
Potable
16%
Nil
Nil
Nil
8 Koderma
1500
499403
1192
Barakar and Sakri
552.3
Calcium20%
Magnesium
bicarbonate
NIL
NIL
NIL
FLUORIDE PROBLEM IN KODERMA
& SATGAWAN BLOCK
36.82
9
1805
701616
1399
Damro. Torai,
Bansloi and Tripti.
207.9
Potable
13.17%
Nil
Nil
Nil
Fluoride concentration found more
than permissible limit in some of
the villages
11.52
10 Palamu
5246.8
16 00000
1163.4
3619
Nil
Nil
Nil
7698
27,85,064 1316
Calcium
24%
Bicarbonate
Nil
Nil
Nil
Fluoride and Nitrate concentration
above permissible limit in patches
Declining trend of deeper Aquifers
in urban area of Ranchi township
Sporadic fluoride contamination in
Ormanjhi, Ranchi sadar and Silli
blocks
43.24
11 Ranchi
Koel, Auranga and 2268.5
Amanat
Subarnarekha, South 1591.4 Good
koel, Karkari
12 Sahebganj
1600
1575
Nil
Nil
Nil
Arsenic occurs more than
permissible limits in ground water
in some of the villages.
26.71
Pakur
Ganga, Gumani and 427.4
Morang
Good
Good
16.86
20.67
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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3.5.3.2 Depth of Water and Discharge
The CGWB has worked on detailed mapping of the occurrence (location) of ground water as well as the yield at
different places in the districts of Jharkhand. Scans of some of the maps are given below:
PALAMU: DEPTH OF WATER TABLE
GARHWA: YIELD OF TUBE WELLS
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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3.5.3.3 Ground Water Maps of the JSAC
Ground water prospect maps, which are digital and employ remote sensing techniques, have also been
prepared by the Jharkhand Space Applications Centre (JSAC) at Ranchi. In these maps even village level details
are available.
3.5.3.4 Summary
Salient features of the data presented above
are as follows:

There is ample rainfall in all
districts: min 1063 mm in Godda to
maximum 1575 mm in Sahebganj.
There is good forest cover in all
districts, minimum being 9.27% in
Dhanbad to maximum 47.27% in
Garhwa
The stage of development of
ground water is amere 13.17% in
Pakur to a maximum of 36.19% in
Palamu.
There are no Over Exploited blocks
in any district
There are no Critical blocks in any
district
There are no Notified blocks in any
district
Major ground water problems reported are:






Table-20
1
2
Bokaro
Deoghar
Fluoride, Iron, Mn, Zn, above desirable limit around Industrial area.
Iron concentration above permissible limit (1 mg/l) in Palajori and
Sarawan block
1. Sporadic nitrate occurrence at few places and Fluoride value above
permissible limit at Mahuda More (2.1ppm) hand pump
2. Lowering of water table near active colliery mining areas..
3
Dhanbad
4
5
Garhwa
Godda
Fluoride
Fluoride and Nitrate above permissible limit in patches
6
7
8
9
Hazaribagh
Jamtara
Koderma
Pakur
Low discharge of bore wells in Gondwana Formations
10
Palamu
11
Ranchi
Declining trend of deeper Aquifers in urban area of Ranchi township
Sporadic fluoride contamination in Ormanjhi, Ranchi sadar and Silli blocks
12
Sahebganj
Arsenic occurs more than permissible limits in ground water in some of the
villages.
Fluoride Problem In Koderma & Satgawan Block
Fluoride concentration found more than permissible limit in some of the
villages
Fluoride and Nitrate concentration above permissible limit in patches
Page | 55
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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3.5.4
Drinking Water & Sanitation
3.5.4.1 Rural Water Supply Through Pipe Line
ITEMS
SCHEMES (NO)
Rural Water Supply through pipe line
Length of pipe line (metres)
304
1010120
ONGOING
SCHEMES
279
1035120
NEW SCHEMES
25
75000
3.5.4.2 Urban water supply through pipe line
No of wards covered: 818
No of water towers in the state: 160
Population covered: 3741080 (2001 census)
Proposed population covered (2010): 4721134 (2010)
3.5.4.3 Arsenic and Fluoride Treatment
Table-21
Arsenic/Fluoride
Arsenic
Fluoride
•
•
Villages affected
27
2439
(Through tube wells)
Treatment
27
2437
(Through tube wells)
Area affected
Sahebganj
Palamu Division
(Medininagar, Garhwa,
Latehar)
For Arsenic Treatment Mega scheme proposed in Sahebganj district
For Floride Treatment Medium & Small scheme proposed in Palamu Division.
3.5.4.4 Coverage & Types of Sources
The distribution of types of drinking water sources over various districts of the state of Jharkhand is as shown
in the table on the following page. An abstract is given below:
TYPE OF SCHEME
OPEN WELL
PWS
HP
SURFACE WATER
ROOF TOP
OTHERS
TOTAL
NO OF
HABITATIONS
2043
9031
70050
194
444
11965
93727
It would be seen that even though the coverage is of the order of nearly 79% (93727 out of 119191
habitations) the percentage of coverage by piped water supply is very low, only about 7.6%.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2
BOKARO
CHATRA
DEOGHAR
DHANBAD
DUMKA *
GARHWA *
GIRIDIH
GODDA
GUMLA
HAZARIBAG
JAMTARA *
KHUTI *
KODERMA
LATEHAR
LOHARDAGA
PAKUR
PALAMU *
PASCHIM
SINGHBHUM
PURBI
SINGHBHUM
RAMGARH
RANCHI
SAHIBGANJ
SAREIKELA *
KHARSAWA
N
SIMDEGA
Total
River
Lake Stream Canal
Spring
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
817
256
467
293
1274
380
539
436
417
315
118
256
105
143
189
244
420
655
123
11
97
40
30
32
24
125
85
38
172
26
77
24
14
98
5
524
3803
6152
5138
3531
3408
2260
2341
2704
2250
1617
5072
1911
1401
1279
845
2587
2076
3074
261
268
831
704
724
182
593
761
124
276
343
274
445
92
165
498
27
226
0
7
3
16
7
0
2
27
8
22
1
5
12
1
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
6
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
116
0
0
4
7
17
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
11
0
6
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
262
45
3037
589
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
143
503
322
208
19
41
239
116
1900
3297
2687
4626
173
2367
159
1355
6
5
0
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
86
269
9031
38
2043
3054
70050
174
11611
0
158
1
10
0
156
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
23
0
4
Other
Total
Pond
Ground
Collection
Khadins/ Nadis/
Tankas/ Ponds/
Wells/ Ooranis
Non Conv
Tube Well
HP
Other
Roof Top
Open
Well
Rain
Water
Schemes
Rivulet Naula
Gadhera
PWS
Treated Surface
Water
District
Infiltration
Galary/ Well
S.No.
District wise types of drinking water sources
Figures are for the number of habitations covered by various types of sources
Other
Ground Water Schemes
SurfaceWater Schemes
Traditional
Table-22
17
18
19
20
0
0
0
0
14 1
2
0
1
0
0
0
268 18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31 0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
40 16
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
27
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
71
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
22
0
0
5005
6696
6551
4703
5445
2875
3860
4067
2901
2268
5707
2526
2040
1550
1215
3485
2528
4535
0
1
0
3937
0
0
0
1
0
4
0
12
0
0
0
0
2241
6217
3407
6430
0
0
444 36
0
65
0
95
3538
93727
* Tentative Proposed Project Districts
(Source: DW & S Dept)
3.5.4.5 Current Water Supply and Treatment Practices
The existing rural water supply schemes essentially have two sources: tube well and river. About 75% schemes
are tube well based. The tube well schemes constitute a bore well fitted with a submersible pump. A
chlorination unit is connected to the pumping main for the disinfection of water. The water, after being
chlorinated, is pumped to the overhead tank where it is stored and subsequently supplied to the users through
the distribution network and public stand posts. This may be for either SVSs or MVSs.
The remaining 25% schemes are surface water (river) based. The raw water is transmitted through an intake
point in the source to a water treatment plant. Water treatment is provided by means of slow sand filters
followed by chlorination in the ground level clear water storage reservoir. The water is then pumped to an
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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overhead tank. The canal based water schemes are dependent on Irrigation Department for release of water
flow in the canal. Normally, canals receive water on a rotational basis. However, during harvesting season, the
canal water supply is only once a month. There are certain issues faced during the operation and maintenance
of the schemes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Inadequate cleaning of filters, and OHTs.
Improper disposal of sludge from treatment plants.
Non flushing of pipelines.
Reduced duration of pumping due to reduced duration of electrical power availability.
These actions severely impact drinking water supply.
Implications for EMF
Incidence of Water and Sanitation – Related Diseases
3.6 Sanitation
Lack of toilets and poor sanitation in Jharkhand causes 7.5 crore man-day loss every year and results into an
estimated loss of Rs 1200-odd crore annually. Bharat Singh Solanki, Union minister of state with independent
charge of the ministry of drinking water and sanitation, recently informed Rajya Sabha that Jharkhand has
performed far below the national average in achieving total sanitation.
Jharkhand is among the states that have performed the worst in terms of achieving total sanitation under the
ministry's Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. The performance has been poor on the front of constructing individual
household toilets for BPL families and also on the front of APL families.
The status of sanitation in Jharkhand is very dismal, with only about 8% households having access to sanitation
in the rural areas and the balance still resorting to open defecation. The district wise figures of the no of
households by type of sanitation facilities used, for the selected 12 districts is furnished in the table below:
The figures in the table have been graphically depicted in the diagrams below:
Table-23 Households by Availability of Type of Latrine Facility: In the Rural Areas
S NO STATE/
DISTRICT
NO OF HOUSEHOLDS
TOTAL
HAVING
LATRINE
WITHIN
CAMPUS
TYPE OF LATRINE FACILITY WITHIN THE PREMISES
FLUSH/ POUR FLUSH LATRINE PIT LATRINE
CONNECTED TO
PIPED
SEPTIC
OTHER WITH
WITHO
SEWER TANK
SYSTEM SLAB/VE UT
SYSTEM
NTILATE SLAB/
D
OPEN
IMPROV PIT
ED
1
2
JHARKHAND
3
4685965
4
357289
5
21065
6
232161
7
37708
8
44334
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
241497
356247
239500
193809
167362
207157
215676
11897
20703
18870
17774
12244
25325
29437
622
1164
836
534
330
1637
2038
7109
14393
13409
10350
6515
21391
15835
1125
1920
2094
3336
1592
895
2675
1976
2099
2005
2534
2887
644
6982
8
9
GARHWA *
GIRIDIH
GODDA
SAHIBGANJ
PAKUR
DHANBAD
PURBI *
SIGHBHUM
PALAMU *
DUMKA *
316135
255926
23502
15965
1881
748
14710
8245
3286
2282
2047
2869
10
11
12
JAMTARA *
KHUNTI *
SARAIKELA *
135540
93762
165883
5964
3789
10697
192
236
839
3911
2553
7469
555
503
983
812
289
886
9
144
66
781
698
224
890
828
198
171
9
623
131
6
372
97
313
NIGHT
SOIL
DISPOSE
D INTO
OPEN
DRAIN
10
3615
NO OF
SERVICE LATRINE HOUSEHOLD
S NOT
NIGHT NIGHT HAVING
LATRINE
SOIL
SOIL
REMOV REMOVE FACILITY
WITHIN THE
ED BY D BY
HUMA ANIMAL PREMISES
N
NO LATRINE WITHIN THE
PREMISES: ALTERNATIVE
SOURCE
PUBLIC OPEN
LATRINE
12
2879
13
4328676
14
32864
15
4295812
102
236
158
81
70
134
93
11
106
1
27
63
33
0
0
258
23
155
130
111
49
22
168
72
229600
335544
220630
176035
155118
181832
186239
919
2432
1968
920
1474
1242
851
228681
333112
218662
175115
153644
180590
185388
469
208
152
59
334
238
292633
239961
866
1925
291767
238036
96
83
137
0
0
32
26
28
38
129576
89973
155186
714
728
1405
128862
89245
153781
* Tentative Proposed Project Districts
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
Environmental factors account for about 20 per cent of all the diseases in Jharkhand. More than 90 per cent of
this is associated with traditional environmental problems such as lack of access to protected water supply and
sanitation, and indoor air pollution resulting from the use of biomass fuels.
One fifth of the total ailments in the State are due to environmental causes. Water supply and sanitation
related diseases emerge as largest influenced by environmental causes. The prevalence of diarrhea clearly
indicates a seasonal variation mainly due to lack of water (premonsoon) and poor availability of safe drinking
water during the monsoon peak when protozoan and bacterial agents are rampant and overflow from sewers
and latrines contaminating drinking water sources. Outbreaks of cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis and
E.coli are all attributed to exposure to waterborne pathogens.
3.6.1
Quality of Drinking Water Sources
As per the NRDWP statistics the types of problems related to quality in various districts is as shown in the
Table-24:
Table-24
NO OF VILLAGES WITH EXCESSIVE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DHANBAD
DUMKA
GARHWA
GIRIDIH
GODDA
JAMTARA
KHUNTI
PAKUR
8
10
19
12
9
4
6
66
383
206
196
359
200
118
91
18
1289
2572
859
2546
1610
1066
743
148
3661
7384
4371
4573
5827
5260
299
843
9
10
11
12
12
PALAMU
EAST SINGHBHUM
SAHIBGANJ
SARAIKELA
GRAND TOTAL
18
11
9
9
289
231
166
135
2502
1700
1670
1266
1113
17566
6804
6697
2912
4835
56267
2
838
9
160
12
228
0
0
5
91
65
0
50
52
0
849
183
230
5
176
50
78
E-COLI
11
OTHER
2
ARSENIC
Habitations
NITRATE
Villages
FLUORIDE
Panchayats
IRON
Blocks
MULTIPLE
Total number of
19
1
26
A graphical representation of the summary of all 12
districts has been shown in the Figure alongside,
indication that the maximum occurrence of chemical
pollution relates to iron. Arsenic is limited to a block in
district Sahibganj. Also, from the table it can be seen that
pollution in question is limited only to three districts,
namely Garhwa, East Singhbhum and Sahibganj.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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3.6.2
Total Sanitation Campaign
Table-25
Coverage Area
IHHL BPL
IHHL APL
IHHL Total
Sanitation Complex for Women (SCW)
School Toilets
Anganwari Toilets
Rural Sanitary Mart (RSM)
Production Centre (PC)
Target
2327306
1402189
3729495
1203
42687
11472
249
Project Performance
1298892
166608
1465500
151
37098
5421
226
516
(Sources: DW & S Deptt.)
3.6.3
Issues In Sanitation
In addition to the unsanitary disposal of human waste, the issues concerning the sanitation situation in rural
areas are:






3.6.4
Wastewater generated by households including cattle sheds flows into open surface drains that are
often choked, leading to stagnation of wastewater in the lanes and bylanes. Presence of stagnant
water in open drains and open areas is a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other harmful
organisms, which lead to water related diseases.
Facilities and practices for more efficient and hygienic conversion of animal dung and agriculture
residues into manure/ compost are absent.
Construction of dry pits to discharge sullage is done without any consideration to sanitary aspects.
Discharge of septic tank effluents into the open drains instead of disposing to soak pits, creates
unsanitary conditions.
Lack of proper sanitation facilities for disposal of various wastes results in seepage into shallow
aquifers which are sources of water supply through hand pumps, open dug wells, and percolation
wells.
Contamination of village ponds by wastewater and dumping of other wastes on its periphery.
Profile of Diseases Caused by Pollutants in
Jharkhand
3.6.4.1 The Pollutants
The Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL) recently completed
its project of uranium Mining and Mill at Narwapahar, Jharkhand.
Adequate resources of uranium have been identified to meet
large part of requirements of India's nuclear power program. The
uranium deposit at Jaduguda, Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, has
been under exploitation since 1962. The uranium deposits at
Bhatin and Narwapahar are currently being exploited. Ore from
the three deposits is treated in a mill at Jaduguda in the
Singhbhum region, and the yield is 300 tons of uranium per year,
which is more than sufficient to meet expected requirements for
years. The Narwapahar mine, 12 km North West of Jaduguda, is
another, one of the most modern mines in the country.
Jadugoda was an aborigines' land originally. After mining of
uranium was undertaken there residents were deprived of their
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
farm land and shifted to other nearby villages like Dungridih or Chatiko- cha. At Jadugora as well as these and
other villages even if the radiation dose may be very low, there is always a risk since radioactivity is present on
the earth’s surface and we cannot escape the exposure completely. There are areas around where the content
of the uranium or thorium in soil are high, and people receive exposure of 10 times or more. The aborigines
work with the mining enterprise: They work with radioactivity and they live in radioactivity.
The contamination of the Uranium has spread in Jadugoda. The amount of Air Gamma dose exceeds 1 m Sv/y
in the villages and reaches 10 m Sv/y around the tailing ponds. The circumference of the tailing ponds is
polluted with Uranium. The strength of pollution in the tailing ponds is 10 to 100 times higher than the place
without contamination.
(KOIDE Hiroaki, Kyoto University, 2004)
The quantities of Fluoride and Arsenic are reported to be
far above the acceptable limits in many districts
including Sahebganj, Dumka, Dhanbad, Hajaribagh,
Chatra, Garhwa, Simdega, Bokaro etc. The underground
water in most of the districts has already been reported
to contain high percentage of iron. Increasing number of
deep bore wells show high concentrations of mineral
content. It is important to note that the state is already
under short supply of ground water due to its specific
geology.
Areas with high concentration of Iron in Ground Water
are:
(Standard acceptable limit 2PPM)
Dhanbad
2.92
Bokaro
21.31
Simdega
19.77
Singhbhoom
4.6
Dumka
4.95
Garhwa
25.2
3.6.4.2 Problem of Arsenic:
In Sahebgunj district blocks, namely, Sahebgunj, Rajmahal
and Udhawa have been found to be alarmingly
contaminated with arsenic present at or above 10 ppb.
The presence of arsenic has been also reported from
districts like Pakur, Godda, Dumka etc. Rivers flowing
through the coal fields of Jharkhand have been reported
to carry arsenic responsible for arsenic poisoning in
downstream areas of West Bengal. The coal fields of
Bachara and Piprawar areas of Jharkhand have
contaminated the waters of the Damodar and its tributary,
the Safi. According to author, arsenic contamination arises
mainly due to the dumping of waste from the coal mines
along the river bed. Coals of the area mentioned contains
sufficient amount of arsenic.
Even river water of Jharkhand is not safe:
In water of Damodar and Panchet river basins, iron content has exceeded at Sindri, Chasnala, Jaridih Bazar
Rajrappa, Ramgarh, Giddi and Piparwar. The presence of iron in the drinking water supply is unhealthy for
number of reasons. Beyond desirable limit tase/ appearance are affected. The iron that settles out in the
distribution systems gradually reduces the flow of water. Iron also promotes the growth of iron bacteria.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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The content of lead has exceeded at Chasnala, Chandrapura, Jaridih bazar, Rajrappa, Ramgarh, Giddi and
Piparwar. Lead high dose has been recognized as metabolic poison. Some of the symptoms of acute poisoning
are tiredness, abdominal irritability, anaemia, behavior change in children. The content of cobalt has exceeded
at Rajrappa and Giddi. Although cobalt is an essential element for life in minute amount, at higher levels
of exposure it shows mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. After nickel and chromium cobalt is a major cause of
contact dermatitis.
The water of Subarnrekha river basin has also been polluted. Ph of water has exceeded from BIS norms at
Muri, Chandil, and Maubhandar. Dissolved oxygen of water is lower from BIS norms at Muri, Chandil,
Lupungdih, Gopivalbhpur, Jamshola, and Jaleshwar. Excessive lead has been reported from Chandil, Domuhani,
Jamshola and Jaleshwar. Cadmium has exceeded the permissible limit of BIS AT Chandil, Lupungdih,
Gopivalbhpur and Jaleshwar.
3.6.4.3 Contamination of Agricultural Produce
About 70 percent of farmers depend on ground water for
irrigation in this area. As per the surveys conducted by
Central Groundwater Board and the Jharkhand
Groundwater Board there is a considerable fall in the
ground water level. The deep bore wells are supplying
chemical water containing high percentage of iron,
fluoride and arsenic. A study conducted recently reveals
that food grains produced by crops irrigated with such
water containi high percentage of these chemicals.
Ground water pollution is intrinsically difficult to detect,
since problem may well be concealed below the surface
and monitoring is costly, time consuming and somewhat
hit-or-miss by nature.
Studies suggest that even deep bore wells are failing in the state. More than one hundred deep bore wells are
being dug in the state. The water level in Godda area of the state has been reported to fall up to 25 m. The
exploitation of ground water has gone up to 30 times since last three years. On the other hand about 90
percent facilities of ground water recharge have been stopped completely. The availability of drinking water in
the state has reduced to 1200cubic meter from 5200 cubic meter. On an average the fall of ground water level
has been recorded to be about 52 feet. In the city area of Ranchi, the water level is reported to have gone
deeper up to 13 meters. Under these conditions an acute water crisis is awaiting in this state if correct and
sincere measures are not taken up on priority basis.
3.6.4.4 Increasing Pollution In The Rivers
Further, effluents discharged from mine sites have seriously polluted the streams and underground waters of
the area. Acid mine drainage, liquid effluents from coal handling plants, colliery workshops and mine sites and
suspended solids from coal washeries have caused serious water pollution in the region, adversely affecting
fish and aquatic life. The Damodar River, the major source of water in the region, is perhaps the most polluted
river in India. It receives wastes from the many industries situated on its banks. A study of the area showed
that a single coal washery was discharging about 40 tonnes of fine coal into the Damodar every day. There are
as many as eleven coal washeries in the region with an annual installed capacity of 20.52 million tonnes. Today
the Damodar or Damuda, considered a sacred river by the Santal tribals, is quite like a sewage canal shrunken
and filled with filth and rubbish, emanating obnoxious odours. Other major rivers of the region are also
seriously polluted. The Karo river in west Singhbhum is polluted with red oxide from the iron ore mines of
Noamundi, Gua and Chiria. The Subarnarekha shows a different type of pollution, even more hazardous than
this. Metallic and dissolved toxic wastes from TISCO, Jamshedpur and HCL, Ghatsila and radioactive wastes
from the uranium mill and tailings ponds of the UCIL at Jaduguda flow into Subarnarekha and its tributaries.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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3.7 THE PRIMARY VILLAGE LEVEL DATA – SALIENT FEATURES & ANALYSIS
3.7.1 Introduction
The primary Village data collected from 27 habitations in 24 villages in the 12 initially proposed districts has
been organized on two (2) parameters:
a.
b.
Water Quality
Geographical Proximity & Economic Parameters
Therefore, data from Dumka, Godda & Jamtara reflects Ethnic/Tribal population and iron content problems,
data from Palamu, Garhwa & Giridih covers fluoride affected areas, and Pakur & Sahibganj reflects the North
East part of the State. Dhanbad, East Singhbhum & Saraikela are coal, iron & manganese affected mining areas,
district Khunti situated on the Ranchi plateau has heterogeneous populations and primary sector economy.
Village selection has been purposive with one Pipe Water Supply Scheme village in each district and one non
pipe water supply proximal village. The parameters of enquiry area; preferred or available water source, water
treatment incidence & practice, sanitation infrastructure & practices, solid waste & sullage management
practices. Data has been collected on Structured Schedules and through Focus Group Discussions and has been
collated statistically & by qualitative analysis respectively.
3.7.2 Drinking Water
RWS in the State of Jharkhand at present is substantially dependent on Hand Pumps. Only the south central
region (East Singhbhum, Saraikela, Dhanbad & Khunti) show a relatively higher incidence of PIPE WATER
SUPPLY SCHEME as a source. However, it should be highlighted that the puposive sample includes 50% pipe
water supply scheme villages, which
are in actuality less than 8% in the
Coverage & Types of Water Supply
state. Open wells & untreated
surface source are also minimally
Sources in Jharkhand
preferred options during lean
2043
periods.
OPEN WELL
444
194
11965 9031
During the discussion it was
PWS - 444 is 8%
highlighted that, while Pipe Water
HP
Supply Scheme could be a preferred
SURFACE WATER
source, it is not available 24x7
because of technical and energy
ROOF TOP
70050
factors. Despite problems during
OTHERS
the lean seasons, hand pumps are
the most easily accessible source of
potable water.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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Drinking Water
100.0
90.0
80.0
69
70.0
60.0
63.75
55.0
50.0
40.0
10.0
37
32
30.0
20.0
52
47
16.7
10.8 13.3
4.2
27
21
14
12.5
13
3
0 0
0.0
A
B
OHT Supply
Hand Pump
C
D
Open Wells
Nearby River
E
Artesian Well
3.7.3 Water Treatment
Water drawn from various sources is minimally treated. The
most common method is cloth filtering, less than 10% of the
household practice, boiling of water for domestic use and,
approximately 40% households reported filtering with the cloth
to address turbidity & color problems.
A-
Dumka, Godda & Jamtara
B-
Palamau, Garhwa & Giridih
C-
Pakur & Sahibganj
D-
Dhanbad, East Singhbhum & Saraikela
E-
Khunti
Water Treatement
70
62
60
60
50
50
48.3
44.2
41.7
38.75
40
34.4
30
20
10
5.8
10
3.6
1.25
0
A
B
No Treatment
C
Cloth Filtering
D
Boiling
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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3.7.4 Defecation Practices
The primary data on defecation practices
indicates over 70% household’s practicing
open defecation in the studied villages.
Only the villages in district Khunti reported
a higher %age of 65%. However, this is
primarily because the selected village
turned out to be a small town with a high
%age of literacy & lesser %age of
population dependent on the primary
sector.
The analysis of the primary data compared
to sanitation statistics of Jharkhand (8% ISL
use), indicate a possible correlation between Pipe Water Supply Scheme and ISL use, as access to water and
privacy are substantial considerations in defecation practices.
Defecation Practices
Percent users
100%
87%
90%
80%
73%
68%
70%
65%
65%
60%
50%
35%
40%
35%
30%
20%
35%
27%
13%
10%
0%
A
B
C
ISL
D
E
OPEN
3.7.5 Hand Cleaning
70% of the households reported hand washing with sand and 30% use soap as a disinfectant. Ash is the third
most prevalent option prevalent notably in the Garhwa, Palamau & Giridih region, which is arguably the most
backward region of the state.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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Hand Cleaning
90
78.5
80
70
65.8
58.75
60
45
50
40
55.8
39.2
31.25
30.8
30
29.75
24
20
20
11.5
10
3.3
5
2.5
0
A
B
C
Soap
Mud
D
E
Ash
3.7.6 Solid Waste Disposal
The solid waste generation is limited in quantity & quality. The average household generates less than 750Gm
of domestic waste per day. The contents are domestic dust, food waste & minimal packaging. The most
common disposal method is dumping in the backyard or front streets. Compositing is the prevalent option
with 35% household in Khunti reporting use of compost pits. Agriculture waste, however, is a major
management issue which is invariably dumped in the backyard or in the fields. The focus group discussions
reveal Agri waste management as a potential area for capacity building and environment management.
Solid Waste Disposal
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A
Outside on lane
C
In front of house
D
In Compost Pit
E
Backyards
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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3.7.7 Waste Water Disposal
None of the area studied has sewage systems or ISL linked to sewage. Domestic sullage which mostly consists
of kitchen and bathing liquid waste, is drained into the unpaved drains of the village. Less than 15%
households reported disposal of sullage in soak pits. No planned sullage outfall or treatment has been
reported or observed. Sullage disposal follows the natural gradient and is unscientifically collected in local
ponds or depressions leading to unsanitary conditions.
Waste Water
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
A
B
C
Drain
D
Soak Pit
3.7.8 Salient Points of Village Data
Palamu, Garwa and Giridih:

Water supply in the region is affected by quality (iron and fluoride) and quantity (summer seasons).

Depending on terrain, construction of small catchments and dams can prove beneficial and they can
also reduce pressure on existing water supply schemes.

Location points and, timings of water supply must be planned according to the population needs.

Villagers are willing to pay for the development and maintenance of the systems.

Community level latrines can also be beneficial and they should be built in common places such as
bus stops and key market areas.
Dumka, Godda and Jamtara:

100% of the water supply schemes are ground water based.

50% respondents consume water after further treatment at household level.

Only 13% of sample household have latrines.

Most (99%) wash hands both after defection and before eating food.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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
10% households have soak pits for wastewater disposal.

A significant number of households (85%) are aware of waterborne diseases.

45% households throw solid waste in their backyards.
Pakur and Sahibganj:

Overall observation indicates good quality groundwater in both the districts, apart from the summer
season. Another problem faced by villages of Sahibganj is that of Arsenic contamination.

There is acute shortage of Individual Sanitary latrines.

There is no sewerage and drainage system in any of the villages. Kucchha drains help in only draining
the household water into the roads and backyard.

Composting has been observed in some households, for cowdung, but proper composting for organic
waste is basically absent.
Dhanbad, East Singbhum and Saraikela:

100% of the water supply schemes are ground water based.

50% respondents consume water after further treatment at household level.

Only 20% of sample household have latrines.

Most (99%) wash hands both after defection and before eating food.

A significant number of households (85%) are aware of waterborne diseases.

Water supply in both the existing and proposed village is based on mine pit water.

Water quality in the existing village is good whereas water quality tests needs to be conducted in the
proposed village.

Sewarage system is absent

Villagers are willing to pay for HH level ISL and drinking water points.

Good hygiene practices observed in all the 3 districts.

45% household throws solid waste outside in the lane.

20% households have soak pits for wastewater disposal.
Khunti:

There are multiple sources of water supply in the PWS schemes.

100% of the schemes are ground water based.

Most respondents consume water without further treatment at household level.

Villagers are willing to use ISLs therefore the scheme of building them should be expanded.

Hygiene status is good.

Drainage is negligible in the region.

Solid waste is dumped openly in Tapkara and no compost pits are seen.

Dung waste is used in agricultural areas whereas food waste is given to animal as feed in Kocha.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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3.7.9 Conclusions of Focus Group Discussions / Public Consultation
Table-26
GARHWA, PALAMAU & GIRIDIH
WATER SUPPLY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Groundwater major source
Mostly dependent on Hand
Pumps
Piped Water Supply limited
in hours of supply
No treatment options
practiced at household
level.
DUMKA, GODDA & JAMTARA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SANITATION
1.
2.
3.
90% households other than
Bagodar village practice
open defecation.
The most common place of
defecation is near a water
source.
Mud and ash are the most
prevalent hand washing
mediums.
1.
2.
3.
Piped
Water
Supply
inadequate, Over Head
Tank leakages, poor power
supply.
Distribution network very
limited.
Number of Household
connections low.
Regular
Hand
Pump
breakdowns average 25%.
Water
quality
of
Groundwater
sources
perceived as good.
Largely open defecation
practiced.
High cost of ISL considered
a reason for 100% of
construction.
Lack
of
sanitation
awareness.
PAKUR & SAHIBGANJ
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
DHANBAD, EAST SINGHBHUM
& SARAIKELA
Piped
Water
Supply 1. Piped Water Supply has low 1.
adversely affected due to
no.
of
household
power
supply
and
connections, willingness to
distribution
network
pay poor.
problems.
2. Stand posts not found
Water quality affected with
convenient.
2.
iron, fluoride & TDS, mostly 3. Water quality not an issue.
cloth filtering practiced.
Few Hand Pumps have iron 3.
Perceptible lowering of
in water.
Groundwater levels.
4. Water quantity a problem in
Problems
because
of
summers.
treatment HP breakdowns.
Open
Defecation
predominant and near open
water bodies.
Individual Sanitary Latrines
found unaffordable.
Preference
to
Open
Defecation
even
in
households with Individual
Sanitary Latrines, mainly for
older generation.
1.
2.
Largely open defecation.
Incidence of soap use for
hand washing higher.
1.
2.
KHUNTI
One village with Piped
Water Supply. Multiple
sources used in both
villages. Piped Water Supply
found inadequate.
Wastage of Piped Water a
major issue.
Open wells also used.
One village high incidence
of ISL, open defecation still
65%.
Very high incidence of soap
use, as this is a trading
village.
Page | 69
SOLID WASTE
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
1.
2.
3.
SULLAGE
1.
Domestic waste disposed in
backyard.
Agri-waste dumped in
fields.
Vermi
composting
practiced in Kalyanpur.
Unpaved drains used for
sullage disposal.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
Solid waste domestic wate
mostly burnt.
Very little recycling or
composting practiced.
Agri waste dumped in
fields.
Sullage
drained
into
unpaved drains.
No resource available for
paving of drains.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Domestic waste disposed in
backyard, kitchen waste
used for animal feed.
Agri-waste dumped in open
field.
1.
2.
3.
Water stagnation a major 1.
problem.
Lack of resources in paving 2.
drains
considered
the
reason for poor sullage.
3.
Low awareness of waste
management.
Recycling and composting
absent.
Agri-waste piled in the
village area.
Low incidence of paved
drains.
Stagnant sullage water
causes health problems.
People expect Govt. help for
village
environment
improvement.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Tapkara has a problem of
waste littering.
Agri-waste also a problem in
the
habitation
as
agricultural fields area far.
Waste water disposal a
major problem.
Local puddling and waste
pools a major problem.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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CHAPTER-4
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPRAISAL & ASSESSMENT
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
4.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPRAISAL & ASSESSMENT
4.1 KEY PARAMETERS
Key parameters within which the appraisal and assessment of the environment has been carried out in the
context of rural drinking water and sanitation in the state of Jharkhand have been schematically depicted in
the diagram below.
AREAS
COVERED
OBJECTIVES
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL
GEOGRAPHICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
1. Assessment of status
2. Assessment of inputs &
outputs
3. Develop
planning, monitoring &
implementation guidelines
4. Identify good practices
5. Develop EMF
6. Develop ECOPs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sustainability
Demand driven
Security of water source
24/7 supply
Metered connections
Professionalised service
Independent reviews
Use of SCADA
12 DISTRICTS OF
JHARKHAND
1. Garhwa
2. Palamu
3. Giridih
4. Dumka
5. Godda
6. Sahebganj
7. Pakur
8. Jamtara
9. Dhanbad
10. Saraikela
11.East Singhbhum
12.Khunti
Jharkhand
FUNCTIONAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CENTRAL
Gram Panchayats
Communities
SUPPORT
State govt
PRIs
NGOs
Private sector
MODEL
ATTRIBUTES
ROLE
1. Rural drinking water
2. Rural sanitation
Facilitation
Planning
Implementation
Monitoring
O&M
4.2 APPRAISAL
We have been through with the appraisal of the existing status of environment, within the parameters
prescribed, on the basis of secondary data available, relevant portions of which have been included herein
earlier or have otherwise been annexed with the report.
1.
Types of water sources in the villages
 Open wells
 Hand pumps
 Tube wells
 Surface sources
 Wetlands
2.
Quality of water
Water quality standards (BIS, CPHEEO, WB, CPCB)
 Distribution of problems over different geographical locations
 Arsenic
 Iron
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





3.
Environmental impact of human activity on environment (Domestic activities, industrial activities,
agricultural) of environment on human being
















4.
Fluoride
Manganese
Radioactivity
Ecologically sensitive areas
Industrial areas
Flooded areas
Solid waste
Liquid waste
Pollution of ground water
Pollution of surface sources
Pollution of wetlands
Diarrhea
Dysentery
Typhoid
Malaria
Disease caused by high iron
Disease caused by high fluoride
Disease caused by high arsenic
Disease caused by radioactivity
Disease caused by high manganese
Disease caused by high pH in water
Industrial diseases (respiratory, asbestosis, etc)
Types of facilities available: Their limitations
Water supply












Single village schemes
Multi village schemes
Open well schemes
Hand pump schemes
Gravity schemes
Pumping schemes
Tube well source
Surface source
Storage of water
Distribution of water
Disinfection of water
Availability of power
Sanitation
 Open defecation
 Defecation by drain-sides
 Dry latrines
 Pour flush latrines
 Flush latrines
 Soak pits
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


Septic tanks-effluent into drains
Septic tanks-effluent into soak pits
Solid waste
4.3 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING
It is observed that water supply and sanitation, has minimal impact on the environment. The present study
is, however, focussed on the quality of water and sanitation practices on human life.
The quality of water, particularly of surface waters, is significantly affected by mining operations in the state
as Jharkhand possesses richest mineral resources in India. This is the single largest human activity in the
state of Jharkhand that has the widest environmental implications and for this reason it requires to be dealt
with at some length.
Mining operations use large quantities of water. The discharged water, due to lack of treatment facilities,
invariably flows back into rivers, causing chemical pollution. Since mining has been going on in Jharkhand
for several decades the quality of water of all its rivers has constantly been deteriorating. Studies have been
made from time to time on the impact of mining; including surface waters, natural resources, ground water
and human being.
The adverse effects of water pollution have been dealt with in the next section. The given diagram shows
the environmental parameters to be included in an assessment of impact.
The parameters include both biotic as well as abiotic elements. However, certain elements such as terrestrial
ecology, air and noise environment and socio-economic part have not been included because study on these
elements is beyond the scope of this assignment.
4.3.1
Impact of Mining on the Environment of Jharkhand1
A significant portion of Jharkhand’s population, 44 per cent, is below the poverty line and more than six per
cent is still unable to get sufficient food. The poverty ratio in the state is much higher than that of the country.
Jharkhand has been witnessing gigantic industrialization for the exploitation of its natural and human
resources. The working of Jharia, Bokaro and Karanpura coalfields started in the 1856. The opening of coal
mining in Dhanbad during the second half of the 19th century and the establishment of the Tata Iron and Steel
Company in Jamshedpur in Singhbhum district in 1907 marked the beginning of the large scale exploitation of
mineral and other industrial resources in this area. The impact of these activities on the environment of the
state can be categoriezed as under:





Impact on forest
Soil erosion
Formation of sinkholes and land subsidence
Loss of biodiversity
Impact on water
As waters interact and alter the disturbed geologic materials, constituents such as salts, metals, trace
elements, and/or organic compounds become mobilized. Once mobilized, the dissolved substances can leach
into deep aquifers, resulting in groundwater quality impacts. In addition to concerns due to naturally occurring
contaminants, mining activities may also contribute to groundwater pollution from leaking underground
storage tanks, improper disposal of lubricants and solvents, contaminant spills as well as others.
See also Annexure-33.
1 Priyadarshi, N,2004. Distribution of Arenic in Permian coals of North Karanpura Coal Field, Jharkhand, Jour. Geol. Soc.
India, 63,533-536
Priyadarshi, N, 2004 in Impacts of mining on the Environment of Jharkhand, www.firstpeoples first.in
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4.4 THE PRIMARY DATA
Primary data has been collected from twenty four villages located in twelve selected districts of the state. The
districts selected are 50% of the total number (24) of districts in the state. The selected districts represent
places where problems related to quality or availability of drinking water is more pronounced or otherwise
where impact on environment is blatantly visible. The districts include Dhanbad and East Singhbhum, home to
mineral wealth of India, where large scale mining, widespread deforestation, displacement of population
including that of aborigines, have been occurring over several decades and other places where iron, fluoride,
or arsenic etc are found in
water
in
higher
than
Coal mines of Jharia in district Dhanbad have been burning for
decades, causing extensive damage to environment & people.
permissible concentrations.
Criteria for selection of villages
in these districts has been
essentially that we have one
village in each district where
drinking water facility is
available so that we may see
how well, if at all, it is working
and what are the issues in the
success
or
failure
of
management of the scheme;
and to have another village
where
organized,
public
drinking water facility is not
available to enable it to be
seen what problems, if any, people are facing without a public facility and whether there is really any demand
for the facility.
The selection of the districts and of the villages has been done in consultation with the officials of the
Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation of the Govt of Jharkhand.
The field survey has been carried out by a highly qualified team of Ph.D and M.Tech scholars from the BIT,
Mesra, Ranchi – renowned institutes in Engineering. The team has collected compiled, collated and analysed
the relevant data.
4.4.1
Analysis and Assessment – Environmental Issues
The analysis and assessment that follows is based on secondary data, also primary data, visits to villages and
discussions from time to time with officials of the DDWS. The assessment is data based as well as perception
based
The schematic diagram hown here Indicates process leading to the formulation of an Environmental
Management Framework. Major points that come out in the analysis and assessment are listed below:
4.4.1.1 Drinking water
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1.
The sources of water available in the rural areas of Jharkhand, as already listed earlier are open or dug
wells, hand pumps, tube
wells, rivers, lakes ponds or
dams.
2.
According to the results of
tests of the water samples
under the RGNDWM 7 out of
12 districts selected are
afflicted
with
quality
problems.
3.
According to the reports of
the CGWB there are quality
problems of one or more
kinds in almost all districts.
Therefore
there
is
discrepancy between the
results of the two agencies.
4.
The laboratories that were
established at district levels are reported to be mostly non-functional and all tests are either done at
the few functional laboratories or are not done at all.
Most of the rural population is covered by
hand pumps. There are few piped water
supply schemes.
5.
The hand pumps installed in areas where
fluoride levels are high are not provided any
facility to treat excess fluoride.
6.
The hand pumps and tube wells are bored at
places where land is available, not where
water is available because required
investigations to ensure availability of water
are not made. The result is that many tube
wells and hand pumps fail.
7.
In spite of the fact the forest cover in
Jharkhand, even after continued denudation
for decades, is still the maximum amongst the
states of India and there is plenty of rainfall in
Jharkhand ground water exploitation is very
little. This is said to be because the geological
formation at most places is rocky, water
percolates into the ground through fissures
and cracks and stored in voids, small in size,
that hold limited quantities of water and yield
small discharges. Bores are successful if these
voids are hit. Otherwise they fail.
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8.
9.
The maps of the CGWB
provide details of areas with
depth of water table during
pre-monsoon and postmonsoon seasons and the
likely yield marked on them.
The
maps
the
JSAC
(Jharkhand
Space
Applications Centre) are
digital maps based on
satellite imagery and show
the kind of geological
formation, the depth of SWL
and likely yield marked on
them and it is possible to find
out at least at the village
level as to how much yield
should be available from a
tube well.
Box-4
The quality of ground water
is affected by the natural
geological
formations,
containing
minerals
of
various kinds present in
them. The quality of ground
water is also degraded by
the leachates from mines.
Recommendations
1. The exploration data is indicating the poor percentage of successful
bore wells in the district. So, geophysical survey is needed for
selection of suitable sites for groundwater exploration.
2. In order to conserve runoff water during monsoon, it is suggested to
construct the Water conservation structures at suitable places in the
district.
3. In certain places, the dug wells go dry during the summer.
10. One remarkable fact about
the quality of ground water,
as it appears from the test
results of the RGNDWM, is
that water obtained from
hundreds of deep tube wells
(in local terminology a tube
well which is deeper than 50
metres is called a deep tube
well) the MPN count is very
high.
AVAILABILITY OF WATER: RECOMMENDED INITIATIVES
Selection of Source:
In view of the wide variety of the sources of water available and many
more problems associated with them it is desirable to have sources which
satisfy the following criteria:

Satisfactory quality

Minimal treatment

Adequate discharge

Sustained availability

Convenient distance

Minimal effort in extraction

Minimum dependence on power

Minimal involvement of mechanical equipment

Minimal supervision in treatment 7 operation

Minimal cost
(a) Garhwa
4.
5.
6.
7.
In such places the wells should be constructed deeper so that it can
tap the entire saturated thickness of weathered residuum.
Rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge to groundwater
schemes may be adopted in all block head quarters in the district.
The artificial recharge structures like percolation tank, gully plugging,
sub surface dykes can be constructed to maintain the groundwater
sustainability.
In hilly area, contour bund can be constructed to avoid uncertainty
of the surface water run off in the district.
The river water can be lifted for irrigation as well as drinking
purposes.
Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge
It is necessary to carry out a detailed
In view of the increasing thrust on development of ground water
resources, there is urgent need to augment the depleting ground water
and thorough investigation into the
resources. This gets augmented through natural recharge and can be
causes of the MPN being so high and
augmented on an increased scale through artificial recharge. From
in such a large no of tube wells. It is
hydrogeological point of view, rain water conservation is needed to arrest
reported that in the city of Rewa in
decline in ground water levels and to improve ground water quality by
Madhya Pradesh where source of
dilution. The construction of water conservation structures, artificial
drinking water was tube wells and
recharge structures, depends on the topographic features, hydrological
where a sanitation programme
and hydrogeological conditions of the area. From this point of view, the
(latrines discharging into soak pits)
Pakur district may be divided into two parts – 1) Western part of the
had been launched, increasing
district which is having undulating topography with hills is suitable for
check dam, gabion structures and contour bunding and trenching 2)
number of sporadic, diarrhea and
Middle and eastern part is suitable for percolation tanks and nala bunds.
gastro enteritis cases have been
reported.
Subsequently
shdn
casualties increased, it was found that the leachates from several soak pits from latrines constructed under
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the sanitation programme travelled through fissures in the underlying rocks to reach the ground water
supplied for drinking to cause epidemic.
11. The test reports on record of deep tube wells also reveal abnormally high turbidity contents. It also
needs detailed investigation
Box-5
because if turbidity is
contributed by partially
(b) Palamu
soluble minerals within the
strata, that form colloidal
RECOMMENDATIONS
solutions in water, such as
In the hard rock areas, pin pointing suitable sites for bore wells is always
those of iron, the turbidity
a challenge. Considering the anisotropy in distribution of fractures at
will have to be treated and
deeper level, proper selection of sites can be arrived at making use of
iron, if it is in excess of
remote sensing techniques in association with geophysical and hydropermissible limits, will have
geological investigations.
to be brought within
For deriving optimal benefit from aquifers in areas under fissured
acceptable limits.
formation the dug wells should be so designed that it penetrates the
weathered zone as well as top part (1-2 m) of the underlying bed rock so
12. It emerged from discussions
as to derive the benefit of the shallow aquifer. For hand pumps and
that tube wells have, in
shallow tube wells the casing provided against the weathered zone
general a short life (sevenshould be slotted at the bottom so that the well can extract shallow
eight years) at many places
ground water also. In urban areas use of shallow aquifers should be
in Jharkhand either because
encouraged.
of strata drying up or
The surface run off in urban areas and its peripheral parts should be
because of caving in of tube
harnessed to augment the ground water resource through appropriate
well assemblies. The two
techniques. For urban areas roof top rain water harvesting and artificial
problems are different and
recharge is most suitable. Location and design of the structures should be
will need to be addressed in
guided by hydro-geophysical surveys. Sites for artificial recharge should
different ways. The former
be taken up if fractures are available and the depth of the recharge well
problem is to be resolved by
should be governed by the depth of occurrence of fractures. Desiting
tube
wells
at
saturated or partially de-saturated fractures / aquifers should be properly
appropriate locations by
demarcated.
making use of available
Ground Water Related Issues & Problems
technologies. During one of
the visits it was informed by
Some of key ground water related issues are
a block official that there
was water diviner in a
a) High nitrate > 45mg/l and fluoride > 1.5 mg/l in Ground water
nearby
village,
whose
samples.
services were being availed
b) Long term water level decline has been observed to the tune of
by
private
boring
0.247m/year during pre-monsoon and 0.296 m/year during post
contractors. If tube well
monsoon at Daltonganj.
assemblies are caving in
there certainly is need for
c) Locating suitable sites for bore wells
analysis of water. If water is
d) Suitable design of dug wells and hand pumps
corrosive in nature and the
e) Taking up artificial recharge projects to augment the resource
material of the assembly is
availability in Palamu district
mild steel, which is what is
reported to be a commonly
f) Optimal development of irrigation intensity by developing ground
used material, either a nonwater available for future uses:
corrosive material is to be
g) Creating public awareness for conserving ground water through
used
or
appropriate
awareness camps, NGO’s and mass media.
measures, such as cathodic
protection, taken to protect
the assembly pipes from corrosion and prolong life of the tube wells.
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13. In spite of the fact that water from tube wells contains abnormally high MPN there is no disinfection
being practiced anywhere.
14. Because of uncertainty of success and short life and unsatisfactory quality of water in tube wells,
there is reason for surface water to be preferred. The durability of source is certainly an advantage in
case of river waters provided rivers are perennial. But there are hardly any perennial rivers in
Jharkhand. The quality of river water is, however, much worse than the quality of tube well water. In
case there is no chemical pollution, water from tube well requires only disinfection while river water
requires complete treatment including sedimentation and filtration.
The limited availability of power in rural areas is an equal demerit in both cases.
The capital cost as well as the maintenance cost is likely to be higher for the river water than for the
tube well water.
15. There are several dams and natural lakes in Jharkhand that can be used for supplying drinking water
after treatment to sizeable chunks of rural population nearby. There also smaller wetlands that can be
used, perhaps for single village schemes.
The problem experienced with multi village pipe line rural water supply schemes in Uttar Pradesh and
Uttarakhand Is that the long conveyance mains are intercepted and meddled with by inhabitants of
villages on the way for irrigating fields and it is far from being possible for the maintenance staff to
get the better of them. Result: In almost all rural schemes with 6 to 20 villages only the village which
has the water works along with a maximum of one or two more villages, if they happen to be very
close are left with water supply intact.
16. It was observed that the perception people had of the quality of water was limited to the water being
physically clean, without colour or turbidity. The devices used for storage of water were often
unclean, particularly in places of public utility.
4.4.1.2 Sanitation
1.
More than 90% households in rural areas defecate in the open because of their habit. The men folk to
go out away from home for defecation, particularly if there is a river nearby. Women folk go for
defecation while it is dark in the morning and after sunset in evening. This information is obtained
from interactionwith women folk on visit to their homes in adivasi village in district Khunti.
2.
As per the media reports more rapes and offences against women occur in rural areas than in the
urban. It, however, seems that may offences against women in rural areas are not reported in the
media. It is also observed that the criminas find dawn and dusk the most convenient time and fields
the most convenient place for committing the crime against woken.
3.
Most people, irrespective of their gender, religion and status want sanitary latrines within their
residents, particularly for their females in the family. Majoirty is able and willing to pay Rs 1000
to1500 for the latrines, whereas minority is willing but cannot afford to pay.
4.
As available data point out that in many cases where latrines have been constructed, arrangements
for proper disposal of waste effluent are lacking. The disposal is either in a nearby drain or in a pond or
out in the open.
5.
Septic tanks are generally not constructed in rural areas. People do not seem to be familiar with septic
tanks. Soak pits are used for disposing off effluent from latrines and toilets. As the geological
formation underlying the earch surface in most part of Jharkhand is rocky with fissures and cracks, it
takes a long time to establish connection between the crust and the ground water table. In all
probability the latrines without soak pits, is a significat factor causing bacterial pollution of ground
water.
6.
Though potable water is a necessity of life, but a luxury for in most of the areas. There is very little
awareness about the relationship between quality of water and sanitation.
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7.
It was observed in one of the adivasi villages that there was neither any heap of garbage nor any foul
smell. It was interesting. It was found that in the householdes feed their animails on kitchen waste
and dup animal waste in pits. The pit after filled is covered with earth and another small pit is dug
close by. After 2-3 months when compost was ready the earlier pit was cleared and the contents used
as manure in the fields. The villagers, however, burn their solid waste like paper and polythene
because, if left unattended, their animals might ate the waste and fall sick.
8.
It was observed that the earlier sanitation programmes, launched with assistance of the the Central
government agencies like the ILCS (Integrated Low Cost Sanitation) did not take off well in spite of the
fact that nearly half the cost of unit was available to beneficiaries as subsidy. It was not only in
Jharkhand but in many other states also that the assistance of the government was poorly utilized.
9.
Analysis of the programme point out to following deficiencies:
•
•
•
•
•
Cumbersome accounting of the subsidy component.
Requirement of cumbersome documentation in case of loan component for which there was
provision.
Lack of hassle-free and efficient delivery system.
Lack of confidence in the quality of the large part of the unit to be constructed.
Lack of awareness about sanitation
10. There are no standards, which are officially accepted, authenticated designs for latrines for
different soil and geological and hydrological conditions (or geo-climatic conditions). There is lack
of credibility in people and implementers of the programme about the quality aspects of the
product.
11. Efficient and safe effluent disposal system in latrines is imperative. Without safe effluent disposal
system, even well designed and appropriately constructed laterin will fail to serve the purpose. Lack
of awarneness of safe effluent disposal, particularly in the rural areas, is another significant
constraint in implementing the programmes and system.
4.4.1.3 Availability of data
1.
It has been ascertained that large volume of data, records and information is available at various
government offices and agencies enganed in similar water and sanitation activities about the work
completed, work continuing and work proposed in future. However, most of the required date is not
available in digital form. Secondly, the data stored in files, records and computers at numerous
locations. As such, there is lack of well-organized authentic data for ready use.
2.
Most of the data about Jharkhand available on the internet are from web sites of the central
government agencies. The web sites of state government agencies have little information. There
are vision and mission statements and policy statements or compilation of orders. But a map of
districts showing villages is difficult to find on any site. Moreover, the information is not updated
regularly.
3.
The Government has appointed agencies like the JSAC to provide satellite imagery data of various
resources and other data required for planning. The Government is spending substantial amount of
money on acquiring this data, but it is difficult to obtain the required and latest data on
developmental work.
4.
The authenticity and reliability of data and statistics pertaining to states of India, including
Jharkhand, sold by private agencies is doubtful. It is rather difficult and expensive for scholars,
institutions and planners to obtain required information and date from official web sites.
5.
Many institutions and organisations have, during recent past, set up digital libraries to disseminate
of information and knowledge or promote and help scholarship, research and planning. Access to
the resources of the library is both free and paid, but this arrangement is also not reliable and
authentic for research purpose and decision-making.
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4.4.1.4 Institutional capacity
1.
The management of environment at the village level requires a good, efficient, effective,
communicative, interactive, transparent, responsive and smooth network integrating all levels of
governance, from policy maker to the worker in the field.
2.
It is observed that the process of decision making is skewed towards the top and decentralization at
the lower levels is desirable, as in its absence the role and effectiveness of the bulk of work force,
which is closer to the field, gets limited.
3.
A clear delegation of power and responsibility is required in the organization to avoid redundancy
and different levels of supervision for enhancing the efficiency and accountability in the functioning
of the working culture. Each member of the organization must know precisely what she/he is
supposed to do and not do.
4.
After duties and responsibilities are delegated and a communication is made to each member of the
work force, required training should be imparted and the staff should be equipped with necessary
information in respect of norms, standards, rules, regulations, laws for efficiently discharging their
duties.
5.
Units, which have a typical structure, have specific geographical jurisdictions. Units have to be
designed on the basis of requirements of the specific projects under implementation. Personnel of
appropriate qualifications and skills have to be teamed up according to the requirements of the
project.
6.
Serious gaps have been observed between available qualifications and skills and tge required
qualifications and skills. There is need to ensure that requisite number of personnel with requisite
skills are available to enhance the efficiency of organization.
7.
Units of the organization exist at district headquarters. There was one block-level worker available
during one of the visits. It was informed that a women’s section, consisting of gram-sakhis who are
to operate at the village level is also in operation.
One block-level worker is inadequate for the required work. With additional load of the World Bank
project, more workers are required. The number and level of workers will have to be decided on the
basis of the number of villages to be effectively supervised by one worker. Each block level worker
will required a communication device and a two-wheeler transport for efficient discharging his duty.
8.
Many initiatives are required with the progress of the work for building institutional capacity.
4.5 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Implementation of the RWSSP will have a wide range of environmental and social implications. In general,
successful implementation of the Program will have high socioeconomic benefits to the people.
4.5.1
The environmental impacts identified include:
4.5.1.1 Potential Positive or Beneficial Impacts
Successful implementation of the Program’s investment subprojects will have numerous benefits including:
•
Better access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities leading to improved standard of living
and changes in exposure to both communicable and non communicable diseases;
•
The program will contribute to increase in local development and employment as the local population
are likely to be employed during the construction phase and after construction due to water related
investments;
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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•
Improved financial, managerial and administrative skills to the community leaders and village water
committees due to training package;
•
Sanitation will also be promoted with its attendant improvement in the health of the people such as
reduced incidence of water borne diseases like malaria, cholera, gastrointestinal disorders etc.;
•
From a gender viewpoint, the program will lead into reduced time allocated to water supply for
women and children due to closer drinking water sources, and reduced efforts associated with water
transportation. This would lead to
i.
ii.
iii.
•
increased productivity in particular for women as a result of saving time wasted in fetching water;
better opportunity for girls to attend schools instead of spending their time fetching water;
increased representation and participation of women in water committees and holding
responsible decision making positions; and (iv) reduced risk of exposure to HIV/AIDS and Sexually
Transmitted Infections (STIs) during fetching water far from their households, especially women
and girls who are more vulnerable;
The program is expected to contribute to rural communities well-being associated with improved
services, stability, work opportunities, settlements, health, empowerment, education and training.
Such benefits would serve as catalyst to sustainable management of water resources; and
•
Empowerment of communities by giving them responsibility for planning, implementation and
management of their water supply systems and improved public sanitation;
•
The program and suggested measures will maximise the use of groundwater and rainwater for
climate adaptation and development, to deal with the increased extremes, highs and lows, which
are expected as result of climate change.
4.5.1.2 Potential Negative Impacts
•
Disturbance of quality of life due to nuisances such as noise during construction;
•
Dust and traffic related to construction works;
•
Occupational health and safety of workers during construction;
•
Disturbance of land and water uses Possibility of rivalry associated with incompatible uses upstream
and downstream of the water supply source/system.
•
Water resources (reduced water quality at the construction sites of intakes) ;
•
interruption of surface water flows during construction; variations in the level of groundwater table
resulting from changes in the drainage; over-pumping of groundwater etc);
•
Soil resources (soil compaction, mixing of soil horizons, soil erosion may also result from inadequacies
in backfilling construction works and improper drainage of storm water);
•
Ecosystems (encroachment into ecologically sensitive and protected areas, drainage of wetlands etc);
and Flora and fauna (limited removal of the vegetation cover and disturbance of wildlife habitats).
4.5.1.3 Possible Sources of Environmental Impacts
•
The project activities will chiefly generate environmental impacts during implementation and
operation because of the following reasons:
•
The civil works for new structures will sometimes involve construction on virgin land thereby affecting
the forests, animals and other natural resources;
•
the works may require demolition of existing infrastructure and will generate rubble and waste that
will need to be disposed of properly; both the new civil works and the rehabilitation works may
require new land; civil works for new structures The works may effect the community physically (air
and water pollution, nuisance and contamination etc.) economically (land use, income generation,
mobility and community association);
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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•
the water supply services will require additional water abstraction, resulting in changes in ground and
surface water regimes, both inside and outside the project impact areas;
•
additional use of water will result in increases in waste water generation;
•
water supply activities and other civil works may cause water stagnation and sanitation problems;
•
The increase in numbers of people within the project location/areas will result in depletion of natural
resources, pollution of public waters and degradation of soils. Consequently, several environmental
components may be affected in one way on another by such activities; and
•
The increase in interaction of different types of people will result in health problems caused by
various diseases transmitted among these people and arising from high pressure on social and health
services such as medical services.
•
During the construction of water supply schemes located in the forest areas adverse impacts may
occur due to the felling of trees, soil erosion due to trenching, loss of top soil, damage to flora and
fauna and the setting in of man-animal conflicts. Since no major construction works are involved the
impacts are expected to be minimal, yet, forest land must be avoided and where imperative, the sub
project must confirm to the policies and guidelines as laid down by the Forest Department.
4.5.2
Environmental Impacts:
Overall, the project is environmentally beneficial. The sub-project components involve simple, appropriate,
low cost technologies that do not pose any significant environmental consequences.
The provision of safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities is expected to have a significant positive
impact on the improvement of livelihoods and the environment, including reduction in groundwater pollution.
Some minor and temporary negative environmental impacts may occur, resulting mainly from the construction
activities. The positive impacts include (i) improved quantity and quality of safe drinking water (ii) reduction in
water related diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid and thereby minimizing the cost of
healthcare in households (iii) reduction in infant, child and maternal mortality and morbidity due to improved
health and sanitation services in the health units (iv) reduced distances to water points which will lead to gain
in productive time for women and girls (v) better and properly sited sanitation facilities will reduce the risk of
contamination of surface and groundwater resources. The negative impacts include (i) risk of industrial
accidents during construction (ii) management and disposal of waste generated from construction activities
(iii) increased risk of HIV/AIDs and STDs due to interactions of contractor staff and the local population.
Implementation of the environmental mitigation measures will be undertaken as an integral part of the
community empowerment and infrastructure construction activities.
The Project will require small areas of land for the location of small groundwater pumping stations and, in
some cases, small storage tanks.
Access to potable water and increased sanitation awareness among the rural population will improve health
and sanitation. Improved health conditions will contribute to reduction of the child mortality rate and
incidence of waterborne and skin diseases. The number of hours spent on collecting water will be reduced
significantly by the establishment of water points and public water standpipes closer to public institutions
and homesteads. This will allow women to spend time in productive activities and family welfare. Children,
especially girls, will have more time for school work and welfare activities. The steps taken will focus on the
need to adopt proper sanitary practices and lead to environmental improvements, health benefits, and
increased productivity, resulting in direct socio-economic development. Community-based organizations for
water management can help women by empowering them for leadership and networking opportunities and
building solidarity among themselves.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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CHAPTER-5
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
The World Bank assisted water supply projects in the selected Districts of Jharkhand
5.
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
This section presents a summation of the key environmental concerns contextual to the water Supply &
Sanitation Sector in Jharkhand which would help Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation (DDWS) of
Jharkhand proposed, develop & implement the Environment Management Framework (EMF). The presented
issues and the EMF should help the Government of Jharkhand in preparing a strategy which is responsive to
the foreseeable environmental pitfalls in the design of the project.
5.1.1
Key Environmental Issues
5.1.1.1 Water Availability
Groundwater has been the major source of water for drinking, irrigation (and also industrial) sectors in
Jharkhand. However, extraction of groundwater for drinking and irrigation in the state of Jharkhand is amongst
the lowest in India, compared to availability and recharge potential (the current Ground Water utilization is
20% of the recharge potential). The aquifers are therefore under no stress. The sustainability of exploitation of
ground water in Jharkhand is afflicted by following factors:
o
o
o
o
o
The general rocky strata make it difficult to bore wells.
Quality of water in many areas not being within norms of acceptability.
Possible pollution of ground water by disposal of fecal matter on open land.
Difficulty in locating proper places where to bore wells.
Short life of hand pumps and tube wells because of reported caving in of the assembly pipe.
About 90% of DDWS schemes in Jharkhand are based on groundwater. There are complaints from the
community that some of these sources go dry during summer season (dry period). The remaining few rural
schemes (around 7%) in Jharkhand are based on surface water from rivers or dams.
5.1.1.1.1 Estimation of additional water requirement
The DDWS World Bank supported project will involve augmentation, rehabilitation and implementation of
Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS), as per details indicated in the Table-27:
S
NO
DISTRICT
1
2
GARHWA *
GIRIDIH
3
4
5
6
GODDA
SAHIBGANJ
PAKUR
DHANBAD
7
8
9
10
11
12
EAST SINGHBHUM *
PALAMU *
DUMKA *
JAMTARA *
KHUTI *
SAREIKELA *
TOTAL
Table-27
NO OF SCHEMES PROPOSED
SVS
MSVS
MVS
GARHWA
476
22
5
GIRIDIH-1
111
68
10
GIRIDIH-2
285
19
18
GODDA
18
458
31
SAHIBGANJ
72
42
16
PAKUR
134
228
19
DHANBAD-1
430
0
0
DHANBAD-2
15
47
5
JAMSHEDPUR 889
51
7
PALAMU
455
5
16
DUMKA
72
334
64
JAMTARA
146
162
24
KHUTI
308
224
56
SAREIKELA
78
29
23
3489
1689
294
DIVISION
MMVS
2
2
2
0
14
10
2
5
2
12
27
10
2
1
91
TOTAL
505
191
324
507
144
391
432
72
949
488
497
342
590
131
5563
* Tentative Proposed Project Districts
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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The additional estimated water requirement for this project is as worked out in the table below:
5.1.1.1.2 Additional Water Requirement
Table-28
S.
No.
Scheme
Design
Population
in lakhs
Total Daily
Requirem
ent in
MLD;
(@70
lpcd)
Total Annual
Requiremen
t of drinking
water in
MCM
Source Name
(Aquifer/ River)
Groundwater
Annual
Replenishable
Groundwater;
MCM
Net Annual
Groundwater
Availability;
MCM
Surface Water
Annual
Groundwater
Draft;
(Industrial
and Drinking)
MCM
Total
Requirement
Annually (6)
as % of
availability (9)
Total land
area, sq km
Average
annual
rainfall
Estimated
surface
water
available
annually
MCM
Total
Requiremen
t Annually
(5) as % of
Flow (14)
1
1
2
2
Garhwa *
Giridih
3
5.99
7
4
46.1
53.9
5
17
20
6
Acquifer/ River
Acquifer/ River
7
283.08
339.71
8
266.34
319.62
9
53.27
63.92
10
6.32
6.16
11
4044
4853
12
1193
1200
13
482.45
582.36
14
3.49
3.38
3
Godda
11.04
85.0
31
Acquifer/ River
141.92
133.53
54.14
23.24
2110
1063
224.29
13.83
4
Sahibganj
7.68
59.1
22
Acquifer/ River
112.00
105.38
21.08
20.48
1600
1575
252.00
8.57
5
Pakur
8.27
63.7
23
Acquifer/ River
142.36
133.94
17.31
17.35
1805
1399
252.52
9.20
6
Dha’bad
8.97
69.1
25
Acquifer/ River
143.11
134.65
34.4
18.72
2042
1241
253.41
9.95
7
E.S’bhum*
10.76
82.9
30
Acquifer/ River
247.31
232.68
46.54
13.00
3533
1100
388.63
7.78
8
Palamu *
8.31
64.0
23
Acquifer/ River
341.03
320.86
64.17
7.28
5247
1163
610.23
3.83
9
Dumka *
10.77
82.9
30
Acquifer/ River
260.12
244.74
48.95
12.37
3716
1100
408.76
7.41
10
Jamtara
3.09
23.8
9
Acquifer/ River
144.01
135.49
21.4
6.41
1792
1294
231.88
3.75
11
Khunti *
4.91
37.8
14
Acquifer/ River
182.77
171.96
34.39
8.02
2611
1111
290.08
4.76
12
Saraikela *
2.71
20.9
8
Acquifer/ River
190.89
179.60
35.92
4.24
2727
1176
320.70
2.37
89.5
689.15
251.54
2528.32
2378.79
495.49
36080.00
14615.00
4297.31
* Tentative Proposed Project Districts
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JHARKHAND STATE (CGWB)
JHARKHAND STATE (CGWB)
1. Surface Water - M.C.M.
2. Allocation for irrigation required by fields - M.C.M.
3. Industry Requirement - M.C.M.
4. Urban area requirement - lakh gallons
5. Availability in urban area - lakh gallons
25876.98
3813.17
4338
1616.35
734.35
Area Sq km
Rainfall
79714
917
Annual replenishable GW resource, BCM
5.58
Net annual GW availability, BCM
5.25
Annual GW draft, BCM
1.06
Stage of GW development
20%
NOTES/ ASSUMPTIONS
1
3
Figures about ground water in columns 7, 8 and 9 for districts for which data is not available has been worked out on proportionate basis from the
CGWB data.
Figures about surface water in columns 11, 12 and 13 for districts for which data is not available has been worked out on proportionate basis from the CGWB
data.
Total requirement worked out in Col-5 is included in the draft worked out in Col-9.
4
The ground water potential of the state is grossly underutilised at 20% at present.
5
In Col-13 the estimated quantity of water available has been taken as 10% of the annual rainfall
6
7
8
9
10
In Col-10 the percentages shown are for all the schemes utilising ground water resource
In Col-14 the percentages shown are for all the schemes utilising surface water resource
The design populations in Col-3 are as per the information available from SWSM
No waste water will be allowed to flow into the rivers from sanitation units proposed under the project.
Most of the drinking water in rural areas of Jharkhand is being drawn presently from ground water sources The drinking water requirement worked out here is
(smaller or larger part of it) included in the ground water draft figures of the CGWB
2
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Box-6
The total requirement of water
for the proposed schemes is 516
million litres per day, which is
equal to nearly 190 million cubic
metres per year. Against this
requirement
the
Annual
Replenishable
Groundwater
Resources in Jharkhand are more
than 22000 mcm. The ground
water draft is only 2.8% of the
available
(replenishable)
quantity of ground water.
5.1.1.1.3
Measures
to
Augment Water
Supplies
In the interest of resource
conservation and optimization of
national assets, it is essential to
first improve on the existing
resources;
therefore
the
emphasis should be on:




Rehabilitation/
Upgrading of existing
water supply schemes
should be a priority
wherever feasible.
Rehabilitation
of
reservoirs for storing
rainwater
and
augmenting
groundwater recharge,
recycling and reuse of
treated water are to be
implemented.
In case where water
supply from surface
source
schemes
is
affected during the lean
periods, the schemes
should be designed
either with enhanced
storage.
Distant sources will
have to be tapped to
augment water supply
with simple treatment
(Slow Sand Filters or
conventional
Rapid
Sand
Filters),
chlorination
drinking
water of desired quality
JHARKHAND
Issues
Drinking water
A







Quality issues
Water quality problems due to mining activities, Arsenic, Iron, Chromium,
Fluoride etc. High turbidity in groundwater.
Water quality problems due to indiscriminate waste water discharges.
High MPN count in a majority of tube wells possibly due to soak pits leachate
finding its way through fissures: Lack of disinfection.
Lack of perception amongst inhabitants on quality criteria.
Water supplies drying up due to limited storage in inter rock voids through
fissures and crevices.
Soil contamination in areas near mining.(especially radio activity)
Preference for surface water which is qualitatively poorer but easily accessed.
B
Quantity issues
Hand pumps installed in contaminated areas do not ensure quality.


C







Installation of hand pumps and tube wells is done on land availability criteria
rather than water availability.
Short life span of tube wells became either of the strata drying up or the caving
in of the tube wells due to suspected corrosivity.
Mitigation Measures
Appropriate fluoride treatment units should be provided with the hand pumps.
In case of a treatment unit being out of order standby hand pumps may be used
till the units are brought back into operation.
Expertise in hydrogeological investigations may be developed in house and
teams may be built and set up at the block or district level as the need may be.
Alternatively the task of investigations and deciding proper locations for hand
pumps or tube wells and assessing yield may be out sourced or contracted on a
long term basis.
The state govt of Jharkhand has been paying substantial amounts of money to
the JSAC from time to time for mapping various resourced in the state and for
estimating yield or availability of these resources. The DWSD may organize
training of selected officials of the rank of assistant engineers and junior
engineers who stay close to the field, in interpreting the maps and in actually
using them for pin-pointing exact locations of hand pumps and tube wells and
estimating their yields.
To the extent mining agencies are responsible for discharging polluted water into
the natural drainage system, they can be compelled under provisions of law to
provide appropriate treatment to their spent water, and , in addition, should
fund detailed scientific investigation for identifying and demarcating the area in
which the quality of ground water is affected. Agencies can be taxed on the basis
of damage they cause to environment. (The principal of polluter pays)
If test results are credible the presence of high MPN in waters extracted from
deep tube wells should be taken serious note of. The first thing that needs to be
done is verification of the results. Second a thorough investigation should be
made of the causes of this bacterial pollution of ground water since large number
of people is using ground water. If investigations trace the source of pollution to
current sanitation practices, then another team of investigators will need to work
out changes needed in the sanitation practices.
Tampering of long conveyance mains.
The team investigating degraded quality of water from tube wells will also
investigate reasons for high turbidity. If it is contributed by minerals present in
the available geological formations appropriate treatment will need to be
provided. If turbidity is caused by caving in of tube well assembly because of
corrosion of the mild steel pipe used in the assembly there could be two
alternatives: Either glass reinforced plastic pipe (GRP), or fibre reinforced plastic
(FRP) pipe or some other non-metallic pipe could be used in the sembly, as it is
being widely used at many places, or devices to protect assembly pipe from
corrosion, like cathodic protection, could be used.
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Study on Environment Assessment and Environment Management Framework for
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

standards (especially in Uranium affected areas).
In cases where the drinking water supply source involves extraction from a critical or overexploited
aquifer the emphasis must be on water conversation (including ground water recharge and rainwater
harvesting).
Efficiency of use of water should be promoted through awareness & regulation.
5.1.1.2 Water Quality
5.1.1.2.1
Surface Water Quality
The major sources of surface water in Jharkhand are the rivers, impounding structures such as dams and bunds
built across rivers for holding rain water.
Surface sources are more open to pollution than the ground water sources because they receive domestic
waste directly, without passing through filtering media like the ground water does; and then the surface water
receives both the liquid and the solid waste. Washeries from coal mines and other mines, which are abundant
in Jharkhand, discharge into the surface drainage system. The quality of surface water sources is therefore
more acutely affected. During periods when the flow in the river is not sufficient to cause adequate dilution of
the discharged effluents pollution is more severe.
5.1.1.2.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Environmental Concerns:
Non point sources of pollution in the catchment areas due to the widely prevalent practice of open
defecation, washing, bathing and other human activities in rivers serving as water supply sources
Discharge of untreated or inadequately treated municipal and industrial wastes in receiving water
bodies or on land
Breakage/ leakage in rising mains, distribution lines and valve chambers
Streams & Water bodies are affected due to Ore- Waste, Coal Washeries, and detritus.
Improper collection, storage and handling of water at the individual household level
5.1.1.2.3
Ground Water Quality
The groundwater quality in many parts of Jharkhand is poor owing to natural presence of iron, fluorides,
arsenic, nitrates and even bacteriological pollutionin concentrations exceeding permissible levels for drinking
water use. In addition, the quality of groundwater also indicates contamination due to inadequate treatment
and disposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial effluents. According to RWSS department
estimates, about 80% of villages in Jharkhand suffer from poor water quality conditions.
5.1.1.2.4



5.1.2
Environmental Concerns
Presence of iron, fluoride, arsenic & nitrates at concentrations exceeding the permissible levels for
drinking water use;
Bacteriological or chemical contamination due to inadequate treatment and disposal of sullage,
effluent from septic tanks or industrial discharges.
Operational problems including inefficient and irregular disinfection
Implications for the Design & Implementation:
The emergent concern be addressed by the EMF include the siting, planning, design, and operation of the
schemes. Further, the EMF should ensure that the implementation ensures the water quality of the source,
and that water quality at household delivery level meets the drinking water norms. More specifically:
1.
Source Selection for the water supply should be done after investigation of potential sources. Selection
should be based on the guidelines provided in Annexure 5. The water quality testing should be done prior
to source selection of water supply schemes (refer Annexure 3). Further a sanitary survey needs to be
taken up in accordance with the guidelines given in Annexure 6. Sanitary protection of water supply
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Box-7
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
sources is prescribed in Annexure 11.
Annexure 13 presents guidelines for
sustainability of groundwater sources.
For fluoride affected and other
contaminated viz Arsenic etc villages the
strategy should be distant safe
groundwater (SVS) or distant surface
water (MVS) as detailed in Annexure 12.
In case quality of available water is very
poor and no distant surface water source
is available, advanced treatment options
like iron removal units, Reverse Osmosis
(RO) plants can be opted. Dual water
supply can be adopted, supply of limited
quantity of safe, potable water (say 10-15
Lpcd) from systems which are expensive
to build operate and maintain (eg. RO
Plant) and continue with existing supplies
after ultra filtration for not potable
purposes.
Effective and regular disinfection, as well
as preventive and corrective maintenance
of water distribution systems should be
ensured.
Water supply sources need to be
protected as per the guidelines given in
Annexure 11.
A protocol for regular water quality
testing and control (refer Annexure 3) will
have to be developed by DDWS, which
will be implemented through the
operations phase of the water supply
schemes. Water quality testing for
chemical
contaminants
shall
be
conducted by the DDWS, in a phased
manner based on an initial sampling of
groundwater and surface waters in the
districts of the state before taking up
subprojects in that area.
5.1.3
Sanitation Issues










Mitigation Measures






Environmental Sanitation
The present level of sanitation coverage in the
rural areas of the state is only 8%. Only less
than half of the rural households with latrines
are using them regularly. This implies that still
more than 90% of rural population resort to
open defecation with its associated risk to
water supply sources. Open defecation
constitutes a major nonpoint source of
pollution of surface and ground waters. Poor
environmental sanitation conditions and lack
of adequate supply of safe water are factors
responsible for high incidence of water borne/
More than 90% rural population defecates in open. Fixed mind set in
favour of open defecation.
Most areas near water bodies.
Inability to pay for toilets.
Disposal of excreta is not proper.
Only soak pits installed. Low sensitivity on advantages of septic tanks.
Coupled with hard rock. They could be a source of bacterial
contamination of groundwater.
Lack of awareness on importance of sanitation.
Lack of standard designs.
Waste water from households including cowshed wastes etc flow
freely in village drains or stagnate. This seeps to ground water.
Stagnant waste water leads to poor personal hygiene and results in
contagious and other infectious diseases.
Solid waste being indiscriminately disposed.






A continuous, prolonged awareness campaign will need to be
organized in a professional manner to make a worthwhile impact.
First of all the basic cost of unit could be made to have options,
considering that certain items of work could be done by beneficiaries
themselves, like construction of superstructure, or construction of roof
which could be dispensed with if needed or improvised. The issue of
affordability could also be dealt with by having tie up with banks for
providing credit facilities to beneficiaries with repayment schedules to
suit their pockets.
Good practices in sanitation should be propagated and disseminated
and people motivated to emulate such practices through organized
publicity campaigns covering other aspects of sanitation as well.
Procedural handicaps will need to be overcome in order to make the
sanitation programme fruitful. Easier and hassle-free procedure could
be thought of for this purpose.
Experience has been that if the entire latrine unit could be prefabricated with minimum material and labour required to be used at
site, it will substantially enhance credibility of the product to be
delivered, and perhaps also considerably help the prospects of the
programme.
Looking to the variety of situations and site conditions in different
parts of the state and in view of the fact that sanitation is so important
to health, and therefore to the productivity of the state, it is necessary
to assign the task of designing sanitation units along with
arrangements for disposal of effluent for different conditions to a
team of researchers and people drawn from field. This team should
come out with the designs, drawings, specifications, estimates and
take action for standardization of these designs etc first of all within
the state and then the BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), NBO (National
Building Organization), CPHEEO (Central Public Health &
Environmental Engineering Organization) and BMTPC (Building
Material & Technology Promotion Council).
Location of toilets should follow good sanitation, environmental and
pollution control practices as per uniform guidelines.
Drinking water, sullage and sewer lines should be kept away as per
standard practices.
Remodeling of existing ponds in order to assimilate or obviate sullage
flows.
Treating sewage and sullage and utilization in horticulture, agriculture,
aquaculture, etc. Designing and commissioning treatment systems.
Disinfection of ponds and drains.
Community solid waste management schemes to be drawn up.
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water related diseases in the rural areas.
5.1.3.1 Environmental Concerns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rampant open field defecation due to inadequate latrines, low usage of latrines and low levels of
awareness.
Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattle sheds, flows into open
surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and bylanes. There are instances of effluent from latrines
or septic tanks finding its way to the drainage system, if there is any, or on to open land.
Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater often seeps into hand
pumps, open dug wells and pipelines, and the village ponds leading to contamination of aquifers and loss
of productive uses.
The presence of stagnant water in the villages combined with poor personal hygiene leads to the
incidence of malaria and other vector borne diseases, diahorreal diseases, etc.
Solid wastes of decomposable and nondecomposablenatue are collected together and disposed by mere
dumping along streets and public places leading to stinking and vector breeding.
5.1.3.2 Suggestions for Design & Implementation:
1.
Construction of latrines and awareness creation for increased usage. Selection of safe sanitation
technologies and environmental considerations in location of toilets is given in Annexure 14. Annexure
15 presents recommended construction practices and pollution safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush
Latrines.
2.
Efficient design of surface sullage drains and adoption of good construction practices, along with a
system of regular maintenance can ensure that stagnant pools of sullage are eliminated. The guidelines
for safe sullage disposal at household and community levels are given in Annexure 16.
3.
Adopting the recommended practice of laying water and sullage lines on different sides of the road
reduces the risk of cross contamination.
4.
5.
Existing ponds can be remodelled to accommodate increased sullage flow.
Adequate treatment and gainful utilization of the treated effluent/ sullage is possible in agriculture,
aquaculture and agro forestry. The treatment system could be any of the following:
o Stabilization ponds,
o Duckweed ponds,
o Constructed wetlands, etc.
Suitable consultants may be commissioned to do the required studies, preparation of detailed project
reports and for construction supervision for these schemes.
6.
7.
Vector control to the ponds and drains carrying sullage should be ensured by way of avoiding stagnation
and spraying with nonhazardous insecticides in conformity with OP 4.09.
Solid waste management including segregation of wastes at source, collection at door step, recycling of
nondegradable wastes, composting of biodegradable wastes, safe disposal of hazardous wastes,
demarcated land fill sites, etc. Guidelines for community solid waste management are given in Annexure
17.
5.1.4
Construction Stage Environmental Impacts
The implementation phase of the project and the construction activities are likely to cause environmental
impacts and these which may be transient and negative in nature would need to be addressed. Some of the
likely issues are the following:
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Box-8



During the construction of components of water supply
schemes, underground drainage, drains and sanitation
facilities, significant earth work may be involved, which may
cause erosion of land and cutting of trees.
Possible damage to places of cultural, heritage and
recreational importance.
Impact on human health and safety due to dust and noise
pollution, and inadequate safety measures. The safety
provisions (Building) convention 1937 (No. 62) is given at
the end of annexures under Annexure 24.
5.1.4.1 Mitigation Measures
POSSIBLE SOURCES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The project activities will chiefly
generate environmental impacts during
implementation and operation because
of the following reasons:
•
The civil works for new structures will
sometimes involve construction on
virgin land thereby affecting the forests,
animals and other natural resources;
•
The rehabilitation works will require
demolition of existing infrastructure
and will generate rubble and waste that
will need to be disposed of properly;
both the new civil works and the
rehabilitation works may require new
land; civil works for new structures as
well as rehabilitation works will affect
the communities.
•
both physically (air and water pollution,
nuisance and contamination etc.); and
socio- economically (land use, income
generation, mobility and community
association);
•
the water supply services will require
additional water abstraction, resulting
in changes in ground and surface water
regimes, both inside and outside the
project impact areas;
•
additional use of water will result in
increases in waste water generation;
•
water supply activities and other civil
works may cause water stagnation and
sanitation problems;
•
The increase in numbers of people
within the project location/areas will
result in depletion of natural resources,
pollution of public waters and
degradation of soils. Consequently,
several environmental components
may be affected in one way on another
by such activities; and
•
The increase in interaction of different
types of people will result in social and
health problems caused by various
diseases transmitted among these
people and arising from high pressure
on social and health services such as
medical services.
All schemes should be designed to have minimal adverse
environmental impacts and an environmental mitigation and
management plan with dedicated funding drawn up and monitored
for compliance.
5.1.5
Environmental Management Framework
5.1.5.1 Objectives of EMF
The Jharkhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project will
finance investments in rural water supply and sanitation
improvement schemes to serve the rural populations in Jharkhand.
The project interventions are, therefore, expected to result in
benefits to the rural communities, through improved quality and
delivery levels of RWSS services. Some of the main environmental
health benefits expected under the project include: increased and
better quality water for drinking and other domestic uses; drudgery
reduction (time and energy savings through providing water supply
closer to homes) improvements in personal hygiene and village
sanitation levels; and reduced fecal & oral contamination of drinking
water resulting in lower occurrence of diseases.
The project interventions are expected to result in environmental
and public health improvements in the state, however, adverse
environmental impacts can occur if the schemes are not properly
designed, implemented, and maintained. To ensure that the
identified environmental issues are addressed in the various stages
of the implementation of subprojects, an Environment Management
Framework (EMF) has been developed for this project. The
objectives of the EMF are as follows:



To provide a systematic approach for identifying the
various possible environmental impacts at the different
stages of the scheme.
To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing
the identified environmental impacts.
To devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming
environmental management in project implementation
processes.
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5.1.5.2 Key Elements of the EMF
The key elements of the EMF as applied to a project sponsored scheme are discussed below:
1. Collection of Basic Environmental Data:
The EMF requires that basic environmental data pertaining to the proposed scheme be compiled at the field
data collection stage. For this purpose, an Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) has been formulated for schemes
on water supply, sanitation, solid and liquid waste management, etc. The formats for the EDSs for different
types of schemes are furnished in Annexure 18. The AEE/ EE of the DDWS will fill up the EDS in consultation
with the GPWSC and with the facilitation support of the NGO/ SO.
The EDS will be submitted to the Environmental Specialist at the DPMU along with the analysis note for a
decision on the scheme classification.
2. Classification of Schemes for Environmental Screening:
At the Detailed Project Report (DPR) preparation stage, the available environmental information in the EDS will
be evaluated and based on the level of expected environmental and public health impacts, the proposed
scheme would be classified as Category 1 and Category 2, based on the potential impacts, whether limited or
significant The EDS formats are given in Annexure 18. The screening tool for the categorization of schemes is
furnished in Annexure 19. The environmental classification of schemes by using the screening tool is done by
the ES of the DPMU and submitted to Project Manager DPMU and then to EE of the concerned division of
DDWS, who will also ensure that the scheme is evaluated in terms of applicability of the various policies, laws
and guidelines and necessary procedures followed to ensure compliance and obtain necessary clearances and
permissions should also be obtained.
3. Environmental Appraisal and Approval:
For category 2 schemes, a detailed environmental appraisal of the proposed scheme is required. This will be
done by the district level environmental expert attached to DPSU. In extreme cases, where the district level
resources are not sufficient for conducting the environmental appraisal and designing the appropriate
mitigation measures, support from the environmental experts of state level PSU may be requested. The
environmental appraisal for category 2 schemes shall not take more than 30 days.
For all category 1 schemes, there shall be no separate environment appraisal other than filling up of EDS
included in the DSR.
The Detailed Scheme Report (DSR) for Category 1 schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data
Sheet (EDS). The EE of the DDWS will ensure this. The Detailed Scheme Report (DSR) for Category 2 schemes
should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) as well as the Category 2 environmental
appraisal. The EE of the DDWS will ensure this.
Each scheme could be accorded technical clearance only after getting an Environmental clearance from the
Environmental Specialist.
4. Environmental Compliance Monitoring during Implementation and O&M phases:
The EMF will ensure that:
1.
Each scheme will have to draw up an environmental mitigation and management plan and allocate
suitable funds. Integrate environmental considerations in operation phase.
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2.
The management plan, drawn up for all the phases of the project shall be reviewed at predecided
intervals by various authorities and certificates of compliance generated. Third party compliance
monitoring and auditing could be in built.
3.
The prescribed environmental mitigation measures (including construction stage measures) as
identified through the environmental appraisal process are adequately implemented. The
Implementation Completion Report of each scheme will include an Environmental Compliance
Certificate given by the GPWSC for SVS and MWSC for MVS indicating that the mitigation measures
identified in the appraisal have been implemented.
4.
Capacity building and IEC activities are undertaken to enable effective implementation of the EMF
including assessment procedures, supervision, monitoring, etc. as well as for community awareness
and sensitization on personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, water conservation, etc.
5.
Monitor external environmental parameters once a year and draw up State of Environmental Reports
for the village on an annual basis for monitoring impacts and build up into a state data base.
6.
Create appropriate institutional capacities to implement schemes and manage the project at various
levels.
7.
Design and implement a comprehensive plan for training at various levels and provide adequate
funding support.
5.1.6
Application of EMF to Project
In order to mainstream environmental management and to ensure that the EMF is systematically implemented
for all the project sponsored schemes, the EMF needs to be integrated in the scheme cycle. The below table
provides an overview of various EMF activities in the preplanning, planning, implementation and O&M phases
of the proposed scheme cycle for the project sponsored schemes. The responsibilities are indicated in the
table, against the respective tasks.
Table-29 Environmental Management Framework
Phase
Initial
Screening
Phase /
Planning
EMF Activity
Village
identification
& filling up of
Environmental
Data Sheet
Classification
of the scheme
vis a vis
Objectives
To collect
basic
information
on the
proposed
scheme,
source
environmental
status
To ensure that
schemes with
potentially
significant
environmental
or public
health issues
are identified
at an early
stage for
detailed
environmental
appraisal.
Process
Public consultation with
community and
identification
environmental issues of
Complete EDS with
supplementary notes if
required.concern.
Responsibility
SOs, with
DPMU
JE/AE/DDWS
with
assistance
from SO and
NGOs.
Result
EDS prepared
and attached to
DPR.
Evaluate all the available
information on
environmental scheme is
Category 1 or Category 2
based on screening
criteria.
EE/DWSD with
Environmental
Expert, DPMU.
Scheme
classified as 1
OR 2 Category
using the
screening
criteria.
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Phase
EMF Activity
Environmental
assessment
and approval
of
classification
Objectives
To ensure that
identified
environmental
issues and
appropriate
mitigation
measures
have been
incorporated
Addition of all
Environmental
issues &
concerns by
approved
mitigation
measures
To ensure that
mitigation
measures and
their cost are
incorporated
in the DPR
Implementation Implementation
of
Environmental
mitigation
measures.
To ensure that
the mitigation
measures at
construction
stage are
implemented.
O&M
To ensure that
environmental
aspects are
integrated in
the O&M
phase.
Environmental
supervision,
monitoring,
and evaluation
IEC and
capacity
building on
hygiene and
environmental
issues.
Process
For category 1 schemes,
there shall be no separate
environmental appraisal
but environmental
aspects shall be included
in the normal appraisal
and evaluation process for
the proposed scheme,
based on the EDS included
in the DPR.
For category2 schemes, a
detailed environmental
appraisal of the proposed
scheme is required,
(including evaluation of
environmental and public
health impacts, risk
assessment if needed, and
design of mitigation
measures.)
Technical Sanction for the
scheme will not be
accorded without
Environmental Clearance
from PSU
Responsibility
Environmental
Expert, DPMU.
Result
Environmental
appraisal of the
Category 2
scheme is made
using the
Checklist for
Environmental
Appraisal as
per Annexure
19 and an
appropriate
environmental
management
plan developed
As per the
Financial
Handbook of
the
Government
of Jharkhand
Construction supervision
will ensure compliance at
different stages of
implementation progress.
Implementation
Completion Report (ICR)
for schemes will need to
include compliance
certificate that all
(prescribed)
environmental mitigation
measures have been
implemented.
Check if all safeguards are
met. 10%schemes at 6
monthly intervals
-Water quality monitoring
will be conducted as per
project water quality
monitoring protocol.
=
Internal supervision will
WSC for
Schemes, SOs,
CS Agency
Technical
Sanction for
scheme with
environmental
mitigation
measures and
its costs are
integrated in
the DPR.
ICR with
Progress
Reports and
environmental
compliance
information.
By a team
from DWSC
State Level
Environmental
Expert
supported by
District Level
Environmental
Experts.
Issues for
redressal
=
Water quality
monitoring
reports.
Periodic
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Phase
EMF Activity
Objectives
Process
be conducted for 20% of
the schemes completed
once in a year. All UGD/
Sewerage schemes will be
supervised twice a year.
Monitoring of external
environmental
parameters relevant to
the project will be
conducted once in a year.
Environmental Audit
through external agency
will be conducted once in
a year by selecting about
10% of schemes
completed.
IEC on (i) need for
drainage improvement/
sullage treatment in
villages, (ii) personal and
public hygiene, and (iii)
need for water
conservation.
Environmental audit, once
a year of 5% of schemes
-
5.1.7
Responsibility
State Level
Environmental
Expert (SPSU)
with
assistance
from State
Level
Technical
Expert (SPSU)State Level
Environmental
Expert (SPSU)
with
assistance
from State
Level
Technical
Expert (SPSU).
-
Result
environmental
supervision,
monitoring and
audit reports.
Training and
IEC activity
reports and
report on
environmental
status. Mid way
corrections in
EMF
-
Audit reports
and evaluation
-
External
Agency to be
nominated by
the SPSU
-
Environmental Supervision and Monitoring
The organizational set up of the Government of Jharkhand that would manage the environmental framework
has been shown in the diagram below:
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GOVERNMENT OF
JHARKHAND
RWSS SWSM
(Apex Committee)
 RWSS-SWSM SECRETARIAT
 M& E UNIT
 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT UNIT
RWSS STATE LEVEL
OFFICES
RWSS DISTRICT LEVEL
OFFICERS OF DWSD
VWSC
PMU
DWSM
DPMUs
RWSS STATE LEVEL
OFFICERS OF DWSD
RWSS RELATED
DISTRICT LEVEL OFFICERS
OF DWSD
SCHEME LEVEL COMMITTEE
FOR MVS
GRAM PANCHAYAT
The EMF requires detailed supervision, monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the project on the
environment. This includes:
Environmental supervision: A sample of 10% of the completed schemes will be visited at six monthly intervals
by a team from the DWSC (including the District Resource Persons – Environmental Management) to check if
all safeguard requirements are met and to identify any issues that need to be addressed. The selected sample
will have representation of both 1 and Category 2schemes in water supply, sanitation and waste management.
Annexure 20 gives details of the sampling procedure for the supervision and Annexure 21 gives the format of
the supervision report. However, internal environmental monitoring will be done as part of the regular
monitoring by the DWSS.
Monitoring of relevant external environmental parameters: Once every year, the state Project Support Unit
(PSU) will prepare a report of the environmental situation in the state including data and analysis of relevant
parameters such as rainfall, depth to water levels, status of groundwater basins, incidence of water borne
diseases, etc., as well as a listing of relevant new legislation and regulations that have a bearing on the
environmental performance of the project. The EMF will be suitably revised annually on the basis of this
document by the PSU.
Environmental audit: Once every year, the SPSU will appoint an external agency to undertake an independent
audit of the environmental performance of the project. 5% of the completed schemes will be covered in the
audit having representation of both Category 1 and Category 2 schemes in water supply, sanitation and waste
management. The Annexure 22 presents details of sampling and the Annexure 23 gives a list of performance
indicators to be used in these audits.
5.1.8
Institutional Arrangements
5.1.8.1 Village Level GPWSC and SOs
GPWSC is a local level institution set up as a subcommittee of the Gram Panchayat which is expected to
shoulder full responsibilities for all activities related to RWSS at the village level. They will be supported by
(non government) Support Organizations (SOs), selected for a cluster of villages within a particular
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geographical boundary. SOs will primarily be responsible for providing community development and external
liaison support to the GPWSCs on a day to day basis.
The responsibility of facilitating planning and implementation of EMF activities at the village level is vested
with the GPWSC and SOs. One SO is expected to service 10-20 GPs. The TOR for the SO would include specific
responsibilities pertaining to the EMF including facilitation of the GPWSC's participation in filling up the EDS, in
certifying the implementation of the environmental mitigation measures, in identifying and meeting capacity
building needs, etc. The AEE/ AE, DDWS will support the GPWSC and SOs in the execution of these functions.
The project will develop capacities of both GPWSC and SO through training and other information sharing
measures to execute these functions effectively. .
5.1.8.2 Scheme Level Committee (SLC) for MVSs
Keeping in view the complexity of MVSs, the decisions regarding environmental appraisal, implementation of
mitigation measures, supervision will be jointly taken up by the ZP RWSS department in consultation with the
SLC. SLC will have one member from each of GPWSCs related to GPs of the MVSs. The EE, DDWS will be the
chair person of the SLC.
5.1.8.3 Disrtict Level
Similar arrangements are envisaged in DWSMs through District Water and Sanitation Committee (DWSC) to
ensure all RWSS plans follow and are in conformity with the EMF, and to ensure proper planning and
monitoring of EMF activities at the district level, and coordination between the District and SWSM.
The EE will be responsible for ensuring EMF implementation within the district. He will also select the external
experts for appraisal of Category II schemes, if required. There will be a District Support Unit at the district
level under the control of the EE. This DSU will be responsible for implementation of the environmental
management activities in accordance with the EMF at the district level. The DSU will have a District Level
Environmental Expert in the unit. The DSU will have number of District Resource Persons (DRPs) in the cadre of
Executive Engineer (EE) and one of the DRPs will be trained in environmental management (EM).
5.1.8.4 State Level
At the State level the EC committee prepares the environment policy and sets the guidelines for the EMF
implementation, monitoring and evaluation. This committee also liaises with other departments with regard to
environmental issues.
The Project Director, SWSM will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the EMF across the state.
One State Level Environmental Expert in the state PSU will ensure that environmental management activities
are in conformity with the EMF and that necessary guidance and budget is provided to implement these plans.
Table-30 Role and responsibilities of the major players in implementing the EMF
Institutional Arrangement for Implementation of the EMF
Level
Institution
Function
Responsibility
State
State water
Sanitation
Mission
(SWSM)/ PSU
Ensure overall implementation of the EMF in the project.
PD, PMU
supported by
the State Level
Environmental
Expert
Arrange funds required for implementing the provisions of EMF.
Ensure availability of required human resources for implementation
of EMF.
Ensure that recommendations from supervision and monitoring are
integrated into the project and the EMF is updated periodically as
necessary.
Recruit external experts for conducting Environmental Audit once in
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Level
Institution
Function
Responsibility
a year and ensure that the relevant recommendations are integrated
into the project.
Conduct environmental supervision of all Under Ground Drainage/
Sewerage schemes on a half yearly basis.
District
District Water
and Sanitation
Mission
(DWSM)/ DWSC
Training and Capacity Building of SOs, GPWSC, Environmental
Management (EM) and District Resource Person – Environmental
Management (DRP-EM)on EMF.
EE, DWSM
supported by
the
Coordination between various players and actors involved in EMF.
District Level
Environmental
Expert, DPSU
Coordinate with other line departments on environment related
issues; in particular with State Ground Water Directorate for water
level monitoring.
DPMU
Day-to-day management, responsible for undertaking all activities
necessary for implementation of the EMF.
Carry out regular monitoring and supervision of the EMF
implementation through appropriate mechanisms (and report the
same to SWSM and DWSM as necessary).
Supervising the accuracy of the environmental appraisal conducted
by AEE/AE, DDWS as part of the scrutiny of the schemes – including
checking if the screening is accurate, if the Environmental Data Sheet
has been filled in as required etc.
SE, DWSM,
District
LevelEnvironm
ent Expert,
DPMU,
DRP-EM
Evaluation of EDS and categorize the scheme into one of the
categories A, B & C.
Conduct Category A environmental appraisal using the Detailed
Appraisal Sheet, if required or in cases where external technical
support is required for conducting Category A appraisal – forwarding
to the EE for decision on selection of suitable expert for conducting
detailed appraisal for category A schemes and preparation of
Detailed Appraisal Sheet (DAS) to identify the environmental impacts
and designing mitigation measures. The mitigation measures are
included in Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be
implemented along with various components of the scheme.
Conduct supervision visits to 20% of the completed schemes twice in
the year (in coordination with the PSU).
Provide technical advice and guidance on environmental
management to SO, GPs & GPWSCs.
Provide inputs to DWSC on relevant environmental policies.
Ensure capacity building of all stakeholders in environmental
management.
Design and implement IEC campaigns on environmental
management.
Maintain a database consisting of relevant baseline environmental
information of the district, environmental appraisal of the various
ongoing and completed schemes, findings of supervision, etc.
Coordinate with institutions, agencies and individuals relating to
environmental management including the regional offices of the
JSPCB, Forest Department, etc.
Collect, collate and publish data and information on EMF
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Level
Institution
Function
Responsibility
implementation in the project.
Village
GP Water and
Sanitation
Committee
(GPWSC) with
the support of
Support
Organization
(SO)
Participation in preparation of Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) to be
enclosed to Detailed Scheme Report (DSR).
President,
GPWSC,
The committee shall deliberate on environmental safeguards
relevant to the schemes and adopt the same during construction and
implementation
SO,
Support
Organization
(SO)
Provide support to the EE/AE DDWS in preparing the EDS.
EE/ AE, DDWS
Certifying the implementation of environmental mitigation measures
as part of the implementation completion report.
Facilitate IEC activities regarding water conservation, sanitation and
hygiene among the villagers.
Directors of SO
Facilitating participation of the community in preparation of EDS as
part of the DSR preparation and in certification process (for
environmental mitigation measures) for implementation completion
report.
Liaison with forest department, JPCB, and other related departments
at scheme level for ensuring implementation of identified mitigation
measures (permissions, technical support, etc.).
Provide support in execution of the IEC activities on EMF.
Provide support to the DDWS in the supervision, monitoring and
audit activities of the EMF.
Train the GPWSC/ MWSC in conforming to EMF requirements in
operation and maintenance of Under Ground Drainage/ Sewerage
schemes.
Scheme Level
Committee
(SLC)
(wherever
multiple
schemes are
proposed in
IGP)
5.1.9
Participation in EDS preparation of MVS.
Participation in certification process for implementation of
environmental mitigation measures as part of implementation
completion report.
President,
GPWSC,
SO,
EE/ AE, DDWS
To make efforts for spreading awareness regarding sanitation and
hygiene among the member villages of the MVSs.
Performance Indicators
A list of environmental performance indicators which can be integrated with the overall project indicators for
monitoring and evaluation of the project performance are given in Annexure 23.
5.1.10 Training and Capacity Building
The DDWS Jharkhand at present has limited capacity for environmental management. The capacity building
and IEC strategy has been outlined as part of the EMF program developed for the project aims at building
environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as
well as in the intended target communities. Capacity building for environmental management will be
integrated with overall capacity building component of the project.
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5.1.10.1 Objectives
The objectives of the capacity building initiatives are:
 To build and strengthen the capability of rural water and sanitation service delivery institutions (PRIs
and DDWS) and other partners (NGOs, Contractors, Consultants) to integrate sound environmental
management into water and sanitation service delivery.
 To orient the service delivery staff and elected PRI representatives to the requirements of the
project’s environmental management framework.
5.1.10.2 Approach
Systematic capacity building initiatives will be introduced only after completion of Institutional Analysis &
training needs assessment. The training will be of cascade mode. All the trained staff and others will in turn
conduct further trainings at state, district, mandal and village levels. However, since capacity building goes
beyond mere imparting training, institutionalization of best practices becomes a prerequisite for improved
service delivery.
5.1.10.3 Institutions for Training
In view of the specialized training and capacity building envisaged under the EMF of the project, it is necessary
to identify nodal training institutes that will work closely work with capacity building wing of PSU for
conceptualizing, designing, conducting and managing training programs on the EMF. Some such specialized
institutions are:









National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)
Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI)
National Academy of Construction (NAC)
Visvesvaraya Sanitation and Water Academy, Ranchi
State Institute of Rural Development, Ranchi
Administrative Training Institute, Ranchi
Indian Institute of Mines, Dhanbad
BITS MESRA, Ranchi
Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad
5.1.10.4 Details of Training Programmes
5.1.10.5 Training on the Environmental Management Framework
5.1.10.5.1 Purpose of the Training:



To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for undertaking environmental appraisal as per the
requirements of the EMF
To prepare for undertaking periodic supervision of environmental performance of schemes
To prepare for implementing Community Based System for Water Quality Monitoring and
Surveillance
5.1.10.5.2 Participants:
Key officials of the project including JE/AE, EE, SE as well as State and District Level Environmental Experts and
District Resource Persons – Environmental Management. The Superintending Engineer of the district will be
responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the training, and the expense will be borne by the overall
project capacity building budget.
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5.1.10.5.3 Schedule:
The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training workshops on
environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each,
whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. 10 Training programs will be conduced
during the first year and 5 refresher programs per year will be conducted for the next 4 years. This will total to
30 programs.
The detais of Management Action Plan are appended as Annexure 35.
5.1.10.6
Details of Training Programmes
T1. Training on the Environmental Management Framework
Purpose of the training:



To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for undertaking environmental appraisal as per the
requirements of the EMF
To prepare for undertaking periodic supervision of environmental performance of schemes
To prepare for implementing Community Based System for Water Quality Monitoring and
Surveillance
Participants: Key officials of the project including JE/AE, EE, SE as well as State and District Level Environmental
Experts and District Resource Persons – Environmental Management. The Superintending Engineer of the
district will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the training, and the expense will be borne
by the overall project capacity building budget.
Schedule: The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training
workshops on environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3
days each, whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. 10 Training programs will be
conducted during the first year and 5 refresher programs per year will be conducted for the next 4 years. This
will total to 30 programs.
T2. Training on Environmental Management
Purpose of the training:



To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for meaningful participation in the environmental
appraisal as per the requirements of the EMF
To prepare for planning and monitoring implementation of environmental mitigation measures
identified through the appraisal process
To equip with skills necessary for water quality testing using the field kits under the Community Based
System for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance
Participants: SOs, members of GPWSC and Block Resource Persons – Environmental Management.
The Superintending Engineer of the DWSM will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the
training, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity building budget.
Schedule: The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training
workshops on environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3
days each, whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. There will be about 1200
GPWSCs, about 150 SOs and about 50 Block resource persons totaling to about 1400. At about 50 per batch
there will be about 28 training programs. Considering that an equal number of refresher trainings will be
conducted, the total T2 training programs will be about 56 for the project duration.
T3.Environmental Awareness and Sensitization
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Purpose of the training:
 To build awareness on safe drinking water, water conservation, environmental sanitation and
personal hygiene.
Participants: JEs/ AEs, SOs, Members of GPWSC and NGOs.
Schedule: The training will involve oneday workshops at the mandal level. There will also be one day refresher
workshops organized annually. There will be about 1200 GPWSCs, about 150 SOs and about 50 resource
persons totaling to about 1400. At about 50 per batch there will be about 28 training programs. Considering
that an equal number of refresher trainings will be conducted, the total T3 training programs will be about 56
for the project duration.
T4. Quality Construction Practices for Artisans
Purpose:

To equip with knowledge and skills for quality construction and maintenance of water and sanitation
structures (including aspects of environmental conservation, human health and safety, etc.)
Participants: Masons, mechanics, electricians, plumbers etc., and for the contractors’ workforce involved in
the project.
Schedule: The training will involve one day workshops at the block level. There will also be one day refresher
workshops organized annually. There will be about 2500 artisans and about 100 resource persons totaling to
about 2600. At about 50 per batch there will be about 52 training programs. Considering that an equal number
of refresher trainings will be conducted, the total T4 training programs will be about 104 for the project
duration.
The number of suggested training programs is presented in table below:
Table-31 Number of Training Programs
No.
1
2
3
4
Topics
Number of Trainings
T1 - Environmental Management Framework
T2 - Environmental Management
T3 - Environmental Awareness and Sensitization
T4 - Quality Construction Practices for Artisans
Total
30
56
56
104
246
About 40 to 50 trainees would participate in each of the training programs. It is intended that these trained
persons will in turn provide onsite training to DWSD staff, SOs, GPWSCs, NGOs, Contractor staff, etc. onsite at
village level.
5.1.10.7
Budget
The total estimated cost of training on environmental management for members of GPWSCs, NGOs/SOs,
Engineers of DWSD, and artisans, is presented in the table below:
Table-32 Estimated cost of Training
S. No.
Training
1
2
T1
T2
No. of Programs
30
56
Estimated Unit Cost in
lakhs of Rs.
1.25
0.75
Total Cost
In lakh of Rs.
37.5
42
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3
4
5
T3 and T4
Workshops (State)
Workshops (District)
Total
160
3
12
0.30
0.75
0.30
48
2.25
3.6
133.35
The total budget for environmental management activities under the proposed project has been worked out
as Rs. 3.39 crore. The detailed breakup of the budget is presented in the table below.
Table-33 Budget for Environmental Management
S No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Activity
Training and workshops (as estimated)
Internal supervision visits @ 10 lakhs per year for 5 years
Environmental Audit by the external agency once in a year (5 Nos) @ Rs.
10.0 lakhs per year
Preparation of specific environment related community awareness
materials @ 1.0 lakh per district and 3 lakh at state level
EA for Category 2 Schemes @ 10 lakhs per year for 5 years
External Environmental Monitoring @ Rs. 2.0 lakhs per year for 5 years
SubTotal
Contingencies @ 10%
Total
Amount in lakhs of
Rs.
133.35
50
50
15
50
10
308.35
30.83
339.18
5.1.11 Guidelines / Environmental Code of Practices
Guidelines/ Environmental Code of Practices (ECOP) have been prepared for addressing the following
environmental issues and are furnished in the Annexures as indicated.
1.
Guidelines for Identification and Selection of water supply sources: The criteria for the selection of
source for water supply are specified in Annexure 4.
2.
Guidelines for Sanitary survey of water supply sources: Periodic survey of the source is necessary to
identify if any new pollution sources are emerging. The guidelines for Sanitary Survey of
groundwater/surface water sources are detailed in Annexure 5 to Annexure 9.
3.
ECOP for sanitary protection of water supply sources: The well to tap groundwater sources and intake
arrangements to tap surface water sources are located at certain distance away from the pollution
existing sources and the structures are protected with certain measures to protect the quality of
water from getting contaminated. The detailed guidelines are furnished in Annexure 10.
4.
Differential Pressure Bleach Powder Solution Dosing Equipment: The disinfection is an important
treatment of both surface and ground water to ensure safe water supply. A simple disinfection
method with bleaching powder applicable to small water supplies is sufficient.
5.
Guidelines for Sustainability of Sources: The yield from the sources in general and ground water
source in particular is likely to decrease during summer. In order to ensure sustainable yield
throughout the year certain measures such as artificial recharge of the groundwater source with
rainwater harvesting structures are necessary. These measures are furnished in Annexure 12.
6.
Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance: The water quality of the sources and in the distribution
system is deteriorating due to contamination especially after rains in surface water sources and in
summer months in groundwater sources. Water quality monitoring should be undertaken periodically
in order to take corrective measures if the quality changes. The procedure and protocol for water
quality monitoring and surveillance are described in Annexure 2.
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7.
Selection and installation of safe sanitation technologies; the checklist for choice of technology and
selection of location is furnished in Annexure 14.
8.
Recommended Construction Practice and Pollution Safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush toilets: Twin Pit
Pour Flush Latrines (TPPFL) is the most commonly adopted sanitation technology which is suitable in
most of the environmental conditions except coastal areas with high groundwater table.
Recommended construction practice and Pollution Safeguards for TPPFTs are described in Annexure
13.
9.
A format for attachment to the contracts of contractors/ consultants is given in Annexure 24. This
format need to be filled for each contract package and signed by the respective contractor/
consultant for conforming to the EMF and implementing the measures suggested under the EMF.
10. Guidelines identifying possible hazards and the management and mitigation actions for both
workers in the various project stages on site and public who may be in the vicinity of the
activities are discussed in Annexure 36.
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5.2 SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
A. Description of the project and key components
The proposed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project will address to the problems of sustainable water
supply and sanitation in rural area of Jharkhand and shall be implemented in 06 selected districts of the state
by the State Drinking Water and Sanitation Mission, Drinking Water and Sanitation Department, Ranchi,
Jharkhand. The overall goal of the project is to promote decentralised service delivery arrangements with
increased Panchayati Raj Institutions (P.R.I.) and community participation, improved financial sustainability
and enhanced accountability at all levels.
The vision of the Jharkhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector is to ensure safe, adequate and
sustainable drinking water and sanitation services, cost effectively to all households, establishments and
institutions in Jharkhand with a view to ensure a healthy and dignified life to all citizens through community
participation at all levels.
The project is expected to increase access to safe water supply and improved sanitation through rehabilitation
of existing works and creating new schemes in the six selected districts and covering a population of about
1.13 million. The project will be implemented in 05 years. The main components of the project are provision of
drinking Water, Water Quality Management, Environmental Sanitation and support organisation costs
(capacity building).
The proposed water supply infrastructure includes new schemes and rehabilitation of SVS (single habitation),
SVS (multiple habitation within same GP), Simple MVS (2TO 3 GP’s) and Large MVS (more than 03 GP’s).The
sanitation infrastructure includes drainage schemes/lane improvement schemes and household sanitation.
Development of Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure is likely to generate site specific environmental
impacts especially during the construction phase.
A capacity building program has been outlined as part of the EMF, aiming at building environmental awareness
and environmental management capacity in the project implementation structure at all levels including
communities. Capacity building for environmental management will be integrated with overall capacity
building component of the project.
The project will directly benefit an estimated 1.13 million people with access to safe water and improved
hygiene and sanitation habits through improved sanitation facilities and awareness building.
B.
Major environmental impacts
Overall, the project is environmentally beneficial. The environmental evaluation suggests that the sub-project
components involve simple, appropriate, low cost technologies that do not pose any significant environmental
consequences. The project has been classified as Category B as per the World Bank Operational Policy 4.01.
The provision of safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities is expected to have a significant positive
impact on the improvement of livelihoods and the environment, including reduction in groundwater pollution.
Some minor and temporary negative environmental impacts may occur, resulting mainly from the construction
activities.
The positive impacts include (i) improved quantity and quality of safe drinking water (ii) reduction in water
related diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid and resultant low cost of healthcare in
households (iii) reduction in infant, child and maternal mortality and morbidity due to improved health and
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sanitation services in the health units (iv) reduced distances to water points which will lead to gain in
productive time for women and girls (v) better and properly sited sanitation facilities will reduce the risk of
contamination of surface and groundwater resources.
The negative impacts include those arising out of tree felling, soil erosion, loss of top soil, loss of flora and
fauna, danger to wild life, air (including noise), water and soil pollution due to construction activities and
disposal of construction wastes, leachates from toilets, sludge from treatment plants, backwash from Arsenic,
fluoride and iron and other treatment units, overuse of water and depletion of source, loss of agricultural land.
C. The Environmental Management Framework
To ensure that the identified environmental issues are addressed in the various stages of the subproject, an
EMF has been developed for the project which proposes to evaluate the impacts by filling and analysing the
EDS, screening and classifying the subprojects, conducting detailed EA of projects with significant impacts,
evaluating the applicability of various laws and policies to the subprojects and ensuring compliance,
implementing the EMP for all subprojects and monitoring the environmental performance indicators. This EMF
also provides several environmental codes of practice with technical specifications as guidelines for
implementation. These guidelines given as annexure in the report, respond to the environmental priorities
analysed as part of the EA. The EMF has prescribed the institutional arrangements for monitoring and
implementation and a capacity building program aimed at training, building environmental awareness and
environmental management capacities. For the achievement of the EMF related capacity building, a budget of
Rs. 40 million has been proposed.
D. Mitigation Measures:
The EMF has through the guidelines also suggested mitigation measures as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Various options for disposal of reject brine from R.O. plants including salt recovery.
Procedures for selection of sustainable sources for water supplies including quality assessments
Spacing criteria between wells
Sanitary protection of water supply sources and other measures for maintaining quality of drinking
water
Fluoride mitigation
Guidelines for water harvesting and conservation including roof top, percolation tanks, check dams,
ponds/tanks, Bandharas, gully plugging contour bunds and erosion control
Environmental criteria for location of toilets
Location specific construction practices and pollution safeguards for twin pit pour flush latrines
Guidelines for safe sullage disposal along with low cost treatment options
Guidelines for community solid waste management
Guidelines for internal supervision
Checklists for supervision and audits
Environmental performance indicators
Safety provisions in the construction of buildings
These mitigation measures would generally include also ensuring that:
1.
2.
Construction and operation activity is planned in adherence to Legal and Regulatory norms, as
prescribed in EMF.
Minimal damage is caused to trees and other vegetation
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Top Soil is stored separately and reused for vegetation after the construction phase. All excavated soil
to be properly stockpiled
Construction activities are avoided in Forest areas. Where imperative, they should be as per legally
permissible norms and procedures.
Avoid spillage of oil and grease on soil or in water. Store containers to isolate and treat spillages.
Provide adequate protective gear for workers health and safety; isolating and barricading work areas
to make them accident free and free from exposure to air pollutants.
Implement dust suppression measures like spraying with water and ensuring that plant, machinery
and vehicles conform to prescribed standards.
Construction waste to be safely stored and in no case be allowed to go into storm water or other
drains.
Ensure safe distance between toilets and water sources.
Sludge from treatment plants and waste oil and grease to be properly treated. Any hazardous waste
to be treated through specialised agencies authorised by the Jharkhand Pollution Control Board.
Back wash from treatment units is properly treated through solar evaporation ponds and recovered
residue properly disposed.
Monitoring and fixing leakages to prevent wastages and water logging
Preventing non domestic use of water supply including bathing of animals.
Recharge of ground water harvesting rain water.
For multi village schemes, evaluate both surface water and ground water sources for sustainability.
Polluted sources and sources downstream of polluting stream should be avoided
E. Monitoring and Audit
The EMF requires the project proponent to prepare a monitoring plan and undertake regular internal and
external auditing. Monitoring is needed to check if and to what extent the impacts are mitigated, benefits
enhanced and new problems addressed. The key objective of monitoring is to ensure that the EMP is
implemented as per the guidelines. The EMF has prescribed guidelines for project supervision and monitoring,
institutional arrangements, water quality monitoring and surveillance including responsibilities, frequencies
and standards and formats for data collection.
F. Implementation Schedule and Reporting
All mitigation and enhancement measures will be implemented along side with the implementation of
program subprojects as required and planned in the subproject implementation schedules. Progress on the
implementation of the safeguards is included in the overall periodic progress reports, midterm review and
monitoring and evaluation reports as prescribed in the EMF.
G. Conclusion and Recommendations
The anticipated negative impacts will be short-term, site specific, confined and reversible and can be managed
through the application of mitigation and monitoring measures to enhance the benefits of the project. The
successful implementation of the scheme will improve the quality of life of about 1.13 million people living in
rural areas of 06 districts of Jharkhand. This summary generic EMP has been prepared from the EA report and
has suggested comprehensive generic mitigation measures. Implementing such mitigation measures and
management interventions will reduce the adverse environmental impacts and increase the environmental
acceptability of the project with regards to National and State laws and procedures and the World Banks
safeguard policies.
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