AP Biology 2010
Week 5 Part I-Cell Communication and Cell Cycle: Focus on Mitosis/ Meiosis
Chapter 11: Cell Communication
Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle
College Board Performance Objectives:
 Explain how the cell cycle assures genetic continuity.
 Explain how mitosis allows for the even distribution of genetic information to new cells.
 What are the mechanisms of cytokinesis?
 Describe how the cell cycle is regulated.
 Explain how aberrations in the cell cycle can lead to tumor formation.
 Describe and explain the events of mitosis in animal and plant cells.
College Board Lab Objectives:
Pacing Guide:
Chapter 11: Cell Communication—1.5 days
Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle—1.5 days
Key Words:
signal-transduction pathway
local regulator
hormone
G-protein- receptor
tryosine kinase
protein kinase receptor
protein phosphatases
second messengers
cyclic AMP,
diacylglycerol
inositol trisphosphate
calmodulin
genome
somatic cells
gametes
chromatin
sister chromatids
centromere
mitosis
cytokinesis
meiosis
mitotic (M) phase
interphase
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G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
mitotic spindle
kinetochore
metaphase plate
cleavage furrow
cell plate
binary fission
cell-cycle control system
checkpoint
G0 phase
growth factor
density-dependent inhibition
tumor
benign
malignant
metastasis
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AP Biology 2010
Chapter 11
Assignment # 5
Cell Communication
1.
Describe the basic signal-transduction pathway used for mating in yeast. Explain why we
believe these pathways evolved before the first multicellular organisms appeared on Earth.
2.
Define paracrine signaling and give an example.
3.
Define local regulation and explain why hormones are not local regulators.
4.
Explain how plant and animal hormones travel to target cells.
5.
List and briefly define the three stages of cell signaling.
6.
Describe the nature of a ligand-receptor interaction and state how such interactions
initiate a signal-transduction system.
7.
State where signal receptors may be located in target cells.
8.
Compare and contrast G-protein-linked receptors, tyrosine-kinase receptors, and ligandgated ion channels.
9.
Describe two advantages of using a multistep pathway in the transduction stage of cell
signaling.
10.
Explain how the original signal molecule can produce a cellular response when it may not
even enter the target cell.
11.
Describe how phosphorylation propagates signal information.
12.
Explain why a single cell may require hundreds of different protein kinases.
13.
Explain how protein phosphatases turn off signal-transduction pathways.
14.
Define the term second messenger. Briefly describe the role of these molecules in
signaling pathways.
15.
Describe how cyclic AMP is formed and how it propagates signal information in target
cells.
16.
Explain how the cholera bacterium causes the symptoms of cholera by disrupting Gprotein-signaling pathways.
17.
Describe how the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ can be altered and how the increased
pool of Ca2+ is involved with signal transduction.
18.
Describe how signal information is transduced into cellular responses in the cytoplasm
and in the nucleus.
19.
Describe how signal amplification is accomplished in target cells.
20.
Explain why different types of cells may respond differently to the same signal molecule.
21.
Explain how scaffolding proteins help to coordinate a cell’s response to incoming signals.
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AP Biology 2010
Chapter 12:The cell cycle
1.
Explain how cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair.
2.
Describe the structural organization of a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic genome.
3.
Describe the major events of cell division that enable the genome of one cell to be
passed on to two daughter cells.
4.
Describe how chromosome number changes throughout the human life cycle.
5.
List the phases of the cell cycle and describe the sequence of events that occurs during
each phase.
6.
List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase.
7.
Recognize the phases of mitosis from diagrams and micrographs.
8.
Draw or describe the spindle apparatus, including centrosomes, kinetochore microtubules,
non kinetochore microtubules, asters, and centrioles (in animal cells).
9.
Describe what characteristic changes occur in the spindle apparatus during each phase of
mitosis.
10.
Explain the current models for “pole ward” chromosomal movement and elongation of the
cell’s polar axis.
11.
Compare cytokinesis in animals and in plants.
12.
Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria and explain how eukaryotic mitosis may
have evolved from binary fission.
13.
Describe the roles of checkpoints, cyclin, Cdk, and MPF in the cell cycle control system.
14.
Describe the internal and external factors that influence the cell cycle control system.
15.
Explain how the abnormal cell division of cancerous cells escapes normal cell cycle
controls.
16.
Distinguish among benign, malignant, and metastatic tumors.
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AP Biology 2010
Part II Genetics
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
College Board Performance Objectives:
 Describe features of meiosis that are important in sexual reproduction.
 Explain why meiosis is important in heredity.
 Explain how meiosis is related to gametogenesis.
 Explain the key mechanical and genetic differences between meiosis and mitosis.
 Explain how Mendel's work laid the foundation of modern genetics.
 Explain the principal patterns of inheritance.
College Board Lab Objectives:
 Recognize the stages of mitosis in a plant or animal cell.
 Calculate the relative duration of the cell cycle stages.
 Describe how independent assortment and crossing-over can generate genetic variation
among the products of meiosis.
 Use chromosome models to demonstrate the activity of chromosomes during Meiosis I
and Meiosis II.
 Relate chromosome activity to Mendelian segregation and independent assortment.
 Calculate the map distance of a particular gene from a chromosome's center for between
two genes using an organism of your choice in a controlled experiment.
 Demonstrate the role of meiosis in the formation of gametes using an organism of your
choice, in a controlled experiment.
 Compare and contrast the results of meiosis and mitosis in plant cells.
 Compare and contrast the results of meiosis and mitosis in animal cells.
Suggested Laboratory Experiments:
Biology AP* Laboratory 3, Mitosis and Meiosis and Lab Topic 7
Pacing Guide:
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles-2.0 days
Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea-2.0 days
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AP Biology 2010
Assignment continued
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
1. Describe the organization of the chromosome. Include the terms centromere, chromatin,
sister chromatids.
2. List the phases of the cell cycle, and briefly describe the events in each stage.
3. What is the purpose of mitosis?
4. List the stages of mitosis and summarize the events in each phase.
5. Describe the structure and function of the mitotic spindle.
6. If there are 20 centromeres in a cell, how many chromosomes are there?
7. Explain the process of cytokinesis in animals. How does this process differ in plant cells?
8. Discuss the factors that control cell division. Include growth factors, density-dependent
inhibition, restriction point, and regulatory proteins.
9. Describe the nature of cancer cells.
Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
1. Describe the four ideas which have come from Mendel's hypothesis concerning
inheritance.
2. Define homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, and genotype.
3. What is a testcross and how is it useful?
4. Understand how to construct a Punnett square and use it to predict genotypic and
phenotypic ratios.
5. Define the rule of multiplication and the rule of addition.
6. Define complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles,
pleiotropy, epistasis, and polygenic inheritance.
7. Explain how one allele can be dominant over another at the molecular level.
8. How is a pedigree used in genetics?
9. Distinguish between recessively and dominantly inherited disorders? What is meant by
the term linked genes?
10. Looking at progeny, how might one guess that two genes are linked?
11. When studying linked genes, how do you explain the appearance of progeny that do not
share either parental phenotype?
12. How can recombination data be used to map genetic loci?
13. How does a linkage map differ from an actual picture of a chromosome?
14. Describe the X-Y, X-O, Z-W, and haploid-diploid systems of sex determination.
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