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Review of the Threat Abatement Plan
for Psittacine Beak and Feather
Disease Affecting Endangered
Psittacine Species (2005)
June 2012
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1.
Executive summary
The Threat Abatement Plan for Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Affecting Endangered
Psittacine Species has been reviewed as required under the Environment Protection and
Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The actions that have been undertaken to abate the
threat from the disease as identified through the actions, goals and objectives of the threat
abatement plan have been assessed.
The assessment has identified that there has been an improvement in coordination and the
Australian Wildlife Health Network has the potential to capture relevant information.
However, dedicated funding would be required to establish a good system to capture
psittacine beak and feather disease information and disseminate this to stakeholders.
Appropriate hygiene and disinfection protocols have been developed for captive populations
of parrots and cockatoos. A number of different research projects have studied the virus and
started exploring the potential for the development of a vaccine but there are still gaps in the
knowledge about the virus, apparent immunity of some psittacine species and transmission.
The Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Working Group identified in 2009 that the
development of a vaccine is the highest priority research action needing to be undertaken.
The threat abatement plan identified the need to undertake surveillance of wild psittacine bird
populations. This has not occurred to any extent, probably because of the high level of
resources that would be required to undertake such a task. The threat abatement plan also
identifies the need for identification and implementation of management actions for psittacine
beak and feather disease in the listed threatened species. Action under this goal has been
undertaken through recovery planning for each species, although the degree to which the
disease is identified in the relevant recovery plans for each of the species ranges from the
disease being a threat to specifically not a threat or unknown. The funding provided to the
listed threatened species through the Caring for our Country program was assessed and it has
been concluded that there is limited on-ground action being taken to directly abate the threat
from psittacine beak and feather disease. None of the project summaries identified disease as
an action to be addressed.
Therefore, it must be concluded that, while some action has been undertaken and there is now
good information exchange occurring, the two goals of the threat abatement plan have not
been met. That is, the likelihood of extinction or escalation of the threatened species status of
psittacine birds has not diminished; and the likelihood of psittacine beak and feather disease
becoming a key threatening process for other psittacine species is not diminished.
The threat abatement plan is at a stage where 12 of the 26 actions in the plan have been
completed, and a further seven are partially complete. It is concluded that there are still
actions outstanding that may be able to contribute to abating the threat but that the current
threat abatement plan requires a new direction to refocus the threat abatement actions.
Further, because the key threatening process of Psittacine Circoviral (beak and feather)
Disease Affecting Endangered Psittacine Species is still valid, there remains a need for threat
abatement.
A separate options paper will explore the options available to the Minister to assist in abating
the key threatening process of psittacine beak and feather disease affecting endangered
psittacine species.
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Table of Contents
1. Executive summary ........................................................................................ 2
Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 3
2. Purpose of review ........................................................................................... 4
2.1
2.2
Review ......................................................................................................................... 4
Approach ..................................................................................................................... 4
3. Background..................................................................................................... 4
3.1
Purpose of the plan ...................................................................................................... 6
4. Assessment of actions undertaken against objectives .................................... 6
4.1 Objective 1: National Coordination ............................................................................. 7
4.1.1 Specified actions ................................................................................................... 7
4.1.2 Contribution to change of threat .......................................................................... 9
4.2 Objective 2: Research ................................................................................................ 11
4.2.1 Specified actions ................................................................................................. 11
4.2.2 Contribution to change of threat ........................................................................ 15
4.3 Objective 3: Monitoring the disease ......................................................................... 17
4.3.1 Specified actions ................................................................................................. 17
4.3.2 Contribution to change of threat ........................................................................ 18
4.4 Objective 4: To identify and implement management actions and strategies to reduce
the impacts of Beak and Feather Disease. ............................................................................ 20
4.4.1 Specified actions ................................................................................................. 20
4.4.2 Contribution to change of threat ........................................................................ 24
4.5 Objective 5: To share information ............................................................................. 26
4.5.1 Specified actions ................................................................................................. 26
4.5.2 Contribution to change of threat ........................................................................ 27
5. Funding and implementation of TAP ........................................................... 28
6. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 29
6.1 Completion of TAP actions ....................................................................................... 29
6.2 TAP action contribution to goals and objectives ....................................................... 29
6.3 TAP goals .................................................................................................................. 30
6.4 Outstanding issues ..................................................................................................... 30
Reference list – cited and considered ................................................................................... 32
Attachment A: Psittacine beak and feather disease websites ............................................... 34
Attachment B: Maps of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease reports ................................. 37
Attachment C – Critical gaps in knowledge about pittacine beak and feather disease ........ 39
Attachment D: Recovery plans and other advices ............................................................... 40
Attachment E: Caring for our Country projects targeting threatened psittacine species
identified in the TAP. ........................................................................................................... 41
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2.
Purpose of review
Under section 279 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 the
Minister must review each threat abatement plan at intervals of not longer than five years.
The Threat Abatement Plan for Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) Affecting
Endangered Psittacine Species was made by the Minister in 2005. Under section 279 this
plan is due for review.
Reviewing threat abatement plans, at least every five years, allows for an assessment of
whether the threat has been abated or, if not, what progress has been made towards abating
the threat. It is acknowledged that some key actions listed in threat abatement plans may take
longer than five years to achieve, such as the development of a new vaccine for a disease.
The review of a threat abatement plan assesses progress and effectiveness of progress across
all actions in the threat abatement plan. It also considers progress towards threat abatement in
associated ways, such as work related to PBFD done through recovery plans for specific
species. Finally it also considers if the threatened species are still being threatened by the key
threatening process.
The review of a threat abatement plan provides an opinion on whether a new threat abatement
plan is still a feasible, effective and efficient means to abate a threat (s. 279A) and alternative
options for the Threatened Species Scientific Committee to consider and advise the Minister.
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2.1
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2.2
Review
The primary purpose of the review of the Threat Abatement Plan for Psittacine Beak and
Feather Disease Affecting Endangered Psittacine Species (the TAP) is to assess the progress
and effectiveness of the TAP in reducing the impact of PBFD on nationally listed psittacine
birds and preventing further psittacine birds from becoming threatened.
The Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities has
undertaken the review in consultation with the Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Threat
Abatement Plan Working Group, established to advise on action to be undertaken under the
TAP.
Approach
A meeting of the PBFD Threat Abatement Plan Working Group in June 2009 reviewed the
state of knowledge and research around PBFD to that point in time. The Department has
drawn on this knowledge as well as published scientific literature, grey literature, and reports
to the Australian Government since this time to review each specific action in the threat
abatement plan.
The PBFD Threat Abatement Plan Working Group was provided with an opportunity to
comment on the Departmental assessment of progress and to provide comment on potential
future work that might be required to help abate the threat.
3.
Background
‘Psittacine circoviral (beak and feather) disease affecting endangered psittacine species’ was
listed in April 2001 as a key threatening species under the Environment Protection and
Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). The Minister determined under
section 270A of the EPBC Act that having a threat abatement plan was a feasible, effective
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and efficient way to abate the impact of PBFD virus on threatened Australian parrots and
cockatoos.
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PBFD (also known as psittacine circoviral disease) is a disease affecting parrots, cockatoos
and lorikeets (psittacine birds). It is often fatal to birds that contract it, and most species do
not respond to available treatment. The epizootiology (the study of epidemic disease in
animals) of PBFD is not fully understood. The beak and feather disease virus is one of the
smallest and most resistant viruses capable of causing disease, and likely remains viable for
many years in nest boxes and hollows, and may result in long-term contamination of nesting
sites.
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Acute and chronic forms of PBFD are recognised. In the acute form depression, innapetance
diarrhoea and feather abnormalities occur, and death may occur suddenly within one to two
weeks of developing clinical signs. The chronic form results in feather, beak and skin
abnormalities, with most birds eventually dying. Complete or partial recovery from acute
PBFD has been recorded in some species (budgerigar, rainbow lorikeet, lovebird, king parrot
and eclectus parrot), perhaps related to antibody in the blood. Individuals within the majority
of psittacine species with chronic PBFD do not have antibodies, do not recover, and do not
respond to treatment.
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The disease is endemic to Australia. It is believed to have evolved with wild psittacine birds
and is widespread amongst many common Australian species (e.g. sulphur-crested cockatoo,
galah). There is no evidence that the disease is a threat to psittacine bird species that are not
endangered but these common species harbour the infection. In circumstances where bird
populations have been dramatically reduced, such as in endangered species (especially those
with reduced fitness through stresses such as food shortages), the disease may have the
potential to cause catastrophic losses. It is possible that the movement of common psittacine
species may increase the level of threat to endangered species through bringing infected birds
into direct contact with the endangered species, or contamination of feeding or nesting sites.
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When captive breeding is practiced as an option to increase numbers of threatened bird
species, there is potential for beak and feather disease virus to be spread much more readily,
causing high losses of nestlings. Captive breeding for re-introduction is underway for the
orange-bellied parrot, but is not currently occurring for the other listed endangered psittacine
species.
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The orange-bellied parrot is listed as a critically endangered species under the EPBC Act and
recovery plans have been in place since 1984. The most recent recovery plan was published
in 2007 (DPIW, 2006). The recovery plan quotes disease, particularly from PBFD virus as
being one of the key factors in the survival of the orange-bellied parrot. The plan states:
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“Stochastic factors such as disease, loss of genetic variation, storms during migration, and
destruction of nest sites, eggs and chicks by wildfire have the potential to reduce the species'
long term survival.” (DPIW, 2006. Page 9)
“A significant cause of death among captive orange-bellied parrots during the [captive]
breeding program up to 1991 was Psittacine Circoviral Disease (PCD)” (Brown 1988). The
disease was detected in wild birds in 1993, however, while a significant number of individuals
are antibody positive to PCD, there has not been any detected outbreak of the disease. Subclinical effects are unknown. Since 1991, mortality due to PBFD has continues to be a
significant problem despite movement of the Hobart facility to a warmer, more sheltered site.
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Management of this disease will be consistent with the Threat Abatement Plan (Australian
Government Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2005) and associated hygiene
protocols (Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage 2006) which
have been made under the provisions of the EPBC Act 1999.” (DPIW, 2006. Page 10)
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The current prevalence of PBFD in wild orange-bellied parrots is not known because the wild
birds are only handled to band the chicks and not recaptured after this time.
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3.1
Purpose of the plan
While eradication of a widespread and continuously present disease is not possible in wild
birds, an array of well targeted actions combined with well developed management plans
based on current knowledge can assist in reducing the impact of the disease on threatened
psittacine populations, particularly those presently in captive breeding programs and for any
future captive breeding of endangered species.
The threat abatement plan, therefore, had two goals:
1. To ensure that Beak and Feather Disease does not increase the likelihood of extinction
or escalate the threatened species status of psittacine birds; and
2. To minimise the likelihood of Beak and Feather Disease becoming a key threatening
process for other psittacine species.
4.
Assessment of actions undertaken against objectives
The threat abatement plan’s objectives were:
1. To coordinate a national approach to managing Beak and Feather Disease;
2. To promote and conduct activities that lead to increased knowledge of the disease and to
support research that addresses gaps in current knowledge about Beak and Feather
Disease;
3. To monitor Beak and Feather Disease and psittacine populations and to analyse the
resultant data to inform better management strategies;
4. To identify and implement management actions and strategies to reduce the impacts of
Beak and Feather Disease; and
5. To share information with Australian, state and territory government management
agencies, recovery teams, field workers, veterinarians, and wildlife carers, so as to achieve
better Beak and Feather Disease management outcomes.
The implementation of the threat abatement plan was seeking to consolidate and coordinate
the process of managing PBFD impacts on native parrots, and acknowledged that control
programs will have to be ongoing and the costs of these could be considerable. As such, the
threat abatement plan established a framework to allow for the best possible use of available
resources.
Below is the assessment of progress against each of the specified actions.
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4.1
Objective 1: National Coordination
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4.1.1 Specified actions
Coordinate a national approach to managing Beak and Feather Disease
The success of this TAP is dependent on a high level of cooperation and communication between everyone involved in PBFD including
governments, researchers, recovery teams and community groups. The monitoring of progress with the ability to adapt activities and priorities
defined in the TAP is seen as essential so that ongoing field experience and research results can be applied to improve PBFD threat abatement.
Table 4.1 shows the actions under objective 1, the predetermined performance indicators and a summary of the activities that have occurred under
the actions. At the end of the table an assessment has been made of the contribution of achievements to the abatement of the threat posed by PBFD
to the species under threat. This assessment, together with those for the following objectives, has subsequently been used to provide the overarching
conclusions to this review in section six.
Table 4.1 Assessment of national coordination actions.
Actions
Performance indicators
and indicative timelines
A1.1 Convene an
implementation team with
skilled personnel and effective
lines of communication.
PBFD Threat Abatement Plan
Implementation Team
established.
Within 6 months of the plan
being adopted.
Achievement
A PBFD Threat Abatement Plan Implementation Team was established in October 2005 and met twice to
inform action under the TAP.
Further advice was sought to inform the Department on actions that had been undertaken and further action
required in 2009 and a PBFD Working Group was put in place under the Natural Resource Management
Ministerial Council’s Environmental Biosecurity Committee. The Working Group included experts
Associate Professor Shane Raidal, Dr James Harris and representatives from the Victorian, Australian
Capital Territory, South Australian, Western Australian, New South Wales, Queensland Governments,
Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, and the Australian Wildlife
Health Network
The group met formally on 26 June 2009 and occasional email contact as necessary since this meeting.
There were no further formal meetings between 2009 and 2012.
The orange-bellied parrot recovery team has met regularly since 1984.
A1.2 Establish a communication
network to update stakeholders
Communication network
established between all
The PBFD Working Group considered this action item in 2009 and the Working Group agreed that the
current information available through the various jurisdiction web sites is significant and sufficiently linked.
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on the plan’s implementation
and to promote exchange of
information on PBFD.
stakeholders.
12 months.
In reconsidering the action item in 2009, the PBFD Working Group felt that existing methods of
communication via the Australian Wildlife Health Network were providing sufficient communication on
beak and feather disease.
The relevant Chief Veterinary Officer in each state or territory is informed of particular outbreaks of PBFD
in their jurisdiction where these are of major significance. Otherwise investigation into specific events
tends to be undertaken by universities with the ability to conduct PBFD testing.
The orange-bellied parrot recovery team has their own communication networks.
There are also a number of websites and wildlife carer groups that have their own networks to communicate
about PBFD and other diseases of birds. See Attachment A for examples.
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PBFD Threat Abatement Plan Implementation Team (2005-2006)
The team consisted of: Dr Chris Tidemann (Australian National University); Dr Karrie Rose (Taronga Zoo, NSW); Mr Ross Perry (Homebush
Animal Hospital, NSW); Dr Michael Pyne (Currmbin Sanctuary, Qld); Dr Adrian Stokes (SA); Dr Peter Copley (Department of Environment and
Heritage, SA); Dr Michael Weston (Birds Australia); Mr Peter Mawson (Department of Conservation and Land Management, WA); Mr Garry Cross
(observer – author of the hygiene protocols), and various secretariat staff from the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population
and Communities.
Meeting 1 in October 2005 consisted of a briefing on the Australian Government funded project for the development of a vaccine, standardised
diagnostic tests, and hygiene protocols. The Threat Abatement Plan Implementation Team considered the threat abatement plan actions and
identified the highest priority areas being those of diagnostic techniques (especially low cost techniques); hygiene protocols to educate carers;
emergency response plans; and disease management issues with captive breeding of parrots such as the orange bellied parrot.
Meeting 2 in 8 Feb 2006 consisted of further briefing on the development of new diagnostic tests; investigation of virus infection; presence of
circoviruses in other bird species; epidemiology in psittacines; recombinant protein development.
PBFD Working Group (2009)
The Working Group consisted of: Dr Chris Bunn (Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer), Dr Tiggy Grillo (Australian Wildlife Health Network),
Dr Will Andrew (ACT), Dr Helen Crabb (Vic.), Dr Stephen Pyecroft (Tas.), Mr Scott Jennings (SA), Mr Tony Zidarich (SA), Mr Peter Mawson
(WA), Ms Linda Bell (NSW), Alison Crook (Qld), Dr Shane Raidal (Charles Sturt University), Dr James Harris (Vet, Tasmania), and various
secretariat staff from the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.
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A meeting in June 2009 considered maps of the current known locations of species threatened by PBFD. It was noted that because the disease is
ubiquitous and long-standing, it is more fruitful to concentrate on preventing the impact on endangered species rather than the distribution of all
potentially affected species. Discussion was held on a vaccine and the Group agreed that extension of the vaccination development program at
Charles Sturt University under Dr Raidal was most likely to produce an effective option that could initially be used to protect captive breeding
programs. The Group also supported the development of central data collection and agreed that the Australian Wildlife Health Network was the
logical collection point.
Australian Wildlife Health Network (AWHN)
Australian Wildlife Health Network’s core business is collaboration with key stakeholders to coordinate wildlife health surveillance and information
systems across Australia with emphasis on supporting Australia’s agriculture and trade, human health and biodiversity.
In 2010, the AWHN and the Zoo and Aquarium Association established a pilot project to investigate the usefulness of zoo-based wildlife data to
national surveillance. During the pilot, zoo veterinarians (Zoo Coordinators) from the six participating zoos selected events in free-ranging and
rehabilitation wildlife and reported directly into the National Wildlife Health Information System (eWHIS). Some of these data were of animals
affected by PBFD. An independent review recommended that the project be continued and expanded.
Although AWHN encourages Wildlife and Zoo Coordinators to report on disease listed as Key Threatening Processes in Australia there has been no
formal request or funding support for the structured capture of these data and as a result data captured on PBFD in the national system occurs largely
on an ad hoc basis and is unrepresentative of the current situation in Australia. Events available in eWHIS mainly include rainbow lorikeet (eastern)
and sulphur-crested cockatoo, with some reporting of scaly-breasted lorikeet, little corella, galah, crimson rosella and swift parrot.
Informal network information and ‘grey’ literature – see Attachment A.
General and specialist information on PBFD is available on some state and territory government websites, bird organisations, universities and
commercial pet websites.
4.1.2 Contribution to change of threat
There is a good level of awareness of beak and feather disease around Australia, not only by the specialists in the field such as the people who sat on
the advisory groups, but more broadly through the community. Appropriate public information is easily accessible through factsheets and internet
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websites (examples at Attachment A). Through these websites it is also clear that some aspects of the disease are still poorly understood by
members of the public. This includes the fact that birds, especially rainbow lorikeets, can appear to recover but still be carriers spreading the disease
to other birds. Therefore, continuing education is important.
The Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Working Group, which met in 2009, indicated there is a sufficient level of cooperation and communication
between the range of interested groups. There is agreement on the best national approach to managing beak and feather disease. In this sense the
objective of the TAP to coordinate a national approach has been met.
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4.2
Objective 2: Research
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4.2.1 Specified actions
To promote and conduct activities that lead to increased knowledge of the disease and to support research that addresses gaps in current
knowledge about Beak and Feather Disease.
Eleven research actions were identified in the TAP as priorities including the birds affected, vaccine development, management of the disease and
specific details on the disease and its transmission. Each of these actions and the work done on each is listed in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 shows the actions under objective 2, the predetermined performance indicators, and a summary of the activities that have occurred under
the actions.
Table 4.2 Assessment of research actions.
Actions
Performance
indicators
Achievement
A2.1 Add to or delete
from the priority species
list.
Parameters to determine which species are at risk from PBFD have not been established. However, of the 15 threatened
species identified in the EPBC Act, there has been identification in the listing advice or recovery plan where PBFD is a
threat. In identifying PBFD there has not been a differentiation between the degree of threat from PBFD and other threats.
In 2005, the priority
species that met the
criteria of most likely to
be at risk from the
disease were the Orangebellied parrot, Norfolk
Island Green Parrot, and
Swift Parrot.
Parameters for reviewing
priority species list
established. Priority
species list reviewed at
regular intervals to be
agreed. Priority list
keeps pace with
increased knowledge and
changes in status of
national listed species.
12 months.
There were 15 threatened species identified in the 2005 TAP. Six of these species have identified PBFD as a threat in the
listing advice, conservation advice or recovery plan. These species are:
1. Orange-bellied parrot (critically endangered)
2. Carnaby’s cockatoo (endangered)
3. Swift parrot (endangered)
4. Norfolk Island green parrot (endangered)
5. Regent parrot (eastern) (vulnerable)
6. Princess parrot (vulnerable).
A further three species have disease identified as a generic threat. These species are:
1. Coxen’s fig parrot (endangered)
2. Glossy black cockatoo (Kangaroo Is) (endangered)
3. Golden-shouldered parrot (endangered)
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Recovery plan, conservation advice or listing advices exist for the other six species. These species are:
1. Night parrot (endangered)
2. Red-tailed black cockatoo (s/east and s/west) (Endangered)
3. Western ground parrot (endangered) (note: WA state plan only)
4. Superb parrot (vulnerable)
5. Muirs corella (southern), Western long billed corella (southern) (vulnerable)
6. Baudin’s cockatoo (vulnerable)
The forest red-tailed black cockatoo was added to the listing of threatened species (listed as vulnerable) in 2009. The TAP
identifies it as a species that is affected by PPFD. However, PBFD has not been identified as a threat in the Conservation
Advice.
In regard to the priority species listed in the TAP in 2005 and changes to the listing, only the orange-bellied parrot has
changed status from endangered to critically endangered in 2006.
A2.2 Evaluate existing
data
A2.3 Continue vaccine
development and
investigate delivery
methods
Existing data on clinical
signs, mortality and
immunity of threatened
psittacines collated,
analysed and reported to
relevant managers.
The development of new
management techniques
supported.
Effective hygiene
procedures evaluated.
1-5 years.
Vaccine developed to
trial stage.
Vaccine trialled on
analogue species.
Vaccine delivery
methods developed and
tested.
1-3 years.
The publication Standardised Diagnostic Tests for Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV) 2008 developed a more
sensitive and specific quantitative real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay to permit the rapid detection of PBFD
virus in any psittacine bird species.
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/49540.html
These have not been adopted by any diagnostic laboratory due to the expense of carrying out the tests.
The publication Hygiene Protocols for Prevention and Control of Diseases (particularly beak and feather disease) in
Australian Birds was published in late 2006.
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/hygiene-protocols/index.html
The publication Development of recumbent proteins as a candidate vaccine for beak and feather disease provides the
results of the first stage of the development of a vaccine undertaken by Murdoch University.
www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/p-c-disease-vaccine.pdf
Following on from this, two theses by Bonne (2009) and Shearer (2008) at Murdoch looked further at vaccine
development.
Shearer (2008) developed two DNA vaccines, based on the nucleotide sequence encoding the capsid protein of PBFD
virus. Both DNA vaccine constructs induced detectable levels of anti-PBFD virus antibodies in vaccinated birds.
.
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Bonne (2009) tested a recombinant PBFD virus capsid protein as a vaccine on long-billed corellas and galahs and
determined there was an adaptive immune response in the vaccinated birds.
Bonne (2009): http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/1658/
Shearer (2008):
http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/691/
Raidal (pers. com. July 2011) indicated that vaccine development research has ceased due to a lack of funding.
A2.4 Clarify the
quarantine period
necessary to avoid
spread of the disease
between populations
A2.5 Test effectiveness
of disinfectants used on
closely related viruses
A2.6 Evaluate PBFD
prevalence in common
parrot species
A2.7 Identify PBFD hot
PBFD virus incubation
period established.
Viremic period
established.
From this information,
quarantine period
established.
1-3 years.
Disinfectants tested by
bioassay.
Disinfectants effective
on related viruses trialled
on PBFD virus.
Procedures established
for disinfecting nests and
transport boxes.
1-5 years.
Common parrot species
that share habitat or may
come into contact with
threatened parrot species
identified.
PBFD prevalence in
these common parrot
species evaluated.
1-5 years.
Distribution of PBFD
The publication Hygiene protocols for prevention and control of diseases (particularly beak and feather disease) in
Australian Birds was published in late 2006. Covered in Chapter 2: Recommendation for a Quarantine Period to Avoid
Spread of PBFD virus between Populations.
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/hygiene-protocols/chapter2.html
The report concludes that the minimum quarantine period is 63 days with testing at day 0, day 28 and day 56.
This report also meets Actions 5.2 and 2.5.
The publication Hygiene protocols for prevention and control of diseases (particularly beak and feather disease) in
Australian Birds was published in late 2006. Covered in Chapter 3: Test Effectiveness of Disinfectants on Closely
Related Viruses.
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/hygiene-protocols/chapter3.html
The disinfectant Virkon S has been recommended for use at a concentration of 2 % with a contact time of 10 minutes.
This work has been done on related viruses.
Mapping has been undertaken to show the distribution of non-threatened parrot species which may be affected by PBFD
and the distribution of identified threatened species. This identifies that potentially quite a number of non-threatened
parrot species carrying the virus will come into contact with the threatened species where their distributions overlap.
In many common parrot species PBFD is endemic in the populations with both carriers and those with chronic PBFD.
Given there is no capacity to control interactions between species in the wild this action has been fulfilled as far as
possible.
Reporting of the occurrence of species which may be affected by PBFD across Australia has been mapped from data
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spots
A2.8 Undertake research
to confirm that only one
strain exists
across Australia mapped.
PBFD hot spots
identified.
Factors that allow PBFD
to thrive in these areas
identified and assessed.
Effective management
responses identified and
trialled in these areas.
1-5 years.
Existence of only one
strain1 of PBFD
confirmed through
further research.
provided to the Australian Government by Birdlife Australia, Bird and Bat Banding RETURN data, state governments and
state museums. The reporting of cases reflects the distribution and visitation of people rather than possible hot spots of
PBFD (i.e. occurrence aligns with roads).
Given the inability to accurately identify hot spots, effective management responses have not been trialled.
Further research has indicated that there are many genotypes of beak and feather virus. There appears to be isolates
clustering with viruses from a Lorridae genotype and another with isolates clustering with viruses from Cacatuidae and
Psittacidae (Khalesi, 2007).
PBFD virus isolates may not be confined to the species that they are adapted to and may possibly be transmitted to other
psittacine species. (Bonne, 2009).
Disease progression seems to be associated, at least in cockatoos and African grey parrots, with the species of infected
psittacine species rather than the PBFD virus isolate infecting the species. (Bonne, 2009 after de Kloet and de Kloet 2004).
A2.9 Identify the
minimum antibody titre
associated with
immunity
A2.10 Determine
whether vertical
transmission occurs
A2.11 Determine which
1
Minimum antibody titre
needed to give immunity
established.
Antibody titre in
breeding hens needed to
give immunity to young
established.
Relationship of maternal
immunity on active
immunity by vaccination
established
Possibility of vertical
transmission established.
Currently available
Initial work has been undertaken on a vaccine (using a recombinant beak and feather disease virus capsid protein) by
Bonne et al (2008). This work displayed that the use of a recombinant beak and feather disease virus capsid protein is a
potentially viable option for vaccination to promote an adaptive immune response.
This work has not reached a point where a minimum antibody titre can be identified. Safety and efficacy trials have not
been conducted.
There has been no work on the relationship of maternal immunity and if this can interfere with active immunity produced
by vaccination.
Vertical transmission has yet to be proven but studies have shown chicks raised from artificially incubated eggs
consistently develop PBFD (where the adult has been exposed). (Bonne, 2009). Rahaus et al (2008 – quoted in Bonne,
2009) have detected DNA of PBFD virus in eggs.
The publication Standardised Diagnostic Tests for Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV) was completed in 2009
Strain is the term used in the threat abatement plan. Species of virus is a better description.
14
diagnostic tests are most
appropriate
diagnostic tests
evaluated.
Most effective tests
chosen.
Protocols established for
deciding which test(s) to
use according to
circumstances.
Minimum testing
standards established for
producing a reliable
diagnosis.
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/49540.html
These have not been adopted by any diagnostic laboratory due to the expense of carrying out the tests.
PhD in 2007 by Khalesi and a PhD by Shearer in 2008 at Murdoch University both optimised methods of detection of
PBFD.
Khalesi 2007:http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/126/
Shearer 2008:
http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/691/
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4.2.2 Contribution to change of threat
Significant progress has been made in the research of beak and feather disease, particularly through the laboratories run by Associate Professor
Shane Raidal, initially at Murdoch University, Western Australia and then through Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.
A major challenge in the development of a vaccine was that the production of a vaccine by more traditional methods of antigen production is
ethically unacceptable and cell culture systems for amplification of the virus were unsuccessful. A different technique of using a recombinant beak
and feather disease virus capsid protein was developed and trialled on a limited number of long-billed corellas and galahs. This appeared to be
successful with only transient PCR-detectable viraemia and no evidence of persistent infection 270 days post infection challenge using PCR
(polymerase chain reaction), histopathology and immunohistochemistry detection techniques. This is promising work but a large amount of further
work needs to occur before there is a vaccine that could be considered for use in a captive breeding program for a threatened species. This work is
currently unfunded and not underway.
In addition, a vaccine would require registration in Australia with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority which is a
significant undertaking in itself because of the requirement to supply sufficient information to establish that the product meets the criteria of product
quality, human and animal health and safety, efficacy, environmental safety and that it will not affect international trade. It is also likely that the
production of a vaccine would not be economically viable.
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To be fully successful, a method of delivery to the wild populations of threatened species would need to be developed. The vaccine would need to
be capable of passing on the antibodies to offspring or to be able to be delivered regularly to the threatened species so that new hatchlings are also
vaccinated. This is because there will always be a reservoir of the virus in other psittacine species.
There are still some gaps in the knowledge about the PBFD including some of the characteristics of the virus and how it infects birds, the apparent
immunity that some species have, the transmission host factors, how population dynamics are affected, and other species as reservoirs to infect the
threatened species that are the subject of this TAP. Attachment C outlines the critical gaps in knowledge about PBFD as identified by the PBFD
Working Group in 2009.
It would be a fair evaluation to note that there has been important research undertaken to better understand the disease and the management of the
disease but there is still much to be done. The majority of this work has been supported by funding from independent sources and its completion and
implementation of a vaccine requires further commitment of funds.
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4.3
Objective 3: Monitoring the disease
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4.3.1 Specified actions
To monitor Beak and Feather Disease and psittacine populations and to analyse the resultant data to inform better management strategies.
Four actions are identified in the threat abatement plan to try to understand beak and feather disease in the wild populations of threatened species,
and to set up regular surveillance in order to evaluate the mortality or survival from the disease at a population level and to know if an epidemic is
occurring.
Table 4.3 shows the actions under objective 3, the predetermined performance indicators and a summary of the activities that have occurred under
the actions.
Table 4,3 Assessment of disease monitoring actions
Actions
Performance
Achievement
indicators
A3.1 Initiate wild
parrot surveillance
A3.2 Evaluate
mortality and
survival rates.
A national monitoring
program established to
evaluate the ongoing impact
of the disease on threatened
parrots.
Ongoing surveillance results
established.
Data made available to onground managers
Long-term wild parrot
surveillance programs
established.
Data available on the
number of sick and dead
birds affected by PBFD, and
where applicable, antibody
titres known for breeding
A formalised national monitoring program has not been set up across the identified threatened species.
Where there is monitoring of a particular species, such as the orange bellied parrot, surveillance for disease is incorporated
into this monitoring.
Otherwise, beak and feather disease is reported on an ad hoc basis to the Australian Wildlife Health Network.
The database currently only has two records of beak and feather disease diagnosed in a threatened psittacine, the swift
parrot.
As part of the national wildlife disease surveillance program administered by the AWHN, AWHN Wildlife Coordinators
and Zoo Coordinators report on wild bird mortality / morbidity events. A very small portion of the birds submitted for
diagnostic evaluation are tested for PBFD.
However, there are a number of active research projects collecting specimens for PBFD testing (which may come from
17
females for priority species.
A3.3 Determine and
monitor PBFD extent
and pattern
A3.4 Determine
early signs of
epidemics
Prevalence data exists for
common parrot species in
proximity to threatened
parrots.
Patterns of changes in
prevalence analysed and
reported to relevant
managers.
Possible early signs of
epidemics determined.
Monitoring of wild
populations established to
test usefulness of these
signs.
Level of disease that
constitutes an epidemic
determined.
both healthy and sick birds)
Wild bird mortality and morbidity event data are also held by the Australian Registry of Wildlife Health (ARWH). The
ARWH has produced an online document that provides guidelines for the collection of samples that will lead to a
diagnosis being reached in sick and dead wild birds collected in Australia.
http://www.arwh.org/sites/default/files/files-uploads/SickDead%20Bird%20Surveillance_with%20images_0.pdf
However, there is no systematic evaluation of mortality and survival rates for the threatened psittacine species.
Mapping of the prevalence of bird species that are affected by beak and feather virus was undertaken for data available
since 1977 (Birdlife Australia, Bird and Banding RETURN data, state governments and state museums). See Attachment
B for the maps. Mapping has been overlaid with the likely and known habitat and breeding areas for the threatened
psittacines. The key point to note is that the density of observations of non-threatened species that are affected by
psittacine beak and feather disease was estimated by calculating the number of observations per 25km2 using known
observation points. The densities shown on the map may vary depending on survey effort and the detectability of
individual species (e.g. through central Australia it is possible to see the road network through the density distribution).
This action has not been undertaken.
Specific species that have dedicated recovery teams, such as the orange bellied parrot, are likely to pick up general
increases in the level of the disease (at least chronic cases) in the population.
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4.3.2 Contribution to change of threat
The Australian Wildlife Health Network has a system to capture data on wildlife surveillance. At present there is no requirement to report PBFD but
there is encouragement of Wildlife Coordinators and Zoo Coordinators to report diseases listed as Key Threatening Processes in Australia.
However, with appropriate resourcing the framework provided by the Australian Wildlife Health Network could be utilised to manage PBFD event
data. The data currently contained in the National Wildlife Health Information System is not representative of the situation in the wild, especially
with threatened psittacine birds and will be of limited use to programs for the management of specific species unless targeted surveillance is
undertaken.
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402
The analysis of beak and feather disease in the populations of threatened species with the aim of specifically identifying patterns, extent and early
signs of epidemics has not been undertaken. This is an action that would need to be incorporated into intensive species management programs where
the majority of the population is monitored closely. The orange-bellied parrot, western ground parrot and Kangaroo Island glossy black cockatoo are
the only species where there is an active team involved in management. As mentioned above, it is likely that these management teams would notice
individual birds with acute or chronic disease in the population and also pick up gross changes in the prevalence of beak and feather disease within
the population.
Therefore, it is concluded that there has been limited contribution to the change of threat through monitoring of the disease.
19
403
404
405
406
407
408
4.4 Objective 4: To identify and implement management actions and strategies to reduce the impacts of Beak and
Feather Disease.
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414
4.4.1 Specified actions
Ensuring that field experience and research is used to improve management programs is an important element of the TAP. Identifying critical
factors in disease resistance in the wild as well as in captive populations was the objective of these specified actions.
Table 4.4 shows the actions under objective 4, the predetermined performance indicators and a summary of the activities that have occurred under
the actions.
Table 4.4
Actions
Assessment of management actions
Performance
Achievement
indicators
A4.1 Assess the threat
Seriousness of threat
and required level of
management
determined for
priority species.
The seriousness of the threat and required level of management is dependent on the species. Where the birds are under
significant pressure from other threats (e.g. habitat loss) the level of management required will increase because the
individual birds become increasingly important.
Orange bellied parrot: PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analyses of captive flocks of orange bellied parrot indicate all
three flocks have experienced outbreaks of PBFD in the past. The percentage of birds affected at each site: Taroona
53.8%; Healesville 12.7%; and Adelaide Zoo 10% (Raidal 2010).
Glossy black cockatoo (Kangaroo Island): To date there is no indication that Kangaroo Island glossy black cockatoos
have been affected by PBFD but the disease is present in wild galahs and parrots on the island. This population is
being monitored closely and individual birds are often observed at close range. No signs of PBFD have been noted
and no mortalities have been attributed to the disease to date. In August 2009 small samples of nest material from nest
hollows were tested for the presence of PBFD and all 22 samples were negative. Researchers are currently uncertain
whether the Kangaroo Island glossy black cockatoos have been exposed to PBFD and if so, what level of resistance
they may have. It seems likely that Kangaroo Island glossy black cockatoos would have been exposed to PBFD at
some point with the influxes of other cockatoo species (e.g. galahs, little corellas) from mainland South Australia.
(Pers. Comm. SA Department of Environment and Natural Resources Glossy Black Cockatoo Project Officer, October
2011)
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Swift parrot: The National recovery plan for the swift parrot states: “while PBFD is known to occur in Swift Parrots
in the wild and in captive birds, the prevalence and pathogenicity of the disease is currently not known. Any fresh
Swift Parrot found dead should be tested for PBFD.” Saunders and Tzaros 2011.
Regent parrot: The draft (as at February 2012) recovery plan contains an action to determine whether or not PBFD is a
threat.
A4.2 Establish trial management
programs
Experimental
management
programs in place for
key species in habitat
critical areas.
A4.3 Consider management of
PBFD in recovery plans adopted
under the EPBC Act
Implementation
under way of
recovery plans
already prepared for
listed species
threatened by PBFD.
Recovery plans
developed and
implemented for
other PBFD affected
species.
Actions on PBFD
incorporated in
relevant natural
resource
management plans
and investment
strategies.
Under the Caring for our Country program regional groups have received funding to improve habitat critical to
threatened psittacines. A summary of projects is at Attachment C and typically involve habitat restoration to assist the
species to find food, nest hollows, and creating habitat corridors. While none of this work is directly focused on
increasing the resilience of the birds to disease it will assist in this.
There have been no experimental management programs in place during the life of the threat abatement plan.
Recovery plans
Recovery plans exist for 12 of the 15 listed threatened species. They are:
7. Coxen’s fig parrot
8. Orange bellied parrot
9. Red-tailed black cockatoo
10. Glossy black cockatoo
11. Carnaby’s black cockatoo (in preparation)
12. Swift parrot
13. Norfolk Island green parrot
14. Golden shouldered parrot
15. Superb parrot
16. Muir’s corella
17. Regent parrot (in preparation)
18. Baudin’s black cockatoo
The following eight recovery plans mention PBFD or disease more broadly as a threat:
 Coxen’s fig parrot: mentions disease management in relation to the potential captive rearing of Coxen’s fig parrot
but no specific mention of beak and feather disease.
 Orange bellied parrot: mentions that PBFD is no longer a significant cause of death in captive populations. The
action is to implement research, monitoring and/or management actions as required under a TAP.
 Glossy black cockatoo: mentions disease broadly but no specific mention of beak and feather disease.
 Carnaby’s black cockatoo: the draft of the recovery plan identifies disease, and PBFD, as potentially posing a
threat. A study is being undertaken to provide a baseline blood profile for the birds that includes the prevalence of
PBFD.
 Swift parrot: The recovery plan has the action “Develop and implement a Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
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


management protocol.” The performance criteria are: (1) PBFD monitoring protocol developed based on the
PBFD Threat Abatement Plan and distributed to all fauna rescue and State conservation organisations by Year 4;
(2) Protocol to include rescue and quarantine housing requirements for rehabilitated birds; (3) All rehabilitated
birds tested for PBFD prior to release; (4) Details of the number of rehabilitated birds and their disease tests
reported annually at recovery team meetings; (5) Test all deceased specimens of swift parrots for PBFD.
Norfolk Island green parrot: mentions PBFD was probably responsible for the deaths of many green parrots in the
1970s and suggests disease may be a significant cause of mortality in certain circumstances.
Golden shouldered parrot: to the generic threat of disease “action will be taken only if there is evidence that
disease is affecting the population. Such actions may include quarantine and limitations to keeping birds in the
vicinity’.
Regent parrot: The recovery plan has an action to “Assess if eastern Regent Parrot populations are exposed to
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) and, if required, manage any outbreaks through the national 'Threat
Abatement Plan – PBFD affecting endangered Psittacine species'”
The other four recovery plans for the following species do not mention PBFD:
 Superb parrot.
 Muir’s corella.
 Baudin’s black cockatoo.
 Red-tailed black cockatoo.
Conservation advice
A conservation advice exists for three of the 15 listed threatened species. They are:
 Orange bellied parrot
 Princess parrot
 Night parrot
Orange bellied parrot: the advice briefly mentions that disease may also threaten the species. (see recovery planning
notes above).
Princess parrot: The main potential threats are competition for resources with other species of parrot; infection with
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease; and collection of eggs or young by humans (Carter, 1993; Higgins, 1999; Garnett
& Crowley, 2000; DEH, 2005). Actions are (1) Collect biological samples to determine the presence/absence or
prevalence of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease in the Princess Parrot population; (2) Implement appropriate
management recommendations outlined in the Threat Abatement Plan for Beak and Feather Disease Affecting
Endangered Psittacine Species (DEH, 2005).
Night parrot: There is no mention of disease in the conservation advice.
22
State and territory recovery plans or equivalent
Six of the 15 threatened species have some form of state or territory recovery plan or equivalent. They are:
Coxen’s fig-parrot: (NSW) mentions the need to manage for disease in any captive breeding program.
Orange bellied parrot: (Vic.) Has an approved action statement.
Night parrot: no current state plan.
Red-tailed black cockatoo: (Vic.) Approved Action Statement does not include any reference to disease.
Glossy black cockatoo: no current state plan.
Carnaby’s black cockatoo: no current state plan.
Swift parrot: (Vic.) Approved Action Statement does not include any reference to disease.
Golden shouldered parrot: (Qld) Management plan states: “While disease has been raised as a potential threat, there are
no indications of disease threatening wild populations of golden-shouldered parrots”
Norfolk Island green parrot: not applicable.
Western ground parrot: - (WA) not identified as a threat in the state recovery plan.
Superb parrot: (Vic.) Approved Action Statement does not include any reference to disease.
Muir’s corella: (WA) not identified in the recovery plan.
Regent parrot: no disease specific information in state/territory plans.
Baudin’s black cockatoo: no state/territory plans.
Princess parrot: no disease specific information in state/territory plans.
A4.4 Investigate ex situ
conservation of species
threatened by PBFD
A4.5 Perform population
viability analyses
A4.6 Develop emergency
response planning
Species and
organisations
identified for ex situ
effort, plans in place.
Population viability
analysis model exists
for different rates of
disease and different
management
strategies as
determined by the
team.
An emergency
response plan
available.
A tabular summary of the above information is at Attachment D.
The orange bellied parrot has an ex situ breeding program in three locations.
None of the other threatened psittacine species have breeding programs.
Orange bellied parrot: Population viability analyses have been prepared for the parrot since 1993 with regular updates.
Glossy black cockatoo has population viability analysis mentioned in recovery plan.
None of the other recovery plans mention a population viability analysis.
Emergency response planning needs to be incorporated into the broader responses required for any threat to psittacines.
The orange bellied parrot is the only species with a captive population for breeding. The background and
implementation information for the orange-bellied parrot recovery plan (Action 6.1) related to this states: “contingency
plans for emergency evacuation or control of disease outbreaks (e.g. PBFD) at each facility need to be produced.”
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4.4.2 Contribution to change of threat
The objective of identifying and implementing management strategies to reduce the impacts of beak and feather disease has been undertaken through
a focus on specific species rather than trying to implement management across all of the threatened parrots or cockatoos. Therefore, this review
considered what actions and outcomes have been achieved through recovery planning processes associated with the 15 species identified in the threat
abatement plan as threatened under the EPBC Act. Of the 15 threatened species, only 12 of the threatened species have recovery plans. In these
recovery plans, disease or PBFD, is only identified in eight of the 12 recovery plans. Within these eight plans, five plans mention PBFD and three
plans mention the need to address disease issues, but not specifically PBFD. The reason for the variability in the mention of PBFD within recovery
plans has several explanations. Firstly, if the recovery plans have been updated since 2005, then the authors may well have updated information
which suggests a lower threat than previously identified in the threat abatement plan. Secondly, until recently, there was no specific requirement to
consider threats identified in threat abatement plans. Thirdly, other threats could be considered significantly more important and the recovery plan
has focused on those threats.
The four species that have recovery plans mentioning the threat from PBFD are the orange-bellied parrot, the Carnaby’s black cockatoo, swift parrot,
Norfolk Island green parrot. Recovery plans for a further three species (Coxen’s fig-parrot, the glossy black cockatoo and the golden-shouldered
parrot) identify disease more broadly as a threat. In recovery plans, or the equivalent, only the orange-bellied parrot, the Coxen’s fig-parrot and
swift parrot identify the need for specific husbandry or contingency plans in captive populations. In part this is due to very few of these species
being kept in captivity (only the orange-bellied parrot is bred for species recovery purposes).
Assessment of the species affected by PBFD to determine the seriousness of the threat and the degree to which it affects that particular species has
only been done in detail with the captive population of the orange-bellied parrot. Concern over the potential for the glossy black cockatoo on
Kangaroo Island lead to sampling of that sub-species. Two other recovery plans (swift and regent parrots) identify the need to determine the degree
of threat. As mentioned above, the seriousness of the threat and required level of management is dependent on the species. Where the birds are
under significant pressure from other threats (e.g. habitat loss) the level of management required will increase because individual birds become
increasingly important.
Determining the degree of threat from PBFD has been identified as an action item for the Carnaby’s black cockatoo, swift parrot and princess parrot,
where it is not clear what the potential impact is on these birds. It is also useful to know for what species PBFD is not having a threatening impact.
For example, the Queensland management plan for the golden-shouldered parrot states that there are no indications that disease is causing a decline
in this parrot population.
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While this review has been able to identify where researchers are concerned about the threat of PBFD to the threatened species through actions
identified in recovery plans, the actual action on the ground and abatement of the threat is much more difficult to identify. This may be in part due to
a lack of resources to undertake sufficient surveillance of all of the threatened species or a focus of recovery teams on other priorities (e.g. habitat
loss). It should be noted that the resources required to undertake comprehensive surveillance would be very expensive. However, the cost of
comprehensive surveillance should not discourage testing of individuals or small populations where required.
Recovery plans can provide a focus for recovery teams or community groups to seek funding for actions through government funding. Appendix C
provides details on funding provided through the Australian Government Caring for our Country program for the management of the 15 threatened
psittacine species identified in the TAP. None of the project summaries identify specific actions targeting the problem of PBFD in the species.
Ex situ conservation has only been attempted with the orange bellied parrot with a captive breeding program established for this species. The
recovery plans for other species mention this as an option but ex situ breeding programs have not been established. The orange bellied parrot captive
breeding program no longer has problems with outbreaks of PBFD but the virus is latent in the captive populations.
Population viability analyses have only been undertaken for the orange bellied parrot and the glossy black cockatoo. However, these consider all the
threats to the species and are not limited to PBFD. In order to write the recovery plans some form of population viability analysis, formal or not, are
likely to have been undertaken for the threatened psittacines.
Emergency response plans have been written for the orange bellied parrot captive populations for the event of disease, fire or other calamity at the
captive breeding facilities. Other recovery plans that mention the potential for captive breeding recognise that within any proposal to build a
breeding facility, there must also be an emergency plan.
In conclusion, the objective of identifying and implementing management actions and strategies to reduce the impacts of beak and feather disease
has only been partially met. Implementation of appropriate laboratory techniques is required and the other actions required to fulfil this objective
need to be taken on a species by species basis. Where PBFD has been identified as a significant problem for a species at a population level, actions
have been incorporated into recovery plans for that species. However, it has not been possible to measure whether there has been any change in the
status of the species because of the recovery plans. The area of improvement in terms of PBFD is the captive breeding program for the orange
bellied parrot where, despite the virus being latent in the flocks, the effects of the disease are now controlled.
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4.5
Objective 5: To share information
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4.5.1 Specified actions
with Australian, State and Territory Government management agencies, recovery teams, field workers, veterinarians and wildlife carers, so
as to achieve better Beak and Feather Disease management outcomes.
Because of the highly transmissible nature of PBFD and the ability for the virus to survive in the environment for such a long time, education of field
workers, veterinarians and wildlife carers who may occasionally come into contact with infected psittacine species is important in minimising
spread. Successful assessment and control of PBFD impact on threatened species depends on detection, clinical evaluation, and the appropriate
reporting and collation of results in a centralised database. These actions address these two points.
Table 4.5 shows the actions under objective 5, the predetermined performance indicators and a summary of the activities that have occurred under
the actions.
Table 4.5
Actions
Assessment of education and extension actions
Performance indicators
Achievement
A5.1 Educate
for disease
detection
A5.2 Develop
and distribute
protocols
Information distributed to wildlife
managers, veterinarians and wildlife
carers
Materials prepared and distributed to
field workers to assist in field detection
of the disease in priority species
A5.3 Provide
access to
web-based
information
Web site developed and maintained.
The Australian Wildlife Health Network and the Australian Registry of Wildlife Health have materials prepared
and available. This includes distributing information periodically on PBFD via their weekly digest to over 450
subscribers (this includes researchers, vets, wildlife carers and government personnel).
Hygiene Protocols for the Prevention and Control of Diseases (particularly Beak and Feather Disease) in
Australian Birds was published on the environment.gov.au website in 2006.
www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/hygiene-protocols/index.html
This provides protocols for hygiene and quarantine of wild birds.
In addition, there is the publication Standardised Diagnostic Tests for Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV)
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/49540.html.
The Australian Wildlife Health Network provides links on its website. There are several other websites that
provide information on PBFD (for example, the specialists breeding the orange bellied parrot also have their own
information networks). As such, the PBFD Working Group agreed that an Australian Government website
dedicated to PBFD would not be an efficient use of resources.
Many state governments have information sheets available for PBFD where they have common species affected by
PBFD. For example the ACT Government has a fact sheet on PBFD because it affects the sulphur crested cockatoo
which is a common species in the territory. Further information is listed in Appendix A.
26
Birdlife Australia provide information on PBFD through newsletters, journal articles and web links for their
members.
Hobbyists, veterinary clinics and interested people regularly post articles on PBFD in journals and on websites.
Examples of some of these websites are at Appendix A.
493
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495
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500
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506
4.5.2 Contribution to change of threat
The Australian Wildlife Health Network provides a way of reporting diseases listed as key threatening processes including PBFD and a way of
circulating relevant information to stakeholders. However, the reporting and information sharing is not undertaken in any formal or structured way
and therefore does not provide a full picture of the current situation. It will be beneficial if, in the future, disseminated material is up to date and
relevant. This will rely on all contributors to the network posting information as it is produced.
Recovery teams can also tap into these resources to help inform their specific species recovery work. Information on options for managing birds
infected with PBFD is also readily available.
The review concludes that this objective has been partially met.
27
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5.
Funding and implementation of TAP
The Australian Government funded, through EPBC Act appropriation, the following three
projects targeted specifically to key TAP actions:
1. Standardised diagnostic tests for beak and feather disease virus. MurdochLink Pty Ltd
$158,348 (2004-05).
2. Hygiene protocols for the prevention and control of diseases (particularly beak and feather
disease) in Australian birds. Cross-Examination Pty Ltd $46,363 (2004-05).
3. The commissioning and maintenance of a Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease diagnostic
laboratory at Charles Sturt University. $39,400 (2008-09).
Limited funding has prevented further projects specifically targeted at TAP actions being
undertaken during the life of this TAP.
However, the Australian Government Caring for our Country program has funded 34 projects
targeting the recovery of threatened psittacines. These projects total $4,295,205. A summary
of these projects is at Attachment E. None of these projects specifically identify PBFD in
their project summaries but include general actions to assist in the recovery of the threatened
species. This includes planting, fencing, weeding, provision of nest boxes etc.
A workshop of experts in 2009 considered the issue of PBFD and the actions identified in the
threat abatement plan. At that stage the development of a vaccine that could be used in
captive breeding was identified as the most important action to be undertaken. This was
estimated to cost at least $300,000 over three years for the laboratory stage, with further costs
later for laboratory and field trials.
The majority of funding specially directed toward PBFD research and development has been
successfully obtained by universities through external grant such as those provided by the
Australian Research Council.
28
6.
Conclusions
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548
6.1
Completion of TAP actions
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6.2
538
539
This TAP comprises 26 actions listed under five objectives. Of these it is considered that 12
actions have been completed, seven actions have been completed in part, and seven actions
not completed. Where the actions have been identified as being completed in part, this is
typically because the action relates to something that needs to be done across all the
threatened species or because only a portion of the research has been undertaken to date.
Under objective 4 (identify and implement management strategies), the majority of the
actions have been directed at the orange-bellied parrot.
TAP action contribution to goals and objectives
The implementation of actions in this TAP has occurred across all of the objectives.
The first objective focuses on the coordination of a national approach. This has occurred with
the establishment of groups to advise on action required under the TAP. A reporting and
contact network is available through the Australian Wildlife Health Network but at present
only collects data on an ad hoc basis. This has potential to provide the essential conduit for
information between government, scientists, practicing vets and non-government
organisations with an interest in threatened psittacines.
The second objective focuses on the research required to further increase our knowledge of
PBFD. The majority of the research into PBFD during the life of this TAP has been
undertaken at Murdoch University, Charles Sturt University and University of Sydney.
Associate Professor Shane Raidal has been a key researcher with a number of other PhD
students and post-doctoral researchers. Overall the review concludes that we now understand
more about the disease, including how to manage the disease in psittacines through
diagnostics; hygiene, including appropriate disinfectants and quarantine of captive birds; and
a bit more about the prevalence of the PBFD in wild parrot and cockatoo populations. Some
progress has been made into understanding the strains and vertical transmission of the virus
but further work is needed. Finally, the key piece of research into a vaccine is still needed.
The conclusion for this objective is that progress has been made during the life of the TAP but
further action is warranted.
The third objective focuses on surveillance of wild populations to better inform management
strategies. With appropriate resourcing the framework provided by the Australian Wildlife
Health Network could be utilised to manage PBFD event data. However, targeted
surveillance for PBFD has been beyond the resources of any group working in the area of
threatened species and it must be concluded that there has been limited contribution to the
change of threat through monitoring of the disease.
The fourth objective focuses on identifying and implementing management actions and
strategies to reduce the impacts of PBFD. The actions under this objective have been
undertaken on a species by species basis rather than taking the approach of trying to establish
a management action or strategy for PBFD across all species. Typically the actions are
intertwined with other recovery actions identified in recovery plans for the threatened species.
The outstanding example, although unfortunately this has not led to a reduction in threatened
status, is the recovery plan implementation for the orange-bellied parrot which faces
imminent extinction in the wild. Many of the actions under this objective have been
29
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undertaken for the orange-bellied parrot. This is also the only species that currently has an
active captive breeding program and PBFD virus is present as an ongoing disease problem.
Current management practices have not minimised the impacts of the disease on these parrots.
Of the other bird species listed in the TAP, there is a range in management actions from some
having recovery plans that identify PBFD as a threat through to state management plans that
state PBFD is not currently a threat. The review concludes that the approach of identifying
PBFD in recovery plans for each species and the appropriate management techniques for that
species in conjunction with other recovery actions is the right approach. However, when
assessing actions taken under this objective the conclusion is that the actions have made a
very limited contribution to threat abatement. There have not been any changes in status of
any of the listed threatened species and for many of them the magnitude of threat from PBFD
to the population is still unknown.
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
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623
6.3
624
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635
6.4
The fifth objective of sharing information between all parties interested in PBFD has been
partially met. To reiterate the point made earlier, it will be important in the future to ensure
that disseminated material is up to date and relevant.
TAP goals
The TAP has two goals of ensuring that Beak and Feather Disease does not increase the
likelihood of extinction or escalate the threatened species status of psittacine birds; and
minimising the likelihood of Beak and Feather Disease becoming a key threatening process
for other psittacine species. While there has been better coordination of people working on
PBFD, some research undertaken into the disease, and some recovery actions, it cannot be
concluded that either of the two goals have been met. There has been no formal change in
status of any of the identified threatened psittacines or any available evidence to suggest an
improvement in their status. In many cases this is because either there is insufficient
monitoring and evaluation of the species to understand the population dynamics or there are
also other significant threats to those species, such as habitat loss, meaning that the species
has not had a chance to recover. For other psittacine species, the reported cases of PBFD are
of currently common species such as rainbow lorikeets and sulphur-crested cockatoos.
However, this may be a function of bias in the reporting to more common urban species or
species that are presented as cases to vets. It is also not possible to determine whether PBFD
is likely to become a key threatening process to psittacines that are currently not threatened.
In conclusion, the assessment of the review, as to whether the TAP has abated the threat from
PBFD to endangered psittacine species, is that the threat is still current and has not abated.
Outstanding issues
The key outstanding action required under the TAP is the development of a vaccine that can
be used in captive populations of threatened psittacine species, with the long-term view of
release of these birds into wild populations or, ultimately, to be able to administer the vaccine
in a field situation. While this action was identified by the PBFD Working Group as the key
action that still needed to be undertaken with the TAP, there are other actions that also
warrant attention.
On the research side there are still significant gaps in our knowledge about the virus
characteristics, apparent immunity by some birds, and transmission factors including host
factors, environment factors, population dynamics and other species as reservoirs of the virus.
30
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643
644
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649
A lack of funding is severely limiting the implementation of many threat abatement actions
required under the TAP.
As for recovery planning there are still gaps for some species in knowing whether PBFD is a
significant threat and, for other species, what the impact is on a population level relative to
other threats. Even for those species where PBFD has been identified as a threat, there is little
on-ground action to counter the threat.
There is good communication and information exchange occurring on PBFD. However this
could be better coordinated nationally and needs to be considered in the future management of
PBFD. There will be an ongoing challenge to ensure good communication continues with
many other issues demanding the time of those people interested in abating the threat of
PBFD.
31
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652
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Reference list – cited and considered
Baker-Gabb D 2011. National Recovery Plan for the Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii.
Department of Sustainability and Environment. Melbourne.
Baker-Gabb D and Hurley VG In prep. National Recovery Plan for the Regent Parrot (eastern
subspecies) Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides. Department of Sustainability and
Environment. Melbourne.
Bonne N, Shearer P, Sharp M, Clark P and Raidal S 2008. Assessment of recombinant beak
and feather disease virus capsid protein as a vaccine for psittacine beak and feather
disease. Journal of General Virology 90 pp. 640-647.
Bonne NJ 2009. Pisttacine beak and feather disease: vaccination, haematological response
and PCR methodology. PhD thesis. Murdoch University.
Bonne N, Clark P, Shearer P, Sharp M and Raidal S 2009. Hematology of vaccinated and
non-vaccinated corellas following infection with beak and feather disease virus
(BFDV). Comparative Clinical Pathology 18 (4) pp. 353-359.
Chapman T 2008. Forest black cockatoo (Baudin’s cockatoo Calyptorhynchus baudinii and
forest red-tailed black cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso) recovery plan.
Department of Environment and Conservation. Western Australia.
Chapman T and Cale B 2008. Muir’s corella (Cacatua pastinator pastinator) recovery plan.
Department of Environment and Conservation. Western Australia.
Coxen's Fig-Parrot Recovery Team. 2001. Coxen's fig-parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni
recovery plan 2001-2005. Report to Environment Australia. Canberra. Queensland
Parks and Wildlife Service. Brisbane.
Director of National Parks. 2010. Norfolk Island Region Threatened Species Recovery Plan.
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Canberra.
DPIW 2006. Orange-bellied Parrot Recovery Team, Department of Primary Industries and
Water (DPIW). Hobart.
Garnett ST and Crowley GM 2002. Recovery Plan for the golden-shouldered parrot
Psephotus chrysopterygius 2003-2007. Report to Environment Australia. Canberra.
Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. Brisbane.
Goldberg J, Bleby K and Mawson PR In prep. National Recovery Plan for Carnaby’s
Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris. Wildlife Management Program No. 52.
Department of Environment and Conservation. Western Australia.
Khalesi B 2007. Studies of beak and feather disease virus infection. PhD thesis. Murdoch
University (abstract only).
Mooney PA and Pedler LP 2005. Recovery Plan for the South Australian subspecies of the
Glossy Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus): 2005-2010.
Department for the Environment and Heritage. South Australia.
32
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742
Ortiz-Catedral L, Kurenbach B, Massaro M, McInnes K, Brunton DH, Hauber ME, Martin
DP and Varsani A 2010. A new isolate of beak and feather disease virus from endemic
wild red-fronted parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezealandiae) in New Zealand.
Archives of Virology 155 pp. 613-620.
Raidal SR and Cross GM 1995. Acute necrotizine hepatitis caused by experimental infection
with psittacine beak and feather disease virus. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
9 pp. 36-40.
Raidal SR and Riddoch PA 1997. A feather disease in Senegal doves (Streptopelia
senegalensis) morphologically similar to psittacine beak and feather disease. Avian
Pathology 26, pp. 829-836.
Raidal SR, Harris J, Patterson E, Baker R, Bonne N, Sharp M, Boardman W, Twitchett M
2010. Psittacine beak and feather disease in orange-bellied parrots (Neophema
chrysogaster). Association of Avian Veterinarians Australian Committee Annual
Conference. Hobart.
Saunders DL, and Tzaros CL 2011. National Recovery Plan for the Swift Parrot Lathamus
discolour. Birds Australia. Melbourne.
Shearer P L, Bonne N, Clark P, Sharp M and Raidal SR 2008. Development and applications
of a monoclonal antibody to a recombinant beak and feather disease virus (BFDV)
capsid protein. Journal of Virological Methods 147 pp. 206-212.
Shearer PL 2008. Development of novel diagnostic and vaccine options for beak and feather
disease virus. PhD thesis. Murdoch University.
Shearer PL, Sharp M, Bonne N, Clark P and Raidal SR 2009a. A blocking ELISA for the
detection of antibodies to psittacine beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). Journal of
Virological Methods 158 pp. 136-140.
Shearer PL, Sharp M, Bonne N, Clark P and Raidal SR 2009b. A quantitative, real-time
polymerase chain reaction assay for beak and feather disease virus. Journal of
Virological Methods 159 pp. 98-104.
Stewart ME, Bonne N, Shearer P, Khalesi B, Sharp M, Raidal S 2006. Baculovirus
expression of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) capsid protein capable of selfassembly and haemagglutination. Journal of Virological Methods 141 pp. 181-187.
33
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Attachment A: Psittacine beak and feather disease websites
Australian Government website resources:

Threat Abatement Plan:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/beakfeather.html

Hygiene Protocols for the Prevention and Control of Diseases (Particularly Beak and
Feather Disease) in Australian Birds:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/hygieneprotocols/index.html

The publication Standardised Diagnostic Tests for Beak and Feather Disease Virus
(BFDV):
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/49540.html

Further information on Psittacine Circoviral (beak and feather) disease:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/ktp/pcd.html

Fact sheet: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/p-cdisease.html

Poster: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/featherdisease.html

The publication Development of Recombinant Proteins as a Candidate Vaccine for
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease:
http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/p-c-diseasevaccine.html
State and territory government website information:
Government Information
Website link
available
ACT
Factsheet
www.tams.act.gov.au/play/pcl/domestic_animals_and_sto
ck/exotic_and_endemic_disease/parrot_beak_and_feather
_disease (accessed 1/3/2012)
NSW
Key threatening
www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/BeakAndF
process listing;
eatherDiseaseKTPListing.htm (accessed 3/1/2012)
factsheet on
feeding lorikeets, pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/24203/20020319Factsheet
0000/www.npws.nsw.gov.au/wildlife/factsheets/feedlorik
eets.html (accessed 1/3/2012)
NT
Qld
SA
No info
Listed as a threat
to wildlife on
website
No info
www.derm.qld.gov.au/wildlifeecosystems/wildlife/threats_to_wildlife/index.html
(accessed 1/3/2012)
34
Tas.
Vic.
WA
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800
801
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804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
Identified as a key
disease in the
Tasmanian
Wilderness World
Heritage areas.
Listed as a threat
to wildlife on
website.
Mentioned by the
Melbourne
Museum
Mention in a pest
note for Rainbow
Lorikeets
www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter,nsf/Attachments/LJEM7EL7AS/$FILE/Strategy%20for%20Managing%20Wildli
fe%20Disease.pdf (accessed 1/3/2012)
soer.justice.tas.gov.au/2009/nat/4/issue/85/index.php
(accessed 3/1/2012)
www.museumvictoria.com.au/melbournemuseum/
(accessed 3/1/2012)
Other websites with information about PBFD. Note that this list is not exhaustive but is
illustrative of the interested parties in Australia.
Australian Wildlife Health Network:
PBFD factsheet:
www.wildlifehealth.org.au/AWHN_Admin/ManageWebsite/FactSheets/UploadedFiles/118/P
sittacine%20Circovirus%20Disease%20(PCD%20%20PBFD)%2026%20Mar%202009%20(1.0).pdf (accessed 1/3/2012).
Bulletin Board:
http://www.wildlifehealth.org.au/AWHN/Forum/ListPosting.aspx?TopicID=75
Australian Registry of Wildlife Health:
Document titled Common Diseases of Urban Wildlife: Birds. Karrie Rose, Australian
Registry of Wildlife Health. June 2005: www.arwh.org/common-diseases (accessed
3/1/2012).
Parrot Society of Australia:
1997 article by Dr Garry Cross, Senior Lecturer in Animal Health, University of Sydney:
www.parrotsociety.org.au/articles/art_007.htm (accessed 1/3/2012).
Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary:
Short article by Dr Michael Pyne, Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary, Currumbin, Gold Coast.
National Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference 2005:
www.awrc.org.au/uploads/5/8/6/6/5866843/awrc_michael_pyne.pdf
Birdlife Australia:
Links to papers and other information:
www.birdsaustralia.org.au (accessed 1/3/2012).
University of Queensland Veterinary school:
www.uq.edu.au/vetschool/beak-and-feather-disease (accessed 1/3/2012)
Murdoch University:
PhD Thesis Studies of beak and feather disease virus infection – PhD thesis submitted to
Murdoch University by Bahman Khalesi, 2007.
35
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824
825
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827
http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/126/2/02Whole.pdf (accessed 1/3/2012)
PhD Thesis Development of novel diagnostic and vaccine options for beak and feather
disease virus – PhD thesis submitted to Murdoch University by Patrick Shearer, 2008.
http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/691/
PhD Thesis Psittacine beak and feather disease : vaccination, haematological response and
pcr methodology - PhD thesis submitted to Murdoch University by Nicolai Johnsen Bonne,
2009. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/1658/
Petalia company:
General information by Dr Cam Day:
www.petalia.com.au/templates/storytemplate_process.cfm?story_no=281 (accessed
1/3/2012).
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829
830
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832
Attachment B: Maps of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease reports
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38
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
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851
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854
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Attachment C – Critical gaps in knowledge about pittacine beak and
feather disease
Virus Characteristics/infection
 Infectious dose required to establish infection and or cause disease
 Virus Evolution rates and recombination’s
 Dynamics of viral replication in naturally infected birds
 Primary, secondary and tertiary targets of viral replication and determinates that control
gateways between these.
 Biological significance of loriid, cockatoo and psittacine genotype "lineages".
Immunity
 Antibody concentration that is protective
 Persistence and rate of decay of antibody titres in adults.
 Protective effects of passive transfer of maternal antibody, rate of decay in nestlings.
 Immunosuppressive effects of infection - predisposition to other infectious disease and
parasites
 Extent of any host-specific protective co-evolution / attenuation effect.
 Why do some individual birds (and species) succumb to infection yet others recover and
seroconvert - genetic and immunological determinants of susceptibility
 Significance of different red blood cell types - protective / susceptibility effects of type A and
Type B blood types.
Transmission
Host factors
 Vertical transmission - does it occur? We know viral DNA is present in eggs but not if it is
infectious. Is it an important element of maintenance within populations.
 Virus excretion rates from diseased and carrier birds - quantification of environmental
contamination
 Horizontal infection methods - the roles of faecal-oral, feather-oral and cloacal ingestion.
 Presence of clinically normal carriers and their role in disseminating the virus
Environment
 Role of nest hollows as sources of infection.
 Rates of persistence of virus in nest hollows and other environments.
 Roles of man-made feeding / watering stations in disseminating infection.
Population Dynamics
 Effects of endemic PBFD virus infection on population viability analyses.
 Effects of endemic infection on survivorship in common species and how this might change in
fragmented populations or endangered species
 Spatial and landscape dynamics of infection.
 Minimum population size required to maintain infection - influence of spatial, temporal and
landscape effects
Reservoir Species/Other species
 Reservoir species - do they exist naturally and what is the effect?
 Can non-psittacine species carry/disseminate infection?
 Cross-species transmission - rates, virulence, dynamics of infection, The interplay between
different populations
 Serological responses & seroepidemiology in non-cockatoo species
39
885
886
Attachment D: Recovery plans and other advices
TAP Species
Coxen’s fig parrot
Orange-bellied
parrot
Night parrot
Red-tailed black
cockatoo
Glossy black
cockatoo
Carnaby’s black
cockatoo
Swift parrot
Golden shouldered
parrot
Norfolk Island green
parrot
Western ground
parrot
Superb parrot
Muir’s corella
Regent parrot
Baudin’s black
cockatoo
Princess parrot
Listing
advice
exists
Listing
advice
mentions
Conservation
advice exists
Conservation
advice
mentions

PBFD

Disease only

No

PBFD
Recovery
plan exists
Recovery plan
mentions
Disease only
PBFD
State or
territory plan
exists
NSW
Vic.
State or
territory plan
mentions
Disease only
Disease only



No
Vic.
No mention

Disease only

(in prep).


PBFD
Yes
Qld
No mention
PBFD not a
threat

PBFD
WA
No mention
Vic.
WA
Yes
No mention
No mention
No mention
Yes
No mention



(in prep.)


PBFD
PBFD
Disease only
No
No
PBFD
No
887
40
888
889
Attachment E: Caring for our Country projects targeting threatened psittacine species identified in the TAP.
Grant
Proponent
State
Title
Project description
CC083152
Goolwa To
Wellington
Local Action
Planning
Association
Incorporated
SA
Restoration of key
coastal vegetation
communities across the
Goolwa area
The area within the Coorong and Lower Lakes Regional Ecological Area, South Australia has
been identified as high priority for ongoing management in the recently completed Southern
Fleurieu Coastal Action Plan 2007 (Caton 2006) and the Biodiversity Plan for the South
Australian Murray-Darling Basin. There are several regionally threatened and EPBC-listed
vegetation communities and suitable EPBC listed Orange-Bellied parrot habitat areas across 11
adjoining sites which include three landowners. Project works will involve removal of
environmental weeds, revegetation, fencing and monitoring over 250 hectares. Anticipated
outcomes will be the subsequent improvement in vegetation structure, habitat value for wildlife,
increased resilience to climate change, improved dune health and greater opportunities for the
natural regeneration of native vegetation. Additional project benefits will be increased
involvement and awareness of coastal management through the project activities and strong
partnerships with the Ngarrindjeri aboriginal community.
CC083129
Goolwa To
Wellington
Local Action
Planning
Board
Incorporated
SA
Restoration of orangebellied parrot habitat and
Raukkan community bat
monitoring project
The primary aim of this project is to re-establish habitat for the critically endangered
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act listed Orange-bellied Parrot
(Neophema chrysogaster). This will involve revegetation of 27 hectares and 2.5 km of fencing to
protect a total area of 160 hectares of land within the Lower Lakes and Coorong. The
revegetation projects will involve the establishment and, in some cases, extension of regionally
threatened vegetation communities to provide both roosting and feeding habitat. The secondary
aim of this project is to set up a community bat monitoring program within the Ngarrendjeri
community at Raukkan. Project methods involve sampling and analysing bat calls from around
the Lower Lakes and Coorong. Bat monitoring equipment will be purchased and training will be
provided for these activities. All of the information collected will be provided to the South
Australian Museum database.
CC084102
Port
Macdonnell
Landcare
Group
SA
Monitoring coastal habitat
change
The lower south east coast of South Australia is part of a national biodiversity hotspot and has
undergone significant landscape change since settlement with loss of vegetation and wetlands.
Along with the Coorong, it is a vital winter habitat for the critically endangered Orange Bellied
Parrot (orange bellied parrot), as well as other migratory birds and resident fauna. The coastal
grasslands which provide food and shelter for the orange bellied parrot have been significantly
reduced by clearing and shrub invasion. The Carpenter's Rocks and Port MacDonnell areas are
considered to be a priority coastal area due to the presence of a particularly high diversity of
native flora and fauna, the presence of several threatened plant and animal species and
provision of key habitat for the Orange Bellied Parrot. The project will identify the extent of
vegetation change over 60 years, raise and promote public awareness of the change in our
coastal habitat, enhance existing skills and knowledge in local coastal community groups,
Value
$44,827
$45,236
$40,350
41
Grant
Proponent
State
Title
Project description
Value
volunteers and schools to carry out on ground vegetation change surveys.
CC084001
North-West
Environment
Centre Inc.
TAS
Sea spurge eradication in
the Hunter Island group
The project will compliment the Cradle Coast NRM Coastal Weeds Strategy and provide the
best opportunity for maintaining a locally supported Sea Spurge control program in the Hunter
Islands group, Northwest Tasmania. Volunteers will map and remove all Sea Spurge (Euphorbia
paralias) infestations on land managed by the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service in the
Hunter Islands Group (approximately 230km coastline). Local community knowledge of the
weed, its vector characteristics and its impacts on the local environment will be gained through
targeted media, active project participation, and promotional/awareness raising materials. Sea
Spurge is prolific in the area - providing a seed bed for infestation of mainland Tasmanian sites.
The weed is decimating migratory feed resources of the Orange-bellied Parrot and threatens
important coastal vegetation communities. Through an initial knockdown of Sea Spurge in these
islands, followed by pro-active monitoring and follow up control, further infestation of the islands
and mainland Tasmania can be significantly minimised.
CC083529
Tasmanian
Land
Conservancy
Inc.
TAS
Protection of natural
values at Eggs Islands
Reserve, Tasmania
This project will enhance the value and integrity of Eucalyptus ovata (black gum) forest and
woodland, Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum) forest, Melaleuca squarossa and Leptospermum
shrub-land and wetland vegetation communities, including saline wetlands, saline grasslands
and Restionaceae.
CC083476
South
Gippsland
Landcare
Network
VIC
Supporting coastal pest
animal management
along the Cape Liptrap
coast
Nationally threatened species such as the Southern Brown Bandicoot, migratory shorebirds and
the Orange-bellied parrot and many others are threatened via predation by the European fox
found in the Cape Liptrap Coastal Park and its hinterlands. This project will focus on training,
empowering and supporting private landholders to increase and improve their fox management
practices. This will align with a landscape-scale fox eradication program initiated by the Friends
of Venus Bay Peninsula and Parks Victoria. Venus Bay residents and Parks Victoria have
committed to improving fox management by initiating a more intense fox baiting program. This
commitment provides the strong basis to engage the managers of the large properties
comprising the remaining areas within the landscape in order to improve their fox management
activity. The project will encourage private landholders to change or add to their fox
management activity by the establishment of permanent control points (comprising regular
baiting, trapping or shooting) on their properties.
CC084541
Melbourne
Water
VIC
Western lagoon
saltmarsh restoration,
Port Phillip Bay (western
shoreline) and Bellarine
Peninsula Ramsar site,
Victoria
Several ponds of a now decommissioned sewage treatment lagoon at the Western Treatment
Plant, which lies within the Port Phillip Bay and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site, will be
restored. Two ponds covering 12 ha will be restored to coastal salt-marsh and brackish
sedgeland. The Western Lagoon is adjacent to The Spit Nature Conservation Reserve which is
one of the most significant sites for the Critically Endangered Orange-bellied Parrot when
overwintering in Victoria. The restoration of native vegetation at Western Lagoon will provide
$39,327
$3,200
$45,455
$223,636
42
Grant
Proponent
State
Title
Project description
Value
additional habitat for the Orange-bellied Parrot and is also intended to provide additional habitat
for the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (Vic.) listed Altona Skipper Butterfly and a range of
other species, such as crakes and rails, potentially including the threatened Lewin's Rail.
Converting two freshwater ponds to salt-marsh will stop freshwater leakage into existing saltmarsh and the consequent degradation of this native vegetation.
CC083973
Department
Of
Sustainability
And
Environment
VIC
Restoring the orange
bellied parrot coast:
Community focused
education, protection and
habitat restoration
This project employs a whole-of-landscape approach to protect and restore assets in coastal
dunes, estuaries and saltmarshes. Works will focus along the coast between Yambuk and
Warrnambool in South West Victoria with particular emphasis on the coastal reserve system,
and adjacent unreserved crown land and private land. This area contains the most significant
wintering sites for Orange-bellied Parrots on mainland Australia and supports other significant
natural and cultural heritage assets. The project area has hosted the largest known overwintering flocks of Orange-bellied Parrots in recent years, is used by over one third of the state's
population of Hooded Plovers and contains significant areas of salt-marsh. Significant cultural
heritage values include a ceremonial ground, stone flake scatters, burial sites, and middens.
Illegal use of 4WD vehicles and Invasive weeds threaten the native vegetation communities in
the area which pose an immediate threat to these natural and cultural assets. This project will
address these threats.
2008 open
call
Birds
Australia
Western
Australia Inc.
WA
Protecting Critical Habitat
for the Endangered
Carnaby's BlackCockatoo
This project will identify, protect and manage critical feeding habitat within priority areas for the
endangered Carnaby's Black-Cockatoo. Priority breeding sites have been identified, and are
currently undergoing nomination as Important Bird Areas. Accordingly, this project proposes to
identify, protect and manage critical feeding habitat on private land surrounding these priority
breeding areas.
OC1200949
Corangamite
Catchment
Management
Authority
VIC
Protecting Orange-bellied
Parrot Habitat in Coastal
Victoria
This project will protect and enhance Victorian coastal saltmarsh communities in four CMA
regions, including two Ramsar sites. These areas provide critical habitat for a number of
threatened species, including the critically-endangered orange-bellied parrot. A market-based
tender approach will be used to allocate funds for on-ground works on public and private land.
The activities will protect biodiversity and enhance the extent, condition and connectivity of
habitats.
OC1200660
The Trustee
for Trust for
Nature
VIC
Restoring landscape links
and habitat for threatened
wildlife at Ned's Corner
This project will connect 23 000ha of threatened semi-arid woodland and mallee habitats across
Trust for Nature's 30 000ha Ned's Corner conservation property and nearby land. A landscape
approach will be used to restore 1452ha of native vegetation linking the Murray River with the
woodlands and mallee. The project will reduce rabbit numbers, fence and revegetate sites and
retire cropping land. These actions will also aid the recovery of the vulnerable Regent Parrot and
20 other threatened species by increasing habitat.
$180,827
$161,935
$550,000
$525,800
43
Grant
Proponent
State
Title
Project description
OC1200610
Royal
Zoological
Society of
South
Australia
Birds
Australia
Western
Australia
SA
Working with SA's SE
farmers to increase vital
SE Black-cockatoo
habitat
Farmers in south-east South Australia will be supported to develop property habitat plans, and
protect and re-establish feeding habitat of the south-east black-cockatoo. Extension will be
undertaken by a local farmer mentored in the role, and will foster a peer network for extending
capacity and outcomes beyond the life of the project.
WA
Carnaby's Blackcockatoo recovery in a
Globally Significant
Important Bird Area
Birds Australia will engage volunteers, landholders, agencies and partner organisations to
increase native habitat and deliver landscape-scale conservation outcomes within a cluster of
four internationally recognised Important Bird Areas declared for the highly visible endangered
carnaby's Black-cockatoo.
OC1200462
Peel-Harvey
Catchment
Council
WA
OC1100883
The Trustee
For Trust for
Nature
VIC
Critical threats to the Lake Clifton Thrombolite community, Carnaby's black-cockatoo, western
ringtail possum and more than 20 migratory species within Yalgorup National Park and adjacent
properties will be reduced. Activities will include vegetation restoration and community
engagement.
This project will protect and restore nationally threatened Buloke woodlands, assist the
nationally threatened red-tailed black-cockatoo, and strengthen the ecological sustainability of
the Wimmera.
OC10
Bellarine
Catchment
Network
VIC
Restore habitat and
manage threats to Lake
Clifton's listed
thrombolites and species
Linked Landscapes and
Community in the
Wimmera's Buloke
Woodlands and Biolinks
Bellarine Ramsar
wetlands and coastal
hotspots biodiversity
protection and
enhancement through
integrated coastal
community engagement.
CAG726558665
Anderson
Inlet Landcare
Group
VIC
Increasing biodiversity in
the Anderson Inlet
catchment area
This Project will build on our previous projects and will improve the water quality in the tributaries
of Anderson Inlet and also the water quality on farms in the catchment. This will be done through
a number of revegetation projects that will be strategically targeted on private land, aiming to
create wildlife corridors/biolinks across the catchment. The projects will help control erosion
through creating buffer strips of vegetation along the riparian zones of the Pound and Screw
Creeks. The revegetation projects will enhance and extend the habitat for rare and endangered
fauna species that use the creeks and the foreshore in the Anderson Inlet Catchment. These
species include the orange bellied parrot, lace goanna and swamp antechinus.
OC1200193
Value
$168,322
$450,979
$768,723
$624,000
This project is a continuation of a highly successful innovative project that has built partnerships
through an integrated program involving community, private landholders, government, non
government organisations and industry. The Bellarine Catchment Network (BCN) (formerly the
Swan Bay Integrated Catchment Management Committee) involves 20 organisations as part of
the network. The delivery of an integrated program that is owned by the community will build
capacity restoring coastal environments, Ramsar wetlands and deliver conservation projects.
The BCN covers 137 km of coastline, including the marine Ramsar wetland of Swan Bay, Lake
Connewarre Ramsar wetland (which both include critical habitat for Orange-bellied parrots), the
Point Lonsdale section of the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and high conservation
Coastal Moonah Woodlands. With multiple land managers including private landholders, the
BCN is well placed to provide delivery of a program that engages coastal communities to deliver
conservation outcomes for coastal hotspots and Ramsar wetlands.
$100,000
$20,000
44
Grant
Proponent
State
Title
Project description
CAG722232536
Boonah
Organisation
for a
Sustainable
Shire
QLD
Fassifern Reserve
Indigenous Bush Tucker
Project
The Scenic Rim region is classed as a biodiversity hotspot, with inappropriate practices resulting
in the biodiversity status being endangered. Warrill Creek runs into the Bremer River, classed as
poor in the 2010 Ecosystem Health Report Card. It is also identified as koala and glossy black
cockatoo habitat, both threatened species. Plantings will focus on local Indigenous bush tucker
foods for both humans and animals, including blue gums and ghost gums for witchetty grubs,
lemon myrtle, brigalow, she-oaks and eucalypts for glossy black cockatoo food and nesting,
melaleucas for parrots, etc. Boonah Organisation for a Sustainable Shire would manage in
collaboration with revegetation experts, traditional owners, council, the community and youth.
CAG726570667
Circular Head
Landcare
Group Inc.
TAS
Rice grass control in
internationally important
Robbins Passage,
Boullanger Bay
Rice grass (Spartina anglica) is an invasive plant which colonises intertidal mud flats.
Infestations threaten outstanding natural values; Duck Bay, Robbins Passage and Boullanger
Bay have some of the largest sea-grass beds in Tasmania, the endangered orange-bellied
parrot (Neophema chrysogaster) feeds during migration on native plants which grow in the
intertidal area, and Robbins Passage and Boullanger Bay are internationally significant sites for
23 migratory birds, covered by Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement, China–Australia
Migratory Bird Agreement and the Bonn Convention. Monitoring, mapping and control measures
have previously been funded by Tasmania’s Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water
and Environment, and Cradle Coast NRM. Circular Head Landcare Group want to continue the
project.
CAG727374745
Fullerton
Hadley
Landcare
Group
NSW
Building the ecological
resistance of Southern
Tableland Remnants
Fullerton Hadley Landcare recognized the loss of species once prolific within agricultural lands
of the region including the iconic and now Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation
listed vulnerable superb parrot. This and other species rely on old tree hollows present within
box woodlands. In our district this type of habitat has decreased significantly in some locations
by up to 90% with many more ancient individual specimens in their last years. With their loss,
habitat connectivity and ecosystem functioning for species like the parrot were in trouble. This
project will help address this loss of iconic species and biodiversity by increasing the extent,
condition and connectivity of native remnant stands on five farms.
CAG716832191
Murdoch
Environmental
Restoration
Group
WA
Breed & Feed Habitat
Protection & Restoration
for 2 Endangered Black
Cockatoos
Murdoch University (MU) has resident endangered carnaby’s (CBC) and forest red-tailed black
cockatoos (FRTBC). Numbers on campus have increased as habitat nearby is cleared and birds
desperately seek food, shelter and breeding sites. A MU nest tube was the first to be used by a
FRTBC, with two more currently being inspected. This project focuses on retention and
expansion of specific CBC habitat on campus, for both species, which is critical for their longterm survival. This includes: fencing, weeding and revegetation of a key CBC roost site and
FRTBC breeding site (woody pear reserve), maintenance of nest tubes and extensive planting of
food/roost trees along a new wildlife corridor.
Value
$20,000
$20,000
$20,000
$20,000
45
Grant
Proponent
State
Title
Project description
CAG729658965
Wildlife
Australia
Incorporated
WA
Jarrah Forest in Decline:
Controlling Ferals and
Restoring Damaged
Jarrah Forest
Wildlife Australia Incorporated (WAI) operates from the Kaarakin Black Cockatoo Rehabilitation
Centre (BCRC) and is situated on the outskirts of Perth. It is surrounded by the
Jarrah/Marri/Wandoo forest of Banywola Regional Park (BRP). The 18 hectare site is heavily
impacted upon by feral foxes and cats that kill endemic fauna on site and in the surrounding
BRP. WAI has a ongoing revegetation program to rehabilitate a severely degraded former
wildlife park and eradicate feral animals. Both programs aim to reduce the impact of invasive
flora and fauna species and promote and protect native fauna and flora in this biologically
sensitive important area. This is in line with Caring for Our Country's five year plan in biodiversity
and conservation.
CAG727779794
Yanchep
National Park
Volunteer
Association
WA
Weed removal and
revegetation to protect
biodiversity at Yanchep
National Park
Yanchep National Park (YNP) is an important conservation area which is under increasing
pressure from invasive weeds. Invasive weeds impact on biodiversity and functioning of
ecosystems through competitive displacement of native species. 133 weed species have been
identified within YNP. This project aims to actively control infestations of invasive weeds,
targeting Weeds of National Significance, Declared Weeds and Environmental Weed Strategy
WA high priority species, at four sites within YNP. We propose to revegetate and restore one
hectare of degraded bushland with native provenance species to maintain biodiversity and
improve habitat, particularly for Carnaby’s black cockatoo which is listed as endangered under
the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act.
CAG720393393
Armadale
Gosnells
Landcare
Group Inc
WA
Rehabilitation of Newell
Loop, Southern River
This project will allow successful eradication of two Weeds of National Significance, bridal
creeper and blackberry, on a 150m stretch of foreshore along the Southern River, Gosnells. The
control of these two weeds will allow the native habitat to rejuvenate naturally and increase
biodiversity of the area. The group will also be planting 4000 locally endemic seedlings to
increase the wildlife corridor, stem erosion and improve water quality of the Southern River. The
area is also a feeding ground for the endangered black cockatoo, which the group will continue
to encourage by planting Corymbia callophylla (marri) seedlings. The weed control will be
conducted by certified contractors and the planting will be done by Armadale Gosnells Landcare
Group and local residents.
CAG659649-10
Rummerys
Hill Landcare
Group
NSW
Community action to
protect a regionally
significant wildlife corridor
in NE NSW
Land managers within a 100km uncleared regional wildlife corridor want biodiversity
management information, skills and leadership to protect and improve the condition of this key
native habitat. This project will foster community awareness and action to stop habitat
degradation and protect local threatened species such as the koala, glossy black cockatoo,
powerful owl and speckled warbler, across 11000 hectares centred on Rummerys Hill.
CAG1000355
Central
Natural
Resources
Management
SA
Increase community
understanding of
wetlands and their effect
on salinity and nutrient
The project aims to increase community understanding of the value of wetlands in the Butcher
Gap Conservation Park. The park is one of the last stands of coastal scrub between the
Coorong and Robe and is home to the endangered orange bellied parrot. The Butcher Gap
Drain divides the wetland area in the park and brings large amounts of fresh water each winter
Value
$19,810
$18,450
$16,100
$11,000
$10,800
46
Grant
Proponent
State
Group
Title
Project description
levels in the water and
facilitate environmental
education studies by the
Kingston Area School
from the farmlands through the park and out to sea. Excess drainage has decreased
groundwater recharge and reduced the opportunity for reed beds to filter excess nutrients and
salts from the water before reaching the sea. The project will compare electrical conductivity and
nutrient levels in the wetland with the conductivity levels in the drain, and highlight the
biodiversity changes in the wetland area. Two school visits and two field days or community
walks will be conducted. Information about nutrient and salinity levels will be provided as an
extremely important tool to engage landholders whose properties adjoin the drain.
CAG1001092
Kowree Farm
Tree Group
VIC
Fattening red-tailed black
cockatoos - remnant
buloke woodland
rehabilitation program in
the south-west Wimmera
Buloke woodlands are an endangered ecological community that provide a critical food resource
for the Envioronmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 listed red-tailed black
cockatoo. To strengthen the existing remnant buloke woodland and provide more support for the
cockatoo and other native species, the Kowree Farm Tree Group will recruit and manage three
two hectare blocks of remnant buloke woodland on farms that have not previously participated in
conservation activities. The group will plan site layout and management with landowners.
Revegetation areas will be prepared with fencing ripping and weed control and school and
community groups will be involved in planting 2000 buloke seedlings. Project objectives will be
promoted in the community through a field day at earlier buloke conservation works. The project
will raise the profile of on farm conservation in the community, a cultural change essential to
preserving rehabilitation works as well as conserving older high yielding paddock trees to
sustain the cockatoo and other native species.
CAG1001039
Torbay
Catchment
Group
Incorporated
WA
A Torbay wildlife corridor
– completion of a
vegetated corridor linking
native remnant
vegetation to adjoining
bushland
This project will complete a vegetated corridor linking an adjoining bushland with a 2.5 ha stand
of marri trees that are currently isolated. The habitat reconnection will provide a critical link for
the endangered Carnaby's black cockatoo as well as other native fauna such as brush-tail and
ring-tail possums. The Torbay Catchment Group will prepare the ground to be replanted, erect
fencing with access gates, plant native vegetation and undertake post planting maintenance and
weed control. Local students will be involved in the project and this will provide them with
continuing suitable training for future work in natural resources management.
CAG0900687
McKenzies
Hill Action and
Landcare
Group
VIC
Rehabilitation of land and
vegetation for, and
education about the
Brush Tailed Phascogale
and the Swift Parrot
This project progresses a long term project on Lushington Bushland Reserve and Old Diamond
Hill Reserve, areas degraded from the gold rush era and part of the drainage area for
Campbell's Creek and wildlife corridor. Much of the surrounding land is owned by developers for
residential and industrial expansion. Landcare group members have considerable holdings close
to the reserves. Both reserves have mature Yellow Gum, Red and Grey Box with very little
under storey. The issue of restoring the original ecosystem rich in diversity is a challenge for us
and an objective, with a focus on educating the community about the urgency of protecting
habitat for the brush tailed fascogale and the Swift Parrot. This would be achieved by weed
eradication, the provision of nesting boxes; a public information and field day with an expert
presenter; information in the local paper and newsletters; information boards at each of the
reserves focusing on biodiversity and resident icons.
Value
$20,000
$7,236
$11,460
47
Grant
Proponent
State
Title
Project description
CAG0900160
Kooloonong
Natya
Landcare
Group Inc
VIC
Bridal Creeper
Eradication and Control
and Revegetation of
affected Corridor.
Bridal Creeper is increasingly invading dry land from infestations along riverine corridors and
affecting roadside corridor vegetation. The project will control weeds from the dry land back to
the river, and revegetate and strengthen a strategic habitat corridor that plays an important role
in the movement of Mallee fowl and the Regents parrot. This corridor is currently the only weak
link between large areas of Mallee which supports a large number of breeding Mallee fowl and is
an important flight path and food source for Regents parrot. Consolidating the habitat corridor
through invasive weed control and prevention will strengthen a large, broader area of habitat for
key faunal species.
CAG0900784
Wildcare
Incorporated
TAS
Eradication of ecosystem
transforming coastal
weeds in SW Tasmania
This project will eradicate the ecosystem transforming weeds, sea spurge and marram grass
from the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area and adjacent wild coastlines. If left
untreated the weeds would be intractable in 3 years and ultimately invade all sand and boulder
coasts. At risk are faunal (Tasmanian Devil) and avifaunal habitats (Little Tern, Fairy Tern,
Hooded Plover, Red-capped Plover, Sooty Oyster Catcher, Pied Oyster Catcher and Orange
Bellied Parrot), geoheritage and World Heritage values, Aboriginal cultural heritage and coastal
vegetation communities. Sea spurge is an aggressive colonizer and will have a competitive
advantage as rising sea levels destabilize coastlines.
CAG0900842
Kowree Farm
Tree Group
VIC
Saving Karak: Buloke
conservation for Redtailed Black Cockatoos
Of the 32 patches of degraded Buloke grassy woodland fenced in 2009 in the south west
Wimmera., eleven sites on 11 farms require enhancement. This consists of ripping, weed
control, planting seedlings and guarding. Also required is follow up weed control, erection of a
sign on each site and a field day. Fences, seedlings and guards are already ordered and paid
for. The other work is unfunded. Local contractors will prepare and provide aftercare. Three
schools and three community groups together with the land-owners will plant and guard, which
requires substantial supervision. Buloke grassy woodland has been depleted to two percent of
its original extent. The south-eastern subspecies of the Red-tailed Black Cockatoo is rare and its
population is limited by food shortage, particularly Buloke. Both Bulokes and Red-tailed Black
Cockatoos are listed in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
This project addresses both on farm conservation and community involvement.
CAG0900728
Murdoch
University
Guild of
Students
WA
Provenance Seedling
Purchases & Perimeter
Fencing Installation for
Carnaby's Habitat
Restoration & Protection
The Banksia Woodland at Murdoch University is an essential feeding site for resident and
summer flocks of endangered Carnaby's Black-Cockatoos. It is being degraded by arson; four
wheel drives; motorbikes; weeds; illegal plant removal and dumping. Fencing is required to
protect this Regional Park area. Planting of a weed buffer and restoration of the degraded
Chelodina Wetland buffer area using provenance seedlings (especially Carnaby's BlackCockatoo food plants) is also needed to protect key habitat and complete a wildlife corridor
linking the Chelodina Wetland and Banksia Woodland, for Carnaby 's Black-Cockatoos, quenda
Value
$17,318
$18,182
$20,000
$14,050
48
Grant
Proponent
State
Title
Project description
Value
and other biodiversity. This work will support investments to date, including seed collection and
Chelodina Wetland fencing.
CAG0900323
Katanning
Land
Conservation
District
Committee
WA
Greening the Eastern
Blackwood
This project will see 6.2 km of fencing erected and 17,000 local native seedlings planted to
directly tackle three major environmental issues being faced in the Katanning area. The trees
will provide protection against wind erosion, and with less than 10% native vegetation remaining,
protection of remnant stands and increasing vegetation areas for nesting, feeding and dispersal
is critical for local animals, including the endangered Carnaby's Black Cockatoo. Salinity is also
a major environmental and agricultural concern leading to native vegetation deaths, collapse of
waterways and reduced agricultural production, which the project aims to also address through
an increase in deep-rooted vegetation.
CAG0900019
Black
Cockatoo
Preservation
Society of
Australia
WA
To educate the public in
building bio diverse
gardens and land
management practices in
addressing the
endangered species of
Western Australia.
This project will control invasive weeds in an area of land near Martin in Western Australia, and
revegetate with native species. The project will support native seed collection and infrastructure
needed for propagating and establishing revegetation species. Engagement of local volunteers
will aim for greater involvement and appreciation among the wider community. The regenerated
landscape will support communities of native fauna including the endangered black cockatoo.
$20,000
$18,182
Total
$4,295,205
890
49