C. Kohn, Waterford WI
Name: Hour Date: Score: /100
1.
An animal that has both dominant alleles would be described as… a.
Heterozygous b.
Homozygous Dominant c.
Homozygous Recessive d.
Co-dominant e.
Incompletely Dominant
2.
An animal that has both recessive alleles would be described as… a.
Heterozygous b.
Homozygous Dominant c.
Homozygous Recessive d.
Co-dominant e.
Incompletely Dominant
3.
If two different traits are both fully expressed in an individual’s phenotype, those traits would be considered… a.
Heterozygous b.
Homozygous Dominant c.
Homozygous Recessive d.
Co-dominant e.
Incompletely Dominant
4.
An animal that has a recessive allele and a dominant allele would be described as… a.
Heterozygous b.
Homozygous Dominant c.
Homozygous Recessive d.
Co-dominant e.
Incompletely Dominant
5.
If two different traits are expressed so that the phenotype is a blend of the two, those traits would be called… a.
Heterozygous b.
Homozygous Dominant c.
Homozygous Recessive d.
Co-dominant e.
Incompletely Dominant
6.
An organism that expresses a recessive phenotype must be… a.
Heterozygous b.
Homozygous Dominant c.
Homozygous Recessive d.
Co-dominant e.
Incompletely Dominant
1 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

7.
Epistasis is... a.
The phenomena in which the expression of one gene is affected by the expression of another gene. b.
The kinds of genes an individual possesses for a trait. c.
The observable characteristics of an individual that result from its genes. d.
The term for a variety of a gene.
8.
A genotype is… a.
The phenomena in which the expression of one gene is affected by the expression of another gene. b.
The kinds of genes an individual possesses for a trait. c.
The observable characteristics of an individual that result from its genes. d.
The term for a variety of a gene.
9.
An allele is… a.
The phenomena in which the expression of one gene is affected by the expression of another gene. b.
The kinds of genes an individual possesses for a trait. c.
The observable characteristics of an individual that result from its genes. d.
The term for a variety of a gene.
10.
A phenotype is… a.
The phenomena in which the expression of one gene is affected by the expression of another gene. b.
The kinds of genes an individual possesses for a trait. c.
The observable characteristics of an individual that result from its genes. d.
The term for a variety of a gene.
11.
If all of the offspring of a couple are the recessive phenotype, the parents must have which genotype combination? a.
AA x AA b. Aa x Aa c. Aa x aa d. aa x aa
12.
If 3/4s of the offspring have the dominant phenotype and ¼ have the recessive phenotype, the parent combination is most likely… a.
AA x AA b. Aa x Aa c. Aa x aa d. aa x aa
13.
If the offspring are half dominant, half recessive phenotypes, the parent combination is most likely… a.
AA x AA b. Aa x Aa c. Aa x aa d. aa x aa
14.
If all of the offspring are homozygous dominant, the parent combination must be… a.
AA x AA b. Aa x Aa c. Aa x aa d. aa x aa
15.
In Holstein cows, black is dominant and red is recessive. In regards to color, a homozygous dominant bull and a homozygous recessive cow have a calf. What are the odds their calf will be black? a.
0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100%
16.
Pink flowers that are the offspring of a red parent and a white parent are an example of… a.
Co-Dominance b. Incomplete Dominance c. Epistasis d. Recessive Alleles
2 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

A bull, Foster, escapes from a farm and impregnates several cows. The offspring of the cows are all born the same day and get mixed up. On top of this, a calf bought at an auction gets mixed in with the new calves.
Foster (red)
Mr. Kohn is called to sort out the mess. However, his trusty Corolla breaks down on the way and he calls you to take his place. As he is explaining this to you over the phone, the low-battery warning goes off. The last thing you hear before his phone dies is…
“red is recessive, and horns are recessive”
There is only one combination of cows and calves that will work given this piece of knowledge.
Show your work below!
Berry Cherry Darlene
17.
Who is Berry’s calf (show work below)? a.
Unos b. Diane c. Tracy d. Quincy
18.
Who is Cherry’s calf (show work below)? Tracy a.
Unos b. Diane c. Tracy d. Quincy
Unos
19.
Who is Darlene’s calf (show work below)? a.
Unos b. Diane c. Tracy d. Quincy Diane
Quincy
20.
Which calf was bought at an auction (Hint: which calf could not have come from any of the three combinations of Foster the Bull and one of the three cows?) a.
Unos b. Diane c. Tracy d. Quincy
3 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

A pair of frogs and their offspring are shown to the side. Couples are denoted with the dotted boxes around them. Offspring (Couples 1-4) are below the couples (the offspring of the top pair are connected to them with a line; their mates are unrelated to the top pair of frogs).
Above each frog, write their genotype. Then answer the questions below.
You will be able to determine the genotype for each frog based on the parents and the offspring. The questions below involve all the frogs shown.
Couple
1
Top Pair
Couple
21.
How many frogs on this page are homozygous recessive? a.
1 b.
2 c.
11 d.
14 e.
15
22.
How many frogs were homozygous dominant? a.
1 b. 2 c. 11 d. 14 e. 15
23.
How many frogs were heterozygous? a.
1 b. 2 c. 11 d. 14 e. 15
24.
What are the genotypes of Couple 1? a.
Gg x Gg b. GG x gg c. Gg x gg d. gg x gg e. GG x GG
25.
What are the genotypes of Couple 2? a.
Gg x Gg b. GG x gg c. Gg x gg d. gg x gg e. GG x GG
26.
What are the genotypes of Couple 3? a.
Gg x Gg b. GG x gg c. Gg x gg d. gg x gg e. GG x GG
27.
What are the genotypes of Couple 4? a.
Gg x Gg b. GG x gg c. Gg x gg d. gg x gg e. GG x GG
2
Couple
3
Couple
4
4 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

A farmer selects two goats to mate. The farmer wants to raise curly-horned goats. The first goat is polled (no horns).
The other goat has curly horns. Polled is dominant to horns and straight horns are dominant to curly. They have the following genotypes:
Goat 1: PpHH Goat 2: pphh
PP, Pp = polled; pp = horned
HH, Hh = straight horns; hh= curly horns
Polled = P _ _ _
Horned = pp _ _
Straight horns = ppHh or ppHH
Curled horns = pphh
Complete the dihybrid Punnett Square before continuing
28.
Complete the Punnett square to the right (leave blank on scantron)
29.
What are the odds that any given goat baby will be polled? a.
0/16 b. 8/16 c. 6/16 d. 4/16 e. 2/16
30.
What are the odds that any given baby will be straight horned? a.
0/16 b. 8/16 c. 6/16 d. 4/16 e. 2/16
31.
What are the odds that any given baby will be curly horned? a.
0/16 b. 8/16 c. 6/16 d. 4/16 e. 2/16
32.
Could two polled goats have a horned baby? a.
Yes b. No
33.
Could two horned goats have a polled baby? a.
Yes b. No
34.
DNA encodes the instructions to create a/an… a.
Amino acid b. Protein c. Sugar molecule d. Cell membrane
5 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

35.
A gene is… a.
A tightly-wound package of DNA b.
A visible trait c.
A length of DNA that codes for a specific protein d.
All of the above
36.
In the picture at the right, this is I a.
Phosphate b.
Nitrogenous Base c.
Deoxyribose sugar d.
Nucleotide
37.
In the picture at the right, this is II a.
Phosphate b. Nitrogenous Base
I c. Deoxyribose sugar d. Nucleotide
38.
In the picture at the right, this is III a.
Phosphate b. Nitrogenous Base c. Deoxyribose sugar d. Nucleotide
39.
In the picture at the right, this is IV
II a.
Phosphate b. Nitrogenous Base c. Deoxyribose sugar d. Nucleotide
40.
This item in the picture could represent Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, or Guanine a. I b. II c. III d. IV
III
41.
This structure contains the 5’ and 3’ carbons that give DNA its sense of direction a. I b. II c. III d. IV
42.
Which of the following accurately indicates the correct pairing of bases? a.
A – C; G – T b. A – G; C – T c. G – C; T – A d. G – G; C – C; A - T
43.
Specific combinations of bases exist because… a.
They can’t fit in any other combination. b.
They can’t bond in any other combination. c.
They can neither fit nor bond in any other combination. d.
None of the above are correct
44.
Which has 2 bonding sites? a.
Adenine & Thymine b. Cytosine & Guanine c. Adenine & Guanine d. Cytosine & Thymine
IV
6 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

Use the picture at the right for the following questions.
45.
This structure is DNA
A. B.
46.
This structure is mRNA
C. D.
D.
A
A. B. C.
47.
This structure is the ribosome
A. B.
48.
This structure is tRNA
C. D.
B
A. B. C. D.
49.
This structure is created by polymerase
A. B. C. D.
50.
This structure is opened by helicase
A. B. C. D.
51.
This structure delivers amino acids
B
A. B. C. D.
52.
This structure reads copies of DNA and creates proteins
A. B. C. D.
53.
How does RNA differ from DNA? a.
The G’s in DNA become U’s in RNA b.
DNA is double stranded; RNA can be single stranded c.
RNA has an extra –OH molecule d.
All of the above are correct
54.
A codon is a….
D a.
String of amino acids b.
A kind of amino acid c.
The structure that reads mRNA and makes a protein d.
A group of three nucleotide bases
55.
Transcription is the process in which… a.
A protein is made from amino acids based on what was copied by mRNA b.
The strand of DNA leaves the nucleus and becomes the amino acids that create a protein c.
A strand of mRNA is copied from DNA by polymerase d.
Helicase creates a protein out of amino acids
56.
Translation is the process in which… a.
A protein is made from amino acids based on what was copied by mRNA b.
The strand of DNA leaves the nucleus and becomes the amino acids that create a protein c.
A strand of mRNA is copied from DNA by polymerase d.
Helicase creates a protein out of amino acids
7 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .
C

57.
This occurs in the nucleus. a.
Transcription b. Translation c. Both transcription & translation d. Neither occur here
58.
This occurs in the ribosome. a.
Transcription b. Translation c. Both transcription & translation d. Neither occur here
59.
These are a part of transcription: a.
DNA and mRNA b.
DNA and a ribosome c.
mRNA, tRNA, and a ribosome d.
All of the above
60.
These are a part of translation: a.
DNA and mRNA b.
DNA and a ribosome c.
mRNA, tRNA, and a ribosome d.
All of the above
61.
If an organism’s tRNA were to become dysfunctional, which of the following would most likely occur? a.
A protein could not be made by the ribosome b.
They wouldn’t be able to create a mRNA copy of DNA c.
The ribosome would not be able to read mRNA d.
All of the above
62.
Which of the following amino acids forms a special bond called a disulfide bond, a bond which causes it to bind to other amino acids that are the same kind as itself? a.
Glutamine b. Tyrosine c. Serine d. Cysteine
63.
The shape of a protein determines its… a.
Amino acid sequence b. Function c. Lifespan d. Location
64.
Hydrophilic amino acids will always move to the a.
Inside b. Outside c. Top d. Bottom
65.
Hydrophobic amino acids will always move to the a.
Inside b. Outside c. Top d. Bottom
66.
Oppositely charged amino acids will always… a.
Bond with each other b.
Repel each other c.
Move to the inside d.
Move to the bottom
67.
Similarly charged amino acids will always… a.
Bond with each other b.
Repel each other c.
Move to the inside d.
Move to the bottom
of a protein
of a protein
8 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

68.
The primary structure of an amino acid refers to… a.
The overall structure of the protein b.
The combination of alpha helixes and beta sheets c.
The order of amino acids d.
The formation of an alpha helix or a beta sheet
69.
The secondary structure of an amino acid refers to… a.
The overall structure of the protein b.
The combination of alpha helixes and beta sheets c.
The order of amino acids d.
The formation of an alpha helix or a beta sheet
70.
A frameshift mutation is one that… a.
Causes a deletion b.
Causes an insertion c.
Causes all of the bases downstream to shift d.
Causes no change to the protein structure
71.
A frameshift mutation will change the of a protein a.
Shape b. Function c. Secondary and Tertiary structure d. All of the above
72.
Which of the following is shown in X to the right? a.
Alpha Helix b. Beta Sheet c. Amino Acid d. Polypeptide
73.
Which of the following is shown in Y to the right? a.
Alpha Helix b. Beta Sheet c. Amino Acid d. Polypeptide
74.
X and Y together would make which of the following? a.
Primary Structure b.
Secondary Structure c.
Tertiary Structure d.
Quaternary Structure
9 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

75.
Which of the following would be the correct transcribed mRNA molecule for the DNA sequence below?
. 3’
TAC-TTA-CGA-TGG-TAC-ACG-TGT-ACC-TTG-AAC-CTG-ACT
5’ a.
5’ – ATG-AAT-GCT-ACC-ATG-TGC-ACA-TGG-AAC-TTG-GAC-TGA- 3’ b.
5’ – AUG-AAU-GCU-ACC-AUG-UGC-ACA-UGG-AAC-UUG-GAC-UGA- 3’ c.
3’ – ATG-AAT-GCT-ACC-ATG-TGC-ACA-TGG-AAC-TTG-GAC-TGA- 5’ d.
3’ – AUG-AAU-GCU-ACC-AUG-UGC-ACA-UGG-AAC-UUG-GAC-UGA- 5’
76.
Which of the following would be the correct order of translated amino acids from the mRNA strand above? a.
Met – Asn – Ala – Thr – Met – Cys – Thr – Trp – Asn – Leu – Asp b.
Ser – Gln – Val – Gln – Gly – Thr – Arg – Val – Pro – Ser- Term c.
Asn – Ala – Thr – Met – Trp – Pro – Arg – Val – Met – Asp – Trp d.
Ile – Phe – Ser – Cys – His – Arg – Val – Ala – Asp – Glu – Leu – Term
77.
How many chromosomes do humans have in their cells? a.
46 – 23 from their father and 23 from their mother b.
23 – all from their mother c.
23 – all from their father d.
23 – either from their mother or from their father
(it’s up to chance)
78.
Chromosomes are… a.
Bundles of DNA b. Proteins c. The nucleus of the cell d. All of the above
79.
What was the contribution of Darwin to modern genetics? a.
He/they demonstrated that species can change through natural or artificial selection b.
He/they discovered how patterns of inheritance work (e.g. dominance vs. recessiveness) c.
He/they invented the butterfat test that enabled dairy farmers to create a genetic basis for improving their herds d.
He/they discovered the structure and function of DNA.
80.
What was the contribution of Watson and Crick to modern genetics? a.
He/they demonstrated that species can change through natural or artificial selection b.
He/they discovered how patterns of inheritance work (e.g. dominance vs. recessiveness) c.
He/they invented the butterfat test that enabled dairy farmers to create a genetic basis for improving their herds d.
He/they discovered the structure and function of DNA.
81.
What was the contribution of Mendel to modern genetics? a.
He/they demonstrated that species can change through natural or artificial selection b.
He/they discovered how patterns of inheritance work (e.g. dominance vs. recessiveness) c.
He/they invented the butterfat test that enabled dairy farmers to create a genetic basis for improving their herds d.
He/they discovered the structure and function of DNA.
10 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

82.
What was the contribution of Babcock to modern genetics? a.
He/they demonstrated that species can change through natural or artificial selection b.
He/they discovered how patterns of inheritance work (e.g. dominance vs. recessiveness) c.
He/they invented the butterfat test that enabled dairy farmers to create a genetic basis for improving their herds d.
He/they discovered the structure and function of DNA.
83.
What is a breed? a.
A term for the domesticated variety of the same species (the wild version would be a species) b.
A specific variety of a species of domesticated animal with similar traits and qualities. c.
A specific species that is domesticated d.
A family of different species with similar traits
84.
What two factors are most responsible for the emergence of different breeds of domesticated animals in early human civilizations? a.
Isolation and an understanding of Mendelian genetics b.
An understanding of Mendelian genetics and different needs and environments of different locations c.
Varying environments of different places and the isolation of those same places d.
None of the above are responsible for the emergence of different breeds
85.
Limited availability of pasture would probably cause what kind of breed to arise? a.
One that is very productive b. One that is very hardy and strong b.
One that is very susceptible to illness d. One that is very efficient and ate little food
86.
Which of the following has the highest quality milk? a.
Holstein b. Jersey c. Brown Swiss d. Milking Shorthorn
87.
Which of the following has the highest production of milk? a.
Holstein b. Jersey c. Brown Swiss d. Milking Shorthorn
88.
Which of the following is dual purpose for meat and for milk? a.
Holstein b. Jersey c. Brown Swiss d. Milking Shorthorn
89.
Which of the following was bred to be hardy and strong? a.
Holstein b. Jersey c. Brown Swiss d. Milking Shorthorn
90.
Which of the following is a measure of how likely offspring are to inherit the phenotypes of their parents? a.
Genetic Modification b. Heritability c. Chromosome d. Nucleus
91.
Milk yield has a heritability of 0.30. Days of productive life has a heritability of 0.13. Which one is most affected by the choice of bulls for mating? a.
Milk Yield – it is a more heritable trait b.
Days of productive life – it is a more heritable trait c.
Both are strongly affected by heritability and should be equally considered when choosing a bull d.
Neither are affected by heritability and the choice of bulls would not make much, if any difference
11 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .

92.
The higher the heritability the ___________ a trait is affected by a choice of bulls a.
Less b. More
93.
Genetic change can be made faster by… a.
Choosing bulls with little variety of inheritance for their traits b.
A fast rate of reproduction c.
Choosing bulls whose traits will complement a cow’s strengths and counter her weaknesses d.
All of the above
94.
Galton’s Law states that… a.
Bulls with low heritability should not be bred b.
The more extreme a parent is for a trait, the less likely the offspring will possess that trait to the same extent. c.
Genetic change is slowed by traits that are not as heritable d.
If you get up to get a soda, you also have to get Galton one
Use the Sire Summary Card below to answer the following questions.
95.
This bull tests best for which genes? a.
Protein b. Fat c. Productive Life d. Strength e. Feet and Legs
96.
This bull is average for which trait? a.
Protein b. Fat c. Productive Life d. Strength e. Feet and Legs
97.
This bull would be scored lowest for which trait? a.
Protein b. Fat c. Productive Life d. Strength e. Feet and Legs
98.
If you wanted to improve the quality of the milk from the cows in your herd, this bull would be a good choice. a.
True b. False
99.
If you wanted to improve the productive life of the cows in your herd, this bull would be a good choice. a.
True b. False
100.
If productive life has a heritability score near 0.1, the choice of the bull you use is not very important in comparison to farming practices and proper herd management for this particular trait. a.
True b. False
12 | P A G E C OPYRIGHT C RAIG K OHN , W ATERFORD WI 2013.
A VAILABLE FOR PUBLIC USE PROVIDED THE AUTHOR IS CITED .