Supporting Information
Appendix S1 – List of reviewed articles
List of peer reviewed articles used in this meta-analysis. Numbers correspond to those in Table 2
in the main text.
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11.
12.
13.
Adriaens, D., Honnay, O. & Hermy, M. (2006) No evidence of a plant extinction debt in
highly fragmented calcareous grasslands in Belgium. Biological Conservation, 133, 212224.
Adriaens, D., Jacquemyn, H., Honnay, O. & Hermy, M. (2009) Conservation of remnant
populations of Colchicum autumnale - The relative importance of local habitat quality and
habitat fragmentation. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 35, 69-82.
Aguilar, R., Ashworth, L., Calvino, A. & Quesada, M. (2012) What is left after sex in
fragmented habitats? Assessing the quantity and quality of progeny in the endemic tree
Prosopis caldenia (Fabaceae). Biological Conservation, 152, 81-89.
Aguilar, R. & Galetto, L. (2004) Effects of forest fragmentation on male and female
reproductive success in Cestrum parqui (Solanaceae). Oecologia, 138, 513-520.
Aguirre, A., Guevara, R., Garcia, M. & Lopez, J.C. (2010) Fate of epiphytes on
phorophytes with different architectural characteristics along the perturbation gradient of
Sabal mexicana forests in Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science, 21, 6-15.
Aizen, M.A. & Feinsinger, P. (1994) Forest Fragmentation, pollination, and plant
reproduction in a Chaco dry forest, Argentina. Ecology, 75, 330-351.
Alofs, K.M. & Fowler, N.L. (2010) Habitat fragmentation caused by woody plant
encroachment inhibits the spread of an invasive grass. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 338347.
Alston, K.P. & Richardson, D.M. (2006) The roles of habitat features, disturbance, and
distance from putative source populations in structuring alien plant invasions at the
urban/wildland interface on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Biological Conservation,
132, 183-198.
Alvarenga, L.D.P. & Porto, K.C. (2007) Patch size and isolation effects on epiphytic and
epiphyllous bryophytes in the fragmented Brazilian Atlantic forest. Biological
Conservation, 134, 415-427.
Andreazzi, C.S., Pimenta, C.S., Pires, A.S., Fernandez, F.A.S., Oliveira-Santos, L.G. &
Menezes, J.F.S. (2012) Increased Productivity and Reduced Seed Predation Favor a Largeseeded Palm in Small Atlantic Forest Fragments. Biotropica, 44, 237-245.
Arnold, A.E. & Asquith, N.M. (2002) Herbivory in a fragmented tropical forest: patterns
from islands at Lago Gatun, Panama. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11, 1663-1680.
Arroyo-Rodriguez, V., Aguirre, A., Benitez-Malvido, J. & Mandujano, S. (2007) Impact of
rain forest fragmentation on the population size of a structurally important palm species:
Astrocaryum mexicanum at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Biological Conservation, 138, 198-206.
Arroyo-Rodriguez, V. & Mandujano, S. (2006) The importance of tropical rain forest
fragments to the conservation of plant species diversity in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 15, 4159-4179.
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15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Arroyo-Rodriguez, V. & Toledo-Aceves, T. (2009) Impact of landscape spatial pattern on
liana communities in tropical rainforests at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Applied Vegetation
Science, 12, 340-349.
Ashworth, L. & Marti, M.L. (2011) Forest Fragmentation and Seed Germination of Native
Species from the Chaco Serrano Forest. Biotropica, 43, 496-503.
Bach, C.E. & Kelly, D. (2007) Mistletoe fruit-colour polymorphism and differential
success in a habitat mosaic. Austral Ecology, 32, 509-514.
Bach, C.E., Kelly, D. & Hazlett, B.A. (2005) Forest edges benefit adults, but not seedlings,
of the mistletoe Alepis flavida (Loranthaceae). Journal of Ecology, 93, 79-86.
Baessler, C., Klotz, S. & Durka, W. (2010) Temporal Changes and Spatial Determinants of
Plant Species Diversity and Genetic Variation.
Barbosa, O., Marquet, P.A., Bacigalupe, L.D., Christie, D.A., del-Val, E., Gutierrez, A.G.,
Jones, C.G., Weathers, K.C. & Armesto, J.J. (2010) Interactions among patch area, forest
structure and water fluxes in a fog-inundated forest ecosystem in semi-arid Chile.
Functional Ecology, 24, 909-917.
Barrios, B., Arellano, G. & Koptur, S. (2011) The effects of fire and fragmentation on
occurrence and flowering of a rare perennial plant. Plant Ecology, 212, 1057-1067.
Benitez-Malvido, J. & Martinez-Ramos, M. (2003) Influence of edge exposure on tree
seedling species recruitment in tropical rain forest fragments. Biotropica, 35, 530-541.
Benitez-Malvido, J., Martinez-Ramos, M.M., Camargo, J.L.C. & Ferraz, I.D.K. (2005)
Responses of seedling transplants to environmental variations in contrasting habitats of
Central Amazonia. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 21, 397-406.
Braun, M., Piechowski, D., Kazda, M. & Gottsberger, G. (2012) Fragment size and local
flower density influence seed set of the understorey tree Paypayrola blanchetiana
(Violaceae) in Brazilian Atlantic rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 28, 353-359.
Breed, M.F., Gardner, M.G., Ottewell, K.M., Navarro, C.M. & Lowe, A.J. (2012) Shifts in
reproductive assurance strategies and inbreeding costs associated with habitat
fragmentation in Central American mahogany. Ecology Letters, 15, 444-452.
Broadhurst, L.M. & Young, A.G. (2006) Reproductive constraints for the long-term
persistence of fragmented Acacia dealbata (Mimosaceae) populations in southeast
Australia. Biological Conservation, 133, 512-526.
Brosofske, K.D., Chen, J., Crow, T.R. & Saunders, S.C. (1999) Vegetation responses to
landscape structure at multiple scales across a Northern Wisconsin, USA, pine barrens
landscape. Plant Ecology, 143, 203-218.
Bruna, E.M. (2002) Effects of forest fragmentation on Heliconia acuminata seedling
recruitment in central Amazonia. Oecologia, 132, 235-243.
Bruna, E.M. & Kress, W.J. (2002) Habitat fragmentation and the demographic structure of
an Amazonian understory herb (Heliconia acuminata). Conservation Biology, 16, 12561266.
Bruna, E.M., Nardy, O., Strauss, S.Y. & Harrison, S. (2002) Experimental assessment of
Heliconia acuminata growth in a fragmented Amazonian landscape. Journal of Ecology,
90, 639-649.
Brunet, J. (2004) Colonization of oak plantations by forest plants: Effects of regional
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Brunet, J. (2007) Plant colonization in heterogeneous landscapes: an 80-year perspective on
restoration of broadleaved forest vegetation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 563-572.
2
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33.
34.
35.
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37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Brys, R., Jacquemyn, H., Endels, P., van Rossum, F., Hermy, M., Triest, L., De Bruyn, L.
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Cadenasso, M.L. & Pickett, S.T.A. (2000) Linking forest edge structure to edge function:
mediation of herbivore damage. Journal of Ecology, 88, 31-44.
Cadotte, M.W., Franck, R., Reza, L. & Lovett-Doust, J. (2002) Tree and shrub diversity
and abundance in fragmented littoral forest of southeastern Madagascar. Biodiversity and
Conservation, 11, 1417-1436.
Cagnolo, L., Cabido, M. & Valladares, G. (2006) Plant species richness in the Chaco
Serrano Woodland from central Argentina: Ecological traits and habitat fragmentation
effects. Biological Conservation, 132, 510-519.
Cascante, A., Quesada, M., Lobo, J.J. & Fuchs, E.A. (2002) Effects of dry tropical forest
fragmentation on the reproductive success and genetic structure of the tree Samanea saman.
Conservation Biology, 16, 137-147.
Cascante-Marin, A., von Meijenfeldt, N., de Leeuw, H.M.H., Wolf, J.H.D., Oostermeijer,
J.G.B. & den Nijs, J.C.M. (2009) Dispersal limitation in epiphytic bromeliad communities
in a Costa Rican fragmented montane landscape. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 25, 63-73.
Catterall, C.P., McKenna, S., Kanowski, J. & Piper, S.D. (2008) Do cyclones and forest
fragmentation have synergistic effects? A before-after study of rainforest vegetation
structure at multiple sites. Austral Ecology, 33, 471-484.
Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J., Vulinec, K., Zanne, A. & Lawes, M.J. (2003)
Fragmentation and alteration of seed dispersal processes: An initial evaluation of dung
beetles, seed fate, and seedling diversity. Biotropica, 35, 382-393.
Chen, J.Q., Franklin, J.F. & Spies, T.A. (1992) Vegetation responses to edge
environements in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applications, 2, 387-396.
Christianini, A.V. & Galetti, M. (2007) Spatial variation in post-dispersal seed removal in
an Atlantic forest: Effects of habitat, location and guilds of seed predators. Acta
Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 32, 328-336.
Christie, F.J. & Hochuli, D.F. (2005) Elevated levels of herbivory in urban landscapes: Are
declines in tree health more than an edge effect? Ecology and Society, 10.
Collins, C.D., Holt, R.D. & Foster, B.L. (2009) Patch size effects on plant species decline
in an experimentally fragmented landscape. Ecology, 90, 2577-2588.
Cook, W.M., Lane, K.T., Foster, B.L. & Holt, R.D. (2002) Island theory, matrix effects and
species richness patterns in habitat fragments. Ecology Letters, 5, 619-623.
Cook, W.M., Yao, J., Foster, B.L., Holt, R.D. & Patrick, L.B. (2005) Secondary succession
in an experimentally fragmented landscape: Community patterns across space and time.
Ecology, 86, 1267-1279.
Cordeiro, N.J., Ndangalasi, H.J., McEntee, J.P. & Howe, H.F. (2009) Disperser limitation
and recruitment of an endemic African tree in a fragmented landscape. Ecology, 90, 10301041.
Costin, B.J., Morgan, J.W. & Young, A.G. (2001) Reproductive success does not decline in
fragmented populations of Leucochrysum albicans subsp albicans var. tricolor
(Asteraceae). Biological Conservation, 98, 273-284.
Cousins, S.A.O. & Eriksson, O. (2001) Plant species occurrences in a rural hemiboreal
landscape: effects of remnant habitats, site history, topography and soil. Ecography, 24,
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Craig, M.T., Orrock, J.L. & Brudvig, L.A. (2011) Edge-mediated patterns of seed removal
in experimentally connected and fragmented landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 26, 13731381.
Cramer, J.M., Mesquita, R.C.G. & Williamson, G.B. (2007) Forest fragmentation
differentially affects seed dispersal of large and small-seeded tropical trees. Biological
Conservation, 137, 415-423.
Cunningham, S.A. (2000) Effects of habitat fragmentation on the reproductive ecology of
four plant species in mallee woodland. Conservation Biology, 14, 758-768.
Damschen, E.I. & Brudvig, L.A. (2012) Landscape connectivity strengthens local-regional
richness relationships in successional plant communities. Ecology, 93, 704-710.
D'Angelo, S.A., Andrade, A.C.S., Laurance, S.G., Laurance, W.F. & Mesquita, R.C.G.
(2004) Inferred causes of tree mortality in fragmented and intact Amazonian forests.
Journal of Tropical Ecology, 20, 243-246.
De Crop, E., Brys, R. & Hoffmann, M. (2012) The impact of habitat fragmentation on the
interaction between Centaurium erythraea (Gentianaceae) and its specialized seed predator
Stenoptilia zophodactylus (Pterophoridae, Lepidoptera). Ecological Research, 27, 967-974.
De La Vega, X., Grez, A.A. & Simonetti, J.A. (2012) Is top-down control by predators
driving insect abundance and herbivory rates in fragmented forests? Austral Ecology, 37,
836-844.
De Melo, F.P.L., Dirzo, R. & Tabarelli, M. (2006) Biased seed rain in forest edges:
Evidence from the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Biological Conservation, 132, 50-60.
De Sanctis, M., Alfo, M., Attorre, F., Francesconi, F. & Bruno, F. (2010) Effects of habitat
configuration and quality on species richness and distribution in fragmented forest patches
near Rome. Journal of Vegetation Science, 21, 55-65.
De Souza, I.F., Souza, A.F., Pizo, M.A. & Ganade, G. (2010) Using tree population size
structures to assess the impacts of cattle grazing and eucalypts plantations in subtropical
South America. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 1683-1698.
Del-Val, E., Armesto, J.J., Barbosa, O. & Marquet, P.A. (2007) Effects of herbivory and
patch size on tree seedling survivorship in a fog-dependent coastal rainforest in semiarid
Chile. Oecologia, 153, 625-632.
Dolt, C., Goverde, M. & Baur, B. (2005) Effects of experimental small-scale habitat
fragmentation on above-and below-ground plant biomass in calcareous grasslands. Acta
Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 27, 49-56.
Donaldson, J., Nanni, I., Zachariades, C., Kemper, J. & Thompson, J.D. (2002) Effects of
habitat fragmentation on pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success in renosterveld
shrublands of South Africa. Conservation Biology, 16, 1267-1276.
Donoso, D.S., Grez, A.A. & Simonetti, J.A. (2004) Effects of forest fragmentation on the
granivory of differently sized seeds. Biological Conservation, 115, 63-70.
Dornier, A. & Cheptou, P.O. (2012) Determinants of extinction in fragmented plant
populations: Crepis sancta (asteraceae) in urban environments. Oecologia, 169, 703-712.
Dos Santos, K., Kinoshita, L.S. & dos Santos, F.A.M. (2007) Tree species composition and
similarity in semideciduous forest fragments of southeastern Brazil. Biological
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Drinnan, I.N. (2005) The search for fragmentation thresholds in a Southern Sydney Suburb.
Biological Conservation, 124, 339-349.
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67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
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Dunley, B.S., Freitas, L. & Galetto, L. (2009) Reproduction of Byrsonima sericea
(Malpighiaceae) in Restinga Fragmented Habitats in Southeastern Brazil. Biotropica, 41,
692-699.
Echeverria, C., Newton, A.C., Lara, A., Benayas, J.M.R. & Coomes, D.A. (2007) Impacts
of forest fragmentation on species composition and forest structure in the temperate
landscape of southern Chile. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 426-439.
Elzinga, J.A., Turin, H., van Damme, J.M.M. & Biere, A. (2005) Plant population size and
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Esseen, P.A. (1994) Tree mortality patterns after experimental fragmentation of an oldgrowth conifer forest. Biological Conservation, 68, 19-28.
Farwig, N., Bailey, D., Bochud, E., Herrmann, J.D., Kindler, E., Reusser, N., Schuepp, C.
& Schmidt-Entling, M.H. (2009) Isolation from forest reduces pollination, seed predation
and insect scavenging in Swiss farmland. Landscape Ecology, 24, 919-927.
Faveri, S.B., Vasconcelos, H.L. & Dirzo, R. (2008) Effects of Amazonian forest
fragmentation on the interaction between plants, insect herbivores, and their natural
enemies. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 24, 57-64.
Ferreras, A.E., Torres, C. & Galetto, L. (2008) Fruit removal of an invasive exotic species
(Ligustrum lucidum) in a fragmented landscape. Journal of Arid Environments, 72, 15731580.
Fischer, M., van Kleunen, M. & Schmid, B. (2000) Genetic Allee effects on performance,
plasticity and developmental stability in a clonal plant. Ecology Letters, 3, 530-539.
Fleury, M. & Galetti, M. (2004) Effects of microhabitat on palm seed predation in two
forest fragments in southeast Brazil. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 26,
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Fleury, M. & Galetti, M. (2006) Forest fragment size and microhabitat effects on palm seed
predation. Biological Conservation, 131, 1-13.
Flores-Palacios, A. & Garcia-Franco, J.G. (2004) Effect of isolation on the structure and
nutrient content of oak epiphyte communities. Plant Ecology, 173, 259-269.
Flores-Palacios, A. & Garcia-Franco, J.G. (2008) Habitat isolation changes the beta
diversity of the vascular epiphyte community in lower montane forest, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Franzen, D. & Eriksson, O. (2003) Patch distribution and dispersal limitation of four plant
species in Swedish semi-natural grasslands. Plant Ecology, 166, 217-225.
Fuchs, E.J., Lobo, J.A. & Quesada, M. (2003) Effects of forest fragmentation and
flowering phenology on the reproductive success and mating patterns of the tropical dry
forest tree Pachira quinata. Conservation Biology, 17, 149-157.
Gagnon, P.R., Bruna, E.M., Rubim, P., Darrigo, M.R., Littell, R.C., Uriarte, M. & Kress,
W.J. (2011) Growth of an understory herb is chronically reduced in Amazonian forest
fragments. Biological Conservation, 144, 830-835.
Galetti, M., Alves-Costa, C.P. & Cazetta, E. (2003) Effects of forest fragmentation,
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Gehlhausen, S.M., Schwartz, M.W. & Augspurger, C.K. (2000) Vegetation and
microclimatic edge effects in two mixed-mesophytic forest fragments. Plant Ecology, 147,
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Gigord, L., Picot, F. & Shykoff, J.A. (1999) Effects of habitat fragmentation on Dombeya
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Godefroid, S. & Koedam, N. (2003) How important are large vs. small forest remnants for
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Gonzalez-Varo, J.P., Albaladejo, R.G., Aparicio, A. & Arroyo, J. (2010) Linking genetic
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Mediterranean shrub. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 1242-1252.
Gonzalez-Varo, J.P., Arroyo, J. & Aparicio, A. (2009) Effects of fragmentation on
pollinator assemblage, pollen limitation and seed production of Mediterranean myrtle
(Myrtus communis). Biological Conservation, 142, 1058-1065.
Gonzalez-Varo, J.P., Nora, S. & Aparicio, A. (2012) Bottlenecks for plant recruitment in
woodland remnants: An ornithochorous shrub in a Mediterranean 'relictual' landscape.
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Graae, B.J. (2000) The effect of landscape fragmentation and forest continuity on forest
floor species in two regions of Denmark. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11, 881-892.
GrashofBokdam, C. (1997) Forest species in an agricultural landscape in the Netherlands:
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Groom, M.J. (2001) Consequences of subpopulation isolation for pollination, herbivory,
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Groppe, K., Steinger, T., Schmid, B., Baur, B. & Boller, T. (2001) Effects of habitat
fragmentation on choke disease (Epichloe bromicola) in the grass Bromus erectus. Journal
of Ecology, 89, 247-255.
Guariguata, M.R., Arias-Le Claire, H. & Jones, G. (2002) Tree seed fate in a logged and
fragmented forest landscape, northeastern Costa Rica. Biotropica, 34, 405-415.
Guerrero, P.C. & Bustamante, R.O. (2009) Abiotic alterations caused by forest
fragmentation affect tree regeneration: a shade and drought tolerance gradient in the
remnants of Coastal Maulino Forest. Revista Chilena De Historia Natural, 82, 413-424.
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Guirado, M., Pino, J. & Roda, F. (2007) Comparing the role of site disturbance and
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6
100. Hamberg, L., Lehvavirta, S., Malmivaara-Lamsa, M., Rita, H. & Kotze, D.J. (2008) The
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101. Hansen, M.J. & Clevenger, A.P. (2005) The influence of disturbance and habitat on the
presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation,
125, 249-259.
102. Hanson, T., Brunsfeld, S. & Finegan, B. (2006) Variation in seedling density and seed
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fragmented rain forest. Biotropica, 38, 770-774.
103. Hanson, T., Brunsfeld, S., Finegan, B. & Waits, L. (2007) Conventional and genetic
measures of seed dispersal for Dipteryx panamensis (Fabaceae) in continuous and
fragmented Costa Rican rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 23, 635-642.
104. Hanson, T.R., Brunsfeld, S.J., Finegan, B. & Waits, L.P. (2008) Pollen dispersal and
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105. Haynes, K.J. & Crist, T.O. (2009) Insect herbivory in an experimental agroecosystem: the
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106. Herrera, J.M. & Garcia, D. (2010) Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Seed Dispersal and
Seedling Establishment in Ornithochorous Trees. Conservation Biology, 24, 1089-1098.
107. Herrera, J.M., Garcia, D. & Morales, J.M. (2011) Matrix effects on plant-frugivore and
plant-predator interactions in forest fragments. Landscape Ecology, 26, 125-135.
108. Herrera, L.P. & Laterra, P. (2011) Relative influence of size, connectivity and disturbance
history on plant species richness and assemblages in fragmented grasslands. Applied
Vegetation Science, 14, 181-188.
109. Herrerias-Diego, Y., Quesada, M., Stoner, K.E. & Lobo, J.A. (2006) Effects of forest
fragmentation on phenological patterns and reproductive success of the tropical dry forest
tree Ceiba aesculifolia. Conservation Biology, 20, 1111-1120.
110. Herrerias-Diego, Y., Quesada, M., Stoner, K.E., Lobo, J.A., Hernandez-Flores, Y. &
Montoya, G.S. (2008) Effect of forest fragmentation on fruit and seed predation of the
tropical dry forest tree Ceiba aesculifolia. Biological Conservation, 141, 241-248.
111. Hoebee, S.E., Arnold, U., Duggelin, C., Gugerli, F., Brodbeck, S., Rotach, P. &
Holderegger, R. (2007) Mating patterns and contemporary gene flow by pollen in a large
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112. Hogbin, P.M., Ayre, D.J. & Whelan, R.J. (1998) Genetic variation and reproductive
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115. Honnay, O., Piessens, K., Van Landuyt, W., Hermy, M. & Gulinck, H. (2003) Satellite
based land use and landscape complexity indices as predictors for regional plant species
diversity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 63, 241-250.
7
116. Honnay, O., Verheyen, K., Butaye, J., Jacquemyn, H., Bossuyt, B. & Hermy, M. (2002)
Possible effects of habitat fragmentation and climate change on the range of forest plant
species. Ecology Letters, 5, 525-530.
117. Hooftman, D.A.P., van Kleunen, M. & Diemer, M. (2003) Effects of habitat fragmentation
on the fitness of two common wetland species, Carex davalliana and Succisa pratensis.
Oecologia, 134, 350-359.
118. Hu, G., Feeley, K.J., Wu, J.G., Xu, G.F. & Yu, M.J. (2011) Determinants of plant species
richness and patterns of nestedness in fragmented landscapes: evidence from land-bridge
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Appendix S2 – Distribution of Effect Sizes
Fig. SI-1. Histogram showing the distribution of ES in the data. A total of seven observations,
from six studies, had an ES value = 0; they were assigned to the positive or negative group
matching the discussion of the results reported in the publication (one positive and six negative).
600
400
200
0
data1$esasd
ES variability
(SD)
800
1000
Fig. SI-2. Graphical representation of the data points for which variability around the response
was reported (817 entries), the y-axis represents the SD associated with the ES, plotted against
the mean ES, x-axis. For clarity we excluded ten observations with SD>1000 in this graph.
-2
-1
0
data1$es
ES (means)
17
1
2
Appendix S3 – Models tested
Table SI-1. Model fits (Deviance Information Criteria, DIC) for a set of representative models analyzing
effect size as a function of sign of response, type of fragmentation, type of response, biome, vegetation
type, functional group and life stage. Model with lowest DIC has the best fit of the data. * Indicate the
models we report on in the main text, they were selected on the basis of DIC and of their suitability to
answer the proposed questions.
Model
DIC
Effect size~f(sign of response) including study random effects
2129
Effect size~f(sign of response, type of fragmentation)
2038
Effect size~f(sign of response, type of response)
2108
Effect size~ f (sign of response, type of fragmentation, type of response) non-
2012
hierarchical
*Effect size~ f (sign of response, type of fragmentation, type of response) hierarchical 1985
*Effect size~ f (sign of response, Biome)
1997
*Effect size~ f (sign of response, Vegetation type)
2063
*Effect size~ f (sign of response, Functional group)
1844
*Effect size~ f (sign of response, Life stage)
2019
18
Appendix S4 – Variance weighted analysis
We carried out a variance weighted meta-analysis at the observation level using the difference to
mean ratio effect size for the subset of observations that provided standard deviation/standard
effort and sample size information. We multiplied each individual ES by the inverse of its
variance to give observations with lower variance more weight in the calculation of group mean
ES. Each observation within the same publication was treated as an independent sample
(Gurevitch & Hedges 2001). The 95% confidence intervals around the mean ES were calculated
using critical values from a standard normal distribution (1.96*SE).
Fig. SI-3. Results of the variance weighted analysis including those observations that reported
variance information. The graph on the left represents the Overall ES, and ES for each of the
fragmentation effects is plotted in the right graph. The number of observations included in each
calculation is noted at the bottom of the figure. Asterisks indicate that the 95% CI around each
ES mean did not include zero (some of 95% CI are very narrow around the mean and cannot be
seen in the graphs).
19
Fig. SI-4. Results of the variance weighted analysis including those observations that reported
variance information. EF for each type of response associated to each type of fragmentation
process. The number of observations included in each calculation is noted at the bottom of the
20
figure. Asterisks indicate that the 95%CI around each EF mean did not include zero (some of
95% CI are very narrow around the mean and cannot be seen in the graphs).
Gurevitch, J. & Hedges, L. V. (2001) Meta-analysis - combining the results of independent
experiments. Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments (eds S. M. Scheiner & J.
Gurevitch). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
21