Online Resource 2 The full set of Kruskal-Wallis tests to show significant and non-significant differences in values of the three measures of genetic diversity and population size categories (a), IUCN Red List categories (b), and studies using all three control region domains (c). Unequal variance t-tests and supporting Wilcoxon rank sum tests to show significant and nonsignificant differences in mean and median values of genetic diversity between island, mainland and island endemic species (d). (a) sizes: <100 & 100-500 0.8 0.6 present at bottleneck 0.4 Significant difference Haplotype Diversity 1.0 Haplotype Diversity: (H3=15.61, p<0.01**) <100 101-500 501-1000 Non-bottleneck n= 9 n= 4 n= 3 n= 55 <100 101-500 501-1000 Non-bottleneck n= 9 n= 4 n= 3 n= 55 Bottleneck Size size: <100 (H3=19.61, p<0.001***) 5 4 3 2 present at bottleneck 1 Significant difference Standard Number of Haplotypes Haplotypes: 6 Standard Number of Bottleneck Size 0.012 0.008 0.004 0.000 Nucleotide Diversity Nucleotide Diversity <100 101-500 501-1000 Non-bottleneck n= 9 n= 4 n= 3 n= 55 Bottleneck Size (b) Haplotype Diversity 0.6 Haplotype Diversity 0.2 0.4 categories 0.8 1.0 and IUCN Critically-Endangered Endangered n= 3 n= 14 Critically-Endangered Endangered n= 3 n= 14 Vulnerable Near-Threatened Least-Concern n= 11 n= 14 n= 36 Vulnerable Near-Threatened Least-Concern n= 11 n= 14 n= 36 IUCN Category n= 3 Standard Number of 6 5 4 3 2 1 IUCN categories Standard Number of Haplotypes Haplotypes and IUCN Category n= 3 Nucleotide Diversity 0.008 Nucleotide Diversity 0.000 0.004 categories 0.012 and IUCN Critically-Endangered Endangered n= 3 n= 14 Vulnerable Near-Threatened Least-Concern n= 11 n= 14 n= 36 IUCN Category (c) 1.0 Haplotype Diversity: 0.8 0.7 Haplotype Diversity 0.6 0.5 domains. 0.9 Control Region all <100 n= 6 501-1000 Non-bottleneck n= 2 n= 14 Bottleneck Size n= 3 5 4 3 domains. 2 Control Region all 1 Haplotypes: Standard Number of Haplotypes Standard Number of Significant difference <100 present at bottleneck n= 6 501-1000 Non-bottleneck n= 2 n= 14 501-1000 Non-bottleneck n= 2 n= 14 Bottleneck Size size: <100 (H2=9.02, p<0.05*) 0.008 0.000 domains Nucleotide Diversity Control Region all 0.004 Diversity: 0.012 Nucleotide <100 n= 6 Bottleneck Size (d) Haplotype diversity Standard Number of haplotypes Nucleotide diversity 0.012 0.008 0.004 Nucleotide Diversity 6 5 4 3 2 Mainland Island 0.000 Island 1 Standard Number of Haplotypes 0.8 0.6 0.2 (n = 11,68) Haplotype Diversity species 0.4 mainland 1.0 Island or Mainland Island Mainland Endemic Non-Endemic p<0.05 & W=237.5, p<0.05 t15.8t(15.759)=-2.179, =-2.179, p<0.05; W=237.5,p<0.05 Endemic Non-Endemic 0.010 0.002 0.006 Nucleotide Diversity 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 Standard Number of Haplotypes (n =6,6) Haplotype Diversity endemics 0.5 non- 0.4 endemics or 0.5 0.9 Island Endemic Non-Endemic Alonso JC, Martín CA, Alonso JA, Palacín C, Magaña M, Lieckfeldt, Pitra C (2008) Genetic diversity of the great bustard in Iberia and Morocco: risks from current population fragmentation. 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Conservation Genetics 11;867–875 Faria PJ, Guedes NMR, Yamashita C, Martuscelli P, Miyaki C (2008) Genetic variation and population structure of the endangered Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus): implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 17;765–779 Haig S, Mullins T (2004) Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl. Conservation Genetics 5;683-705 Hansson B, Hasselquist D, Tarka M, Zehtindjiev P, Bensch S (2008) Postglacial colonisation patterns and the role of isolation and expansion in driving diversification in a passerine bird. PLoS ONE 3;p.e.2794 Hefti-Gautschi B, Pfunder M, Jenni L, Keller V, Ellegren H (2008) Identification of conservation units in the European Mergus merganser based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers. Conservation Genetics 10;87– 99 Hendrickson S, Bleiweiss R, Matheus J (2003) Low genetic variability in the geographically widespread andean condor. The Condor 105;1-12 Honnen AC, Hailer F, Kenntner N, Literák I, Dubska L, Zachos FE (2010) Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellites reveal high diversity and genetic structure in an avian top predator, the white‐tailed sea eagle, in central Europe. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 99;727–737 Huang Z, Liu NF, Chen YK, Xiao YA (2009) Genetic diversity in peripheral and central populations of Rustynecklaced Partridge (Alectoris magna) based on mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 55;187–197 Hull JM, Anderson R, Bradbury M, Estep JA, Ernest HB (2007) Population structure and genetic diversity in Swainson’s Hawks (Buteo swainsoni): implications for conservation. Conservation Genetics 9;305–316 Idaghdour Y, Broderick D, Korrida A, Chbel F (2004) Mitochondrial control region diversity of the houbara bustard Chlamydotis undulata complex and genetic structure along the Atlantic seaboard of North Africa. Molecular Ecology 13;43–54 Ishtiaq F, Dutta S, Yumnam B, Jhala YV (2011) Low genetic diversity in the endangered great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) across India and implications for conservation. Conservation Genetics 12;857–863 Jiang HX, Hou YQ, Qian FW, Chu GZ, Li YX, Wang H, Shan K, Zheng GM (2008) Population genetic divergence and migration pattern of the Saunders's gull Larus saundersi. Acta Zool. Sin, 54;767–776 Jiang P, Ge Y, Lang Q (2007) Genetic structure among wild populations of Elliot's Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti in China from mitochondrial DNA analyses. Bird Conservation 17;177-185 Johnson JA, Dunn PO (2006) Low Genetic Variation in the Heath Hen Prior to Extinction and Implications for the Conservation of Prairie-Chicken Populations. Conservation Genetics 7;37–48 Johnson JA, Burnham KK, Burnham WA, Mindell DP (2007) Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons. Molecular Ecology 16;3145–3160 Kvist L, Giralt D, Valera F, Hoi H, Kristin A, Darchiashvili G, Lovaszi P (2011) Population decline is accompanied by loss of genetic diversity in the Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor. Ibis 153;98-109 Kvist L, Viiri K, Dias P (2004) Glacial history and colonization of Europe by the blue tit Parus caeruleus. Journal of Avian Biology 35;352-359 Lerner HRL, Johnson JA, Lindsay AR, Kiff LF, Mindell DP (2009) It's not too late for the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja): high levels of genetic diversity and differentiation can fuel conservation programs. PLoS ONE 4; p.e7336. Lopes IF, Tomasulo-Seccomandi AM, Bryan Jr AL, Brisbin (2011) Genetic status of the wood stork (Mycteria americana) from the southeastern United States and the Brazilian Pantanal as revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Genetics and Molecular Research 10;1910–1922 Lopes IF, Haig SM, Lama SND (2010) Genetic Characterization of Neotropical Jabiru Storks: Insights for Conservation. Waterbirds 33;425–437 Marshall HD, Baker AJ (1997) Structural conservation and variation in the mitochondrial control region of fringilline finches (Fringilla spp.) and the greenfinch (Carduelis chloris). Molecular Biology and Evolution 14;173-184 Marthinsen G, Wennerberg, Soldheim R, Lifjeld JT (2008) No phylogeographic structure in the circumpolar snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus). Conservation Genetics 10;923–933 Martínez-Cruz B, Godoy JA, Negro JJ (2004) Population genetics after fragmentation: the case of the endangered Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti). Molecular Ecology 13;2243–2255 Martínez-Fresno M, Henriques-Gil N, Arana P (2007) Mitochondrial DNA sequence variability in red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa, Spanish populations and the origins of genetic contamination from A. chukar. Conservation Genetics 9;1223–1231 Mila B, McCormack JE, Castañeda G, Wayne RK, Smith TB (2007) Recent postglacial range expansion drives the rapid diversification of a songbird lineage in the genus Junco. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274;2653–2660 Muñoz-Fuentes V, Green AJ, Negro JJ, Sorenson MD (2005) Population structure and loss of genetic diversity in the endangered white-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala. Conservation Genetics 6;999–1015 Nittinger F, Gamauf A, Pinsker W, Wink M, Haring E (2007) Phylogeography and population structure of the saker falcon (Falco cherrug) and the influence of hybridization: mitochondrial and microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology 16;1497–1517 Oyler-McCance SJ, Ransler FA, Berkman LK, Qwinn TW (2007) A rangewide population genetic study of trumpeter swans. Conservation Genetics 8;1339–1353 Ozaki K, Yamamoto Y, Yamagishi S (2010) Genetic diversity and phylogeny of the endangered Okinawa Rail, Gallirallus okinawae. Genes & genetic systems 85;55–63 Patirana A, Hatch S, Friesen VL (2002) Population differentiation in the red-legged kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA. Conservation Genetics 3;355-340 Pavlova A, Zink RM, Rohwer S, Koblik EA, Red'kin YA, Fadeev IV, Nesterov EV (2005) Mitochondrial DNA and plumage evolution in the white wagtail Motacilla alba. Journal of Avian Biology 36;322–336 Phymer J, Gain MG, Austin JE, Johnson DH, Krajewski C (2001) Mitochondrial phylogeography, subspecific taxonomy, and conservation genetics of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis; Aves: Gruidae). Conservation Genetics 2;203-218 Poyarkov ND, Klenova AV, Kholodova MV (2010) Genetic diversity of swan goose (Anser cygnoides L.) in Russia: analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region polymorphism. Russian Journal of Genetics 46;493–496 Reding DM, Freed LA, Cann RL, Fleischer RC (2010) Spatial and temporal patterns of genetic diversity in an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper, the Hawaii Akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus). Conservation Genetics 11;225–240 Robertson BC, Steeves TE, McBride KP, Goldstien SJ, Williams M, Gemmell NJ (2007) Phylogeography of the New Zealand blue duck (Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos): implications for translocation and species recovery. Conservation Genetics 8;1431–1440 Roques S, Negro JJ (2005) MtDNA genetic diversity and population history of a dwindling raptorial bird, the red kite (Milvus milvus). Biological Conservation 126;41–50 Russello M, Avery ML, Wright, T, (2008) Genetic evidence links invasive monk parakeet populations in the United States to the international pet trade. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8;217 Santos MH, Lopes IF, Lama SN (2008) Population Genetic Study of Mitochondrial DNA in Roseate Spoonbill (Aves; Platalea ajaja) Breeding Colonies from the Pantanal Wetlands, Brazil. Biochemical Genetics 46;492– 505 Shephard JM, Hughes JM, Catterall CP, Oldsen PD (2005) Conservation status of the White-Bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster in Australia determined using mtDNA control region sequence data. Conservation Genetics 6;413–429 Solovyeva DV, Pearce JM (2011) Comparative mitochondrial genetics of North American and Eurasian mergansers with an emphasis on the endangered scaly-sided merganser (Mergus squamatus). Conservation Genetics 12;839–844 Swinnerton K, Groombridge JJ, Jones CG, Burn RW, Mungroo, Y (2004) Inbreeding depression and founder diversity among captive and free‐living populations of the endangered pink pigeon Columba mayeri. Animal Conservation 7;353–364 Talbot S, Pearce JM, Pierson BJ, Derksen DV, Scribner KT (2003) Molecular status of the dusky Canada goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis): a genetic assessment of a translocation effort. Conservation Genetics 4;367381 Uimaniemi L, Orell M, Kvist L, Jokimäki J, Lumme J (2003) Genetic variation of the Siberian tit Parus cinctus populations at the regional level: a mitochondrial sequence analysis. Ecography 26;98–106 Veit ML, Robertson RJ, Hamel PB, Friesen VL (2005) Population genetic structure and dispersal across a fragmented landscape in cerulean warblers (Dendroica cerulea). Conservation Genetics 6;159–174 Wennerberg L, Marthinsen G, Lifjeld JT (2008) Conservation genetics and phylogeography of southern dunlins Calidris alpina schinzii. Journal of Avian Biology 39;423–437 Yang SJ, Lei FM, Qu YH, Yin ZH (2006) Intraspecific phylogeography of the white-rumped snowfinch (Onychostruthus taczanowskii) endemic to the Tibetan Plateau based on mtDNA sequences. Journal of Zoology 268;187–192 Young DL, Allard M (1997) Conservation genetics of the plain pigeon Columba inornata in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Molecular Ecology 6;877–879 Zan S, Zhou L, Jiang H, Zhang B, Wu Z, Hou Y (2008) Genetic structure of the oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana): implications for a breeding colony in a non-breeding area. Integrative Zoology 3;235–244 Zhang B, Fang S-G, Xi Y-M (2004) Low genetic diversity in the endangered crested ibis Nipponia nippon and implications for conservation. Bird Conservation International, 14;183-190 Zhang W-W, Zhang Y-M, Qnag Q, Li F (2010) Genetic diversity and population structure of marsh grassbird (Locustella pryeri sinensis) in China. 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