Government of Russian federation
"National Research University
Highest School of Economics”
School of Asian Studies
Master's Program in Sociopolitical Development and the Challenges of Modern
East Asia
Course
“Role of East Asia in Context of Regional and Global Problems”
Senior Lecturer Vladimir Zakharov
Moscow, 2014
No part of this program may be reproduced, copied, transmitted or used by other
institutions in any forms or by any means without the prior permission of its author
Instructor:Senior Lecturer Vladimir Zakharov.
e-mail: vzakharov@rambler.ru
General Schedule:
Overview of the course
This course focuses on the main development of political and economic
situation in Central Asia and in its countries. In the same time it provides a general
design for prospects of Regional Security. In general we will summarize bilateral
and multilateral relations between regional states as well the impact of
globalization to this region and the role played by external actors. In this course we
will stress on most important functional features of the emerging regional order:
economics, globalization, and regional security.
This course is mainly based on the students creative work in finding and
reading new materials about present day policies and it means that for each class
you have to read a lot to understand the different approaches to international
Relations in Central Asia.
This course examines Central Asia as a pivotal regional system in the
international context, focusing on security, economic ties and transnational global
relations.
The course will draw upon theories and questions found in the international
relations literature to examine whether Central Asia is a coherent region. We will
provide an overview to the general theory of international relations in this Region,
explain the legacy of history for the region. Attention is paid to continuities and
discontinuities in state formation and foreign policy, regime types, and political
culture. We will also cover developments in the international relations of Central
Asia the end of the Cold War. It also stresses on the case studies of regional
conflicts, development of regional organizations (NGOs, etc.), non-state actors,
analyses most important bilateral relations with Russia, China, USA, Japan, India,
China-Korea and multilateral relations inside and outside Political and Trade
Bodies.
Rational
We will also discuss the flashpoints in Asia Pacific international politics, e.g.
territorial claims, battle for resourses, denuclearization, conflict resolution and the
search for the new architecture of Central Asia. We will analyze the interplay
between world and regional powers, alongside the foreign policies of the main
actors in the region. Special attention is also given to trends in centralasian
regionalism (politics, security, economy).
Special attention will be given the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as
a new type multifaceted cooperation regional body.
Aims of the course:
- provide an introduction to the domestic and international politics of main
actors in Central Asia;
- provide an overview of the regional policies and bilateral relationships of the
major powers
- examine regional organizations and the changing nature of regional order;
- discuss the main conflictual dynamics in the region (Energy, Ecology and
Water problems, Prospects for solution of territorial issues);
- discuss post-Cold War continuities and changes.
- Provide a detailed introduction to the main concepts and trend of the
development of foreign policy in Central Asia
- Discuss the key issues of internal development in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan and their foreign policy, including
role of Russia, China, USA, EU and regional cooperation and tensions in the
region
- Compare and contrast comprehensive security with other concepts of
security;
Learning outcomes and competences
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able
- Identify the geographical region of Central Asia and role played there by
regional political and trade organizations.
- understand the nature of conflicts between Central Asia countries and main
approaches for its solving
- be able to examine main trends in the foreign policy of regional powers and
the influence of Russia, China and USA in the region;
- to describe the specifics of each state in Central Asia and summarize
fundamental problems of this region in the context of international relations
- be familiar with the political systems of the Central Asia countries;
- explain the linkages between local, regional and global developments;
- describe possible applications of comprehensive security concepts in the
Central Asia
- analyze the foreign policies of Central Asia states;
- have an understanding of the factors facilitating and hindering regional
security and cooperation.
- to summarize political and security trends in Central Asia, evaluate interests
of key countries, and explain causes of conflicts, current development and
issues.
- Recognize the political and trade organizations that make up the region and
their historic role in making the region the place that it is today.
- understand the principal regional organizations relevant to security.
Structure of the course
This course is divided into several sessions, each session could comprise from
one to three classes. Each session is divided into part: short introductory lecture by
instructor and the discussion. Discussion could be presented in two forms: as a
group discussion or as a presentation by one or two students and the discussion
after this presentation.
Participation and attendance
This is a graduate course and given the nature of the course students are
expected to mandatory attend all classes and to actively participate. As well,
preparing the assigned readings is essential, due to the complexity of the subject
and the fact that the amount of material covered every week is quite large. If you
are late in class more that for 20 minutes without reasonable explanation you grade
for participation could be degraded (Instructor will formally inform you about this)
If you’ve missed a class you have to inform instructor before (!) the class and
explain the formal reason for that. For each unexcused absence thereafter you have
to write an overview using the readings provided for the missed class (2-3 pages).
You could miss no more that two classes (sessions). In other case your final grad
will be decreased. You are responsible for keeping the professor informed of any
situation that prevents you from attending class.
Class participation will constitute 25% of the final grade.
Readings
Readings is very important for this course. All classes will be built around
discussion after reading recommended materials. It means that if you won’t read
these materials and can not discuss it content and authors’ approaches to the
problems you will get a very low final grade.
Students are expected to complete all the assigned readings on time and
contribute to class discussions. In addition, each class one or two students will be
assigned to give a short commentary related to the class’s topic and/or readings.
Discussion
We will have group discussions and “strategic game”. The participation is
very important for the final grade. Asking questions to instructor as well to each
other (even the same question twice ) is expected, indeed strongly encouraged.
Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty
Plagiarism is a serious academic offense and it will not be tolerated. Plagiarism is
the theft of someone else’s intellectual property or presenting another person’s
work as one’s own. Plagiarism is "a piece of writing that has been copied from
someone else and is presented as being your own work." This includes ideas as
well as specific phrases, sentences or paragraphs. To avoid plagiarism, it is
essential that you use proper quotation and citation in all the written work you
submit for the course. You are responsible for handing in original work and for
citing all of your information sources.
Grading.
Cumulative grade :
Attendance and Class Participation - 30%
Presentation - 40%
Group Discussion and readings – 30%
Final mark=0.5 cumulative grade+0.5 grade for the exam.
10 point
grading system
10,9, 8
Excellent
7,6
Good
5,4
Fair
3,2,1
failing grade
Précis should be due in accordance with Your professor opinion
Course syllabus
Total class hours
W
ee
k
1
Topic
Session 1.Centrl Asia as a coherent
region
The definition and structure of the
regions
State formation and regional order:
Central Asia in the twentieth century
Regionalism and Integration Theory
Regional Dynamics
After-Class Readings
Blank, Stephen J. (2013). Central Asia
After 2014. ISBN 978-1-58487-593-2.




Chow, Edward. "Central Asia's
Pipelines: Field of Dreams and
Reality", in Pipeline Politics in Asia:
The Intersection of Demand,
Energy Markets, and Supply
Routes. National Bureau of Asian
Research, 2010.
Dani, A.H. and V.M. Masson, eds.
UNESCO History of Civilizations of
Central Asia. Paris: UNESCO, 1992.
Gorshunova. Olga V. Svjashennye
derevja Khodzhi Barora..., ( Sacred
Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry
and the Cult of Female Deity in
Central Asia) in
Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie,
2008, n° 1, pp. 71–82. ISSN 08695415. (Russian).
Klein, I.; Gessner, U.; Kuenzer, C..
"Regional land cover mapping and
change detection in Central Asia
Lect
ures
4
SelfSemi Practical study
nars classes
0
0
5


using MODIS time-series", in
[Applied Geography], volume 35,
issue 1-2, pp. 219–234,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeo
g.2012.06.016
Mandelbaum, Michael, ed. Central
Asia and the World: Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
and Turkmenistan. New York:
Council on Foreign Relations
Press, 1994.
Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. Persian
Historiography and Geography:
Bertold Spuler on Major Works
Produced in Iran, the Caucasus,
Central Asia, Pakistan and Early
Ottoman Turkey. Singapore:
Pustaka Nasional, 2003.

2
Session 2.
Rising political and economic role of
Сentral Asia in global dimension
Geographical, Civilization, political and
economic patterns in Asia, Eurasia.
Introductory review of the common
trends of political and economic
integration in Central Asia; prospects for
building up a new security architecture
in Central Asia.
After-class readings:


Olcott, Martha Brill. Central Asia's
New States: Independence,
Foreign policy, and Regional
security. Washington, D.C.: United
States Institute of Peace Press,
1996.
Phillips, Andrew; James, Paul
(2013). "National Identity
2
2
0
5





3
between Tradition and Reflexive
Modernisation: The
Contradictions of Central Asia".
National Identities 3 (1): pp. 23–
35.
Hasan Bulent Paksoy. ALPAMYSH:
Central Asian Identity under
Russian Rule. Hartford: AACAR,
1989.
http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carri
e_books/paksoy-1/
Soucek, Svatopluk. A History of
Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2000.
Rall, Ted. Silk Road to Ruin: Is
Central Asia the New Middle East?
New York: NBM Publishing, 2006.
Stone, L.A. The International
Politics of Central Eurasia (272
pp). Central Eurasian Studies On
Line: Accessible via the Web Page
of the International Eurasian
Institute for Economic and
Political Research:
http://www.iicas.org/forumen.ht
m
Weston, David. Teaching about
Inner Asia, Bloomington, Indiana:
ERIC Clearinghouse for Social
Studies, 1989
Session 3. Kazakhastan, General
political, economic and social design.
What are the key constitutional,
executive and juridical rules and their
interaction, ongoing and upcoming
reforms of political institutions, role of
the CPC,PLA and NGO.

After-Class Readings:
2
0
0
5





Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999).
Uneasy Alliance: Relations
Between Russia and Kazakhstan in
the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
ISBN 0-313-30965-5.
Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael &
Mayhew, Bradley (2004). Lonely
Planet Guide: Central Asia.
Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet.
ISBN 1-86450-296-7.
Cummings, Sally (2002).
Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite.
London: Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-8541.
Demko, George (1997). The
Russian Colonization of
Kazakhstan. New York: Routledge.
ISBN 0-7007-0380-2.
Fergus, Michael & Jandosova,
Janar (2003). Kazakhstan: Coming
of Age. London: Stacey
International. ISBN 1-900988-615.

4
Session 3. Kazakhstan. Main factors
contributing to evolution of Kazakhstan
foreign policy.
Bilateral relations with regional and
global partners – Russia, China, USA, EU,
India. Political and economical
Interaction with regional and
international organizations.
Readings:

George, Alexandra (2001). Journey
into Kazakhstan: The True Face of
the Nazarbayev Regime. Lanham:
University Press of America.
2
2
0
5








5
ISBN 0-7618-1964-9.
Martin, Virginia (2000). Law and
Custom in the Steppe. Richmond:
Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1405-7.
Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001).
Epicenter of Peace. Hollis, NH:
Puritan Press. ISBN 1-884186-130.
Nazpary, Joma (2002). Post-Soviet
Chaos: Violence and Dispossession
in Kazakhstan. London: Pluto
Press. ISBN 0-7453-1503-8.
Olcott, Martha Brill (2002).
Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise.
Washington, DC: Brookings
Institution Press. ISBN 0-87003189-9.
Rall, Ted (2006). Silk Road to Ruin:
Is Central Asia the New Middle
East?. New York: NBM. ISBN 156163-454-9.
Robbins, Christopher (2007). In
Search of Kazakhstan: The Land
That Disappeared. London: Profile
Books. ISBN 978-1-86197-868-4.
Rosten, Keith (2005). Once in
Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard
Emerges. New York: iUniverse.
ISBN 0-595-32782-6.
Thubron, Colin (1994). The Lost
Heart of Asia. New York:
HarperCollins
Session 5. Uzbekistan, General
political, economic and social design.
Political institutions, economic and
social situation, ongoing reforms.
After-Class Readings

Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the
2
0
0
8



Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia
by Tom Bissell
A Historical Atlas of Uzbekistan by
Aisha Khan
The Modern Uzbeks From the
14th century to the Present: A
Cultural History by Edward A.
Allworth
Nationalism in Uzbekistan: Soviet
Republic's Road to Sovereignty by
James Critchlow
 Paul Krugman (1994): “The Myth of
Asia’s Miracle.”
 Ben Fine (1999): “The Developmental
State is Dead - Long Live Social
Capital?”
Joseph Wong (2004): “The Adaptive
Developmental State in East Asia.”
6
Session 6. Uzbekistan. Main factors
contributing to evolution of Uzbekistan
foreign policy.






Odyssey Guide: Uzbekistan by
Calcum Macleod and Bradley
Mayhew
Uzbekistan: Heirs to the Silk Road
by Johannes Kalter and Margareta
Pavaloi
Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia
the New Middle East? by Ted Rall
Murder in Samarkand: A British
Ambassador's Controversial
Defiance of Tyranny in the War on
Terror by Craig Murray
Tamerlane's Children: Dispatches
from contemporary Uzbekistan by
Robert Rand
White Gold: the true cost of
2
0
0
10
cotton, Still in the Fields, and Slave
Nation. Printed reports
documenting environmental and
social abuses in Uzbekistan's
cotton fields by the Environmental
Justice Foundation
7
Session 7 Kirgizstan
Political institutions, economical
systems, role of NGO and ongoing
reforms, international policy.
Readings:







Historical Dictionary of Kyrgyzstan
by Rafis Abazov
Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of
Democracy? by John Anderson
Kyrgyzstan: The Growth and
Influence of Islam in the Nations
of Asia and Central Asia by Daniel
E. Harmon
Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia
by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn
and Bradley Mayhew
Odyssey Guide: Kyrgyz Republic by
Ceri Fairclough, Rowan Stewart
and Susie Weldon
Politics of Language in the ExSoviet Muslim States: Azerbaijan,
Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and
Tajikistan by Jacob M. Landau and
Barbara Kellner-Heinkele. Ann
Arbor, University of Michigan
Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-47211226-5
Kyrgyzstan: Traditions of Nomads
by V. Kadyrov, Rarity Ltd., Bishkek,
2
2
5
2005. ISBN 9967-424-42-7
8
Session 8. Tajikistan
Political institutions, economical
systems, role of NGO and ongoing
reforms, international policy.
2
0
5
2
2
5
After-Class Readings:






9
Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan
by Kamoludin Abdullaev and
Shahram Akbarzadeh
Land Beyond the River: The
Untold Story of Central Asia by
Monica Whitlock
Tajikistan: Disintegration or
Reconciliation by Shirin Akiner
Tajikistan: The Trials of
Independence by Shirin Akiner,
Mohammad-Reza Djalili and
Frederic Grare
Tajikistan and the High Pamirs by
Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas
and Markus Hauser, Odyssey
Books, Hong Kong 2008 (ISBN 9789-622177-73-4)
Majority Minoritized by
Government: Muslims in
Tajikistan (analysis) by Dr. Ruslan
Kurbanov, OnIslam.net. May 19,
2012.
Session 9. Turkmenistan
Political institutions, economical
systems, role of NGO and ongoing
reforms, international policy.
After-Class Readings:











10
Bradt Travel Guide: Turkmenistan
by Paul Brummell
Historical Dictionary of
Turkmenistan by Rafis Abazov
Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia
by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn
and Bradley Mayhew
The Great Game: The Struggle for
Empire in Central Asia by Peter
Hopkirk
Tradition and Society in
Turkmenistan: Gender, Oral
Culture and Song by Carole
Blackwell
Tribal Nation: The Making of
Soviet Turkmenistan by Adrienne
Lynn Edgar
Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the
Balkans, the Middle East, and the
Caucasus by Robert D. Kaplan
Unknown Sands: Journeys Around
the World's Most Isolated Country
by John W. Kropf
Rall, Ted. "Silk Road to Ruin: Is
Central Asia the New Middle
East?" New York: NBM Publishing,
2006.
Theroux, Paul, "Letter from
Turkmenistan, The Golden Man,
Saparmyrat Nyyazow’s reign of
insanity" New Yorker, 28 May
2007
Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer,
Turkménistan, Paris, Non Lieu,
2009
Session 10. Flashpoints and Conflict
resolution in Modern Central Asia
 Military and economic concerns
2
0
for Asia
 Territorial claims
 Crisis in the Taiwan Straits
Readings:
Zhang Tuosheng. Territorial Disputes:
Compromise, Co-operate, And Keep
Conversing // Global Asia Vol. 6, No. 2,
summer 2011, 42-45
Avery Goldstein & Edward D. Mansfield
When Fighting Ends Global Asia Vol. 6,
No. 2, summer 2011, pp. 8-17
11
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Problems of security – terrorism,
extremism, separatism. Political and
economic interaction, ongoing reforms,
external police. The Shanghai
Cooperation Organization – trends for
multifaceted interaction. Afghan
problem.
Readings:



Kalra, Prajakti and Saxena,
Siddharth "Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation and Prospects of
Development in Eurasia Region"
Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol 6.
No.2, 2007
Sznajder, Ariel Pablo, "China's
Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation Strategy", University
of California Press, May 2006
Oresman, Matthew, "Beyond the
Battle of Talas: China's Reemergence in Central
Asia" PDF (4.74 MiB), National
Defence University Press, August
2
5









2004
Gill, Bates and Oresman,
Matthew, China's New Journey to
the West: Report on China's
Emergence in Central Asia and
Implications for U.S. Interests,
CSIS Press, August 2003
Fels, Enrico (2009), Assessing
Eurasia's Powerhouse. An Inquiry
into the Nature of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation,
Winkler Verlag: Bochum. ISBN
978-3-89911-107-1
Yom, Sean L. (2002). "Power
Politics in Central Asia: The Future
of the Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation". Harvard Asia
Quarterly 6 (4) 48–54.
Stakelbeck, Frederick W., Jr.
(August 8, 2005). "The Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation".
FrontPageMagazine.com.
Navrozov, Lev. (February 17,
2006). "The Sino-Russian
'Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation'"[dead link].
NewsMax.com.
Daly, John. (July 19, 2001).
"'Shanghai Five' expands to
combat Islamic radicals". Jane's
Terrorism & Security Monitor.
Colson, Charles. (August 5, 2003).
"Central Asia: Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation Makes
Military Debut". Radio Free
Europe/Radio Liberty.
Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (July 18, 2001).
"The Russia-China Friendship and
Cooperation Treaty: A Strategic
Shift in Eurasia?". The Heritage
Foundation.
Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (October 24,







2005). "Competition over Eurasia:
Are the U.S. and Russia on a
Collision Course?". The Heritage
Foundation.
John Keefer Douglas, Matthew B.
Nelson, and Kevin Schwartz;
"Fueling the Dragon's Flame: How
China's Energy Demands Affect its
Relationships in the Middle
East". PDF (162 KiB), United
States-China Economic and
Security Review Commission,
October 2006.
Baris Adibelli. "The Eurasia
Strategy of China" IQ Publishing
House, İstanbul, 2007.
Baris ADIBELLI, " The Great Game
in Eurasian Geopolitics", IQ
Publishing House, İstanbul, 2008.
Baris Adibelli, "Turkey-China
Relations since the Ottoman
Period", IQ Publishing House,
İstanbul,2007.
Baris Adibelli, The Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation Dream
of Turkey, Cumhuriyet
Strateji,İstanbul, 2007.
Baris ADIBELLI, "Greater Eurasia
Project", IQ Publishing House,
İstanbul,2006.
Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation: a vehicle for human
rights violations FIDH 2012
 Пань Гуан, Ху Цзянь, 21 шицзи дэ
ди игэ синь син цюйюй хэцзщ
цзучжи – Дуй Шанхай хэцзо цзцчжи
вэ цзунхэ яьцзю, Бэйцзин 2006
 Чжунго гоцзи дивэй баого,
Бэйцзинб 2009
 Цюанцю нэнъюань цицзюй,
Бэйзиню 2009
David Kerr, Central Asian and Russian
perpectives on China strategic
emergence, Washington,2010
12
Session 12. Toward a new Regional
order in Central Asia
Economic regionalism in Central
Asia. Competition and Primacy,
isolation and integration.
Nonstate Actors (NSAs) in Asia
Global and Regional Interstate
Organizations in Asia
Readings:
2
2
2
2
Wu Xinbo Building Closer Ties:
Economic Regionalism’s Impact on
Security //global asia Vol. 6, No. 2,
summer 2011, 24-29
Alexander L. Vuving. What Regional
Order for the Asia-Pacific? China’s
Rise, Primacy Competition, and
Inclusive Leadership, From APEC
2011 to APEC 2012: American and
Russian Perspectives on Asia-Pacific
Security and Cooperation. Honolulu:
Asia-Pacific Center for Security
Studies, 2012.pp. 213-224
Keith Dinnie. More Than Tourism: The
Challenges of Nation Branding in
Asia // Global Asia Vol. 7, No. 3,
Fall 2012, pp. 13-17
Borthwick, Mark. Pacific Century: The
Emergence Of Modern Pacific Asia,
Second Edition. 2nd ed. Westview
Press, 1998, p. 507-551
13
Session 13. Regional cooperation and
perspective development within the
5
region
Forms of Cooperation in NE Asia
Military and economic concerns for
Asia. Japan-China-US Strategic
Dialogue. Transregional Linkages and
Regional Dynamics: The NE Asian
Regional Economy. Battle for
Resources and cooperation
NGOs and block-building strategy
Readings:
Hitoshi Tanaka. Asia Uniting:
Many Tiers, One Goal // Global Asia
Vol. 5, No. 1 8-11, pp . 17-21
Avery Goldstein & Edward D.
Mansfield When Fighting Ends // Global
Asia Vol. 6, No. 2, summer 2011, pp. 817
Yukiko Fukagawa. Asia Is
Weathering the Global Economic Storm,
But Can It Do Better?
// Global Asia Vol. 7, No. 3, Fall 2012,
pp. 78-85
An Enduring But Elusive Idea:
Peace Through Cooperation // Global
Asia Vol. 7, No. 3, Fall 2012, pp. 108113
Danielle Cohen & Jonathan
Kirshner Myth-Telling: The Cult of
Energy Insecurity and China-US
Relations // Global Asia Vol. 6, No. 2,
summer 2011pp. 38-41
TOTAL HOURS 108
28
12
0
68
Questions for Study and Group Discussion (examples):
Main trends in development of international relations and integration process in Asia and Central
Asia
General Factors, influencing Security in Ctntal Asie.
Common trends of political and economic integration in Central Asia
Prospects for building up a new security architecture in Central Asia
Main political and economic integration organizations and for a in Central Pacific
Efforts of China for building up security system along its North border and its commitments ti the
SCO
Territorial conflicts in Central Asia
Political, economic and social situation in countries of Central Asia
Main trends in bilateral relations between countries of the region and its repercussion on their
interaction in international political and trade blocs
Present situation in sino-russian bilateral relations and its influence on cooperation in regional
bodies
Key interests of US, China, Japan and Russia in Central Asia
Problems of security in Central Asia
Shanghai cooperation organization
Central-Asian countries and international organizations
Précis Assignment
A précis is short and concise summary of a scholarly book, approximately 1000
words in length.
1. A précis is not a book review or a critique. A précis should capture the essence
of a longer argument, summarizing the argument, theory and data presented by
the work's author.
2. You can criticize, approve, agree or disagree with the shown material. In any
case essay should have a critical design and reflect your independent thinking.
Any thesis or statement should be proved by historical or socio-cultural
analysis.
3. It’s better to concentrate in several most important ideas than to try to write “in
general”. Be brief, laconic, and specific in developing your ideas
4. Good English is mostly welcomed.
Précis should be due with respect of your personal agreement with Your
lecturer
You can ask for the recommended book from the instructor or you can propose the
book by yourself