References List (Updated: 8 January 2015) Bosart, L. F., and J. A. Bartlo, 1991: Tropical storm formation in a baroclinic environment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 191, 1979–2013. Bosart, L. F., and G. M. Lackmann, 1995: Postlandfall tropical cyclone reintensification in a weakly baroclinic environment: A case study of Hurricane David (September 1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3268–3291. Bracken, W. E., and L. F. Bosart, 2000: The role of synoptic-scale flow during tropical cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 353–376. Davis, C. A., and L. F. Bosart, 2001: Numerical simulations of the genesis of Hurricane Diana (1984). Part I: Control simulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1859–1881. Davis, C. A., and L. F. Bosart, 2003: Baroclinically induced tropical cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2730–2747. Davis, C. A., and L. F. Bosart, 2004: The TT problem. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 1657–1662. DeMaria, M., J. A. Knaff, and B. H. Connell, 2001: A tropical cyclone genesis parameter for the tropical Atlantic. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 219– 233. Ek, M. B., K. E. Mitchell, Y. Lin, E. Rogers, P. Grunmann, V. Koren, G. Gayno, and J. D. Tarpley, 2003: Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta Model. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8851, doi:10.1029/2002JD003296. Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steadystate maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585–605. Emanuel, K. A., 1995: On thermally direct circulations in moist atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1529–1534. Emanuel, K., 2005: Genesis and maintenance of “Mediterranean hurricanes.”Adv. Geosci., 2, 217–220. Ernst, J. A., and M. Matson, 1983: A Mediterranean tropical storm? Weather, 38, 332– 337. Evans, J. L., and M. P. Guishard, 2009: Atlantic subtropical storms. Part I: Diagnostic criteria and composite analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 2065–2080. Evans, J. L., and A. Braun, 2012: A Climatology of subtropical cyclones in the South Atlantic. J. Climate, 25, 7328–7340. Fovell, R. G., K. L. Corbosiero, and H.-C. Kuo, 2009: Cloud microphysics impact on hurricane track as revealed in idealized experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1764–1778. Garde, L. A., A. B. Pezza, and J. A. T. Bye, 2010: Tropical transition of the 2001 Australian Duck, Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2038–2057. Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669–700. Guishard, M. P., E. A. Nelson, J. L. Evans, R. E. Hart, and D. G. O’Connell, 2007: Bermuda subtropical storms. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 97, 239–253, doi:10.1007/s00703006-0255-y. Guishard, M. P., J. L. Evans, and R. E. Hart, 2009: Atlantic subtropical storms. Part II: Climatology. J. Climate, 22, 3574–3594. Hong, S.-Y., and J.-O. J. Lim, 2006: The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6). J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42, 129–151. Hong, S.-Y., J. Dudhia, and S.-H. Chen, 2004: A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 103–120. Hulme, A. L., and J. E. Martin, 2009a: Synoptic and frontal scale influences on tropical transition events in the Atlantic basin. Part I: A six case survey. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3626–3650. Hulme, A. L., and J. E. Martin, 2009b: Synoptic- and frontal-scale influences on tropical transition events in the Atlantic basin. Part II: Tropical transition of Hurricane Karen. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3626–3650. Kain, J. S. and J. M. Fritsch, 1993: Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: The Kain-Fritsch scheme. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Monogr., No. 46, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 165–170. Kessler, E., 1969: On the Distribution and Continuity of Water Substance in Atmospheric Circulations. Meteor. Monogr., No. 32, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84 pp. Knapp, K. R., D. H. Levinson, H. J. Diamond, and C. J. Neumann, 2010: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 363–376. McTaggart-Cowan, R., E. H. Atallah, J. R. Gyakum, and L. F. Bosart, 2006: Hurricane Juan (2003). Part I: A diagnostic and compositing life cycle study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1725–1747. McTaggart-Cowan, R., L. F. Bosart, C. A. Davis, E. H. Atallah, J. R. Gyakum, and K. A. Emanuel, 2006: Analysis of Hurricane Catarina (2004). Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 3029– 3053. McTaggart-Cowan, R., T. J. Galarneau, L. F. Bosart, and J. A. Milbrandt, 2010: Development and tropical transition of an Alpine Lee Cyclone. Part I: Case analysis and evaluation of numerical guidance. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2281–2307. McTaggart-Cowan, R., T. J. Galarneau, L. F. Bosart, R. W. Moore, and O. Martius, 2013: A global climatology of baroclinically influenced tropical cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 1963–1989. Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys., 20, 851–875. Moore, P. L., and W. R. Davis, 1951: A PRESEASON HURRICANE OF SUBTROPICAL ORIGIN. Mon. Wea. Rev., 79, 189–195. Pezza, A. B., and I. Simmonds, 2005: The first South Atlantic hurricane: Unprecedented blocking, low shear and climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15712, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023390. Pytharoulis, I., G. C. Craig, and S. P. Ballard, 1999: Study of the hurricane-like Mediterranean cyclone of January 1995. Phys. Chem. Earth, 24, 627–632. Raymond, D. J., 1992: Nonlinear balance and potential vorticity thinking at large Rossby number. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 987–1015. Reale, O., and R. Atlas, 2001: Tropical cyclone-like vortices in the extratropics: Observational evidence and synoptic analysis. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 7–34. Shapiro, M. A., and D. Keyser, 1990: Fronts, jets streams, and the tropopause. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 167–191. Skamarock, W. C., et al., 2008: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, 113 pp., available at http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v3.pdf. Sousounis, P. J., J. Wallman, G. E. Mann, and T. J. Miner, 2001: ‘‘Hurricane Huron’’: An example of an extreme lake-aggregate effect in autumn. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 401– 419. Stern, D. P., and D. S. Nolan, 2012: On the height of the warm core in tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1657–1680. Sutcliffe, R. C., 1947: A contribution to the problem of development. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 73, 370–383. Thompson, G., R. M. Rasmussen, and K. Manning, 2004: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphyics scheme. Part I: Description and sensitivity analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 519–542. Wang, W., W. Zhu, Y. Duan, H. Yu, L. Jiang, and X. Wang, 2008: Statistical analysis of large-scale backgrounds classification associated with tropical cyclone formations in the western north pacific. J. Nanjing Inst. Meteor., 31, 277–286.