Bender, M. A., 1997: The effect of relative flow on the asymmetric structure of the interior of
hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci, 54, 703–724.
Davies-Jones, R. D. Burgess, and M. Foster, 1990: Test of helicity as a tornado forecast
Parameter. Preprints, 16th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, pp. 588–592, Am. Meteorol.
Soc., Kananskis Park, Alberta, Canada.
Davis, C. A., and M. L. Weisman, 1994: Balanced Dynamics of Mesoscale Vortices Produced in
Simulated Convective Systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2005–2030.
DeMaria, M., 1996: The effect of vertical shear on tropical cyclone intensity change. J. Atmos.
Sci., 53, 2076–2088.
Dudhia, J., J. Done, W. Wang, Y. Chen, Q. Ziao, C. Davis, G. Holland, R. Rotunno, and R. Torn,
2008: Prediction of Atlantic tropical cyclones with the advanced Hurricane WRF (AHW)
model. Preprints, 28th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology , Am.
Meteorol. Soc., Orlando, Fla.
Dunion, J. P., 2011: Rewriting the Climatology of the Tropical North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea
Atmosphere. J. Climate, 24, 893–908.
Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Steady-State
Maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585–605.
Frank, W. M., and E. A. Ritchie, 1999: Effects on environmental flow upon tropical cyclone
structure. Mon. Wea. Rev, 127,2044–2061.
Frank, W. M., and E. A. Ritchie, 2001: Effects of vertical wind shear on the intensity and
structure of numerically simulated hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2249–2269.
Franklin, J. L., S. J. Lord, S. E. Feuer, and F. D. Marks Jr., 1993: The kinematic structure of
Hurricane Gloria (1985) determined form nested analyses of dropwinsonde and Doppler
wind data. Mon. Wea. Rev, 121, 2433–2451.
Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96,
669–700.
Hong, S. Y., and J. O. J. Lim, 2006: The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme
(WSM6). J. Korean Meteorol. Soc. , 42 , 129–151.
Hong, S. Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit
treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Weather Rev. , 134 , 2318–2341.
Jones, S. C., 1995: The evolution of vortices in vertical shear. I: Initially barotropic
vortices. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 821–851.
Jones, S. C., 2000: The evolution of vortices in vertical shear. III: Baroclinic vortices. Quart. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 3161–3185.
Marks, F. D. Jr, R. A. Houze Jr., and J. F. Gamache, 1992: Dual-aircraft investigation of the
inner core of Hurricane Norbert. Part I: Kinematic structure. J. Atmos. Sci, 49, 919–942.
Merrill, R. T., 1988: Environmental influences on hurricane intensification. J. Atmos.
Sci., 45, 1678–1687.
Molinari, J., D. Vollaro, and K. L. Corbosiero, 2004: Tropical cyclone formation in a sheared
environment: A case study. J. Atmos. Sci.,61, 2493–2509.
Molinari, J., P. Dodge, D. Vollaro, K. L. Corbosiero, and F. D. Marks Jr., 2006: Mesoscale
aspects of the downshear reformation of a tropical cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci.,63, 341–354.
Molinari, J., and D. Vollaro, 2008: Extreme Helicity and Intense Convective Towers in
Hurricane Bonnie. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 4355–4372.
Molinari, J., and D. Vollaro, 2010: Distribution of Helicity, CAPE, and Shear in Tropical
Cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 274–284.
Molinari, J., J. Frank, D. Vollaro, 2013: Convective Bursts, Downdraft Cooling, and Boundary
Layer Recovery in a Sheared Tropical Storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 1048–1060.
Noh, Y., W. G. Cheon, S. Y. Hong, and S. Raasch, 2003: Improvement of the K-profile model
for the planetary boundary layer based on large eddy simulation data. Boundary Layer
Meteorol. , 107 , 401–427.
Nolan, D. S., Y. Moon, and D. P. Stern, 2007: Tropical Cyclone Intensification from
Asymmetric Convection: Energetics and Efficiency. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3377–3405.
Nolan, D. S., 2011: Evaluating environmental favorableness for tropical cyclone development
with the method of point downscaling. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. , 3, Art. M08001, 28
pp.
Onderlinde, M. J., and D. S. Nolan, 2014: Environmental Helicity and its Effects on
Development and Intensification of Tropical Cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., Submitted.
Reasor, P. D., M. T. Montgomery, F. D. Marks, and J. F. Gamache, 2000: Low-Wavenumber
Structure and Evolution of the Hurricane Inner Core Observed by Airborne Dual-Doppler
Radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1653–1680.
Reasor, P. D., M. T. Montgomery, 2001: Three-Dimensional Alignment and Corotation of Weak,
TC-like Vortices via Linear Vortex Rossby Waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2306–2330.
Reasor, P. D., M. T. Montgomery, L. D. Grasso, 2004: A New Look at the Problem of Tropical
Cyclones in Vertical Shear Flow: Vortex Resiliency. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 3–22.
Reasor, P. D., and M. D. Eastin, 2012: Rapidly Intensifying Hurricane Guillermo (1997).
Part II: Resilience in Shear. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 425–444.
Riemer, M., M. T. Montgomery, and M. E. Nicholls, 2010: A new paradigm for intensity
modification of tropical cyclones: Thermodynamic impact of vertical wind shear on the
inflow layer. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3163–3188.
Skamarock, W. C., M. L. Weisman, and J. B. Klemp, 1994: Three-Dimensional Evolution of
Simulated Long-Lived Squall Lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2563–2584.
Stauffer, D. R., and N. L. Seaman, 1990: Use of Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation in a
Limited-Area Mesoscale Model. Part I: Experiments with Synoptic-Scale Data. Mon.
Wea. Rev., 118, 1250–1277.
Stauffer, D. R., N. L. Seaman, and F. S. Binkowski, 1991: Use of Four-Dimensional
Data Assimilation in a Limited-Area Mesoscale Model Part II: Effects of Data
Assimilation within the Planetary Boundary Layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 734–754.
Tang, B., K. Emanuel, 2012: Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Intensity to Ventilation in an
Axisymmetric Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2394–2413.
Vigh, J. L., and W. H. Schubert, 2009: Rapid Development of the Tropical Cyclone Warm
Core. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3335–3350.
Wang, Y., M. Montgomery, and B. Wang, 2004: How much vertical shear can a well-developed
tropical cyclone resist? Preprints, 26th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical
Meteorology, Miami, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100–101.
Weisman, M. L., and R. J. Trapp, 2003: Low-Level Mesovortices within Squall Lines and Bow
Echoes. Part I: Overview and Dependence on Environmental Shear. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 131, 2779–2803.
Zehr, R.M., 1992: Tropical cyclogenesis in the Western North Pacific. NOAA Technical Report
NESDIS 61, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 181 pp.