1. What causes the lithospheric plates to move?
Convection currents in the mantle.
2. How much do the lithospheric plates move each year?
Centimeters per year.
3. What are created/caused by the movement of the lithospheric/tectonic
plates?
Earthquakes and volcanoes.
4. The lithospheric plates ride on top of the asthenosphere.
5. What are the 3 types of plate boundaries? What movement happens at
each?
 Convergent boundary – plates collide into each other
 Divergent boundary – plates move away from each other
 Transform boundary – plates slide past each other horizontally
6. What evidence supports the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift?
 The continents seem to “fit” together like a jigsaw puzzle
 Plant and animal fossil records
7. What is a subduction zone?
An area where an oceanic plate is subducting (going underneath) a continental
plate.
8. What is sea-floor spreading?
An area where two plates are separating and magma is rising up to fill in the
space left behind.
9. Describe how the 3 types of mountains are formed.
 Volcanic mountains – buildup of lava from volcanic activity.
 Folded mountains – rock layers are squeezed together and pushed
upwards.
 Faulted mountains – tension causes large blocks of the Earth’s crust to drop
down relative to one another.
10.
What is the difference between tension, shearing and compression?
 Tension – stress that stretches rock. (Divergent boundary)
 Shearing – stress that occurs when rock is broken. (Transform boundary)
 Compression – stress that occurs when rock is squeezed. (Convergent
boundary)
11.
Describe the direction of the footwall and the hanging wall in reverse
and normal faults.
 Reverse fault – Hanging wall moves UP, Foot wall moves DOWN
 Normal fault – Hanging wall moves DOWN, Foot wall moves UP.
12.
Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur along the Ring of Fire/edges of
tectonic plates.
13.
What is elastic rebound? What does it cause?
Elastic rebound is the sudden return of elastically deformed rock (stretched) to
its original shape. This causes earthquakes.
14.
Label the epicenter and the focus.
D – FOCUS
B – EPICENTER
15.
The strength (magnitude) of an earthquake is measured using the
Richter Scale.
16.
The intensity of an earthquake is measured using the Modified Mercalli
Intensity Scale.
17.
What is deformation?
Deformation is the bending, tilting, and breaking of the Earth’s crust; the change
in the shape of rock in response to stress.
18.
What is the rock cycle?
The ongoing process whereby rock is changed from one type to another.
19.
List the three types of rock and describe how they are formed.
 Sedimentary rock – other rocks are weathered and eroded to form
sediments that compact and cement together to form new rock.
 Metamorphic rock – rock is exposed to heat and/or pressure that “cooks” it
and causes it to change.
 Igneous rock – magma cools and hardens.
20.
Explain weathering, erosion and deposition.
 Weathering – the process in which rock is broken down into smaller pieces.
 Erosion – the process in which wind, water and ice moves soil and sediment
from one location to another.
 Deposition – the process in which material (sediments) are laid down.
21.
What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rock?
Intrusive igneous rock is found UNDERNEATH the surface of the Earth. Extrusive
igneous rock is found on the EXTERIOR (outside) of the Earth’s surface.
22.
Explain compaction and cementation.
Compaction is the squishing of sediments together.
Cementation is the process where the compacted sediments are “glued”
together to form rock.
23.
What is the difference between destructive and constructive forces
that change the Earth’s surface?
Constructive forces CREATE or BUILD UP the Earth’s crust.
Destructive forces DESTROY the Earth’s crust.
Label the following activities as either a constructive (C) or a destructive (D) force.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
_D_ - erosion
_D_ - weathering
_C_ - mountain building
_C_- volcanic activity
_D_ - deforestation
_D_ - strip mining
_C_ - deposition of sediment
31.
What is the difference between natural forces and manmade forces?
Natural forces occur naturally in nature. Manmade forces are caused or created
by people.
32.
On the Moh’s Scale of Hardness, what is the softest mineral? The
hardest?
Softest material is TALC. Hardest material is DIAMOND.
33.
If you can see through a mineral it has the special property of OPTICS.
Name a mineral that has this property CALCITE.
34.
A mineral that attracts iron has the special property of MAGNETISM.
35.
A mineral that glows under a black light has the special property of
FLUORESCENCE.
36.
A mineral that fizzes when acid is dropped on it has the special property
of CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
37.
What are the seven different ways minerals can be identified by?
Color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness and density.
38.
What is the difference between cleavage and fracture?
Cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces.
Fracture is the tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along curved or
irregular surfaces.
49. What type of seismic map is this an
example of?
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
50. On December 6, 1811, what seismic
intensity level did our area feel?
III-V
51. Which letter indicates the youngest
rock?
C – it is closest to the ridge.
52. Which letter indicates the oldest rock?
A – it is furthest from the ridge.
53. Which type of lithospheric plate
boundary caused this movement?
Transform boundary
54. Which type of fault?
Strike-slip fault
Label picture X, Y, and Z according
to their lithospheric plate
boundary type, their fault type
and the strength of the
earthquake they are associated
with.
55. X – Transform boundary
Strike-slip fault
Shallow, moderate
earthquakes
56. Y – Divergent boundary
Normal fault
Weak, shallow earthquakes
57. Z – Convergent boundary
Reverse fault
Deep, strong earthquakes
58. Fossils found on different continents
helped explain the theory of CONTINENTAL DRIFT.
59. What process created this rock design?
Weathering and Erosion
60. Earthquakes are defined by their STRENGTH and DEPTH.
61. What causes lithospheric plates to move?
The convections currents in the mantle.
62. Label the following volcanoes according to their shape and structure:
A – Shield volcano – wide base and gentle slope – made from lava
B – Cinder cone volcano – small base and steep sides – made from
pyroclastic material
C – Composite volcano – alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material