Ocean Review Sheet
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What are the steps to the scientific method?
What is the nebular hypothesis?
What atoms interact to form the energy on the sun? What is this process called?
How did density stratification change Earth?
Chemically, what are the 3 layers of Earth?
Physically, what are the 5 layers of Earth?
What are 2 differences between Oceanic and Continental Crust?
What is the difference between the lithosphere and aesthenosphere?
Explain Isostatic Adjustment in terms of having a glacier melt.
What gasses composed Earth first atmosphere and what happened to them?
Where did Earth’s Second Atmosphere come from and what gasses was it composed of?
What are two possible explanations on where Earth’s ocean came from?
Who proposed and then who demonstrated that simple organic molecules could develop in
Earth’s primitive ocean?
What was the most important molecule found in the previous question and why?
What are 2 characteristics that make protobionts like a living cell and name an example.
At what point would a protobiont be considered living?
Give 2 characteristics of the first cell.
The oldest type of photosynthetic organism is probably:
Give two reasons why having oxygen in the atmosphere is important.
If there were 1g of 14C in an organism when it died and its fossil had 1/8 g of 14C then how
old is it? (The half life of 14C is 5,600 years)
Name the three types of plate boundaries and give a named example for each:
What are three subtypes of Convergent boundaries and give a named example for each.
List ALL the lines of evidence that support Continental drift.
How many years ago did Pangaea exist?
What is Paleomagnetism?
Where is the youngest part of the Atlantic seafloor and why is it there?
Identify the 7 major lithospheric plates.
According to plate-tectonic theory where is new oceanic crust being formed?
Where are melts most likely to be produced by the adiabatic rise of mantle?
The San Andreas Fault is a classical ___________ boundary.
As plates move around on the globe they often times collide with each other. Examples include
arc-arc and arc-continent collisions. At least twice in the distant pass, all of the continents on
planet Earth assembled into a supercontinent. The earliest supercontinent formed about 1.1 b.y. to
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750 m.y. ago, and the latest formed about 248 m.y. ago. What were the names of the former and
latter supercontinents?
What are the four driving forces behind plate motion?
What produces the Earth’s magnetic field?
The asthenosphere is composed of __________ _________ mantle.
New lithosphere is produced at ___________________ _________.
Lithosphere is destroyed at _____________________.
Define Bathymetry:
What are the 6 ways to determine the topography of the sea floor:
Name two ways in which subsurface feature (under the seafloor) can be determined.
Define Hypsographic curve:
How are submarine canyons made?
Describe how graded beds are made.
What kind of convergent boundary does not make an ocean trench?
Why do abyssal plains contain fine sediments?
Describe how an island arc is made.
How does a rift valley differ from a back-arc spreading center?
List the different types of sediment texture from in order of largest to smallest.
What two factors determine whether sediment is transported, deposited or eroded?
What are three things that happen as sediment matures?
What are the four classes of marine sediment?
List four facts about lithogenous sediment.
Deposits around Continental are mainly?
Continental shelf deposits are usually carried there by ?
What kind of deposits show graded bedding?
Why is abyssal clay usually red-brown?
Shells of microscopic organisms are called?
What are the two compounds that make up most Biogenous sediment?
Name a protozoan with a silica shell.
What algae contributed to the petroleum fields off California?
Why are cocolithophores considered nanoplakton?
What compound is limestone made of?
Stromatolites were made from what organism?
What is the CCD and why is there usually no calcite deposits below that depth?
Where does hydrogenous sediment come from?
What are the two main factors that causes precipitation of chemicals?
Name 5 chemicals found in hydrogenous sediment.
Black smokers make what type of sediment?
What % is Carbonate Pelagic Sediment?
Sketch a model of an atom, showing the positions of the subatomic particles: protons,
neutrons and electrons.
Describe what conditions exist in water molecules to make them dipolar.
Sketch two water molecules, labeling covalent and hydrogen bonds. Be sure to indicate the
polarity of each water molecule.
How does hydrogen bonding produce the surface tension phenomenon of water?
Discuss how the dipolar nature of the water molecule makes it such an effective solvent of
ionic compounds.
Why are the freezing and boiling points of water higher than would be expected for
compound of its molecular make up?
How does the heat capacity of water compare with that of other substances? Describe the
effects on climate.
The heat energy added as latent heat of vaporization does not increase water temperature.
Explain why this occurs, and where the energy is used.
Why is the latent heat of vaporization so much greater than the latent heat of melting?
78. Describe how excess heat absorbed by Earth’s low-latitude regions is transferred to heatdeficient higher latitude through a process that uses water’s latent heat of vaporization.
79. As water cools, two distinct changes take place in the behavior of the molecules: Their
slower movement tends to increase density, whereas the formation of bulky ice crystals
decreases density. Describe how the relative rates of their occurrence cause pure water to
have a temperature of maximum density at 4 deg C and make ice much less dense that liquid
water.
80. What is Hawaii’s state sales tax written in parts per thousand?
81. What physical conditions create brackish water in the Baltic Sea and hypersaline water in
the Red Sea?
82. Describe the ways that dissolved components are added and removed from seawater.
83. Explain the difference between an acid and a base substance.
84. How does the ocean buffering system work?
85. Why is there such a close association between (a) the curve showing seawater density
variation with ocean depth and (b) the curve showing temperature variation with ocean
depth?
86. Restate the principle of constant proportions.
87. Define residence time and discuss the implications of residence time for substances
dissolved in seawater.
88. Describe (not draw): a. vernal equinox. b. summer solstice, c. autumnal equinox,. d. winter
solstice.
89. Describe (not draw) AND state the significance: a. Tropic of Cancer, n. Tropic of Capricorn, c.
Arctic Circle, d. Antarctic Circle.
90. What would happen if Earth was not tilted on its axis?
91. Describe what creates Hadley cells and describe and name the major winds they create on
Earth’s Surface.
92. Describe the location, direction of air movement, and corresponding air pressure for:
subtropical highs, polar highs, equatorial lows, and subpolar lows.
93. Describe what creates the westerlies.
94. Distinguish between the doldrums, horse latitudes, ITCZ and polar fronts.
95. Describe the factors that develop land and sea breezes.
96. Describe at least two differences between warm fronts and cold fronts.
97. What is the difference between a hurricane, typhoon, and cyclone?
98. List 3 differences between a category 1 and category 5 hurricane.
99. Why do hurricanes in the northern hemisphere spin counter-clockwise (cyclonic)?
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Why is the eye of the hurricane relatively calm and dry?
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Why are there deserts at 30 latitude?
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Why are there tropical rainforests around the equator?
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Solar wind is mainly blocked by which layer of the atmosphere?
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uV light is mail blocked by which layer of the atmosphere?