Dimorphic Fungal Osteoarticular Infections Blandine Rammaert 1,2, Maria N. Gamaletsou 3,4, Valérie Zeller 5, Caroline Elie 6, Roberta Prinapori 7, Saad J. Taj-Aldeen 8, Emmanuel Roilides 4,9, Dimitri P. Kontoyiannis 10, Barry Brause 4,11, Nikolas V. Sipsas 3,4, Thomas J. Walsh 4,11,12 and Olivier Lortholary 1,2. 1 Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre d’Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Institut Imagine, Paris, France 2 Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 3 Pathophysiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 4 Center for Osteoarticular Mycoses, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA 5 Centre de Référence des Infections Ostéo-Articulaires, Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses-Croix Saint-Simon, Paris, France 6 Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Centre Necker, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Paris, France 7 Infectious Disease Department, San Martino di Genoa Hospital, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy 8 Mycology Unit, Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar 9 Third Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece 10 MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 11 Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA 12 Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill Cornell Medical Center of Cornell University, New York, USA Correspondence to: Pr. O. Lortholary, M.D.; Ph.D Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris-Descartes 149, rue de Sèvres 75743 Paris Cedex 15 Tél: (33) 01 42 19 26 63 Fax: (33) 01 42 19 26 22 olivier.lortholary@nck.aphp.fr Supplemental material 41 Abril A, Campbell MD, Cotten VR Jr, Steckleberg JM, El-Azhary RA, O’Duffy JD (1998) Polyarticular blastomycotic arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 25: 1019–1021. 42 Acree T, Abreo F, Bagby J (1998) Coccidioidomycosis of the knee diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration: a case report. Diagn. Cytopathol. 19: 110–112. 43 Chang AC, Destouet JM, Murphy WA (1984) Musculoskeletal sporotrichosis. Skeletal Radiol. 12, 23–28. 44 Akin L, Herford AS, Cicciù M (2011) Oral presentation of disseminated histoplasmosis: a case report and literature review. J. Oral Maxillofac. 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