Biology Final Exam Review Fall 2015
Name: ___________________________
Ecology
1. The study of biology can be studied at different levels. Each level is a system made up of smaller
parts. What is the order of organization of living things starting from the largest level?
a. BIOSPHERE___________________________________
b. ____________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________
d. ____________________________________________
e. ____________________________________________
f. ____________________________________________
2. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? __________________________
3. Is this a food chain or web? How do you
know?
4. Identify one food chain:
5. What percent of energy is passed from one
trophic level to the next?
6. Use the picture to identify:
a. Herbivore: __________________________
b. Carnivore: __________________________
c. Omnivore: __________________________
d. Primary Producer: ____________________
e. Primary Consumer: ___________________
f. Secondary Consumer: _________________
g. Tertiary Consumer: ___________________
7. Given this food chain, grass => grasshopper => spider => snake => hawk. Identify all trophic levels
and then identify the producer and different types of consumers.
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________ ___________
____________ ____________
8. Both energy and nutrients (ex. C, N, O) are passed through an ecosystem. Explain how the path of energy
through an ecosystem is different from the path of nutrients.
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Describe the steps of the water cycle include the words, precipitation, evaporation, condensation,
transpiration.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9a. Also know the other cycles, such as the nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle and phosphorus cycle.
10. Explain how these words are different:
a. Autotroph vs. heterotroph
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Food chain vs. food web
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. Pioneer community (species) vs. Climax community
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d. Habitat vs. niche
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
e. Population vs. community
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
f. Limiting factor vs. carrying capacity
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11. What does it mean if two organisms have a symbiotic relationship?
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Give an example of the following:
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
13. What are the two types of population growth?
__________________________ & __________________________
(Sketch a Graph)
(Sketch a Graph)
14. What is a limiting factor?
_______________________________________________________________________
15.
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Population of Deer in Georgia
a. Over what time frame were the deer in Georgia
growing exponentially?
b. In approximately what year did the growth
change from exponential to logistic growth?
c. Why did this change in growth happen?
d. What is the carrying capacity for this curve?
e. What are some possible reasons why the deer
population in Georgia reached its carrying
capacity?
16. Define the following and give an example.
Definition
Example
Density-Independent limiting
factors
Density-Dependent limiting factors
17. Define the following and give an example.
Definition
Abiotic
Biotic
Example
18. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Give examples of when each would
occur.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
19. List one example of a pioneer species. __________________________________________
20. Know the following terms:
a. Habitat:______________________________________________________________
b. Food chain:____________________________________________________________
c. Autotroph:_____________________________________________________________
d. Heterotroph:___________________________________________________________
e. Decomposers:__________________________________________________________
f. Niche:________________________________________________________________
g. Food web:___________________________________________________________
h. Pioneer species:_________________________________________________________
i. Climax community:_______________________________________________________
j. Carrying Capacity: _______________________________________________________
k. Population Density: ______________________________________________________
Biochemistry
1. Anything that takes up space and has mass is called _____________________
2. The building block of all matter is an _____________________
3. Explain the difference between a monomer and a polymer:
________________________________________________________________________
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4. What element do all organic compounds contain? _________________________
5. Key characteristics of carbohydrates
a. What is the function of carbohydrates in the body? ________________________________
b. What are some examples of carbohydrates?_____________________________________
c. What is the monomer? ___________________________________________________
d. What elements are found in carbohydrates? ______________________________________
6. Key characteristics of lipids
a. What is the function of lipids in the body?_______________________________________
b. What are some examples of lipids? ____________________________________________
c. What is the monomer? ____________________________________________________
d. What elements are found in lipids? ____________________________________________
7. Key characteristics of proteins
a. What is the function of proteins in the body? ____________________________________
b. What are some examples of proteins? __________________________________________
c. What is the monomer? ____________________________________________________
d. What elements are found in protein? __________________________________________
8. What is the function of nucleic acids in the body?
a. What is the function of nucleic acids? __________________________________________
b. What are examples of nucleic acids? __________________________________________
c. What is the monomer? ____________________________________________________
d. What elements are found in nucleic acid? ______________________________________
9. What macromolecule is an enzyme? _______________________________________________
a. What is the function of enzymes in the body? ______________________________________
b. How do enzymes affect activation energy? ________________________________________
Enzymes are biological catalysts that help to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the
energy needed to start a reaction, Ea.
10. Explain what is happening in the picture above.
11. What would happen if the enzyme is exposed to high temperatures?
12.
4
We have learned about cellular respiration,
breaking down glucose in the presence of
oxygen to form ATP, carbon dioxide and
water. The following graph illustrates how
the presence of enzymes in our cells allows
this chemical reaction to happen faster. How
do enzymes help the reaction happen
faster?
12a. Create a graph that illustrates the following: An enzyme has a pH range of 4-8, with the optimal pH
being 7.
Activity Rate of
Enzyme
pH
13.
a. What is this molecule?
b. How would you describe its chemical properties?
c. What is cohesion?
d. What is adhesion?
e. A solution is a homogenous mixture. What are the two parts of
a solution that we studied this semester?
14. What is the pH of acids? _____________________
15. What is the pH of bases? _______________________
16. What is the pH of neutral substances? _________________________
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The Cell
1. Fill out the chart:
Major Organelle
Function
Picture—what does it look
like?
a. Mitochondria
b. Nucleus
c. Cell Wall
d. Ribosome
e. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
f. Golgi apparatus
g. Cell membrane
h. Vacuole
i. Lysosome
j. Centriole
k. Cholorplast
2. What differences exist between plant and animal cells?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote? Create a memory trick to remember this!!
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. How will the “e” look when looking at an object under the microscope? _____________________
5. Briefly describe how to set up a wet mount slide:
6. Explain the difference between the coarse and fine focus:
7. Be able to calculate the total magnification of a microscope given the power of the eyepiece and objective.
For example: eyepiece is 5x and the objective is 10x what is the total magnification? _______
8. Define the following terms:
a. Phospholipid bilayer:_____________________________________________________
b. Selective permeability/ semi-permeable:________________________________________
c. Cellulose:_____________________________________________________________
Cell Transport
1. Define the following terms:
a. Diffusion:_____________________________________________________________
b. Osmosis:______________________________________________________________
c. Facilitated diffusion:_____________________________________________________
d. Active transport:________________________________________________________
e. Endocytosis:___________________________________________________________
f. Exocytosis:____________________________________________________________
2. What is the function of the cell membrane? ___________________________________________
3. Explain the difference between active and passive transport:
4. What would happen if a cell were placed in a hypotonic solution? Draw a picture:
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5. What would happen if a cell were placed in a hypertonic solution? Draw a picture:
6. What would happen if a cell were placed in an isotonic solution? Draw a picture:
Cell Energy
1. What is ATP and what is its function? __________________________________________
2. How does ATP provide energy to the cell (what happens)? _____________________________
3. Which has more potential energy, ATP or ADP? ____________________________________
4. Fill in the missing pieces of the picture:
A. (What are the products of respiration &
reactants of photosynthesis?)
_____________________________________
B. (What are the products of photosynthesis &
reactants of respiration?)
_____________________________________
C
A
C. (Where does photosynthesis occur?)
____________________________________
B
D. (Where does respiration occur?)
____________________________________
D
5. Fill out the chart on the two types of respiration:
Aerobic
Oxygen required?
Anaerobic
Steps?
Where does this
happen?
Net ATP/
Products?
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6. Complete the following table.
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Equation
In what type of
organisms will
you find the
process?
Endergonic or
Exergonic
7. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? ______________________
Cellular Reproduction
Stage of Cell Cycle
Picture
What’s Happening?
_______
Interphase
_______
_______
_______
_______
Mitosis
_______
_______
Cytokinesis
2. In what stage of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its time?
3. What is the purpose of mitosis?
4. What types of cells undergo mitosis?
5. How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell?
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Study Guide for the Spring Performance Final
MITOSIS, MEIOSIS and GENETICS
1. List the five phases of mitosis in the order in which they occur. Write the letter of the picture that
matches each phase.
____ ________________________________
b.
____ ________________________________
a.
____ ________________________________
c.
d.
____ _________________________________
e.
_____ ________________________________
2. Which type of cell goes through mitosis? _________________________
How many daughter cells are produced? _________________________
3. Which type of cell goes through meiosis? ____________________________
How many daughter cells are produced? ____________________________
How does the process of meiosis differ from that of mitosis? ____________________
4. During which phase does DNA replicate itself?
5. Does replication happen during mitosis, meiosis or both?
6. Define genotype and give an example.
7. Define phenotype and give an example.
8. What does it mean if an organism is homozygous? Give an example of a homozygous genotype.
9. What does it mean if an organism is heterozygous? Give an example of a heterozygous
genotype.
10. Directions: For each of the following problems,
 List the genotypes of the parents.
 Diagram and complete a Punnett square.
 Give the phenotype percentages of the offspring.
a. In peas, yellow color (Y) is dominant to green (y). What will be the results of a cross-pollination
of a heterozygous female and a heterozygous male?
b. In humans, straight toes (T) is dominant over curled toes (t). What would be the result of a cross
between a recessive male and a heterozygous female?
11. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Overview: Check the correct box or boxes that apply.
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Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of cells it occurs
Number of cells created
Number of Chromosomes
Phases
Structures
Does crossing over occur
Number of Divisions
Creates (haploid vs.
diploid)
Number of Daughter Cells
Definition
12. What information does a karyotype give you?
13. How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?
14. How many chromosomes do human sex cells have?
15. What are the sex chromosomes for males?
16. What are the sex chromosomes for females?
Be able to read and understand a karyotype.
17. What sex is this person
whose karyotype is to the
right?
18. Do they have a genetic
disorder?
DNA and Protein Synthesis
19. What is the role of DNA?
20. What is the role of mRNA?
21. What is the role of tRNA?
22. DNA contains information for making what macromolecule?
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23. Explain the process of transcription shown below. Label A and B.
s
s
s
Step 1
24. Where does transcription take place in the cell?
Step 2
25. Explain the process of transcription below as shown in step 2. Label C, D, E, F, G.
26. Where does translation take place in the cell?
27. Transcribe the following DNA into mRNA:
TAC CAC TAC GGC ACT
___________________________
28. Circle the codons in the mRNA above.
29. Translate the mRNA strand into amino acids
_______________________________________________
Classification
1. Has green colored body ......go to 2
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35. Why are dichotomous keys helpful?
36. Use the following dichotomous key
Has purple colored body ..... go to 4
2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3
Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis
3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis
Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus
4. Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis
Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5
5. Has ears .........Deerus purplinis
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus
37. List three characteristics of a virus.
38. List three reasons why a virus is considered non-living.
39. Explain the lysogenic cycle
40. Explain the lytic cycle.
41. Why are they different?
42. Briefly describe what happens in each step of the lytic cycle.
Attachment: _____________________________________________________________
Entry: __________________________________________________________________
Replication: _____________________________________________________________
Assembly: _______________________________________________________________
Lysis: ___________________________________________________________________
43. Draw and label each of the 5 steps of the lytic cycle below:
______________
______________
______________
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______________
______________
Content Domain V: Evolution
What is evolution?
Explain artificial selection.
Explain natural selection (Darwin’s Theory and our current understanding.
Industrial Melanism is a term used to describe the adaptation of a population in response to
pollution. One example of rapid industrial melanism occurred in populations of peppered
moths in the area of Manchester, England from 1845 to 1890. Before the industrial revolution,
the trunks of the trees in the forest around Manchester were light grayish-green due to the
presence of lichens. Most of the peppered moths in the area were light colored with dark
spots. As the industrial revolution progressed, the treee trunks became covered with soot
and turned dark. Over a period of 45 years, the dark variety of the peppered moth became
more common.
Explain why the dark variety of peppered moths became more common.
What genetic process caused the first dark gene to appear?
1. How long ago was Earth formed?
2. Define fossil.
3. List 4 examples of fossils:
a. ________________________
b. ________________________
c. ________________________
d. ________________________
4. How are most fossils formed?
5. Define the following:
population genetics –
adaptations –
speciation –
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fitness –
phylogeny6. Explain the contributions of the following people:
a. Charles Lyell:
b. Thomas Malthus:
c. Alfred Russell Wallace:
7. Describe Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
8. Was Lamarck correct? Why or why not?
9. Where did Darwin go as the naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle and what observations did he
make?
10. What evidence did he collect to support his theory of evolution? (Hint: See your notes and
find the 6 points Darwin made as a result of his investigation)
11. Speciation is the creation of a new species. What is required for speciation to occur?
(p.436)
12. Define the following types of evolution (p. 439-440):
a. adaptive radiation (divergent evolution):
b. convergent evolution:
c. coevolution:
13. Explain the five types of evidence that are used to show evolutionary relationships:
a. fossil record:
b. homologous structures:
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c. vestigial structures:
d. analogous structures:
e. comparative biochemistry (DNA and proteins):
f. geographical distribution:
14. What is fitness?
15. How do organisms use camouflage and mimicry?
16.How do antibiotics and pesticides affect the evolution of bacteria and insects?
17.Which mechanism of evolution adds new genes to the gene pool?
18.Briefly describe the 4 types of natural selection:
a. stabilizing:
b. directional:
c. disruptive:
19. Compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
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ELHS Biology
2014-2015
Ecology Essential
Unit Vocabulary
Abiotic
Acid rain
Autotroph
Biomagnification
Biomass pyramid
Biome
Biosphere
Biosphere
Biotic
Carbon
Carnivore
Carrying capacity
Chemotroph
Climax community
Commensalism
Community
Competition
Condensation
Decomposer
Denitrification
Density dependent
limiting factor
Density
independent
limiting factor
Desert
Detritivore
Ecosystem
Emigration
Energy pyramid
Evaporation
Exponential growth
(J curve)
First-level
consumer
Food chain
Food web
Global warming
Grassland
Greenhouse effect
Herbivore
Heterotroph
Human impact
Immigration
Limiting factor
Logistic growth (S
curve)
Mutualism
Niche
Nitrogen
Nitrogen fixation
Omnivore
Parasitism
Pioneer species
Pollution
Population
Precipitation
Predation
Primary succession
Producer
Rain forest
Runoff
Secondary
succession
Second-level
consumer
Succession
Symbiosis
Taiga
Temperate forest
Transpiration
Trophic level
Tundra
Cell Structure
Essential Unit
Vocabulary
Organelle
Ribosome
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Golgi Body
(Apparatus)
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Vacuole
Active Transport
(does/doesn’t) need
energy
Passive Transport
(does/doesn’t) need
energy
Osmosis is the
movement of
(water/molecules)
from (high/low) to
(high/low).
Diffusion is the
movement of
(water/molecules)
from (high/low) to
(high/low).
Facilitated Diffusion
(does/doesn’t) need
energy Endocytosis
is things going
(in/out) of a cell.
Exocytosis is things
going (in/out) of a
cell.
Hypotonic…a cell
will do what? Water
moves (in/out) of the
cell.
Isotonic…a cell will
do what?
Equilibrium
means…
Biochemistry
Essential
Vocabulary:
Active Site
Adhesion
Amino Acid
Atoms
Carbohydrates
Catalysts
Cellulose
Chemical reactions
Chitin
Cohesion
Compound
Covalent Bonds
Disaccharide
DNA
Element
Enzymes
Fatty Acid
Glucose
Glycerol
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Lipids
Macromolecules
Molecules
Monomer
Monosaccharide
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide
pH
Polar
Polymer
Polysaccharide
Products
Proteins
RNA
Solubility
Solute
Solvent
Starch
Substrate
Substrate Enzyme
Complex
Surface Tension
Universal Solvent
Genetics Essential
Vocabulary:
Allele
Autosome
Codominance
Cross
Crossing over
Dihybrid cross
Diploid
DNA fingerprinting
Dominant
Fertilization
Gamete
Gene
Genetic engineering
Genome
Genotype
Haploid
Heterozygous
Homologous
chromosomes
Homozygous
Incomplete
dominance
Law of independent
assortment
Law of segregation
Meiosis
Monohybrid Cross
Multiple alleles
Nondisjunction
Phenotype
Polygenic
inheritance
Punnett square
Purebred
Recessive
Recombinant DNA
Sex chromosome
Sex-linked traits
Sexual reproduction
Somatic cell
Trait
DNA/RNA
Essential
Vocabulary:
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Anticodon
Chromosomal
mutations
Codon
Complementary
Strand
Deletion
Deoxyribose sugar
DNA
Double Helix
Duplication
Insertion
Inversion
Mutagen
Mutation
Nitrogen bases
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Point mutations
Replication
RNA
Substitution
Transcription
Translation
Translocation
Classification
Essential
Vocabulary
Taxonomy
Binomial
Nomenclature
Taxa (taxon)
Common Ancestor
Cladistics
Phylogeny
Linneaus
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Unicellular
Multicellular
Dichotomous Key
Animalia
Plantae
Protista
Fungi
Archeabacteria
Eubacteria
Virus
Bacteriophage
Protein Capsid
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Classify
Host cell
Vertebrate
Invertebrate
Cladogram
Eukarya
Archea
Antibiotic
Pathogen
Prophage
Retrovirus
Evolution Essential
Vocabulary
Adaptation
Adaptive radiation
Analogous structures
Antibiotic resistance
Artificial selection
Carbon dating
Charles Darwin
Charles Lyell
Coevolution
Comparative
anatomy
Comparative
biochemistry
Comparative
embryology
Convergent
evolution
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Divergent evolution
Endosymbiotic
theory
Evolution
Extinction
Fossil
Galapagos
Gene frequency
Gene pool
Genetic drift
Geographic isolation
Geologic timescale
Gradualism
Homologous
structures
James Hutton
Lamark
Lynn Margulis
Macroevolution
Miller and Urey
Mutations
Natural selection
Physiological
adaptations
Physiological
adaptations
Primate
Punctuated
equilibrium
Radiometric dating
Relative dating
Reproductive
isolation
Speciation
Species
Stabilizing selection
Structural
adaptations
Survival of the fittest
Thomas Malthus
Variation
Vestigial structure