Supporting information:
Figure S1: a. Distribution of 1Cx-values found across Melanthiaceae, showing admixture
populations skewed towards both ends of the range. b. Representative fluorescence
histogram of the genome size assessment for Veratrum fimbriatum using Pisum sativum
‘Ctirad’ [1: mean G1 (2C) peak of the target sample, 2 and 3: mean G1 (2C) and G2 (4C) peaks
of the internal standard].
Figure S2: Fifty percent majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference based on the
trnT-trnF dataset. Supported branches (PP ≥ 0.95) are indicated in bold. a. Ancestral state
reconstruction conducted under ML using categorized 1Cx-values. b. Ancestral state
reconstruction conducted under MP using categorized 1Cx-values. Pie charts indicate the
relative likelihood of the reconstructed character states.
Figure S3: Ancestral chromosome numbers and evolution in Melanthiaceae inferred under
ML optimization.
Figure S4: Karyotypes and idiograms of Pseudotrillium rivale (a), Paris thibetica (b) and
Trillium ovatum (c). Scale bars = 10 μm.
Supporting Information Table S1: List of species used in the present study, chromosome numbers with previous reports, voucher information and
Genbank/EMBL accession numbers. Standard herbarium acronyms from Index Herbariorum. AJB = Atlanta Botanical Garden, BCN = Botanical Institute of
Barcelona, K= Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UCBG = University of California Botanical Garden. Note that underlined species were not included in the
phylogenetic and statistical analyses.
Taxa
(2n)a
Previous chromosome counts. Reference
Voucher- Kew Liv. Coll.
trnL-trnF
matK
BCN201156
HG475351
AB040196
K20031588
HG475352
AB040198
K38704/ K19962547
HG475361
AB017375
K201143
HG475355
AB040186
K20102438/K201141
HG475359
AB109327
K20102440/K2010729
HG475354
AB040187
K38706/K19794837
HG47535
AB040188
K19861707/K20102436
HG475356
n/a
Tribe Chionographideae
Chamaelirium luteum
24
Chionographis japonica
24*
-Silliman, F. E. 1957. Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray: A Biological Study.
Ph.D. dissertation. University of North Carolina.
-Tanaka, N. Y. & N. Tanaka. 1980. Chromosome studies in Chionographis
(Liliaceae). III. The mode of meiosis. Cytologia 45: 809-817.
Tribe Heloniadeae
Helonias bullata
34*
Heloniopsis kawanoi
34*
Heloniopsis koreana
34*
Heloniopsis leucantha
34*
Heloniopsis orientalis
34*
Heloniopsis orientalis var.
breviscapa
34*
-Kokubugata, G., C.-I. Peng & M. Yokota. 2004. Comparison of karyotypes
among three Heloniopsis species (Liliaceae) from Ryukyu Archipelago and
Taiwan. Ann. Tsukuba Bot. Gard. 23: 13–16.
-Utech, F.H. 1980. Somatic karyotype analysis of Helonias bullata L.
(Liliaceae), with a comparison to the asian Heloniopsis orientalis (Thunb.) C.
Tanaka. Annals of Carnegie Museum. 49: 153-160.
-Kokubugata, G., C.-I. Peng & M. Yokota. 2004. Comparison of karyotypes
among three Heloniopsis species (Liliaceae) from Ryukyu Archipelago and
Taiwan. Ann. Tsukuba Bot. Gard. 23: 13–16.
-Kokubugata, G., C.-I. Peng & M. Yokota. 2004. Comparison of karyotypes
among three Heloniopsis species (Liliaceae) from Ryukyu Archipelago and
Taiwan. Ann. Tsukuba Bot. Gard. 23: 13–16.
-Kurosawa, S. 1982. Cytotaxonomical studies on the flowering plants of the
Oze district. Pp. 135–139. In Hara, H. (editor), Ozegahara[:] Scientific
Researches on the Highmoor in Central Japan. Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science, Tokyo.
-Nishikawa, T. 1989. Chromosome counts of flowering plants of Hokkaido
(12). J. Hokkaido Univ. Educ., Sect. 2B 40: 37–48.
-Kurosawa, S. 1982. Cytotaxonomical studies on the flowering plants of the
Oze district. Pp. 135–139. In Hara, H. (editor), Ozegahara[:] Scientific
Researches on the Highmoor in Central Japan. Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science, Tokyo.
-Nishikawa, T. 1989. Chromosome counts of flowering plants of Hokkaido
(12). J. Hokkaido Univ. Educ., Sect. 2B 40: 37–48.
Heloniopsis orientalis var.
flavida
34*
Heloniopsis tubiflora
34*
Heloniopsis umbellata
34*
Ypsilandra cavaleriei
34*
-Kurosawa, S. 1982. Cytotaxonomical studies on the flowering plants of the
Oze district. Pp. 135–139. In Hara, H. (editor), Ozegahara[:] Scientific
Researches on the Highmoor in Central Japan. Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science, Tokyo.
-Nishikawa, T. 1989. Chromosome counts of flowering plants of Hokkaido
(12). J. Hokkaido Univ. Educ., Sect. 2B 40: 37–48.
-Kokubugata, G., C.-I. Peng & M. Yokota. 2004. Comparison of karyotypes
among three Heloniopsis species (Liliaceae) from Ryukyu Archipelago and
Taiwan. Ann. Tsukuba Bot. Gard. 23: 13–16.
-
Ypsilandra thibetica
34*
-Shu, T. R. 2000. Ypsilandra. In Flora of China 24:86-87
K20102439
HG475357
n/a
K20102442
HG475360
AB109323
K20102441/K20102437
HG475353
AB040195
K2010728
HG475362
HG475396
K2010727
HG475363
AB040195
BCN201157
HG475347
n/a
Wiebolt s.n. (GA)
AF303694
n/a
K1980159
AF303697
n/a
K20102427
HG475348
n/a
Forbes s.n. (UCBG98.0269)
(GA)
HG475350
n/a
Wendt 7016 (TEX)
AF303672
n/a
Carter20234 (GA) (VSC)
AF303690
n/a
Zomlefer2429 (GA)
AF303692
n/a
Zomlefer2421 (GA)
AF303691
n/a
Tribe Melanthieae
Amianthium muscitoxicum
32
Anticlea elegans var. glaucus
32
Anticlea occidentalis
16*
Anticlea volcanica
32*
Schoenocaulon macrocarpum
16
Schoenocaulon texanum
16
Stenanthium densum
20
Stenanthium gramineum
20*
Stenanthium leimanthoides
20
-Zomlefer, W.B. & Smith, G.L. 2002. Documented chromosome numbers
2002: 1. Chromosome number of Stenanthium (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) and
its significance in the taxonomy of tribe Melanthieae. Sida 20(1): 221-226.
-Love, A. & D. Love. 1981c. In Chromosome number reports LXXIII. Taxon
30: 845–851.
-Chinnappa, C. C. & J. G. Chmielewski. 1987. Documented plant
chromosome numbers 1987: 1. Miscellaneous counts from western North
America. Sida 12: 409–417.
-Niehans, F., Wong, L. 1971. In IOPB chromosome reports XXXII. Taxon 20:
349-356.
- Powell, A. M. & B. L. Turner. 2005. Documented chromosome numbers
2005: 1. Miscellaneous counts from western Texas, mostly trans-Pecos. Sida
21(3): 1663–1664.
-Powell, A. M. & B. L. Turner. 2005. Documented chromosome numbers
2005: 1. Miscellaneous counts from western Texas, mostly trans-Pecos. Sida
21(3): 1663–1664.
-Zomlefer, W.B. & Smith, G.L. 2002. Documented chromosome numbers
2002: 1. Chromosome number of Stenanthium (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) and
its significance in the taxonomy of tribe Melanthieae. Sida 20(1): 221-226.
-Zomlefer, W.B. & Smith, G.L. 2002. Documented chromosome numbers
2002: 1. Chromosome number of Stenanthium (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) and
its significance in the taxonomy of tribe Melanthieae. Sida 20(1): 221-226.
-Chinnappa, C. C. & J. G. Chmielewski. 1987. Documented plant
chromosome numbers 1987: 1. Miscellaneous counts from western North
America. Sida 12: 409–417.
Toxicoscordion exaltatum
22*
Toxicoscordion fontanum
22*
Toxicoscordion fremontii
22*
Toxicoscordion gramineum
22
Toxicoscordion micranthum
22
Toxicoscordion paniculatum
22
Toxicoscordion venenosum
22*
Veratrum album
32*
Veratrum californicum v.
caudatum
32*
Veratrum fimbriatum
32*
Veratrum grandiflorum
32*
Veratrum lobelianum
32*
-McNeal, D.W. & Zomlefer, W.B. 2010. Documentation on the chromosome
number for the California endemic, Toxicoscordion exaltatum (Liliales:
Melanthiaceae). Madrono 57(3):180-183.
-Preece, S.J. 1956. A cytotaxonomic study of the genus Zigadenus. PhD
dissertation. State College of Washington, Pullman, WA.
- Preece, S.J. 1956. A cytotaxonomic study of the genus Zigadenus. PhD
dissertation. State College of Washington, Pullman, WA.
-Miller, E.W. 1930. A preliminary note on the cytology of the
Melanthoideae section of the Liliaceae. Proceedings of the University of
Durham Philosophical Society 8:267-271.
-Taylor, M.N. & Taylor, S. 1977. Chromosome numbers of vascular plants of
British Columbia. Syesis 10:125-138.
- Preece, S.J. 1956. A cytotaxonomic study of the genus Zigadenus. PhD
dissertation. State College of Washington, Pullman, WA.
- Preece, S.J. 1956. A cytotaxonomic study of the genus Zigadenus. PhD
dissertation. State College of Washington, Pullman, WA.
- Preece, S.J. 1956. A cytotaxonomic study of the genus Zigadenus. PhD
dissertation. State College of Washington, Pullman, WA.
-Pashuk, K. T. 1987. Chromosome numbers in species of subalpine belt of
Chernogora (Ukrainian Carpatians). Bot. Zhurn. 72: 1069–1074.
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Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 24: 15–19.
-Fernandez Casas, J. & J. F. Piqueras. 1978. In Numeros cromosomicos para
la flora Espanola. 1-44. Lagascalia 7: 191–216.
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57:1-58.
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57:1-58.
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from Sakhalin, Moneron and the Kurile Islands. Biodivers. Biogeogr. Kuril
Islands Sakhalin 1: 15–23.
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Sajana. V Flora Pribajkal'ja. 19–48. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
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Malyshev, ed. 1976 Flora Putorana: Materali k Poznaniiu Osobennostei
Sostava i Genezisia Gornykh Subarkticheskikh Flor Sibir. Novosibirsk.
-Krasnoborov, I. M., N. S. Krukova & V. V. Rubtsova. 1968. Nekotorye
dekorativnye rastenija -Zapadnogo Sajana i ikh khromosomnyj sostav.
Introdukcija Dekorat. Rastenij dla Cvetnikov i Gazonov Sibiri. Novosibirsk.
K19881339
AF303687
n/a
Forbes s.n. (UCBG84.0079)
(GA)
AF303682
n/a
K1991203
AF303688
n/a
AF303684
n/a
AF303686
n/a
AF303689
n/a
K1999204
AF303683
n/a
Pellicer s.n.(K)/K2010993
AF303674
n/a
K196919705
AF303673
n/a
HEL6248/ Forbes s.n.
(UCBG540517) (GA)
AF303676
n/a
DQ517452
n/a
Forbes s.n. (UCBG85.1381)
(GA)
Forbes s.n. (UCBG85.1498)
(GA)
K20102435
K19783034
DQ517452
n/a
Veratrum longibracteatum
16*
Veratrum maackii var.
japonicum
16*
Veratrum maackii var. maackii
16*
Veratrum nigrum
16*
Veratrum parviflorum
16
Veratrum schindleri
16
Veratrum stamineum
32*
Veratrum virginicum
16
Veratrum viride
32*
Veratrum woodii
16
1968: 30–34.
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chromosomiques de la flore vasculaire du nord- est de l'Amérique. III.
Naturaliste Canad. 109: 91–101.
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551.
K19885547/K20102431
HG475349
n/a
K20102430
AF303678
AB017417
K20102425
AF303678
AB017417
K19977096/Pellicer s.n.
(K)/K20101007
DQ517461
n/a
Denslow & Denslow s.n.
(BOON) (GA)
K20102432
AF303681
n/a
DQ517459
n/a
K20102434
AB514905
AB040184
Poindexter s.n. (BOON) (GA)
AF303679
n/a
Pellicer s.n. (K)
AF303675
n/a
Zomlefer 2419
(ABG19920696) (GA)
AF303677
n/a
Zigadenus glaberrimus
54
-W. Zomlefer (in prep.)
Walker s.n. (GA)
AF303699
n/a
Pellicer s.n. (K)
n/a
n/a
K19953231
HG475366
HG475404
K19943438
HG475369
HG475403
Pellicer s.n. (K)
HG475367
HG475399
K19962797/K20011796
HG475368
HG475400
Pellicer s.n. (K)
HG475370
HG475405
Tribe Parideae
Paris forrestii
10*
Paris incompleta
10*
Paris mairei
10*
Paris japonica
40
Paris polyphylla
10*
Paris quadrifolia
10*
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eighteen taxa of the genus Paris sensu Li, Liliaceae. Cytologia 57: 181–194.
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419–426
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Chromosome numbers in some high elevation species from the Big
Caucasus. Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 70(12): 1698–1699.
-Myakoshina, Y. A., E. O. Punina & A. V. Rodionov. 2002. Ag-NO staining of
transcriptionally active nucleolus organizers in the karyotypes of the plants
of the family Trilliaceae. Citologija 44(9): 894–895.
-Punina. 2005. Karyosystematics and molecular phylogeny of Trilliaceae.
Biol. Membrany 22: 249–257.
-Myakoshina. 2006. Karyosystematic study of some Trilliaceae Cheval. In
Thesis Diss. Cand. Biol. Sci. St. Petersburg.
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Yunnan. 8: 313–318.
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eighteen taxa of the genus Paris sensu Li, Liliaceae. Cytologia 57: 181–194.
Gu, Z. j., L. Wang & H. Li. 1992. Karyomorphological studies of some
monocots in Dulongjiang area. Acta Bot. Yunnan. , Suppl. 5: 77–90.
-Pellicer, J., F. Fay & I.J. Leitch. 2010. The largest eukaryotic genome of
them all? Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 164: 10-15.
-Miyamoto, J., N. Ohmido & K. Fukui. 1999. Physical mapping of 18S rDNA
by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the three species of genus
Paris L., Liliaceae. Cytologia 64: 175–180.
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East-Himalayan monocots. Cytologia 44: 233–240.
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Chromosome Atlas of Major Economic Plants Genome in China, Vol. 3,
Chromosome Atlas of Garden Flowering Plants in China. Science Press,
Beijing.
-Punina. 2005. Karyosystematics and molecular phylogeny of Trilliaceae.
Paris tetraphylla
10
Paris thibetica
10 *
Paris thibetica var. thibetica
10*
Paris verticillata
10*
Trillium camschatcense
10*
Trillium catesbaei
10
Trillium cernuum
10*
Biol. Membrany 22: 249–257.
-Krasnikov, A. A. 1991. Chromosome numbers in some species of vascular
plants from Novosibirsk region. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 476–
479.
-Punina, E. O., Y. A. Myakoshina, A. M. Efimov & A. V. Rodionov. 2000.
Chromosome map of Trilliaceae plants: heterochromatin nucleotide
composition and mapping of 18S–26S rRNA genes in Paris quadrifolia L.
Genetika 36(5): 673–677.
-Miyamoto, J., S. Kurita & K. Fukui. 1991. Image analysis of C-banding
patterns in two herbs: Paris tetraphylla A. Gray and Paris verticillata M. v
Bieb. (Liliaceae). Jap. J. Genet. 66: 335–345.
-Wang, L. & A. Uchino. 1998. Cytogenetic structure and breeding system of
natural populations of Paris tetraphylla A. Gray. Cytologia 63: 87–97.
-Miyamoto, J., N. Ohmido & K. Fukui. 1999. Physical mapping of 18S rDNA
by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the three species of genus
Paris L., Liliaceae. Cytologia 64: 175–180.
-Li, H. 1998. The Genus Paris (Trilliaceae). Science Press, Beijing.
-Gu, Z. & H. Na. 1986. Karyotype studies in eight taxa of Paris. Acta Bot.
Yunnan. 8: 313–318.
Miyamoto, J., S. Kurita, G. Zhijian & L. Hen. 1992. C-Banding patterns in
eighteen taxa of the genus Paris sensu Li, Liliaceae. Cytologia 57: 181–194.
-Li, H. 1998. The Genus Paris (Trilliaceae). Science Press, Beijing.
-Miyamoto, J., S. Kurita & K. Fukui. 1991. Image analysis of C-banding
patterns in two herbs: Paris tetraphylla A. Gray and Paris verticillata M. v
Bieb. (Liliaceae). Jap. J. Genet. 66: 335–345.
-Li, H. 1998. The Genus Paris (Trilliaceae). Science Press, Beijing.
-Probatova, N. S., A. P. Sokolovskaya & E. G. Rudyka. 1989. Chromosome
numbers in some species of vascular plants from Kunashir Island (the Kuril
Islands). Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1675–1678.
-Rudyka, E. G. 1998. Chromosome numbers of the monocotyledonous
plants of the flora of Russian Far East. Pages 135–137 in Rasteniya v
Mussonnom Klimate. Vladivostok.
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Newslett. (Zurich) 25: 8–9.
-Darlington, C.D. & Shaw, G.W. 1959. Parallel polymorphism in the
heterochromatin of Trillium species. Heredity 13: 89-121.
Pellicer s.n. (K)
n/a
n/a
K19821796
HG475371
HG475402
K19821797
HG475372
HG475401
Pellicer s.n. (K)
n/a
n/a
K1995687
DQ404265
AB017379
K20003247
n/a
n/a
K195986503
HG475384
HG475425
Trillium chloropetalum
10*
Trillium cuneatum
10
Trillium decipiens
10
Trillium discolor
10
Trillium erectum
10*
Trillium erectum x flexipes
10*
Trillium flexipes
10*
Trillium govanianum
20*
Trillium grandiflorum
10*
Trillium kurabayashii
10*
Trillium lancifolium
10
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Trillium. Fusion chromocentres and the distribution of H-segments.
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-Wcislo, H. 1987. Chromosome numbers of certain Canadian plants. Acta
Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 29: 19–30.
-Chinnappa, C. C. 1982. Cytology of some variegated forms of Trillium
grandiflorum (Liliaceae). Caryologia 35: 23–22.
-Fukuda, I. & W. F. Grant. 1980. Chromosome variation and evolution in
Trillium grandiflorum. Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 22: 81–91.
-Baiely, P. C. 1951. A study of the chromosome morphology of some species
of Trillium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl. 78: 324-330.
K1978977
HG475376
HG475413
Zomlefer 2420 (GA)
HG475386
AB017384
Zomlefer 2417 (GA)
HG475374
HG475418
Hill 35072 (ILL)
HG475375
HG475419
K20091917
HG475391
HG475423
K19884343
HG475393
HG475427
K1991513
HG475392
HG475424
K19835858
HG475382
HG475408
K1980517
HG475394
HG475409
Pellicer s.n. (K)
HG475377
HG475421
K19962636
HG475381
HG475420
Trillium luteum
10 *
Trillium maculatum
10
Trillium nivale
10
Trillium ovatum
10*
Trillium parviflorum
10 *
Trillium pusillum var. pusillum
10 *
Trillium recurvatum
10 *
Pseudotrillium rivale
10*
Trillium sessile
10*
Trillium sulcatum
10
Trillium taiwanense
20 *
Trillium tschonoskii
20*
-Darlington, C.D. & Shaw, G.W. 1959. Parallel polymorphism in the
heterochromatin of Trillium species. Heredity 13: 89-121.
-Dyer, A. F. 1964. Heterochromatin in American and Japanese species of
Trillium. Fusion chromocentres and the distribution of H-segments.
Cytologia 29: 155-170.
-Hill, L. M. 1995. IOPB chromosome data 9. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett.
(Zurich) 24: 19–20.
-Darlington, C.D. & Shaw, G.W. 1959. Parallel polymorphism in the
heterochromatin of Trillium species. Heredity 13: 89-121.
- Serota, C. A., Smith, B. W. 1967. The cyto-ecology of four species of
Trillium (Liliaceae) from western North Carolina. Amer. J. Bot. 54: 159-181.
- Baldwin, J. T.; Bernice, M.; Mikula, S.; Mikula, B. 1949. Chromosomes
of Trillium pusillum Fern. Rhodora 51: 368
-Darlington, C.D. & La Cour, L. F. 1940. Journal of Genetics 40: 185.
-Punina. 2005. Karyosystematics and molecular phylogeny of Trilliaceae.
Biol. Membrany 22: 249–257.
-Warmke, H. E. 1937. Cytology of the Pacific Coast Trilliums. American
Journal of Botany 24:276-386
-Utech, F. H. 1980. Chromosome atlas of the vascular plants of western
Pennsylvania. I. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 49: 265–305.
-Hill, L. M. 1995. IOPB chromosome data 9. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett.
(Zurich) 24: 19–20.
-Darlington, C.D. & Shaw, G.W. 1959. Parallel polymorphism in the
heterochromatin of Trillium species. Heredity 13: 89-121.
-Dyer, A. F. 1964. Heterochromatin in American and Japanese species of
Trillium. Fusion chromocentres and the distribution of H-segments.
Cytologia 29: 155-170.
-Patrick, T. S. 1984. Trillium sulcatum (Liliaceae), a new species of the
southern Appalachians. Brittonia 36(1): 26–36.
-Wang, S. f. 1989. Karyotype uniformity of Paris and Trillium tschonoskii.
Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11: 75–79.
-Myakoshina, Y. A., E. O. Punina & A. V. Rodionov. 2002. Ag-NO staining of
transcriptionally active nucleolus organizers in the karyotypes of the plants
of the family Trilliaceae. Citologija 44(9): 894–895.
-Punina. 2005. Karyosystematics and molecular phylogeny of Trilliaceae.
Biol. Membrany 22: 249–257.
K19911817
HG475387
HG475414
Judd 8350 FLAS (GA)
HG475388
HG475412
K19884374
n/a
n/a
Forbes s.n. (UCBG76.0117),
(GA)/ K195986502
HG475395
HG475416
K1989194
HG475378
HG475415
K1991855
n/a
n/a
K19873785
HG475390
HG475422
K1991518
HG475380
HG475417
K1991853
HG475379
HG475410
HG475385
HG475426
HG475373
HG475406
DQ404269
AB017411
Poindexter 11-114 (BOON)
(GA)/ RHS50805
K20102428
K19911709
Trillium undulatum
10
Trillium viride
10
-Löve, A. & D. Löve. 1982. IOPB chromosome number reports LXXVII. Taxon
31: 766–768.
-Plante, S. 1995. IOPB chromosome data 10. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst.
Newslett. (Zurich) 25: 9–10.
-See: Flora of North America North of Mexico Vol. 26, Magnoliophyta:
Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford University Press. New York and
Oxford.
(http://efloras.org/volume_page.aspx?volume_id=1026&flora_id=1,
accessed 07/2013.
Poindexter 09-110 (BOON)
(GA)
HG475383
HG475407
Hill 34571 (ILL)
HG475389
HG475411
Zomlefer 2422
(ABG20100685) (GA)
HG475364
HG475398
K20003137/K20101013
HG475365
HG475397
Tribe Xerophylleae
Xerophyllum asphodeloides
30
Xerophyllum tenax
30*
-Miller, E. W. 1930. A preliminary note on the cytology of the
Melanthioideae section of the Liliaceae. Proc. Univ. Durham Philos. Soc. 8:
267-271. 1930.
-Chambers, K. L., D. Green, S. Potampa & L. McMahan. 1998. IOPB
chromosome data 13. Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 18–22.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Eds. 2002.
*New chromosome numbers obtained in the present study using the same accessions as for GS assessments.
Supporting Information Table S2: Model fitness scores obtained with ChromEvol.
MODELS
CONST_RATE_NO_DUPL (M0)
CONST_RATE (M1)
CONST_RATE_DEMI (M2)
CONST_RATE_DEMI_EST (M3)
LINEAR_RATE (M4)
LINEAR_RATE_DEMI (M4a)
LINEAR_RATE_DEMI_EST (M4b)
LINEAR_RATE_NO_DUPL (M5)
Log-likelihood
(LRT)
-279.7
-87.82
-82.57
-82.45
-87.15
-82.74
-82.68
-256.8
Akaike information criterion
(AIC)*
563.3
181.6
171.1
172.7
184.3
175.5
176.6
521.6
*As recommended in Mayrose et al. (2010), AIC has been used to determine the model that best fits to the dataset.