Toprani’s Lab is one of the most advanced pathology labs in the country. It works on the latest technology machines with highly qualified doctors and workers. Located in the middle of the city in the Race Course area, it becomes easy for people to visit it. It provides six different collection centers in the city so that people living far from the lab do not have to come and visit it specially. It provides the following:
The latest cutting edge world class technology for laboratory testing.
The best internal and external quality control systems available.
The best pre-analytical procedures for sample collection, storage, transport and preservation.
The best post-analytical data storage and transmission to minimize all errors .
The total number of people working:-
1.
Total staff at the lab: 80-90 people
2.
Total staff at all the collection centers: 150 people
3.
Total doctors at the lab: 7
Qualifications of the people working:-

1.
2 DCPs
2.
Rest MDs
3.
Other staff: BSc, DMLT
The approx people visiting the lab:-
1.
Per day- 300-320
2.
Sundays- 190-200
The common tests done by the people:-
1.
CBC (Complete Blood Counts)
2.
Blood sugar
3.
Lipid profile
4.
Thyroid
5.
Liver function
20/10/21012:-
1.
I learned in brief about the different departments of the lab which are:
 Hematology
 Biochemistry
 Immunology
 Histopathology
 Microbiology

2.
I observed how the blood is collected before any tests and the process of the collection
3.
I saw the tissues in the neck region of a 38 year old lady under the light microscope and found out that she had TB in that region. I observed dead tissues which were infected.
The cells had been stained with the HNE stain. I observed that in one part of the tissue, the WBCs had surrounded the host cells so that they don’t divide. I also noticed some
RBCs in the cell.
4.
I learned how a person’s data is stored in the computers and how the reports are collected and made. The data of the blood sample from the different departments are sent to one different department and the report is then made gathering all the information.
5.
I learned about Pathology and its importance and how is it implemented and useful in our day to day lives.
21/10/12:-
1.
In the histopathology department, I observed the biopsy tissues and how they were cleaned and preserved. I learned the method of the preparation of the biopsy tissues and how they are seen under the microscope.
2.
I then saw a part of the medulla of kidney and figured out whether it was working properly or not. The doctor there

gave a brief explanation about kidneys and the histopathology department.
3.
Then in the hematology department, I learned how the blood smear is prepared and how the slide is stained. I watched different types of blood cells under the microscope and tried to identify them.
4.
In the urine collection department, I saw the preparation of slides of urine and how do they check the presence of ketones, proteins and glucose in the urine. I watched how the urine is centrifuged before making a slide.
22/10/12:-
1.
The biochemistry department was an interesting one as I got to know how the various tests are done and how the reagents and chemicals are used.
2.
In the immunology department, I learned how the hormones are detected from a blood sample and how the machines work on a hormone. I learned about the different glands in the body and what are their functions.
3.
The microbiology lab was an interesting one. There I learned how the particular medium is prepared and how they culture fungus, different bacteria, and how they check the effect of antibiotics on them.
4.
First of all the infective organisms from clinical samples are isolated, which may include blood, pus, urine, body fluids-

pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, synovial fluid, sputum and stool. Once isolated, they identify the presence of any bugs. Then their antibiotic sensitivity is checked and from this, the medicines to be given to a person are decided.
Then media is prepared in clean Petri dishes using different types of agar- blood agar, McConkey agar and nutrient agar, depending upon the type of sample. It is then incubated in the incubator for 18-24 hours. After incubation, the plate is observed and colonies of organisms are observed. A particular colony is identified and then tests are performed accordingly to check whether an organism is sensitive or resistive to a particular antibiotic.
1.
Hematology:-

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XT-2000i™ from Sysmex Corporation, Japan
Compact, high performance hematology analyzer.
 Provides accurate and precise CBC results, including a fully automated WBC 5-part differential, reticulocyte count and fluorescent optical platelet.
 Fluorescent flow cytometry technology allows for rapid, highly reliable test results.
 Enhanced separation of normal and abnormal cell populations through fluorescent flow technology provides sensitive and specific WBC differential results and flags.
 Small sample size makes analyzer a perfect fit for pediatric or oncology patients.
 Onboard reticulocyte analysis without pretreatment, providing faster turnaround time.
 Offers four discrete testing modes and real time random access analysis.
 Standardized reagents and controls.
 Barcode reader for error free testing.
 Integrated to a computer network wherein the results are directly transmitted to central database eliminating the need for manual data entry.

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K4500 from Sysmex Corporation, Japan
Uses reliable Direct Current (DC) method ensuring accurate and stable hematology testing
18 parameters plus histograms for WBC, RBC and
PLT (can be printed via thermal printer)
Cap piercing sampler with 50 samples capacity allowing efficient hematology testing
Throughput of 80 samples per hour without operator intervention
K-4500 uses cyanide-free, bio-degradable reagent for analysis of HGB
Combined with the Cap piercing Sampler, the flexible Barcode Reader provides positive sample identification, optimizing laboratory efficiency and eliminating errors.
Integrated to a computer network wherein the results are directly transmitted to central database eliminating the need for manual data entry.
2.
Biochemistry:-

COBAS INTEGRA® 400 plus from Roche
Real security of results
 Highly sensitive pressure sensors detect incorrect pipetting, even at 2 µl sample volume.
 Handling of clotted samples is improved with immediate flagging of faulty samples.
 System wash pressures have been optimized to fully remove the clot from the sample probes, avoiding any maintenance actions and interruptions to workflow.
 Patented cassette design plus on-board refrigeration prevents reagent evaporation and degradation.
 Each cassette holds all necessary reagents for up to
800 determinations, maximizing on-board capacity and reducing the possibility of errors and saving staff time.
 Reagent preparation is a task of the past. The barcoded reagent cassettes are automatically handled by the system, reducing the possibility of errors a saving time.
 More than 140 applications for all types of sample matrices are measured with one of 4 different measuring technologies - absorbance photometry, turbidimetry, fluorescence polarization and ion selective potentiometry.
 The COBAS INTEGRA® 400 plus system has up to 36 different onboard assays. For quick access to additional tests, cassette racks can be exchanged

 while the system is running. Off board storage of pre-calibrated cassettes allows full flexibility.
The broad menu includes clinical chemistry, specific proteins therapeutic drug monitoring, drug of abuse testing and much more. Consolidation on a single system improves turnaround times by reducing the need for sample splitting.
Integrated with a sophisticated software programme
 Quality control programs monitor precision and accuracy to ensure reliable results.
 Validated sample results are continuously transmitted to the central server via the host query communication mode, guaranteeing fast and error free result availability.
Continuous sample access to up to 90 samples
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Sample racks allow continuous access as tests are completed and new samples arrive, eliminating unnecessary test delays.
Up to 90 bar-coded samples, in six 15 position racks, can be loaded onboard. STATs are automatically given priority and immediately processed once the barcode is read to speed up delivery of results to the physician.
 Serum, plasma, urine, hemolysate, whole blood and CSF can be used in bar-coded primary or secondary tubes. Micro cups can be used for low volume samples, e.g. pediatric and CSF.

Vitros 250 from Johnson & Johnson
Dry chemistry System
 Proven Micro Slide™ technology sets the standard for superior assay precision
 Minimal interference from hemolysis, lipemia and bilirubin
 Fewer repeats, redraws and dilutions than with wet chemistry systems
The best checks and balances on any chemistry system.
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 Short sample detection/clot detection/bubble
 detection—ensure accuracy
Unique Smart Metering™—ensures dependable testing integrity
Disposable tips—ensure no carryover
Continuous process verification—ensures the right result the first time
Easy to operate—just plug in and go.
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No deionized water, no plumbing, no drains
Load bar-coded slide cartridges, of any lot number, in one easy step—with no reagent preparation
 Accepts any size primary/secondary containers or
 cups
 Small sample size requirements
User-friendly help text is available at all times
 Biosafe operations with no infectious waste

3.
Immunology:-
AxSYM® Plus from Abbott Diagnostics
 Leading immunoassay system in the world with over
10,000 installations worldwide
 AxSYM provides cutting-edge ergonomics and new features that mean increased ease-of-use, enhanced reliability and greater user-friendliness
 Test processing of 80 to 120 tests per hour.
 Combines continuous access, random access, and
STAT processing with a broad testing menu.
 Other features include o o o o o o
In-line pressure monitoring
Foam avoidance
Enhanced Exception Management
Ratio calculation
STAT rerun capabilities
Exterior hardware enhancements

Immulite2000 from DPC
Efficiency
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Throughput of up to 200 tests/hour
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24 resident assays
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Proprietary on-board dilution
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Automatic reassay of out-of-range samples
Reflex testing for additional clinical information
Maximum Integration
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Primary, secondary and micro sampling
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LIS interface, including host query
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Remote-test ordering via LIS
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STAT capability
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Open architecture to interface with lab automation or workcell configurations
Exceptional Performance
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Clot detection
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Proprietary wash technique for high sensitivity
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Third generation assays
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Extensive routine as well as esoteric menu for faster clinical diagnostic information
Ease-of-Use
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Unique user interface software for enhanced operation
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On-board refrigeration
Automatic monitoring of reagents, supplies and waste
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Minimal attendance, easy access and limited maintenance
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On-line help

mini VIDAS
The Compact Automated Immunoassay Analyzer from bioMérieux
Reliable and Economical
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ELFA technology (Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay)
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No carryover
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One-point recalibration every 14 days
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Optimized cost per result
Multiparametric and Compact
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Two compartments, each holding 6 tests
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Compatible assays may be run together in one section
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Each section functions independently from the other
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Constantly growing menu of assays
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Integrated computer, screen, keyboard and printer
Simple and Rapid
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Minimal maintenance
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Ready-to-use, single-dose reagents (reagent strip and
SPR)
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Results of most assays available in 40 minutes

Vidas from bioMérieux
The Automated, Multiparametric Immunoassay System
Productivity
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Optimized Cost per Test Result o Uniquely designed testing device o Calibration stored in the analyzer's memory
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Optimization of Labor o Ready-to-use reagents o Minimum maintenance o Ease of use o Uni- or bidirectional interface
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Rapid Results o Kinetic reactions o Automated
Flexibility o More efficient workflow
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Flexible work routine
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"Sectioned" architecture
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"Add-on" modular system
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Batch or single testing
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STAT Testing
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Multiparametric Testing
Quality
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Automation
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No carryover contamination
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Fluorescence reading

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Ready-to-use, bar-code-labeled reagents
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On-board QC program
4.
Histopathology:-
Microtome

Frozen section
Shandon Cytospin® Cytocentrifuge
The ultimate thin-layer cell preparation system
 Provides excellent thin-layer preparations from any liquid matrix, especially hypo cellular fluids such as spinal fluids and urines

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Processes 12 specimens at one time.
Redesigned Lid-release Mechanism allows for onehanded opening and closing of the outer lid for easy access. As an added safety measure, the Shandon
Cytospin will only operate when the lid is locked into position. The lid remains locked at all times during rotation. The polycarbonate window allows the operator to see the Sealed Head during cytocentrifugation.
Excellent safety design prevents accidental fluid spillage from damaging the mechanical or electronic components and allows for easy disinfecting. It meets stringent IEC 61010 standards for centrifuge safety.
5.
Microbiology:-
Laminar Airflow System

Mini API from
BioMerieux
Automatic bacteriological analyzer MiniAPI is intended for bacteria and fungus identification and antibiotics sensibility detection. The machine includes reader, operating computer, densitometer, electro pipette, streamer and printer
Function
Automatic identification
Antibiotics sensibility detection
Time
18-24 hours
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Detected culture enterobacterias(99 species) gram-negative bacillus (98 species) staphylococcus (32 species) fungus(63 species)
4 hours  enterobacterias (73 species)
 anaerobic bacterias (76 species)
 streptococcus (56 species)
18-24 hours
 urine enteropathogenic
 gram-negative bacillus
 staphylococcus
 Pseudomonas (multiresistant
 gram-negative bacillus) streptococcus

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 anaerobic bacterias
 neisseria, hemophillus fungus