BIOL 2320 FACULTY STANDARDS AND OBJECTIVES
The following course standards and objectives have been established in order to
1) Meet the guidelines for the SLCC Course Assessment and Articulation Agreements
2) Meet minimum standards for the SLCC Biology Department.
Course Description:
Prereq: BIOL 1610 w/C grade or better. Coreq: BIOL 2325. For HS and biology/science majors. Intro to
the structure of the human body using a systemic approach. Structural relationships are evaluated by macro
and microanalysis. Three hours of lecture per week and additional lab component (BIOL 2325) required.
Standard Course Curriculum:
Instructors are expected to cover the below objectives for each chapter outlined below except where noted.
Instructors will provide (either on MyPage or Canvas) their students the list of below chapter objectives.
These standard set of objectives should meet any requirements for students wanting to transfer credits to a
different school for equivalent courses.
Instructions on Specific Assignments and Processes:
Methodologies utilized in this class include: lecture, readings in the textbook, and laboratory work.
Reading assignments are coordinated with lectures. Student performance in the lecture portion of this
course will be assessed using exams and/or quizzes. Exams and quizzes use question formats appropriate
to the subject matter, including (but not limited to): multiple choice, matching, short answer, labeled
diagrams, and essay. It is an expectation of this course that students will express themselves (e.g. exams
and writing assignments) using proper grammar and spelling. Students are expected to attend each lecture
and take notes during the entire period.
Reading assignments in the course textbook are provided to broaden the base of information provided to
students. It is the expectation that students will preview appropriate chapters before being lectured, and will
read for depth following the lecture on each topic. Students are also encouraged to take advantage of online study materials provided by the textbook publisher and/or the instructor.
ASSESSMENT AND GRADING GUIDELINES
All instructors MUST turn in, to the department office, a full and complete accounting of student scores for
each assignment. This report must delineate HOW grades were determined.
The laboratory score should constitute TWENTY PERCENT (20%) of the student’s final grade.
At least 50 percent of the student’s course grade MUST consist of work (e.g. exams, assignments) assessed
IN CLASS.
BIOL2320 - HUMAN ANATOMY
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
*Each instructor should cover the vast majority of the required learning objectives.
CHAPTER ONE
1.2 Definition of Anatomy
1. Explain how anatomy differs from physiology.
2. Describe microscopic anatomy and its subdivisions.
3. Define gross anatomy and compare and contrast its subdisciplines.
1.3 Structural Organization of the Body
1. Identify the major levels of organization in the human body.
2. Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their major organs.
1.4 Precise Language of Anatomy
1. Demonstrate the anatomic position and explain its significance.
2. Use correct terminology to define the three common anatomic planes.
3. Compare and contrast the proper terms to describe directions in the body.
4. Define the terms that describe major regions of the body.
5. Explain the terms that identify the body cavities and their subdivisions.
6. Identify the nine regions and four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Epithelial Tissue
1. Identify the structure and function of each type of epithelial tissue.
2. Explain where each type of epithelial tissue is found in the body.
3. Describe the specialized features of an epithelium.
4. Classify exocrine glands.
4.2 Connective Tissue
1. Describe the structure and function of connective tissue.
2. Identify the characteristics of embryonic connective tissue as time permits.
3. Compare connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue.
4. Explain where each type of connective tissue is found in the body.
4.3 Body Membranes
1. Explain the structure and function of mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes.
2. Describe where in the body the different types of membranes are found.
4.4 Muscle Tissue
1. Describe the structure and function of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
2. Identify the body locations where each type of muscle tissue is found.
4.5 Nervous Tissue
1. Explain the structure and function of nervous tissue.
2. Describe where nervous tissue is found in the body
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Structure and Function of the Integument
1. Describe the general structure of the integument.
2. Identify the varied functions of the integument.
5.2 Epidermis
1. Describe the structure, composition and arrangement, and functions of the epidermal strata.
2. Identify the epidermal variations in thickness, color, and markings.
5.3 Dermis
1. Describe the organization and function of the layers of the dermis.
2. Identify nerve and blood supply to the dermis.
5.4 Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)
1. Identify and describe the structure and function of the subcutaneous layer.
5.5 Epidermal Accessory Organs
1. Identify and describe the characteristics of sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and other glands
found in the skin.
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 Cartilage
1. Explain the functions of cartilage.
2. Describe the function and distribution of hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
6.2 Bone
1. Explain the functions of bone.
6.3 Classification and Anatomy of Bones
1. Identify the characteristics of long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
2. Describe the gross anatomy of a long bone.
3. Compare the microscopic anatomy of compact bone and spongy bone.
6.4 Ossification
1. Describe and compare the processes of intramembranous ossification and endochondral
ossification as time permits.
2. Explain the components of bone that enable it to grow and be remodeled.
6.6 Bone Markings
1. Identify the anatomic terms that describe the surface features of bone.
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.1 Skull
1. Identify the cranial and facial bones of the skull.
2. Locate and name the sutures between cranial bones.
3. Describe the structure of the nasal complex and the paranasal sinuses.
4. Identify the three auditory ossicles as time permits.
5. Discuss the structure of the hyoid bone as time permits.
7.4 Vertebral Column
1. Describe the functions of the vertebral column.
2. Discuss the general structure of the vertebral column.
3. Identify the parts of a typical vertebra.
4. Compare the vertebrae from each region.
7.5 Thoracic Cage
1. Describe the general structure of the sternum and the ribs.
8.1 Pectoral Girdle
1. Name the bones of the pectoral girdle and describe their functions.
2. Identify the bone surface features in the pectoral girdle.
8.2 Upper Limb
1. Name the bones of the upper limb, and identify their prominent markings.
8.3 Pelvic Girdle
1. Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and their prominent surface features.
2. Compare male and female pelves as time permits.
8.4 Lower Limb
1. Name the bones of the lower limb, and identify their prominent markings.
CHAPTER NINE
9.1 Articulations (Joints)
1. Describe the general structure of articulations.
2. Discuss the connection between degree of movement and joint structure.
3. Identify both the structural and functional classifications of joints.
9.2 Fibrous Joints
1. Describe the characteristics of the three types of fibrous joints.
2. Identify locations of gomphoses, sutures, and syndesmoses in the body.
9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
1. Discuss the characteristics of the two types of cartilaginous joints.
2. Name locations of synchondroses and symphyses in the body
9.4 Synovial Joints
1. Describe the general anatomy of synovial joints and their accessory structures.
2. Name the classes of synovial joints based on the joint surface shapes, and identify the types of
movement permitted as time permits.
3. Discuss the variety of dynamic movements which occur at synovial joints.
9.5 Selected Articulations in Depth
1. Describe the characteristics of some major articulations of the axial and appendicular skeletons
as time permits.
CHAPTER TEN
10.1 Properties of Muscle Tissue
1. List and explain the four unique properties of muscle tissue.
10.2 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
1. Identify the many roles (functions) of skeletal muscle in the body.
2. Describe the levels of organization in a skeletal muscle.
3. Explain how muscles are attached to other body structures.
4. Detail the components of muscle fibers.
10.3 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
1. Describe the structure of a neuromuscular junction.
2. Explain the process of skeletal muscle contraction as time permits.
3. Detail the structure and function of a motor unit.
4. Compare isometric and isotonic contractions.
10.8 The Naming of Skeletal Muscles
1. Explain how muscle names incorporate appearance, location, function, orientation, and unusual
features.
10.9 Characteristics of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
1. Describe the similarities and differences among the three types of muscle tissue.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
11.1 Muscles of the Head and Neck
1. Identify the major muscles involved in facial expression.
2. Name the muscles of mastication, and outline how each affects mandibular movement.
3. Describe the movements of the tongue, and compare its extrinsic and intrinsic muscles as time
permits.
4. Identify the muscles of the pharynx, and explain their function in swallowing as time permits.
5. Explain the organization and distribution of the muscles of the anterior neck.
6. Detail the muscles involved in the major movements of the head and neck.
11.2 Muscles of the Vertebral Column
1. Detail the muscles involved in the movements of the vertebral column.
11.3 Muscles of Respiration
1. Name the muscles of respiration, and explain their functions as time permits.
11.4 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall:
1. Illustrate the organization and function of the muscles of the abdominal wall.
CHAPTER TWELVE
12.1 Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
1. Describe the major movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb, and indicate the muscles
involved for each movement.
2. Identify the muscles that move the scapula and their actions.
3. Name the muscles of the glenohumeral joint, and explain how each moves the humerus.
4. Locate and name the muscles that move the elbow joint.
5. Identify the muscles of the forearm.
12.2 Muscles That Move the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
1. Describe the major movements at the pelvic girdle and lower limb, and identify the muscles
involved.
2. Name the muscles that move the thigh, and explain how they are organized into movement
groups.
3. Identify and locate the muscles that move the leg.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
14.1 Organization of the Nervous System
1. Identify the organs of the CNS and PNS.
2. Understand the general functions of the nervous system.
3. Identify and describe the specific functions of the sensory and motor nervous systems.
4. Compare and contrast the somatic sensory and visceral sensory components.
5. Compare and contrast the somatic motor and autonomic (visceral) motor components.
14.2 Cytology of Nervous Tissue
1. Identify and describe the basic features common to all neurons.
2. Describe and understand the structural and functional classifications of neurons.
3. Distinguish between the various types of glial cells, and compare their structures and function.
14.3 Myelination of Axons
1. Identify and describe the composition and function of a myelin sheath.
14.5 Nerves
1. Describe the organization and structure of a nerve.
14.6 Synapses
1. Describe the components of the various types of synapses as time permits.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
15.1 Brain Development and Tissue Organization
1. Compare and describe the organization of gray and white matter in the brain.
15.2 Support and Protection of the Brain
1. Describe the characteristics of the cranial meninges and the cranial dural septa.
2. Identify and describe the origin, function, and pattern of cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
3. Describe the structure of the blood-brain barrier and how it protects the brain.
15.3 Cerebrum
1. Identify the anatomic structures and describe the functional areas of the cerebrum.
2. Identify and trace the tracts associated with the central white matter of the cerebrum.
3. Describe the components of the cerebral nuclei and their function.
15.4 Diencephalon
1. Identify the divisions of the diencephalon, and describe their functions.
15.5 Brainstem:
1. Identify the components of the brainstem, and describe their functions.
15.6 Cerebellum
1. Describe the structure and function of the cerebellum.
2. Identify and compare the relationship between the cerebellum and the brainstem as time
permits.
15.8 Cranial Nerves
1. List the names and locations of the 12 cranial nerves.
2. Describe the principal functions of each cranial nerve pair.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
16.1 Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
1. Describe the structure of the spinal cord.
2. Explain the basic functions of the spinal cord.
16.2 Spinal Cord Meninges
1. Compare and contrast the arrangement and functions of the spinal meninges.
16.3 Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
1. Describe the internal anatomy of the spinal cord.
2. Identify and explain the distribution of gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord.
3. Compare and contrast how gray matter and white matter process information.
16.4 Spinal Nerves
1. Describe spinal nerve components.
2. List the number of spinal nerve branches.
3. Define the concept of a dermatome, and explain the clinical importance of a dermatome.
4. Compare and contrast the structure, distribution, and innervation patterns of the spinal nerve
plexuses.
16.5 Reflexes
1. Identify and describe the properties of a reflex as time permits.
2. List the structures and steps involved in a reflex arc.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
17.1 General Characteristics of Nervous System Pathways
1. Identify and describe the characteristics of sensory and motor pathways in the spinal cord.
17.2 Sensory Pathways
1. Identify the locations and describe the relationships of primary, secondary, and tertiary neurons
as time permits.
2. Describe and compare the three major somatosensory pathways as time permits.
17.3 Motor Pathways
1. Identify and describe the key features and regional anatomy of motor pathways as time permits.
2. Compare the characteristics of direct and indirect motor pathways as time permits.
3. Describe how cerebral nuclei and the cerebellum function in motor activities as time permits.
17.4 Higher-Order Processing and Integrative Functions
1. Identify the locations and describe the functions of the integrative areas of the cerebral cortex.
2. Describe hemispheric lateralization and functional differences between the hemispheres.
3. Identify the cerebral centers involved in written and spoken language.
4. Identify and describe the processes and brain locations related to cognition.
5. Describe the brain regions and structures involved in memory storage and recall as time
permits.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
18.1 Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
1. Compare and contrast the anatomy and functions of the SNS and the ANS.
2. Explain how the two-neuron chain facilitates communication and control in the ANS.
18.2 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
1. Compare and contrast the functions and components of the parasympathetic and sympathetic
divisions.
18.3 Parasympathetic Division
1. Describe the anatomy of the parasympathetic division.
2. Explain the relationship of the parasympathetic division to the brain, the cranial nerves, and the
sacral spinal cord.
3. Identify the effects of parasympathetic innervation on some effectors as time permits.
18.4 Sympathetic Division
1. Describe the anatomy of the sympathetic division.
2. Explain the relationship of the sympathetic division to the spinal cord and the spinal nerves.
3. Describe the sympathetic function of the adrenal medulla.
4. Identify the effects of sympathetic innervation on some effectors as time permits.
18.5 Other Features of the Autonomic Nervous System
1. Identify the structure and location of autonomic plexuses as time permits.
2. Explain dual innervation by the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
21.1 General Composition and Functions of Blood
1. List and describe the basic components of blood.
2. Explain how blood functions in transport, regulation, and protection as time permits.
21.2 Blood Plasma
1. Outline the components of plasma.
21.3 Formed Elements in the Blood
1. Identify the structural and functional characteristics of erythrocytes.
2. Outline the life cycle of erythrocytes as time permits.
3. Define the significance of the ABO and Rh blood groups as time permits.
4. Name the types of leukocytes and explain their functions.
5. Describe the structure of platelets and their role in blood clotting as time permits.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
22.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System
1. Identify and describe the basic features of the cardiovascular system.
2. Describe and trace the general patterns of the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
3. Identify the position and location of the heart.
4. Discuss the structure and function of the pericardium.
22.2 Anatomy of the Heart
1. Describe the external anatomy of the heart and its major vessels.
2. Observe and identify the internal anatomic characteristics of each heart chamber.
3. Distinguish how valves regulate blood flow through the heart.
22.3 Coronary Circulation
1. Identify and describe the location, origins, and branches of the coronary blood vessels.
22.4 How the Heart Beats: Electrical Properties of Cardiac Tissue
1. Distinguish between, and compare, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle as time permits.
2. Trace the conduction of muscle impulses along muscle fibers.
3. Describe autorhymicity and the heart’s conducting system.
22.5 Innervation of the Heart
1. Describe and explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic
nervous system regulate heart rate as time permits.
22.6 Tying It All Together: The Cardiac Cycle
1. Briefly describe the events in the cardiac cycle as time permits.
2. Trace the pattern of blood flow through the heart
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
23.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels
1. Compare and contrast the structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
2. Describe how the different types of vessels interconnect to transport blood.
23.3 Systemic Circulation
1. List and describe the major blood vessels involved in blood flow to and from all the body
tissues.
23.4 Pulmonary Circulation
1. List the pulmonary circulation vessels, and trace their pathways.
23.5 Review of Heart, Systemic, and Pulmonary Circulation
1. Trace and describe the flow of blood and oxygenation of blood in the systemic and pulmonary
circulations.
2. Identify the heart chambers involved in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
24.2 Lymph and Lymph Vessels
1. Identify the components of lymph as time permits.
2. Outline the path of lymph from interstitial tissues to the bloodstream as time permits.
24.4 Lymphatic Structures
1. Describe the structure and functions of lymphatic nodules as time permits.
2. List the organs of the lymphatic system, and explain their functions as time permits.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE
25.1 General Organization and Functions of the Respiratory System
1. Identify the components of the conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system.
2. Describe and compare external and internal respiration.
3. Identify and describe the other functions of the respiratory system.
25.2 Upper Respiratory Tract
1. Identify the structures and describe the organization and functions of upper respiratory tract
organs.
2. Identify and compare the regions of the pharynx.
25.3 Lower Respiratory Tract
1. Identify the structures and describe the organization and functions of lower respiratory tract
organs and regions.
2. Describe the characteristics of the respiratory membrane
25.4 Lungs
1. Identify the structure and describe the function of the pleura.
2. Describe the gross anatomy of the lungs.
3. Identify and discuss the blood supply to and from the lungs.
4. Discuss the role of lymphatic structures in the function of the respiratory system as time
permits.
25.5 Pulmonary Ventilation
1. Describe the process of pulmonary ventilation.
25.6 Thoracic Wall Dimensional Changes During External Respiration
1. Define and describe how the thoracic cavity changes in size and shape during respiration.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX
26.1 General Structure and Functions of the Digestive System
1. Identify the GI tract organs and accessory digestive organs.
2. Describe the basic functions of the digestive system.
3. Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion as time permits.
4. Identify the processes of peristalsis and segmentation.
5. Define the processes of secretion, absorption, and elimination of wastes as time permits.
26.2 Oral Cavity
1. Identify and describe the structure and function of the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth.
26.3 Pharynx
1. Describe the structure of the pharynx.
2. Explain the action of the pharyngeal constrictors
26.4 General Arrangement of Abdominal GI Organs
1. Identify and describe the peritoneum location and function.
2. Explain the derivation of specific mesenteries.
3. Compare and contrast the four tunics in the GI tract wall.
4. Describe the blood vessels, lymphatic structures, and nerves that supply the GI tract.
26.5 Esophagus
1. Describe the structure and function of the esophagus
26.7 Stomach
1. Describe the gross anatomy of the stomach.
2. Explain the histology of the stomach wall.
26.8 Small Intestine
1. Describe the gross anatomy of the small intestine.
2. Compare and contrast the three regions of the small intestine as time permits.
3. Explain the microscopic structure of the small intestine.
26.9 Large Intestine
1. Describe the gross anatomy of the large intestine.
2. Compare and contrast the large intestine regions.
3. Explain the microscopic structure of the large intestine as time permits.
4. Trace the movement of material through the large intestine as time permits.
26.10 Accessory Digestive Organs
1. Identify liver anatomy and blood supply.
2. Describe bile secretion.
3. Explain the gross anatomy and microanatomy of the pancreas.
4. Compare and contrast pancreatic acinar cell function as time permits.
5. Trace and describe how secretory products travel through the biliary apparatus as time permits.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN
27.1 General Structure and Functions of the Urinary System
1. List and describe the primary organs of the urinary system.
2. Explain the functions performed by the urinary system.
27.2 Kidneys
1. Describe the anatomy of the kidneys.
2. Outline the fundamentals of filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
3. List the components of a nephron, and explain their roles in urine formation.
27.3 Urinary Tract
1. Explain the anatomy and location of the ureters, urinary bladder, and the male and female
urethras.
2. Outline the blood vessels that supply the organs of the urinary tract.
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT
28.1 Comparison of the Female and Male Reproductive Systems
1. Describe the similarities between the female and male reproductive systems.
2. List the components of the perineum in females and males.
28.2 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
1. Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the ovaries.
2. Explain follicle development, the ovarian cycle, and the process of ovulation as time permits.
3. Detail the anatomy of the uterine tubes and their function.
4. Identify the regions of the uterus, and outline the uterine cycle.
5. Describe the anatomy of the vagina and the external genitalia.
28.3 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
1. Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the testes.
2. Outline the male reproductive duct system, and explain the function of each component.
3. Describe the anatomy and function of the male accessory reproductive organs.
4. List the components of the penis.