Honors Biology
Second Semester Study Guide
Biotechnology (12 & 13)
1. Explain the use of restriction enzymes, vectors, and plasmids in making recombinant DNA.
2. Explain how gel electrophoresis works and how it is applied in DNA identification.
3. Explain how biological technologies and research such as gene splicing, mammalian cloning, and stem cells impact human
society.
Restriction enzyme
Electrophoresis
Plasmid
Transgenic organisms
Restriction site
DNA fingerprinting
Gene splicing
Transformation
Sticky ends
Gene cloning
Recombinant DNA
Stem cell
Evolution (14-16)
1. Explain the theory of endosymbiosis and how it details the formation of Eukaryotes.
2. Distinguish between scientific ideas about evolution.
a. Lamarck's idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics
b. Darwin's idea of descent with modification
3. Analyze the reasoning in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
a. Overproduction of offspring
b. Genetic variation
c. Adaptations
d. Differential reproduction (survival & reproduction)
4. Explain how the following show evidence of evolution
a. Morphology: analogous & homologous structures, vestigial structures
b. Biochemistry: DNA, RNA, proteins
5. Compare and contrast divergent and convergent evolution
6. List the conditions under which evolution may take place (Hardy-Weinberg: genetic equilibrium)
Fossil record
Vestigial structure
Natural Selection
Species
Radiometric dating
Analogous structure
Hardy-Weinberg conditions
Population
Descent with Modification
Biochemistry
Genetic Drift
Morphology
Molecular comparison
Gene flow
Homologous structure
Embryology
Mutation
Classification (17)
1. Use hierarchical categories of classification to illustrate the biodiversity on this planet: Domain, kingdom, phylum, class,
order, family, genus, species
2. Use proper binomial nomenclature in describing organisms: Latin, italicized, avoid confusion with common name
3. Based on given data, construct a phylogenetic tree: shows chronological sequence of organism's appearance
4. Differentiate between the organisms found in different domains and kingdoms based on characteristics such as cell type,
cell wall, body plan, and nutrition.
Domain
Genus Homo
Archaea
Chemoheterotroph
Kingdom Animalia
Species Homo sapiens
Eukarya
Chemoautotroph
Phylum Chordata
Species identifier
Protista
Photoheterotroph
Class Mammalia
Systematics
Fungi
Photoautotroph
Order Primates
Phylogenetic tree
Plantae
Family Hominidae
Bacteria
Animalia
Bacteriology (23)
1. Describe the internal and external structure of bacteria: peptidoglycan, endospores, cilia, cell wall, capsule.
2. Morphology: spirillum, coccus, bacillus in various configurations
3. Describe the environments bacteria live in: obligate aerobic &anaerobic, facultative anaerobes.
4. Significance of Bacteria
5. Explain how bacteria develop new traits (including antibiotic resistance) via mutation, transformation, conjugation, and
transduction
Decomposition
Facultative anaerobe
Gram –
Spirillum
Transformation
Fermentation
Obligate anaerobe
Capsule
StreptoConjugation
Nitrogen fixation
Peptidoglycan
Pilus
StaphyloEndospore
Antibiotics
Gram stain
Coccus
Binary fission
Exotoxin
Obligate aerobe
Gram +
Bacillus
Plasmid
Endotoxin
Virology (24)
1. Describe why viruses are not considered living things.
2. Describe the structure of a virus: Nucleic Acid, Capsid, Envelope
3. Replication: Lytic Cycle (virulent viruses) & Lysogenic Cycle (temperate viruses)
4. Pathology: HIV/AIDS, vaccines, influenza, HPV/cervical cancer
Nucleic Acid
Envelope
Lytic Cycle
Capsid
Virulent
Temperate
Botany (28-30)
1. Name three adaptations plants have made to live on land
a. reproduction (spores & seed)
b. vascular tissue (phloem & xylem)
c. limiting desiccation (cuticle)
2. Summarize the classification of plants:
a. nonvascular (moss),
b. vascular spore producers (ferns)
c. vascular seed producers non-flowering (gymnosperms) & flowering (angiosperms)
3. Explain how angiosperm reproduction takes place
4. Compare and contrast monocotyledons and dicotyledons
Fruit
Stoma
Sink
Dicot
Vegetable
Vascular System
Moss
Taproot
Root
Vascular bundle
Fern
Apical meristem
Stem
Xylem
Gymnosperm
Vascular cambium
Leaf
Phloem
Angiosperm
Secondary growth
Cuticle
Source
Monocot
Springwood
Zoology
1. Identify key characteristics of animals that distinguish them from other organisms
2. Identify the significance of symmetry and cephalization in animal behavior
3. Describe components and function of digestive system
a. Primitive systems (intracellular and gastrovascular cavities)
b. Dental variations
c. Mammalian digestion
d. Herbivorous adaptations
4. Describe components and function of circulatory system
a. Primitive systems (diffusion and open circulation)
b. Vertebrate variations (Fish, Amphibian, Bird/Mammal)
c. Pathway of blood through heart (chambers, valves) and major vessels
Differentiation
Annelida
Mammary Glands
Specialization
Closed circulation
Esophagus
Porifera
Complete gut
Peristalsis
Filter feeding
Mollusca
Stomach
Cnidaria
Open circulation
Pancreas
Radial symmetry
Closed circulation
Liver
Nerve net
Gills
Gallbladder
Gastrovascular cavity
Arthropoda
Small intestine
Platyhelminthes
Exoskeleton
Large intestine
Cephalization
Chitin
Heart
Bilateral symmetry
Chordata
Atria
Central nervous system
Mammalia
Ventricles
Lysogenic Cycle
Vaccine
Summerwood
Cone
Flower
Septum
Pulmonary loop
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Systemic loop
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelet