Material Resources
p. 62
 Today our material resources are: timber, plants, animals, water,
land, air, minerals or ores, natural and synthetic fibers, and other
synthetic materials.
 Technology improvements make mineral exploitation more cost
effective.
 Materials are grouped into the following: Natural (renewable/ Non
Renewable) and Synthetic
Natural Resources
 Because both renewable and nonrenewable resources can be
depleted, proper conservation efforts must be taken so that future
generations will have access to these resources.
p.63
Nonrenewable Resources
 The term mineral commonly refers to pure minerals such as gold,
silver, graphite as well as such things as coal, oil and natural gas.
Page 68 :
 Alloyed ( mixed ) with other elements such as magnesium, copper
, and zinc, in this way aluminum develops the desirable properties
that make it one of the worlds most useful metals.
 Copper is highly useful and practical metal for production
technology. While the use of copper is quite extensive, the ores
containing it usually have less than 4% of the metal present.
 Bronze is formed by combining copper with tin. The alloys may
have other metals added to meet special requirements such as low
melting point or easier cutting.
 Copper is used extensively in the manufacture of electrical
components.
 About 20% of the worlds copper is mined in the united states, with
arizona as the leading producing state.
Page 70
 There are four types of coal, ignite, subbituminous, bituminous and
anthracite.
 Coal is extracted from deep shafts underground. This is called strip
mining.
Page 69
Tin
 A more thinner piece is put on the inside and outside of the tin
can tp help stop the cans from rusting and to shorten the acidic
effects in foods.
 The major use for tin is found in the production of solder.
Solder is used to forge metal wires and other metals.
 Titanium is a strong but lightweight metal that has a lot of
important uses.
 Despite the cost, titanium’s strength, lightweightness and
corrosion resistance have expanded its uses in the aircraft
industry and in the manufacturing process of many machines.
 Although there is a lot of the mineral, it is never found in its
pure state.
 The mineral is found in many states including Florida, Idaho,
and New Jersey. The chief worldwide producers are in
Australia, Brazil, and Canada.
Fossil Fuels
 About 97% of energy that is used is obtained from fossil fuels.
 These deposits may be found in the form of coal, petroleum or
natural gas.
 Because these fuels take such long periods of time for their
formation it makes them non-renewable.
Page 71
 Coals main use is electricity. 70% of electricity is powered by coal
in America.
 United States has 35% of the world’s known reserves. Russia has
25% and China has 15%.
 Petroleum is called crude oil that is pumped or released below the
earths surface. It is one of the worlds most valuable natural
resources.
Pg.72
In addition to the production of fuel, petrolieum is the source for a
very wide variety of other products
Natural gas is found in usable in many of the same areas as
petroleum
Pg.73
Certain compounds in natural gas found in petroleum are
sometimes compressed to form LPG(liquefied petroleum gas). The
LPg requires less storage room and is easily transported in
pressurized containers
The heating and clean burning properties of LPG led to its wide
use in homes and industry.
The industrial applications for gas are diverse
The United Staes is the major producer of natural gas in the world
Page 74 Renewable resources
 Many items in our daily lives are at least in part, derived from
renewable resources.
 Examples of renewable resources would be timber, water, land,
livestock and air.
 Timber was once a renewable resource that covered our country
from sea to sea, but now requires close and careful management.
Page 76 timber
 We need timber for so many products we make including plywood,
shingles and furniture. Some products that some directly from
timber are paper, cellophane and rayon.
 Timber helps to preserve valuable soils from being washed away
from rain, this is called erosion.
 Timber can be found in all areas in the world. Russia leads the
world in amount of lumber cut each year, while the United States
is the second.
Page 77, 78, 79
 Land is considered to be a renewable resource but it may take
hundreds of years. Without proper care and maintenance topsoil
essential for growing could be blown away in the wind.
 Water is essential in life it is used for generating electrical power,
cooling, cleaning and it’s a basic ingredient in many products and
processes.
 The lakes and streams of America are very polluted because they
were considered to be natural flushing systems for years. It’s so
bad that the Chesapeake Bay may become Americas own dead sea.
Page 80
 Water is being used as a renewal geothermal energy. Advantages
are water energy is free and nothing is burned so no pollution
 Large reservoirs under the earth’s surface of super-hot water.
When brought to surface the water turns to steam which can be
used to turn turbine generators
 Geothermal energy is available anywhere there has been volcanic
activity
Page 81
 People and animals need oxygen to live. Plants need carbon
dioxide to live. But the problem with our air is the pollution
 Society is attempting to lessen the pollution using technologies.
 Smog is a major problem in our cities. Smog is mix of smoke and
chemicals.
Pg 83
Synthetic Materials

Some synthetics can be made really easily such as Ammonia and
Gasoline, they are created by mixing and treating raw materials
until they get the resource they need.
Biotechnology


This is used by mixing science and engineering methods with
technology, living cells are used to make products and changing
the basic structure of things like plants, animals and microscopic
organisms.
New products are created from these genetic changes.
Plastics


Plastic has replaced steel as the most widely used material in the
US, by volume plastic is now used more than copper, aluminum,
and steel combined.
Plastic is now used to make such items as car bumpers, shoes, pans
and even human organs.
Pg 84
Biotechnology









being used in bio-procession, genetic engineering and antibody
production.
Fermentation has been used for thousands of years. It is used in
making of beer, wine, cheese and other product.
Decomposition has been used to breakdown vegetation to improve
our soil.
Genetic engineering, it has been used in agriculture EX: animal
breeding
it is also used in the development of plants
scientists have been producing hybrid plant.
Scientists have also been trying to develop techniques to cure
human diseases.
Antibodies are living cells that defend our bodies against diseases
shots for flu and other illnesses are ways of production antibodies