“Rational aggravation” of territories of industrial cities by maximumely stable
and aesthetically improved woody plant species.
It’s known that air pollution prevents the process of plant development by two times.
The producing of oxygen is lower in industrial regions than in natural ecosystem. At the
same time the amount of toxic gasses increases in the atmosphere, which causes the
absorbing of infrared rays, which becomes one of the main reasons of global raising of
temperature (green house effect).
Different species of trees react differently to tecnogenic pollution of the environment; the
majority of trees can’t stand the raising dozes of tecnogenic wastes, that shows the sign of
early aging and finally they die
The anatomic _physiological properties of plants are one of the indicator, which shows
us the scales of anthropogenic loading, the quality of plant resistance and gives us an
optimal strategic opportunity of aggravation in territories.
For this purpose we have chosen to investigate 10 more or less extended woody plant
species:
1. White acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
2. Ordinary ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)
3. Ordinary elm (Ulmus minor Mill.)
4. Hartwissian oak (Quercus hartwissiana Stev)
5. Lombardy popiar (Populus pyramidis Rozier.)
6. East platan (Platanus orientalis)
7. Glittering Kwido (Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)
8. Bigflowered Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora Z)
9. Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.)
10. Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara Loid.)
We have divided these woody plants into three groups, because of their different feature of
cambium activity and radial increase of stem during period of vegetation.
I group_arch-vesseled woody species
II group_disperese-vesseld woody species
III group_coniferous woody species
The ecologically clean territory (health-resort Sairme) separated from the city at 70km has been
chosen for controlling and testing plants of the same species and ages from tecnogenic polluted
zone. We have investigated the influence of pollution on these plants by: 1) anatomic structure of
leaf, 2) composition of plastidal pigments in the leaf, 3) activity of plant cambium, radial increase
of wood and structural formation. Resistance quality of these plants form tecnogenic pollution
has been displayed by received results and analyses.
For investigation from experimental and controlling zone in summer we were taking normally
developed and adult plant leaves from three parts of plant and were preparing for anatomic
structural investigation by working up in 70% alcohol. The research of plastidal pigment
composition is based on two-year-observation in spring, summer and autumn. For investigation
of cambium activity, models of wood have been worked up in the beginning of April before the
end of the vegetation period. In analyzing models we were trying not to separate phloem and
xylem from each other, because cambiumal zone located between phloem and xylem is very
information during microscopic research. Also activity of cambium is firmly connected to bud
blooming and covering with leaves, which was being observed phonologically.
Pollution of tecnogenic remnats in the atmosphere is shown in graph №1:
YEARS
Unit of
Size
INGREDIENTS
lpc(limited
possible
concentration)
annual
average
(mg/m3)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Mg/m3
3,1
2,9
2,3
2,0
1,9
2,1
0,15
,,---,,
8,1
7,5
7,1
6,9
6,73
7,2
1
,,---,,
1,4
1,1
0,93
0,10
0,65
0,58
0,05
Nitrogen
dioxide
,,---,,
0,12
0,1
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,08
0,085
Nitrogen
monoxide
,,---,,
0,016
0,13
9,11
0,1
0,8
0,08
0,006
Phenol
,,---,,
0,011
0,01
0,009
0,007
0,06
0,007
0,001
Dust
Carbon
dioxide
Sulfur
dd dioxide
ox
Materials are acquired from Kholxetian Hydrometoobservatory
The research of anatomic structure of leaves of woody plants has shown, that tecnogenic
pollution can’t influence on epidermic cells projection, structure and arrangement in plant leaves
of I group, but the size of epidermic cells decreases and compactness of cell arrangement
increases. In plates of Hartwissian oak leaves this fact is displayed more distinctly. There, simple
branched (leaf) hairs are seen in lower epidermises, which is the result of pollution, but this isn’t
seen in controlling one (picture 1p 11a’b’). Also in upper and lower epidermises of white acacia
and upper epidermis of Hartwissian oak can be seen simple crystals of calcium oxalate. All
plants of this group are characterized by increase of cuticle thickness (5-6microns) except
ordinary ash-tree.
By its harmful effect the amount of stomas in lower epidermis of a leaf is increased, for example, there
are 870 stomas in 1sq mm in controlling ordinary ash, in experimental _ 900; in controlling white acacia
there’re 420, but in experimental 640. Also other scientists had received such data, where they mark that
the amount of leaf stoma increases in polluted environment, also increases the thickness of palisade
parenchyma (picture1c, c’). In controlled variants of ordinary elm, white acacia and Hartwissian oak
palisade parenchyma is one layered and in experimental two layered. There’re some quantitative changes
in spongy parenchyma. This decreases in experimental variant.
In third group quantitative changes take place in the black pine-tree; the size of epidermic cell
decreases, amount of stoma and thickness of upper and lower epidermic increase. Thickness of vein
increases from 810micron to 1055micron. Structural changes caused by environmental pollution are
unimportant in needles of Himalayan cedar (graph2).
PLANT
Pinus
Object
Thickness of
needles
Thickness
of folded
parenchyma
mk
Thickness of
vein
Thickness of
epidermis.mk
1260±18
1055±15
210±3,8
45±0,9
35±0,6
Experimental
Amount
of stomas
(mm2)
725±30
960±50
215±4
305±5
512±20
745±30
144±2
228±3,5
Oblong
parenchyma
nigra
950±14
Control
- ling
Cell
Cell shape
of epidermis amount of
epidermis
(mm2)
810±12
175±3,5
30±0,5
25±0,4
Oblong
parenchyma
730±12
630±11
175±3,5
Experimental
20±0,4
16±0,3
685±25
790±30
175±1,5
255±4
652±25
740±30
160±165
264±4
Oblong
parenchyma
Cedrus
deodara
700±12
615±11
165±3,3
Control
- ling
20±0,4
16±0,3
Oblong
parenchyma
The quantitative data of plastidal pigments of leaves during of period of vegetation are shown in graphs
(3, 4 and 5).
Types of plant
Object
Plastidal
pigment
The time of taking of models leaf
05.05
Experimental
Robinia
pseudoacacia
Controlling
Experimental
Fraxinus
excelsior
Controlling
Experimental
Ulmus minor
10.07
25.10
Chlorophyll
0,043
0,143
0,082
Carotin
0,031
0,040
0,048
Xanthophyll
0,047
0,050
0,067
Chlorophyll
0,067
0,177
0,115
Carotin
0,044
0,053
0,062
Xanthophyll
0,056
0,061
0,085
Chlorophyll
0,072
0,164
0,118
Carotin
0,020
0,027
0,038
Xanthophyll
0,037
0,058
0,077
Chlorophyll
0,082
0,191
0,123
Carotin
0,023
0,033
0,043
Xanthophyll
0,044
0,067
0,081
Chlorophyll
0,055
0,152
0,105
Carotin
0,042
0,048
0,075
Controlling
Experimental
Quercus
hartwissiana
Controlling
Xanthophyll
0,048
0,052
0,069
Chlorophyll
0,075
0,179
0,113
Carotin
0,051
0,061
0,093
Xanthophyll
0,057
0,069
0,078
Chlorophyll
0,073
0,220
0,125
Carotin
0,021
0,048
0,095
Xanthophyll
0,050
0,076
0,113
Chlorophyll
0,129
0,281
0,172
Carotin
0,041
0,072
0,123
Xanthophyll
0,067
0,093
0,155
Plant
Object
Experimental
Populus
pyramidalis
Rozier
Controlling
Experimental
Platanus
orientalis L.
Controlling
Experimental
Magnolia
grandiflora L.
Controlling
Experimental
Ligustrum
lucidum Ait.
Controlling
Plastidal
pigment
The time of taking of models leaf
05.05
10.07
25.10
Chlorophyll
0,043
0,143
0,266
Carotin
0,118
0,058
0,092
Xanthophyll
0,052
0,069
0,073
Chlorophyll
0,147
0,348
0,297
Carotin
0,053
0,075
0,109
Xanthophyll
0,062
0,078
0,082
Chlorophyll
0,089
0,280
0,278
Carotin
0,037
0,065
0,105
Xanthophyll
0,049
0,066
0,069
Chlorophyll
0,103
0,327
0,305
Carotin
0,049
0,081
0,125
Xanthophyll
0,057
0,071
0,077
Chlorophyll
0,098
0,229
0,212
Carotin
0,058
0,051
0,077
Xanthophyll
0,060
0,069
0,079
Chlorophyll
0,118
0,275
0,242
Carotin
0,046
0,063
0,095
Xanthophyll
0,069
0,082
0,088
Chlorophyll
0,057
0,230
0,188
Carotin
0,028
0,036
0,073
Xanthophyll
0,041
0,045
0,052
Chlorophyll
0,091
0,293
0,241
Carotin
0,038
0,052
0,095
Xanthophyll
0,058
0,066
0,071
The time of taking models of needles
Plant
Pinus
nigra Arn.
Object
Experimental
Controlling
Cedrus
deodara
Loud.
Experimental
Controlling
Plastidal
pigment
05.05
10.07
25.10
Chlorophyll
0,071
0,192
0,191
Carotin
0,033
0,043
0,048
Xanthophyll
0,041
0,048
0,053
Chlorophyll
0,122
0,243
0,233
Carotin
0,048
0,056
0,060
Xanthophyll
0,056
0,063
0,172
Chlorophyll
0,085
0,198
0,198
Carotin
0,037
0,043
0,051
Xanthophyll
0,036
0,048
0,053
Chlorophyll
0,111
0,245
0,241
Carotin
0,045
0,051
0,062
Xanthophyll
0,048
0,057
0,061
The amount of chlorophyll pigment is decreased in experimental than on controlling, the most distinctly
is seen in Hartwissian oak. Decreased amount of carotin pigment is most noticeable in glittering Kwido
(30,7%), Lombardy popiar (22,6%) and less reduced is in Bigflowered magnolia and east platan.
Composition of xanthophyll pigment decreases according to normal physical shortening, when it must
reach maximum in summer. Of course we had foreseen their seasonal dynamics during our investigations.
It’s known that the originality of cambium secondary embryonic tissue actions is the index of woody
plant physiological state and its current vital process.
Robinia
pseudoacaci
a
L.
30
8
Experimental
02.10
25.04
05.09
134
Formation of
annual
rings in
vegetation
period
3.5
35
10
Controlling
25.04
18.04
15.09
151
4.6
Fraxinus
excelsior L.
20
7
Experimental
22.04
18.04
05.09
141
4.5
25
8
Controlling
20.04
15.04
10.09
149
5.0
Ulmus minor 35
Mill.
30
12
Experimental
10.05
05.05
05.09
123
2.5
10
Controlling
01.05
24.04
16.09
146
3.0
Quercus
hartwissiana
Stev.
55
15
Experimental
28.04
24.04
01.09
130
3.0
60
18
Controlling
20.04
14.04
12.09
152
5.5
Robinia
pseudoacaci
a
L.
30
8
Experimental
30.04
20.04
27.08
130
3.4
24.04
15.04
10.09
149
4.2
35
10
Controlling
Fraxinus
excelsior L
20
7
Experimental
18.04
12.04
30.08
141
4.0
25
8
Controlling
19.04
12.04
05.09
147
4.8
Ulmus minor 35
Mill.
30
12
Experimental
08.05
02.05
30.08
120
2.0
10
Controlling
26.04
20.04
10.09
144
2.5
Quercus
hartwissiana
Stev.
55
15
Experimental
24.04
18.04
24.08
129
3.5
60
18
Controlling
15.04
10.04
05.09
149
5.5
Plants
Average of
experimental
plants
Age,
Height,
year
m
Object
Start
Bud
blooming
Finishin
g of
Cambiumal cambiu
mal
activity
activity
Days of
cambiu
mal
action
duration
35
12
Experimental 03.05
12.05
23.09
135
Formation of
annual
rings in
vegetation
period
2.5
40
14
Controlling
30.04
08.05
25.09
141
3.0
Populus
35
pyramidalis
Rozier
30
16
Experimental 16.05
20.05
20.09
124
4.0
11
Controlling
04.05
17.05
30.09
140
6.0
Ligustrum
lucidum
Ait.
25
6
Experimental 10.05
27.04
10.09
137
2.0
30
8
Controlling
04.05
10.04
30.09
175
3.5
Magnolia
grandiflora
L.
20
7
Experimental 03.04
15.04
02.09
141
1.5
20
8
Controlling
01.04
10.04
14.09
158
2.0
Platanus
orientalis
L.
35
12
Experimental 02.05
10.05
18.09
132
2.2
40
14
Controlling
28.04
05.05
23.09
137
2.8
Populus
35
pyramidalis
Rozier
30
16
Experimental 10.05
18.05
15.09
121
3.5
12
Controlling
01.05
10.05
25.09
138
7.0
Ligustrum
lucidum
Ait.
25
6
Experimental 05.04
24.04
05.09
135
1.8
30
8
Controlling
01.04
05.04
25.09
174
4.5
Magnolia
grandiflora
L.
20
7
Experimental 01.04
12.04
30.08
141
1.2
20
8
Controlling
30.03
08.04
10.09
156
1.7
Plants
Platanus
orientalis
L.
Average of
experimental
plants
Age, Height,
year
m
Object
Start
Days of
Finishing of cambiumal
Bud
Cambiumal cambiumal action
activity
blooming activity
duration
The activity of cambium and indexes of radial vegetation increase of wood are studied and are given in
eighth and ninth graphs. According to this graphs it’s seen that activation of cambium in arch-vesseled
plants starts 1_2 week before blooming tree buds and relatively to controlling is late by 5_10 days than
experimental. Exception is ordinary ash from coniferous; their average duration of cambium activity
relatively to controlling is 152days, to experimental 132days. The annual rings of wood in plants of
experimental area are 3_4mm less than controlling. From coniferous plants the activity of cambium suffers
from depression in pine, that’s why the period of vegetation is reduced by one month and annual increase
of wood is decreased.
Himalayan cedar reacts less on tecnogenic pollution. In majority of studied woody plants is seen
decrease of width of annual rings, because of cambium function premature termination. Component
element of mataxylem’s (vessels, tracheids, passing tubes of resin) length, diameter, width of cell cover
decrease importantly, structure of annual rings abolishes and looses the diagnostic signs of wood.
Exceptions are only east platan, Himalayan cedar, ordinary ash and Bigflowered Magnolia.
Three groups can be picked out according to received investigations and observations:
I_Resistant (firm) species, in which damages of leaf in the experimental zone visually aren’t seen,
which are able to keep green color by the end of vegetation, have normal anatomic structure and process of
cambium activity continues ordinary (usually). They’re east platan, ordinary ash, and Bigflowered
Magnolia and Himalayan cedar.
II_Middle resistant or middle sensitive species they are much more reactive to influence of tecnogenic
factor, which is showed more or less in every anatomic parameters, they’re ordinary elm, white acacia and
Lombardy popiar.
III_Not resistant or very sensitive species, the leaves of which show necrotic damage, their top dries
off early ages, show the symptoms of premature aging, display the sharp depression of cambium activity
negatively, changes of anatomic structure of a leaf and plastidal pigments. They’re: Hartwissian oak, black
pine and glittering Kwido.
That’s why it’s advisable to use the plants of I group in aggravation of industrial cities.