PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND APINA EMISSIONS INVENTORY TRAINING WORKSHOP
Held at the Gardencourt Boulevard Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa
19-21 September 2006
Prepared by:
Kenneth J Gondwe,
Task Team Leader- Emissions Inventory
The Polytechnic, Mechanical Engineering Department
Private Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre3
MALAWI
Email: kgondwe@poly.ac.mw
LIST OF CONTENTS
1.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ii
Executive Summary
iv
Introduction
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Objectives of the Second Training workshop
1
2.
Workshop Contents
2
3.
Workshop Achievements/Conclusions
6
3.1
Attendance
6
3.2
Training resources
7
3.3
Material overage
7
3.4
Workshop evaluation
6
3.5
Attendance of the International Global Atmospheric
Chemistry Symposium
7
4.
Way Forward
8
5.
Appendices
9
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
List of participants
Abstract of presentation made at the
International Global Atmospheric
Chemistry Symposium
7
11
i
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
APINA
Air Pollution Information Network for Africa
CD
Compact disc
CO
Carbon monoxide
CORINAIR
Core Inventory of Air Emissions (Environment)
EDGAR
Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research
EFs
Emission factors
EMEP
European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme
GAP
Global Atmospheric Pollution
IEA
International Energy Agency
IGAC
International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Programme
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LPS
Large point source
NH3
Ammonia
NMVOCs
Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
NOX
Nitrogen oxide
O3
Ozone
PM2.5
An air pollutant consisting of small particles with an aerodynamic
diameter of less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 microns
PM10
An air pollutant consisting of small particles with an aerodynamic
diameter of less than or equal to a nominal 10 microns
QA/QC
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
SADC
Southern African Development Community
SAFARI
Southern African Regional Science Initiative
ii
SEI-Y
Stockholm Environment Institute at York
Sida
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SO2
Sulphur dioxide
TTL
Task team leader
TTM
Task team members
USEPA
United States Environment Protection Agency
iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A second training workshop on emissions inventory compilation, based on the Air
Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA) Emissions Inventory Manual, took
place at the Gardencourt Boulevard Hotel, Cape Town, South Africa in
September 2006.
Participants were from Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe,
Malawi and Tanzania. The task team members from Zambia and South Africa
were not able to attend.
The workshop covered the following areas: Introduction to emissions inventories;
the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) global emissions
inventory initiative; the APINA Emissions Inventory Manual and Workbook updates;
inventory compilation of large point sources (LPS); quality assurance/ quality
control (QA/QC); country progress reports and practical work involving the use of
the updated workbook.
There was an opportunity to interact with the APINA Impacts on Health Task Team
to share experiences and expectations, as well as identify areas of synergy and
interaction.
The progress by all countries was generally good. In terms of the way forward,
participants agreed to complete compiling their draft national inventories based
on year 2000 by February 2007.
iv
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
The Air Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA) continues to enhance
the technical capacity in air pollution emissions inventory compilation in the
seven APINA member countries in the Southern African Development
Community (SADC) region.
The second practical-oriented training workshop was held at the Garden Court
Hotel in Cape Town, South Africa during 19 to 21 September 2006. This was a
follow up to the first workshop which had been held in Blantyre, Malawi in
February 2006. Participants were from Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe,
Malawi and Tanzania (See Appendix 1). The workshop was coordinated by
the APINA Secretariat and facilitated by the task team leader (TTL) and Mr
Harry Vallack, the technical advisor from the Stockholm Environment Institute at
York (SEI-Y).
The workshop report summarises the main achievements of the 3-day training
workshop.
1.2
Objectives of the second training workshop
The objectives of the workshop were to consolidate the skills of the APINA
Emissions Task Team Members (TTMs) in the use of the revised APINA Emissions
Manual and the accompanying workbook, and to cover aspects of inventory
compilation not covered during the first training workshop.
It was also an opportunity to share with the task team members all the updated
sections of the manual.
1
2
WORKSHOP CONTENTS
The workshop covered the following aspects
Day 1:

Opening ceremony with presentations from the APINA Secretariat,
Task Team Leader for the Emissions Inventory Task Team and Task
Team Leader for Impacts of Air Pollution on Health.
Session 1
EDGAR global emissions inventory initiative
The Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) is a global
initiative that aims at developing capacity to use rapid methods to estimate
recent emissions at country level. There is great potential for the APINA Emissions
Inventory Task Team to share notes, data and experiences on emission inventory
issues affecting southern Africa with EDGAR.
Updates of the Manual and workbook
The following changes were made to the manual and workbook based on the
comments made by APINA members at the first training workshop in Blantyre,
experts who participated at the Global Atmospheric Pollution (GAP) Forum review
at SEI-York and the general debugging of the workbook:

All natural sources are now omitted.

Some sub-sectors were removed and others were added to the fuel
combustion in the manufacturing industry section.

Coal/coke use as reducing agents in iron/steel industry should now
not be counted as fuel combustion.

Biofuel sulphur retention-in-ash is now assumed to be negligible (not
40%).

Emission factor tables in Manual have been updated to include all
references and emission factors (EFs) for PM2.5. (particulate matter of a
size less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 microns).
2

More crop types have been added to field burning of crop residues

A new way of estimating emissions from vegetation fires is included.

‘Free-range’ ammonia (NH3) emissions from human excreta have
been added.
Session 2
Country presentations
Country
Botswana
Zimbabwe
Malawi
Tanzania
Zambia
South Africa
Mozambique
Remarks

Made a presentation on the work done to-date.

Preliminary data has been collected.

On track.

Made a presentation on the work done to-date.

Preliminary data has been collected.

On track.

Made presentation on the work done to-date.

Preliminary data has been collected.

On track.

Reported on progress.

Preliminary data collection not completed.

Fair progress.

Did not participate this time.

Previous report showed good progress.

Did not participate this time.

Previous report showed good progress.

Data collection is not completed.

Efforts were being made to engage government
to access data.
3
Session 3
Open discussions
Participants shared experiences in terms of challenges they encountered
in:

Data availability - Some data is not available.

Data access -Some institutions unwilling to release data.

Funding for data collection/ survey seemed inadequate.
Session 4
Mr Vallack made a presentation on the international data available. This
was:

a build up of the earlier presentations made during the first workshop;

the Interpretation of International Energy Agency (IEA) database
including data categories; and

exercises that would be undertaken during the workshop.
Session 5
Large Point Sources (LPS)

Definition - Large emitters often identified by grid reference.

Types - Could be point, line or area.

Characteristics:
o Very large volume or mass is emitted;
o Emissions occur at much greater height; and
o Controls are often cost effective.

Examples - Large power plants, smelters, refineries or large industrial
boilers.
4

Data collection - Several methods could be used such as
questionnaires, industrial visits or governmental sources.

NOTE - Great care should be taken to avoid double counting with
area emission sources.
Session 6
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC);
Quality issues presented were in line with those used by the Inter
Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
These were:
a) Transparency - Detailed documentation of the process used in
compiling the inventory.
b) Accuracy - avoid biasing the data.
c) Completeness - Telling the whole story, where data is missing it
should be clearly stated.
d) Consistency - The time series of the inventory should be consistent,
otherwise comparison between different time periods would not
be possible;
e) Comparable - The manual should be faithfully applied to ensure
that
APINA
country
inventories
could
be
compared
and
aggregated without problems, especially when compiling the
regional inventory.
Participants were encouraged to use good QA/QC practices which
include checking data sources, conversion factors, data inputs and
the use of a third party reviewer, etc.
Sessions 7- 10
Compilation of national inventories using updated workbook.
5
These were practical sessions where participants attempted to input
data in the updated manual. The interaction between the TTMs on
one hand and the TTL and the technical expert Mr Vallack on the
other to iron out issues was positive and beneficial to all.
Session 11
Joint session of the Health Impacts and Emissions Inventory Task Teams.
This was an opportunity to interact with the colleagues in the impacts on
health task team, identify common areas or interests and synergies, as
well as specific data requirements.
There were presentations from the TTLs of Impacts on Health and
Emissions Inventory task teams during which the participants were
informed of the progress made and planned activities for the year.
3
WORKSHOP ACHIEVEMENTS/ CONCLUSIONS
3.1
Attendance
Two participants were invited from each country.
However, task team
members from only five out of the seven APINA countries attended the
workshop.
Those from South Africa and Zambia did not come to the
workshop. In addition, only one TTM from Mozambique was able to attend.
Thus a total of nine participants were trained (See Attendance List in Appendix
1).
Eight out of nine participants had attended the first training workshop in
Malawi. This ensured continuity and there was thus active participation and a
good level of productivity from the first day. It was also pleasing to note that
the representative sent from Tanzania in place of
Prof. J Katima,
had
practical experience in working with the APINA Emissions Inventory Manual
although she had not attended the first training workshop.
6
3.2
Training resources
All participants received a hard copy of the revised manual and handouts, in
addition to a compact disc (CD) containing all the presentations, practical
sessions and the workbook.
3.3
Material coverage
The level of coverage was good, since theoretical aspects of the training were
reinforced with practical training during the workshop.
3.4
Workshop evaluation
Participants were pleased with the course and administrative arrangements.
3.5
Attendance of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry
Symposium
In addition to attending the training workshop, the TTL also shared the findings
and experiences in the development of the APINA regional emissions inventory
with
participants
of
the
International
Global
Atmospheric
Chemistry
Programme (IGAC) Symposium, held at the Cape Town International
Conference Centre on 18 September 2006 (See Abstract of presentation in
Appendix 2).
7
4
WAY FORWARD

Participants agreed to continue working on the national inventories based
on year 2000. Mozambique was still collecting some basic data which was
missing.

Participants agreed to submit their final drafts of the country emission
inventories to the TTL by February 2007.

The TTMs were encouraged to document all the activities and data they
collect as they continue to compile the inventories. This would facilitate
tracking of changes in case of a problem with the use of the workbook.
8
5 APPENDICES
Appendix 1.
List of Participants of the Second Emissions Inventory
Workshop, Garden Court Boulevard, Cape Town, South
Africa
Kuvare
Environmental
Venjonoka
Engineer (Air Pollution
Tel:
Control
(267) 3934479 (work)
Botswana
Division),
National
kvenjonoka@gov.bw
(267) 72467735 (mobile)
Environmental
Laboratory, P. Bag BR
132,
Gaborone,
Botswana.
Kgotso C.
Environmental
Botswana
kcsebeke@gov.bw
Sebeke
Engineer (Air Pollution
Tel:
Control Division),
(267) 393 4479 (work)
National
(267)72637175 (mobile)
Environmental
Laboratory, P. Bag BR
132, Gaborone,
Botswana.
Kenneth J.
The Polytechnic,
Gondwe (TTL/
Mechanical
Local
Engineering
(265)1864815 (dept.)
organiser)
Department
(265)1658197 (res.)
P. Bag 303, Chichiri,
(265)8515050 (mobile)
Malawi
kgondwe@poly.ac.mw
BT3, Malawi
Lewis B.
Department of Energy,
Mhango
P/Bag 309, Lilongwe 3,
(265) 1770688 (work)
Malawi
(265) 8869330 (mobile)
Amino U.
Eduardo Mondlane
Naran
University, Department
Malawi
Mozambique
lewismhango@yahoo.co.uk
amino.naran@uem.mz
of Physics, P.O. Box
257, Maputo,
Mozambique
9
Godwill
Department of
Tanzania
Mrema
Chemical and Process
mremag@udsm.ac.tz or
gmrema@cpe.udsm.ac.tz
Engineering, University
of Dar es Salaam,
P O Box 35131
Dare s Salaam,
Tanzania
Eshton Bilha
University of Dar es
Tanzania
bilhankala@yahoo.co.uk
Zimbabwe
caroline_maredza@yahoo.c
Salaam
Department
of
Chemical
Process
Engineering
Box
35131,
Dar
es
Salaam
Scientific and
Caroline
Industrial Research
om
Tagwireyi
and Development
cmaredza@sirdc@ac.zw
Center- Environmental
(263) 4 860320 ext. 33 (work)
Research Sciences
(263) 23410001 (mobile)
Institute
P O Box 6640
Harare
Godfrey
University of
Dombo
Zimbabwe Dept of
Zimbabwe
gtdombo@eng.uz.ac.zw
(263)4 303211 ext.1038
Metallurgical Eng.P.O.
Box P167Mount
Pleasant, Harare,
Zimbabwe.
Harry Vallack
Stockholm
United
(Trainer/
Environmental
Kingdom
Facilitator)
Institute, University of
hwv1@york.ac.uk
York, Sally Building
Block D, York YO10
5DD
10
Appendix 2.
Abstract of the Presentation made at the International
Global Atmospheric Chemistry Symposium
Development of Regional Emissions Inventory for southern Africa.
By : K J Gondwe, APINA Emissions Task Team Leader
ABSTRACT
The Air Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA) has actively facilitated dialogue on air
pollution issues in the region.
In its current
phase of activities, APINA identified the need to
develop a comprehensive regional air pollution emissions inventory.
Seven countries, namely,
Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania are participating.
The project is being supported by Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
through the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) at York in the United Kingdom.
This paper aims to demonstrate the developmental process that APINA has undertaken to execute
the task and to share lessons learnt in this work.
The activities started with the development of the APINA emissions inventory manual, which has
incorporated best available methodologies such as those of the IPCC, European Monitoring and
Evaluation Programme (EMEP)/Core Inventory of Air Emissions (CORINAIR), United States
Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) AP-42 and southern Africa regional studies such as the
Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI) 2000.
The sectors covered are energy,
industrial processes, agriculture, vegetation fires and forestry, waste and large point sources. The
major emissions and/or precursors included in the APINA emissions inventory manual are sulphur
dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), PM10, PM2.5, (particulate matter less than or equal to a nominal
10 and 2.5 microns respectively), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO) and non-methane volatile
organic compound (NMVOCs).
Emissions cause negative impacts on human and animal health, crops, ecosystems and materials.
The emissions inventory would provide valuable data for modelling work; inform the policy makers
and the public how to prioritise and set objectives for reducing emissions; and develop current and
future mitigation strategies by source.
Capacity to compile the air pollution emissions in the region has been enhanced following the
training of 14 people from the participating countries.
Currently the countries are compiling
preliminary national inventory reports.
11
Although useful international sources of data are available, not all the seven countries are covered
in these sources. Thus getting good quality activity data may be a major challenge in inventory
compilation.
12