ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
LCA FOR RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Potential for optimized production and use of rapeseed biodiesel. Based on a comprehensive real-time LCA case
study in Denmark with multiple pathways
Ivan T. Herrmann • Andreas Jørgensen • Sander Bruun • Michael Z. Hauschild
Received: 5 January 2012 / Accepted: 27 July 2012
© Springer-Verlag 2012
Responsible editor: Seungdo Kim
I. T. Herrmann () • A. Jørgensen • M. Z. Hauschild
Section of Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Institute of Management Engineering, Technical University of
Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
e-mail: ivan.t.h.business@gmail.com
S. Bruun
Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871
Frederiksberg C, Denmark
() Corresponding author:
Ivan T. Herrmann
Tel: +45 22756975
Fax: +45 45933435
e-mail: ivan.t.h.business@gmail.com
1
1 Nitrogen balance
The amount of ammonia volatilization from pig slurry was calculated from a standard value for application with a
trailing hose of 10.5% of the applied ammonia (Sommer and Hutchings 2001) and an estimate of the fraction of N in
pig slurry that is ammonium is 75%. No volatilization is assumed to occur.
Nitrogen deposition is assumed to be 13 kg/ha which is a gross average for Denmark (Ellermann et al. 2010).
Denitrification and the fraction of this which is N2O is calculated using the SimDen model (Vinther and Hansen 2004)
for the particular soil type and fertilizer applications in the different cases.
The harvest of oilseeds was based on the yield norms for the specific soil type (Naturerhvervsstyrelsen 2010). From this
and a protein content from fodder tables and an N content in proteins of 16%, the amount of N in the harvested oilseeds
are calculated. Similarly, the amount of N removed with straw is calculated from the average amount of straw removed
(Danish Statistics 2011) and an average content of N of 0.6% (Holmes 1980). Finally, leaching was calculated by
assuming the there is no accumulation of N in the field.
Table S1 Relative frequency of plant farms, pig farms, on coarse sandy soil, and sandy loam soil in Denmark
(Knudsen, 2010, pers. comm. on: Use of fertilizer on Danish agriculture fields, Videncentret for Landbrug, Denmark)
Coase
sandy soil
Sandy
loam
Pig Farms
0.25
0.41
Plant Farms
0.18
0.16
Fig. S1 Model for nitrogen balance
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2 Use of pesticides
Table S1 summarizes the data used to calculate emissions of pesticides. In the reference system the first number
corresponds to the columns and second number to the rows. Total weight per ha: 2.095 kg/(ha*year) of active
ingredients. The quantification and modeling of the emission has been done by applying the PEST-LCI model (Birkved
and Hauschild 2006).
Table S2 List of pesticides used for improved agriculture output in Danish rapeseed production
Table of pesticides used in cultivating rapeseeds
(0.0)
1
2
3
4
5
Conc. Of
Active
Dose
active
1
Name of Pesticide
Active ingredients
ing.
[kg or L/ha]
ing.
[g/ha]
[g/L]
2
3
Autumn
Command CS
0.27L
Clomazone
360
97.2
4
5
Fastac 50
0.2L
alpha-cypermethrin
6
Ferramol
5.25kg
ferrifosfat
7
Focus Ultra (+ Dash)
0.5L (+ 0.5L)
Cycloxydim
8
Cantus
0.35kg
Boscalid
9
Mangansulphat (+ Dash)
2kg + (0.15L)
Mangan
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
50
0.099 %
(w/w)
100
50 %
(w/w)
319,8
g/kg
10
6
CAS no and
Ecoinvent
81777-89-1
67375-30-80
52.5
10045-86-0
50
101205-02-1
175
188425-85-6
640
Spring
Kerb 500 SC ~ has been
taken of the market
Focus Ultra (+ Dash)
Matrigon
Solubor
Biscaya
Fastac 50
Folicur EC 250 +
Amistar
0.5L (+ 0.5L)
0.8L
4.5kg
0.25L
0.25L
0.5L + 0.25L
Cycloxydim
Clopyralid
Bor
thiacloprid
alpha-cypermethrin
Tebuconazol +
azoxystrobin
100
100
175 g/kg
240
50
250 +
250
50
80
787.5
60
12.5
125 +
62.5
101205-02-1
1702-17-6
111988-49-9
67375-30-80
107534-96-3/
131860-33-8
In the reference system the first number corresponds to the columns and second number to the rows.
(1,1): Information from ” Planteværn 2008 Markjournal” (reference 1 – see below)
(2,1): Information from ”Planteværn 2008 Markjournal” (reference 1 – see below)
(3,1): Middeldatabasen.dk (2010) (reference 3 – see below)
(4,1): Middeldatabasen.dk (2010) (reference 3 – see below)
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(1,7), (1,9), and (1,13): Dash: CAS# 64742-94-5 33-37% (w/w); CAS# 67762-38-3 (w/w) 36-39%; CAS# 68649-29-6
18-20%; CAS# 7664-38-2 3-4% (BASF 2010). According to Middeldatabasen (2010) the density of Dash is 1000g/,
however additives, in general, are without any significant biological impact why Dash is not included in the toxicity
assessment.
(3,6) - the Ferric Phosphate in general do no harm according to US Environmental Protection Agency (2010a) and it is
assumed it is not necessary to include this ingredient for toxicity purpose.
(3,9) og (3,15) the Manganese and Boron is not used for pesticide purpose. These ingredients are used because the crop
is short of these minerals. In this assessment it is assumed that 20% of these minerals are not up taken by the crop and
are for this reason emitted to air, soil, and water.
(3,8) – Boscalid has not to be found in the available database through SimaPro. However, according to US
Environmental Protection Agency (2010b) this pesticide is relative harmless. It has therefore been assumed to be safe to
leave out this pesticide from the assessment.
(3,16) - Thiacloprid was not to be found in the available database through SimaPro. The best possible alternative to this
ingredient is estimated to be Imidacloprid which is from the same group of pesticides – Neonicotinoids which is the
most commonly used pesticide.
For the ingredients that are not marked have not been able to model using PEST-LCI because these ingredients is not a
part of the database in the present version. Based on the ingredients that are available in the database an average ratio of
the flows to water, air, and soil have been calculated.
3 Other explanatory variables than presented in the paper
In the following some additional explanatory variables are outlined. These variables can either increase or decrease the
environmental impact from biodiesel production and use.
Feedstock: Chicken fat, soybean, palm oil, algae oils, jatropha oil are all oils which can be used for production of
biodiesel.
Regions: Different regions that produce biodiesel can explain differences in response parameters. This can be explained
by different energy supplies with a higher or lower degree of coal, hydropower, and nuclear power etc. in the grid mix.
Also different types of climate will potential could affect the efficiency of the production of the biodiesel.
Cars/engine and emission/cleaning technologies: Different types of engine or car technologies can either increase or
decrease the environmental impact for use of the biodiesel.
Substitutions of other products: Which kind of products that are substituted can also be used as explanatory variables.
References
BASF
(2010)
BASF
Crop
Protection
Danmark.
BASF
homepage
Denmark.
http://www.agro.basf.dk/dk/deploy/media/dk/productfiles/labels_08/msds_08/Cantus.pdf. Accessed 21 April
2010
Danish Agro (2008) Plant protection 2008 Field journal - book for notes [Planteværn 2008 Markjournal - notatbog i
marken]. Danish Agro homepage. http://www.danishagro.dk/documents/Plantev%C3%A6rnsbog_web.pdf .
Accessed 14 April 2010
4
Danish Statistics (2011) Rapeseed removel from land fields in Denmark (2006-2009). Danish Statistics homepage.
http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1280. Accessed 15 February 2011
Ellermann T, Andersen HV, Bossi R, Christensen J, Løfstrøm P, Monies C, Grundahl L, Geels C (2010) Atmospheric
deposition [Atmosfærisk deposition] 2009. NOVANA. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Aarhus Universitet
Holmes MRJ (1980) Nutrition of Oilseed Rape Crop. Applied Scientific Publishing Ltd., London, UK
Middeldatabasen (2010) Information of pesticides used or that have been used in Denmark. Dansk
Landbrugsrådgivning, http://planteapp.dlbr.dk/Middeldatabasen/. Accessed 21 April 2010
Munkholm LJ, Sibbesen E (1997) Theme: loss of phosphorus from agricultural land [Tema: tab af fosfor fra
landbrugsjord], Det strategiske Miljøforskningsprogram, Århus
Naturerhvervsstyrelsen (2010) Guidance on fertilization and rules for harmonization - period: August 9, 2009 - July 31,
2010 [Vejledning om gødsknings-og harmoniregler - Planperioden 1. august 2009 til 31. juli 2010], Vejledning
edn, Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri, Naturerhvervsstyrelsen
Sommer SG, Hutchings NJ (2001) Ammonia emission from field applied manure and its reduction - invited paper. Eur J
Agron 15:1-15
US Environmental Protection Agency (2010a) Factsheet Iron (Ferric) Phosphate. US Environmental Protection Agency,
http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_034903.htm. Accessed 19 October
2010
US Environmental Protection Agency (2010b) Factsheet boscalid. US Environmental Protection Agency,
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/boscalid.pdf. Accessed 19 October 2010
Vinther FP, Hansen S (2004) SimDen. DJF rapport Markbrug 104, 3-48
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