PROVISIONAL PROGRAMME
This is a very intensive course covering the latest developments in incylinder and exhaust aftertreatment Diesel particulates and NOx control. The period of lectures each day is long and delegates are free to attend just those lectures that are of most interest to them. Our aim is to give as complete and up to date coverage of the control of diesel particulates and NOx emissions as possible. This course is updated each year and includes reviews of most of the latest published diesel emissions reduction technology that is considered to be significant.
Unless otherwise stated, the lectures will be given by Professor Gordon E. Andrews, Energy Research
Institute, University of Leeds.
MONDAY 20 MAY 2013
DIESEL COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS
08.00
08.30
Registration and coffee
Diesel emissions – introduction to the environmental problems including greenhouse gas emissions reduction
Overview of environmental concerns from diesel emissions: NOx and ozone, particulates, greenhouse gases. Review and comparison of HDD and passenger car emissions legislation and test cycles. Turbo charging and downsizing for low CO
2
emissions.
10.00
10.15
11.00
11.30
12.00
12.30
13.15
14.45
15.00
Coffee
Diesel engine thermodynamic conditions and turbocharging
Ignition delay
Ignition delay and its influence on peak pressure and NOx
The Nissan MK concept with long ignition delays to achieve premixed combustion
CO emissions and control in diesel engines
Lunch
NOx formation and control in diesel engines
A review of diesel engine NOx formation and reduction techniques. Diffusion combustion and the two zone model of NOx formation in near stoichiometric zones in a thin region around the fuel jet. Discussion of the link between reducing NOx and increasing particulates. The influence of fuel injection parameters on air/fuel mixing and NOx.
Tea
Use of EGR and water for NOx control
Reduction in peak flame temperature and NOx using EGR, reduced influence of EGR for lower powers and better mixed fuel and air. Problems of achieving EGR in diesels, short and long rout. Long route EGR
16.15 with particle trap. Increase in soot emissions with EGR. Influence of EGR on wear and lube oil contamination. Use of on-line oil cleaning (centrifugal or fine bypass filtration) to control these adverse oil effects.
Engine exhaust particles in the atmosphere
Professor David Kittelson, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA
This is a description of measurements of the character of engine exhaust particles as we actually breathe them, on and near roadways. A series of measurements using a mobile emission laboratory conducted for a variety of sponsors over the last ten years will be described.
17.45 End of day one
18.00 Welcome reception in Stables Bar
TUESDAY 21 MAY 2013
ENGINE DESIGN AND LUBE OIL INFLUENCES ON NOx AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
08.15
08.30
Registration and coffee
Diesel engine processes that influence particulate formation
The nature of diesel particulates: carbon, unburnt fuel, unburnt lube oil, ash, sulphates plus water. The
09.30
11.15 particulate composition variation with engine power and emissions test cycle. Combustion processes and engine design factors that influence particulate carbon emissions: lower overall equivalence ratios and hence lower carbon for the same power with TCIC engines. Fuel injector operational parameters that influence mixing and carbon.
Instruments for particle size measurements
Professor David Kittelson, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA
An overview of the operating principles and performance of instruments used for measuring particle size distributions, number concentrations, and surface concentrations, with emphasis on instruments suitable for engine exhaust particle measurements including instruments for transient particle size analysis.
Coffee

TUESDAY 21 MAY 2013 (continued)
11.30 Factors influencing carbon formation in diesel engines
Fuel effects using radio-tracers. The importance of equivalence ratio. Cold start and exhaust pipe particulate deposition influences on particle storage and blow out from catalysts and exhaust systems.
The influence of temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio on soot pyrolysis and oxidation, global
12.30 modelling equations for soot formation and oxidation. The route to no soot engine using mixing and temperature control. The Toyota high EGR rich burn low temperature low soot process.
UHC, particulate fuel fraction and PAH emissions
Sources of UHC and PAH emissions in diesel engines. The importance of unburnt fuel PAH in the particulate composition. Reduction of nozzle sac volume for reduced UHC, SOF and PAH. The impact of nozzle sac volume on spray quality and penetration. Lubrication oil layers as fuel absorption locations that releases HC late in the combustion process. Combustion chamber carbonaceous deposits as sources of unburnt fuel and PAH storage.
13.15 Lunch
14.00 The role of lubricating oil in diesel particulate emissions
A review of the recent literature. Carbon from lube oil, unburnt lube oil, use of gas engine to determine the overall impact of lube oil on particulate emissions; lube oil consumption, methods to reduce lube oil
15.00
15.15 consumption, required lube oil consumption in low emission vehicles, lube oil emissions during hot motoring, soot accumulation in used oil and impact on emissions.
Tea
The lubricant contribution to future low emission engine design
Peter Brett, Consultant, formerly Castrol International
16.45
Key areas addressed are fuel economy, exhaust gas recirculation, piston cleanliness and soot, in conjunction with the requirement to extend oil drain intervals and use exhaust aftertreatment devices.
Ultrafine and nanoparticle formation by engines
Professor David Kittelson, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA
A description of current concerns about tiny particles generated by engines, sampling problems, and representative measurements.
End of day two 18.00
19.00 Course dinner
WEDNESDAY 22 MAY 2013
INFLUENCE OF DIESEL FUELS AND ADDITIVES ON EMISSIONS
08.15
08.30
Registration and coffee
Sources of variability in exhaust particle emission measurements
Professor David Kittelson, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA
The reduction of HDD particulate emissions legislation by a factor of 10 in 2007 and equivalent reductions in passenger car particulate emissions makes the issue to their mass measurement using conventional dilution tunnel systems very difficult. The problem is made even more difficult by the fact that most engines that use exhaust filters certify with emissions 5 to 10 times below the already tight standards. Measurements of mass based particle emissions from engines are subject to a variety of
10.30
10.45
12.30
13.15 errors, many associated with sampling artefacts that are not predicted by traditional methods of error analysis. The new solid number emission measurements required by the EU are much more accurate at these emission levels and will be described.
Coffee
Fuel property influences on diesel emissions
A review of engine test data on fuel effects on particulate, SOF, UHC and NOx emissions. Diesel fuel sulphur and the sulphate emissions issue. Other reasons for ultra low sulphur fuels. The importance of the physical fuel properties of density, viscosity and volatility on spray formation, mixing and emissions.
The European EPEFE fuel program and the emission predictors that result from this. Reformulated diesels – fuels with extreme fuel properties can have significant emissions reductions. GTL fuels and emissions.
Lunch
Fuel borne catalysts for DPF regeneration
Dr Steve Cook, Innospec Limited
The effect of a DPF on regulated and unregulated emissions (PAH and NPAH). Dioxin production and metal emissions, additive performance criteria, light-off temperature, regeneration rate, exotherm produced and additive treat rate.

WEDNESDAY 22 MAY 2013 (continued)
14.15 Oxygenated fuels and biodiesels
The use of 5-20% levels of oxygenates (e.g. DME, diglyme etc.) in diesel fuels. Biodiesels using diesel/vegetable oil blends are also oxygenated fuels as the vegetable oils contain oxygen carrying compounds. Ethanol is also an bio-diesel fuel as this can be manufactured from farm crops. The bio fuels are being encouraged as they are considered to be greenhouse gas neutral. The main impact of oxygenates is a strong reduction in soot emissions, with little influence on NOx. Their use generally depends on the taxation status of the diesel and the oxygenates as most oxygenates cost more to produce that diesel. However, they have strong fiscal incentives for their use in many USA states and in various countries around the world.
15.45 Tea
16.00 Fuel injector deposits control
Dr Steve Cook, Innospec Limited
In 1892 Rudolf Diesel patented a means of producing work from the combustion of fuel which involved the controlled metering of fuel into the combustion chamber; fuel injection. Ever tightening legislation to reduce unwanted emissions and improve fuel economy has made the precision of this injection equipment increasingly important. This presentation reviews aspects of fuel injection equipment, how its performance is affected by deposit formation and what measures can be taken to minimise deposit
17.00 formation.
Cold start and diesel filter light off options
End of day three
18.00
THURSDAY 23 MAY 2013
PARTICULATE AND NOx AFTER TREATMENT WITH MINIMUM CO
2
PENALTY
08.15
08.30
Registration and coffee
An introduction to diesel exhaust after-treatment technology with special reference to the control of particulates
David Lemon, Consultant, formerly of Energy Saving Trust, Ricardo and Delphi Diesel Systems
09.30
Diesel aftertreatment technology overview, with special reference to the control of particulates. The experience gained in the UK and London programmes of incentivisation of the fitting of aftertreatment oxidation catalyst and diesel particle traps and other emission reduction devices.
Oxidation catalysts I – HC and sulphate issues
Johnson Matthey plc, speaker to be announced
This lecture will give a brief overview of the principles of catalysis, then will consider the requirement to remove, by catalytic oxidation, gaseous components in the exhaust gas from diesel engines. The effects of the presence of sulphur components in the gas stream on the performance of the catalyst will be discussed.
10.45 Coffee
11.00 Oxidation catalysts II – particulate volatile fraction
Johnson Matthey plc, speaker to be announced
11.45
13.00
13.45
A review of the influence of oxidation catalysts on the volatile fraction of particulates including the separate influence on the lube oil and fuel fractions. Evidence of higher SOF oxidation efficiency than for gaseous hydrocarbons, at low catalyst temperatures for high boiling point fuel fractions such as PAH and for lube oil. Evidence of carbon reduction by the catalyst. Evidence for small NOx reductions by oxidation catalysts.
Diesel particle traps – overview
Dr Marty Murtagh, Corning Inc
Volume storage fibre type and wall flow filter type traps. Substrate materials, surface filtration, influence on particle size, overheating and thermal shock problems, limiting storage capacity in g/litre to avoid thermal problems during regeneration. Back pressure influences. Ash deposition and trap designs to minimise this problem.
Lunch
Continuously regenerating traps (CRT)
Johnson Matthey plc, speaker to be announced
Diesel particulates collected onto a DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) need to be removed by oxidation, otherwise an unacceptable backpressure will build up. The principles, and some operating experience, of the Johnson Matthey CRT (Continuously Regenerating Trap) and other related devices will be described.
This system allows the regeneration temperature of carbonaceous particulates to be significantly reduced compared to direct thermal oxidation.

THURSDAY 23 MAY 2013 (continued)
14.30 SCR Principles – HC, NH
3
, Urea
Johnson Matthey plc, speaker to be announced
Use of the fuel used by the engine as a reductant for NOx would be the best solution, but a major limitation is the size of the temperature operating window of the catalysts that have been investigated for this system. One technology for the reduction of NOx from diesel engines is by the reaction of the NOx
15.30
15.45 with ammonia. This reaction is well established in stationary power generating applications, but can also be adapted for use for the control of NOx in lean burning engine exhaust gas. The principles of this technology will be discussed in this lecture, and its practical application in the following lecture.
Tea
SNCR: SCR - urea mixing and control; influence on PM
SNCR reduces NOx without a catalyst: principles and application are reviewed. Open loop and closed loop control of urea addition in transient cycles. Use of non-optimum Urea/NOx ratios in transient cycles to avoid ammonia slippage. Mixing uniformity of urea and exhaust. The particulate (SOF and carbon)
16.45
reduction in modern SCR systems (up to 74% demonstrated) with no trapping function.
NOx storage
Johnson Matthey plc, speaker to be announced
An alternative technology for the control of NOx requires the catalyst to store the exhaust gas NOx under lean operating conditions, then by the introduction of a spike of fuel, making the system temporarily rich, the NOx is released again and reduced to nitrogen. This system was originally developed for GDI applications, where high conversions of NOx are obtained, but is more difficult to adapt to diesel due to the need for the rich spike. Fuel-sulphur levels are also critically important in this technology.
17.30 Integrated emissions control - 4-way catalysts
Johnson Matthey plc, speaker to be announced
Review drivers for integrated systems – efficiencies and cost; Combining NOx-trapping with oxidation and filtration – thermal conflicts; Combining ammonia SCR with oxidation and filtration; Need advanced
SCR catalyst formulations – activity, thermal durability; Chemical conflicts – solutions and production systems; Combining ammonia from NOx-trapping with SCR – advantages; Integrated ammonia emissions control; Future integrated directions – technical challenges; Overview/summary of catalytic diesel emissions control strategies and historical gasoline comparisons – future predictions.
End of day four 18.00
FRIDAY 24 MAY 2013
DIESEL FUEL INJECTION AND ENGINE DESIGN TRENDS FOR LOW NOx, PM and CO
2
EMISSIONS
08.15
08.30
Registration and coffee
Technology of HD Euro VI truck engines and future trends towards improved fuel economy
Meinrad Signer, Fiat Powertrain Technologies
10.00
10.15
European engine strategies for Euro 6 and beyond.
Coffee
Unit injection and common rail fuel injection systems
Mark Smith, Delphi Diesel Systems
Different Fuel Injection Systems as currently in use will be presented: high pressure rotary pumps, unit injectors and pump-line-nozzle systems. Their advantages and drawbacks will be discussed with regard to future requirements within their specific applications.
Different Common Rail Fuel Injections Systems will be explained and their specific advantages to conventional systems highlighted. The usage of control strategies to enhance the performance of the fuel
11.30
12:45
13.30
14.15 injection equipment will be discussed. Future requirements for common rail systems will be presented and compared to next generation common rail system specifications.
Modern turbocharger systems
Nick Sharp, Cummins Turbo Technologies Ltd
A review of current turbocharger technology and the interaction of the turbocharger with heavy duty diesel engine emissions reducing strategies.
Lunch
Light duty diesel passenger cars PM and NOx control
New speaker – BOSMAL (GEA to advise contact details)
Transient gas and particulate emissions measurements from diesel passenger cars
Dr Mark Peckham, Cambustion Ltd
Particulates and NOx are some of the most challenging emissions to be treated from modern Diesel engines. Engine-out NOx is generally controlled via Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). HC and CO can generally be attenuated with an oxidation catalyst. Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) are used to trap and store particulate matter and are then either passively or actively regenerated (emptied) . Both the engine and afterteatment controls are very transient and the use of fast response gas or particulate analyzers can be useful in characterising the transient emissions and the effectiveness of the aftertreatment systems. This presentation shows some transient data recorded from diesel cold starts, DPF regenerations and EGR control delays.

FRIDAY 24 MAY 2013 (continued)
15.00 Homogeneous charge and partially premixed diesel engines for low NOx and low soot emissions
Premixed combustion can give zero soot and NOx from diesels, demonstration that this can only occur across the power range if maximum power is obtained with a turbocharger strategy that limits the equivalence ratio at maximum power to around 0.5 (30/1 A/F). Otherwise HCCI is as low power emissions control option and a different strategy needs to be used at high power outputs. This can be achieved using common-rail fuel injection systems. Port fuel injected diesels with main fuel injection,
100% port injection, early in-cylinder injection with main injection, 100% early injection. Problems of fuel economy, hydrocarbon and CO emissions. Problems of control of start of combustion if conventional
16.30 main injection is not used, use of EGR and water injection to retard the auto ignition problem.
Tea and end of course