Implementation of the CLP Regulation
Classification for Portland cement clinker and common cements
31 January 2011
Introduction
The new Regulation on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures
(CLP, Regulation 1272/2008) requires substances and mixtures to be classified for a number
of hazardous properties, the so-called hazard classes or endpoints. There are three categories
of hazard classes: physical hazards, health hazards and environmental hazards.
In order to correctly classify a substance or mixture, the manufacturer or importer has to take
into account all available information (amongst others new data generated from tests in
accordance with the CLP; epidemiological data and human experience data, such as
occupational data and data from accident databases; or information generated under REACH).
There is no obligation to carry out new tests for the health hazards or environmental hazards
for endpoints for which information is missing. However, for physical hazards, the tests have to
be carried out if no information is available.
Classifying substances in accordance with the new classification under the CLP Regulation is
mandatory as of 1 December 2010. Mixtures need to be classified according to the CLP as of
1 June 2015, but they can be classified according to the CLP prior to this date. The
CEMBUREAU Board decided that the new classification for common cements under the CLP
Regulation should be used as of 1 December 2012.
The first two sections of this document contain the classification and labelling for Portland
cement clinker and common cements as agreed by the CEMBUREAU Board on 28 September
2010. The last section contains a table with for each endpoint/hazard class, the source of the
information and an argumentation used to derive the classification.
A “-” in a cell” means that an assessment was made and the data is sufficient to conclude that
no classification is necessary for the specific endpoint.
The full set of studies used for the classification (and also referred to in the templates for the
SDS for Portland cement clinker and common cements (T16579 and T16580) are available on
CEMBUREAU’s extranet. The pictograms used for the pictogram which shows the Personal
Protective Equipment recommended to work with cement are also available from the extranet.
The text of the CLP Regulation can be downloaded here: (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008R1272R%2801%29:EN:NOT)
More information about the CLP Regulation can be found from ECHA’s website:
http://echa.europa.eu/clp_en.asp.
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The graph below gives an overview of the timelines for the application of the CLP Regulation
(http://echa.europa.eu/clp/clp_regulation/transition_en.asp):
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1. Classification and labelling elements for Portland cement clinker
Classification Portland cement clinker
Hazard class
Skin irritation
Serious eye damage/eye irritation
Skin sensitisation
Specific target organ toxicity single
exposure respiratory tract irritation
Hazard category
2
1
1
3
Classification procedure
On the basis of test data
On the basis of test data
On the basis of literature survey
On the basis of literature survey
Note: CEMBUREAU will carry out the notification of the classification of Portland cement
clinker for the companies in the CEMBUREAU membership if these companies which so. For
more information, contact your national association or the CEMBUREAU Secretariat
(i.claes@cembureau.eu).
Label Portland cement clinker
[Product identifiers (same as on SDS and as given in C&L inventory)]
Danger
Causes serious eye damage
Causes skin irritation
May cause an allergic skin reaction
May cause respiratory irritation
Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and
easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water. If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical
advice/attention
Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at
rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel
unwell.
[Name, address and telephone number of the supplier/s of the Portland cement clinker]
The label is to be drafted in the language of the country where the clinker is placed on the
market (unless the MS provides otherwise). More than one language may be used on a label,
but the same details need to appear in all languages used and the statements have to be
grouped per language. For packaging between 3 and 50 litres, the label is to be at least
74*105 mm in size and for packaging between 50 and 500 litres, the label is to be at least
105*148 mm in size. Each hazard pictogram shall cover at least one fifteenth of the label
surface and be at least 1 cm² large (CLP Annex I 1.2)
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If the Portland cement clinker is provided in bulk (unpackaged), the labelling information and
other relevant hazard information is provided through other means than a label, usually the
Safety Data Sheet. If the clinker is provided to the general public, a copy of the label elements
is to be provided.
For clinker sold to the general public, the following two precautionary statements should be
added:
Keep out of reach of children
Dispose of contents/container to appropriate waste collection point
The nominal quantity of the Portland cement clinker in the packages made available to the
general public has to be provided on the label, unless this quantity is specified elsewhere on
the package.
Special packaging requirements
Not applicable
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2. Classification and labelling elements for Common cements
Classification common cements
Hazard class
Skin irritation
Serious eye damage/eye irritation
Skin sensitisation
Specific target organ toxicity single
exposure respiratory tract irritation
Hazard category
2
1
1
3
Classification procedure
On the basis of test data
On the basis of test data
On the basis of literature survey
On the basis of literature survey
Label common cements
[Product identifiers (same as on SDS)]
Mixture: [trade name] containing Portland cement clinker
Danger
Causes serious eye damage
Causes skin irritation
May cause an allergic skin reaction
May cause respiratory irritation
Keep out of reach of children
Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to
do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water. If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention
Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in
a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
Dispose of contents/container to appropriate waste collection point
[Name, address and telephone number of the supplier/s of the common cement]
[Nominal quantity of the common cement in the packages made available to the general public, unless this
quantity is specified elsewhere on the package]
Supplemental information
Skin contact with wet cement, fresh concrete or mortar may cause irritation, dermatitis or burns
May cause damage to products made of aluminium or other non-noble metals
[Additional supplemental information might be necessary, please see below (1)]
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The label is to be drafted in the language of the country where the cement is placed on the
market (unless the MS provides otherwise). More than one language may be used on a label,
but the same details need to appear in all languages used and the statements have to be
grouped per language. For packaging between 3 and 50 litres, the label is to be at least
74*105 mm in size and for packaging between 50 and 500 litres, the label is to be at least
105*148 mm in size. Each hazard pictogram shall cover at least one fifteenth of the label
surface and be at least 1 cm² wide (CLP Annex I 1.2)
If the cement is provided in bulk (unpackaged), the labelling information and other relevant
hazard information is provided through other means than a label, usually through the Safety
Data Sheet. However, if the bulk cement is provided to the general public, a copy of the label
elements is to be added.
The following pictogram should be added on the bags of cement (but not included in the label
itself).
Supplemental information (1)
Unless cements or cement mixtures are already classified and labelled as a sensitiser with the
hazard statement H317, ‘May cause an allergic skin reaction’, the label on the packaging of
cements and cement mixtures that contain, when they are hydrated, more than 0,0002 %
soluble chromium (VI) of the total dry weight of the cement shall bear the statement:
EUH203 — ‘Contains chromium (VI). May produce an allergic reaction’
If reducing agents are used, then the packaging of cement or cement-containing mixtures shall
include information on the packing date, the storage conditions and the storage period
appropriate to maintaining the activity of the reducing agent and to keeping the content of
soluble chromium VI below 0,0002 %.
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3. Basis for the classification of Portland cement clinker and common cements
The studies referred to below can be downloaded from CEMBUREAU’s extranet “Cindi”.
Hazard class
Category
Reference
Argumentation
Portland cement clinker
Physical hazards
Explosives
-
Flammable gases
Flammable aerosols
Oxidising gases
Gases under pressure
Flammable Liquids
-
Flammable solids
-
Self-reactive substances and
mixtures
-
Pyrophoric liquids
-
Pyrophoric solids
-
Self-heating substances and
mixtures
-
Substances and mixtures which
in contact with water emit
flammable gases
-
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Clinker is not explosive or pyrotechnic as it is
not in itself capable by chemical reaction of
producing gas at such temperature and
pressure and at such a speed as to cause
damage to the surroundings. It is not capable of
a self-sustaining exothermic chemical reaction.
Clinker is not a gas
Clinker is not used as an aerosol
Clinker is not a gas
Clinker is not a gas
Clinker is not a liquid
Clinker is inorganic and commonly known not to
be flammable. It is not readily combustible or
does not cause or contribute to fire through
friction
Clinker is not self-reactive. It is not thermally
unstable or is not liable to undergo a strong
exothermic decomposition even when devoid
participation of oxygen (air).
Clinker is not a liquid
Clinker is not pyrophoric. It does not ignite within
five minutes after coming into contact with air.
Clinker is not self-heating. It is not liable to selfheat by reaction with air and without energy
supply.
Clinker in contact with water does not emit
flammable gases
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Hazard class
Oxidising liquids
Category
-
Oxidising solids
-
Organic peroxides
-
Corrosive to metals
-
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Reference
TNO report MT-RAP-10-00166, Corrosive to
aluminium test in extract water of “Portland cement
clinker”, May 2010
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Argumentation
Clinker is not a liquid
Clinker is not oxidising as it does not cause or
contribute to the combustion of other materials.
Clinker is not an organic substance and it does
not contain the bivalent –O-O– structure
Portland cement clinker is not corrosive to steel.
Steel is used as concrete reinforcement element
and it is commonly known that cement protects
the steel by passivation. Portland cement clinker
is the main ingredient of cement.
Portland cement clinker is not corrosive to
aluminium, but the extract water from a 1:1
ground clinker mixture did cause more than
13.5% of mass loss in aluminium specimens.
Therefore, wet Portland cement mixtures should
not be brought into contact with aluminium.
P. 185 of the guidance document on the CLP
application states that the testing procedure for
this endpoint, in particular for solids which
become liquids, requires further work by the
Committees in charge of developing test
methods under the UN GHS program.
31 January 2011
Hazard class
Health hazards
Category
Reference
Argumentation
Acute toxicity dermal route
-
Observations on the effects of skin irritation caused
by cement, Kietzman et al, Dermatosen, 47, 5, 184189 (1999)
Limit test, rabbit, 24 hours contact, 2,000 mg/kg
body weight – no lethality. Cement used in study
is Portland cement with over 90% of Portland
cement clinker
Acute toxicity inhalation route
-
TNO report V8801/02, An acute (4-hour) inhalation
toxicity study with Portland Cement Clinker CLP/GHS
03-2010-fine in rats, August 2010
No acute toxicity by inhalation observed
Acute toxicity oral route
-
See Annex
2
Observations on the effects of skin irritation caused
by cement, Kietzman et al, Dermatosen, 47, 5, 184189 (1999)
Skin irritation
Human experience
Serious eye damage/eye
irritation
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TNO report V8815/09, Evaluation of eye irritation
potential of cement clinker G in vitro using the
isolated chicken eye test, April 2010
1
TNO report V8815/10, Evaluation of eye irritation
potential of cement clinker W in vitro using the
isolated chicken eye test, April 2010
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No indication of oral toxicity from studies with
cement kiln dust. Cement kiln dust contains
Portland cement clinker in varying amounts
Portland cement clinker in contact with wet skin
may cause thickening, cracking or fissuring of
the skin. Prolonged contact in combination with
abrasion may cause severe burns. Cement used
in the study is Portland cement with over 90%
Portland cement clinker.
Portland cement clinker caused a mixed picture
of corneal effects and the calculated irritation
index was 128. This means that Portland
cement clinker is classified as category 1
31 January 2011
Hazard class
Category
Skin sensitisation
1
Respiratory sensitisation
-
Germ cell mutagenicity
-
Reference
Epidemiological assessment of the occurrence of
allergic dermatitis in workers in the construction
industry related to the content of Cr (VI) in cement,
NIOH, Page 11, 2003.
European Commission’s Scientific Committee on
Toxicology, Ecotoxicology and the Environment
(SCTEE) opinion of the risks to health from Cr (VI) in
cement (European Commission, 2002).
http://ec.europa.eu/health/archive/ph_risk/committee
s/sct/documents/out158_en.pdf
Portland Cement Dust - Hazard assessment
document EH75/7, UK Health and Safety Executive,
2006. Available from:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/portlandcement.pd
f
Investigation of the cytotoxic and proinflammatory
effects of cement dusts in rat alveolar macrophages,
Van Berlo et al, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2009 Sept;
Argumentation
Some individuals may develop eczema upon
exposure to wet clinker dust, caused either by
the high pH which induces irritant contact
dermatitis after prolonged contact, or by an
immunological reaction to soluble Cr (VI) which
elicits allergic contact dermatitis.
There is no indication of sensitisation of the
respiratory system
No indication
22(9):1548-58
Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of cement dusts in A549
human epithelial lung cells in vitro; Gminski et al,
Abstract DGPT conference Mainz, 2008
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Hazard class
Carcinogenicity
Reproductive toxicity
Specific target organ toxicity
single exposure respiratory
tract irritation
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Category
-
Reference
Portland Cement Dust - Hazard assessment
document EH75/7, UK Health and Safety Executive,
2006. Available from:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/portlandcement.pd
f
Comments on a recommendation from the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists to
change the threshold limit value for Portland cement,
Patrick A. Hessel and John F. Gamble, EpiLung
Consulting, June 2008
-
3
Portland Cement Dust - Hazard assessment
document EH75/7, UK Health and Safety Executive,
2006. Available from:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/portlandcement.pd
f
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Argumentation
No causal association has been established
between Portland cement exposure and cancer.
The epidemiological literature does not support
the designation of Portland cement as a
suspected human carcinogen
Portland cement is not classifiable as a human
carcinogen (According to ACGIH A4: Agents
that cause concern that they could be
carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be
assessed conclusively because of a lack of data.
In vitro or animal studies do not provide
indications of carcinogenicity that are sufficient
to classify the agent with one of the other
notations.).
Portland cement contains over 90% Portland
cement clinker
No evidence from human experience
Portland Cement clinker dust may irritate the
throat and respiratory tract. Coughing, sneezing,
and shortness of breath may occur following
exposures in excess of occupational exposure
limits.
Overall, the pattern of evidence clearly indicates
that occupational exposure to cement dust has
produced deficits in respiratory function.
However, evidence available at the present time
is insufficient to establish with any confidence
the dose-response relationship for these effects.
31 January 2011
Hazard class
Category
Specific target organ toxicity
(STOT) repeated exposure
respiratory tract irritation
-
Aspiration hazard
-
Reference
Prospective monitoring of exposure and lung function
among cement workers, Interim report of the study
after the data collection of Phase I-II 2006-2010,
Hilde Notø, Helge Kjuus, Marit Skogstad and KarlChristian Nordby, National Institute of Occupational
Health, Oslo, Norway, March 2010,
Argumentation
There is an indication of COPD. The effects are
acute and due to high exposures. No chronic
effects or effects at low concentration have been
observed.
Not applicable as Portland cement clinker is not
used as an aerosol.
Environmental hazards
Hazardous to the aquatic
environment
-
Hazardous to the ozone layer
-
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(1) U.S. EPA, Short-term Methods for Estimating the
Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to
Freshwater Organisms, 3rd ed. EPA/600/7-91/002,
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory,
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH (1994a) and 4th ed. EPA821-R-02-013, US EPA, office of water, Washington
D.C. (2002).
(2) U.S. EPA, Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of
Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and
Marine Organisms, 4th ed. EPA/600/4-90/027F,
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory,
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH (1993) and 5th ed. EPA-821R-02-012, US EPA, office of water, Washington D.C.
(2002).
(3) Environmental Impact of Construction and Repair
Materials on Surface and Ground Waters. Summary of
Methodology, Laboratory Results, and Model
Development. NCHRP report 448, National Academy
Press, Washington, D.C., 2001.
(4) Final report Sediment Phase Toxicity Test Results with
Corophium volutator for Portland clinker prepared for
Norcem A.S. by AnalyCen Ecotox AS, 2007.
Ecotoxicological tests with Portland cement on
Daphnia magna (1) and Selenastrum coli (2)
have shown little toxicological impact. Therefore
LC50 and EC50 values could not be determined
(3). There is no indication of sediment phase
toxicity (4). The cement used for the test
contains over 90% Portland cement clinker.
Not applicable
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Common cements may contain varying quantities of Portland cement clinker, Fly ash, Blast furnace slag, Calcium sulfate, Natural pozzolans, Burnt
shale, Silica fume or Limestone.
None of these substances influence the above given classification (do not give rise to a more severe classification).
Hazard class
Category
Reference
Argumentation
Common cements
Physical hazards
Explosives
-
Flammable gases
Flammable aerosols
Oxidising gases
Gases under pressure
Flammable Liquids
-
Flammable solids
-
Self-reactive substances and
mixtures
-
Pyrophoric liquids
-
Pyrophoric solids
-
Self-heating substances and
mixtures
-
T17105/IC
Cement is not explosive or pyrotechnic as it is
not in itself capable by chemical reaction of
producing gas at such temperature and
pressure and at such a speed as to cause
damage to the surroundings. It is not capable of
a self-sustaining exothermic chemical reaction.
Cement is not a gas
Cement is not used as an aerosol
Cement is not a gas
Cement is not a gas
Cement is not flammable liquid
Cement is inorganic and commonly known not
to be flammable. It is not readily combustible or
does not cause or contribute to fire through
friction
Cement is not self-reactive. It is not thermally
unstable or is not liable to undergo a strong
exothermic decomposition even when devoid
participation of oxygen (air).
Cement is not a liquid
Cement is not pyrophoric. It does not ignite
within five minutes after coming into contact with
air.
Cement is not self-heating. It is not liable to selfheat by reaction with air and without energy
supply.
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Hazard class
Substances and mixtures which
in contact with water emit
flammable gases
Oxidising liquids
Category
Oxidising solids
-
Organic peroxides
-
Corrosive to metals
-
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Reference
Argumentation
Cement in contact with water does not emit
flammable gases
-
TNO report MT-RAP-10-00166, Corrosive to
aluminium test in extract water of “Portland cement
clinker”, May 2010
14 of 19
Cement is not a liquid
Cement is not oxidising (does not cause
combustion)
Cement is not an organic substance and it does
not contain the bivalent –O-O- structure
Common cements contain varying quantities of
Portland cement clinker, fly ash, blast furnace
slag, gypsum, natural pozzolans, burnt shale,
silica fume and limestone.
Portland cement clinker is not corrosive to steel.
Steel is used as concrete reinforcement element
and it is commonly known that cement protects
the steel by passivation.
Portland cement clinker is not corrosive to
aluminium, but the extract water from a 1:1
ground clinker mixture did cause more than
13.5% of mass loss in aluminium specimens.
Therefore, wet Portland cement mixtures should
not be brought into contact with aluminium.
The other ingredients in common cements are
not corrosive to metals.
P. 185 of the guidance document on the CLP
application states that the testing procedure for
this endpoint, in particular for solids which
become liquids, requires further work by the
Committees in charge of developing test
methods under the UN GHS program.
31 January 2011
Hazard class
Health hazards
Category
Acute toxicity inhalation route
-
Acute toxicity dermal route
-
Acute toxicity oral route
-
See Annex
2
Observations on the effects of skin irritation caused
by cement, Kietzman et al, Dermatosen, 47, 5, 184189 (1999)
Skin irritation
Reference
Argumentation
TNO report V8801/02, An acute (4-hour) inhalation
toxicity study with Portland Cement Clinker CLP/GHS
03-2010-fine in rats, August 2010
Observations on the effects of skin irritation caused
by cement, Kietzman et al, Dermatosen, 47, 5, 184189 (1999)
Human experience
Serious eye damage/eye
irritation
1
TNO report V8815/09, Evaluation of eye irritation
potential of cement clinker G in vitro using the
isolated chicken eye test, April 2010
TNO report V8815/10, Evaluation of eye irritation
potential of cement clinker W in vitro using the
isolated chicken eye test, April 2010
Epidemiological assessment of the occurrence of
allergic dermatitis in workers in the construction
industry related to the content of Cr (VI) in cement,
NIOH, Page 11, 2003.
Skin sensitisation
1
European Commission’s Scientific Committee on
Toxicology, Ecotoxicology and the Environment
(SCTEE) opinion of the risks to health from Cr (VI) in
cement (European Commission, 2002).
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No acute toxicity by inhalation observed
Limit test, rabbit, 24 hours contact, 2,000 mg/kg
body weight – no lethality
No indication of oral toxicity from studies with
cement (kiln) dust
Dry cement in contact with wet skin or exposure
to moist or wet cement may cause thickening,
cracking or fissuring of the skin. Prolonged
contact in combination with abrasion may cause
severe burns.
Portland cement clinker caused a mixed picture
of corneal effects and the calculated irritation
index was 128. This means that Portland
cement clinker is classified as category 1.
Common cements contain varying quantities of
Portland cement clinker, fly ash, blast furnace
slag, gypsum, natural pozzolans, burnt shale,
silica fume and limestone.
Some individuals may develop eczema upon
exposure to wet cement dust, caused either by
the high pH which induces irritant contact
dermatitis after prolonged contact, or by an
immunological reaction to soluble Cr (VI) which
elicits allergic contact dermatitis.
31 January 2011
Hazard class
Category
Respiratory sensitisation
-
Germ cell mutagenicity
-
Carcinogenicity
-
Reproductive toxicity
-
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Reference
Portland Cement Dust - Hazard assessment
document EH75/7, UK Health and Safety Executive,
2006. Available from:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/portlandcement.pd
f
Investigation of the cytotoxic and proinflammatory
effects of cement dusts in rat alveolar macrophages,
Van Berlo et al, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2009 Sept;
Argumentation
22(9):1548-58
No indication
Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of cement dusts in A549
human epithelial lung cells in vitro; Gminski et al,
Abstract DGPT conference Mainz, 2008
Portland Cement Dust - Hazard assessment
document EH75/7, UK Health and Safety Executive,
2006. Available from:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/portlandcement.pd
f
No causal association has been established
between Portland cement exposure and cancer.
The epidemiological literature does not support
the designation of Portland cement as a
suspected human carcinogen.
Comments on a recommendation from the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists to
change the threshold limit value for Portland cement,
Patrick A. Hessel and John F. Gamble, EpiLung
Consulting, June 2008
16 of 19
There is no indication of sensitisation of the
respiratory system
Portland cement is not classifiable as a human
carcinogen (According to ACGIH A4: Agents
that cause concern that they could be
carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be
assessed conclusively because of a lack of
data. In vitro or animal studies do not provide
indications of carcinogenicity that are sufficient
to classify the agent with one of the other
notations.).
No evidence from human experience
31 January 2011
Hazard class
Specific target organ toxicity
single exposure respiratory
tract irritation
Specific target organ toxicity
(STOT) – repeated exposure
respiratory tract irritation
Category
Reference
3
Portland Cement Dust - Hazard assessment
document EH75/7, UK Health and Safety Executive,
2006. Available from:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/portlandcement.pd
f
-
Prospective monitoring of exposure and lung function
among cement workers, Interim report of the study
after the data collection of Phase I-II 2006-2010,
Hilde Notø, Helge Kjuus, Marit Skogstad and KarlChristian Nordby, National Institute of Occupational
Health, Oslo, Norway, March 2010,
Specific target organ toxicity
(STOT) repeated exposure for
silicosis
-
Aspiration hazard
-
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Argumentation
Cement dust may irritate the throat and
respiratory tract. Coughing, sneezing, and
shortness of breath may occur following
exposures in excess of occupational exposure
limits.
Overall, the pattern of evidence clearly indicates
that occupational exposure to cement dust has
produced deficits in respiratory function.
However, evidence available at the present time
is insufficient to establish with any confidence
the dose-response relationship for these effects
There is an indication of COPD. The effects are
acute and due to high exposures. No chronic
effects or effects at low concentration have been
observed.
No indication from experience in humans over
the last 50 years.
In the rare cases where respirable crystalline
silica containing constituents are used in the
cement and the cement contains more than 1%
of respirable crystalline silica, the manufacturer
or importer has to assess if the cement needs to
be classified as STOT RE2 for silicosis.
Not applicable as common cements are not
used as aerosols.
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31 January 2011
Hazard class
Environmental hazards
Category
Reference
Argumentation
Hazardous to the aquatic
environment
-
(1) U.S. EPA, Short-term Methods for Estimating the
Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to
Freshwater Organisms, 3rd ed. EPA/600/7-91/002,
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory,
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH (1994a) and 4th ed. EPA821-R-02-013, US EPA, office of water, Washington
D.C. (2002).
(2) U.S. EPA, Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of
Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and
Marine Organisms, 4th ed. EPA/600/4-90/027F,
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory,
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH (1993) and 5th ed. EPA-821R-02-012, US EPA, office of water, Washington D.C.
(2002).
(3) Environmental Impact of Construction and Repair
Materials on Surface and Ground Waters. Summary of
Methodology, Laboratory Results, and Model
Development. NCHRP report 448, National Academy
Press, Washington, D.C., 2001.
(4) Final report Sediment Phase Toxicity Test Results with
Corophium volutator for Portland clinker prepared for
Norcem A.S. by AnalyCen Ecotox AS, 2007.
Ecotoxicological tests with Portland cement on
Daphnia magna (1) and Selenastrum coli (2)
have shown little toxicological impact. Therefore
LC50 and EC50 values could not be determined
(3). There is no indication of sediment phase
toxicity (4).
Hazardous to the ozone layer
-
T17105/IC
Not applicable
18 of 19
31 January 2011
Annex: References to studies dealing with Long term oral exposure to cement kiln dust
Authors
Cohrs, P.; Trautwein, A.
Galyean,
R.C.
Chabot, Effects of sodium bentonite, buffer salts,
cement kiln dust and clinoptilolite on
rumen characteristics of beef steers fed
a high roughage diet
Gold, R.M.; Klein, M.G.; Non-Effect of massachusetts cement kiln
Ringuette, B.A.; Lowell, dust upon the food intake, body weight,
B.B.; Katz, R.
or activity of female rats
Hogue, D.E.; van Soest, Cement kiln dusts as a selenium source
P.J.; Stouffer, J.R.; Earl, in sheep rations
G.H.; Gutenmann, W.H.;
Lisk, D.J.
Pond, W.G.; Yen, J.T.; Hill, Bone lesions in growing swine fed 3%
D.A.; Ferrell, C.L.; Krook, L. cement kiln dust as a source of calcium
Rumsay, G.L.
Cement Kiln Dust as an Additive in the
Diets of Rainbow Trouts
Schürmann, E.
Zur Frage der Beeinflussung des
Gesundheitszustandes von Rindern
durch Abgasstaub aus Zementwerken
Shalabi, M.E.H.; Kholif, Effect of By-Pass Cement Dust
S.M.; Khorshed, M.M.
Supplementation level to diets on the
productive performance of lactating
buffaloes
Ward, G.M.; Old, C.A.; Cement kiln dust finishing lamb diets
Greathouse, G.A.; Caveny,
D.D.
T17105/IC
M.L.;
Title
Reference
Year
Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Archiv
für 1959
Wirkung von Zementstaub auf Tiere
Experimentelle
Veterinärmedizin 8
Journal
of
animal 1981
science Vol 52, No 5
Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Behavior Vol. 10
Cornell Vet. 71
Results
Health impact of cement dust
exposure (oral and inhalative) on
sheep, cattle and rabbits: no
negative effects
Impact on rumen
1979
no negative effects
1981
no negative effects
&
Journal
of
animal 1982
science Vol 54, No 1
Prog. Fish-Cult- 43
1981
no toxic effect, but negative effect on
growth
no negative effects
Zement-Kalk-Gips
The use of flue dust from cement
kilns as food intake for cattles had
no negative impact
no negative effects
1962
International Journal 2007
of Dairy Science 2
Journal of
Science 49
19 of 19
Animal 1979
no negative effects
31 January 2011