LAND AND POPULATION
GEOGRAPHY OF SUDAN
1.1.
Location and Area:
Sudan occupies the northeastern part of the African continent. It borders nine countries, two
of which are Arab states (Egypt and Libya) and seven are African ones.This location made the
Sudan the main bridge that links the Arab north African and its negro south. It remained till mid
20th century as the main passage way for pilgrim and trade vaavans from west African to the
Holy Lands in Saudi Arabia and East Africa. Sudan has a total area of some 2.5 million square
kilometers, making it one if the largest countries in Africa. Sudan ranks eleventh among the states
of the world regarding area. This wide are has made the Sudan a country of varied ecologies and
natural resources and with multi-ethnic and multi-cultural population The strategic location of
Sudan and its rich natural resources had made it a focus of the old colonialist competition in the
past. It had remained one of the ambitions of the neo-colonailism, especially after the exhaustion
of the resources of the world and aggravation the food problem.
1.2 Surface and Soil:
Sudan’s lands are a flat sedimentary plain frequented by few highlands,which covers only
0.5% of its total area. These highlands include Amatong Hills in the south, Red Sea Hills in the
East, Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan area and Jabal Al-Maidoub and Jabal Marrah hills in
Darfur Region. The River Nile constitutes the most important geomprphological phenomenon in
Sudan. It stretches over 1,700 kilometres across the country from the South to the north. The
valley of the Nile and its tributaries cover an area of some 2/5 million hectares (25,000 square
kilometres) . The plains of Sudan are composed of varied types of soil, the most important of
which are:
·
The sandy soil, which is formed in the desert and semi-desert regions in the northern and
western part of the country. It is a low fertility soil used in the cultivation of millet, groundnuts,
sesame and kerkadi crops. It provides an important pasture land for camels, sheep and goats.
·
Clay Soil Group: It is found in central and eastern Sudan. It constitutes the most
important areas for the cultivation of cotton crop and the rain-fed mechanized farming. It also
represents an important source of forestry products, especially fire-wood and gum Arabic crop.
The major part of Sudan’s production of dura or sorghum, the staple food, is made from this soil.
·
The sedimentary silt soil group of soil; It is found along rivers and waids (seasonal
streams) and at Toker and Al-Gash delta in eastern Sudan. This group pf soils are characterized
by high fertility as they are renewed annually.
·
The fertile volcanic soil in Jabal Marrah are
·
The red soul group in south Sudan: It is characterized by low fertility and quick
deterioration. So, shifting agriculture has remained the best type of land use here.
Sudan has a total area of arable land of 200 million feddans (84 million hectares), which 40
million feddans (20%) of which are utilized now. Some 4 million feddans are utilized through
irrigation and 36 million feddans are rainfed. Of which 14 million feddan are mechanized farming
and the remaining 22 million feddans are utilized through the method of traditional cultivation.
1.3 Climate:
Sudan is dominated by the tropical climate, which is characterized by high temperature
throughout the year. It varies gradually from very arid in the north to semi-humid climate in the
Southern most part of the country. Temperature reaches its peak in the summer season (March –
October), when the daily average rate during the months of May and June reaches more than 42.9
degree centigrade in north Sudan and about 34 degree in the South. Rains in Sudan are ones,
which are governed by the movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone between the equator
and the tropic of cancer. With the exception of the Red Sea Coast, rainfall is confined to the
summer season and reaches its climax in August when the inter-troppical convergence zone
reaches its northern most point. Desert climate prevails in the northern most part of the country,
where the annual rainfall is less than 50 mms. The quantity of rainfall and the length of
cultivation season increase gradually as we move southward, till the average annual rainfall
reaches 1,400 mms and the length of the cultivation season reaches 6 months in the southern most
part of the country. Uneven rainfall and repeated cycles of drough, which vary in their length and
severity , especially in the central and northern parts of Sudan, constitute one of the important
climatic features in the country. The most severe cycles of drought that hit the country included
the sahel drought (1968 – 74) and the 1983 – 85 drought, which assumed catastrophic
dimensions over the environment and the economic and social structures.
1.4
Water:
The River Nile and its tributaries are characterized with huge water resources that cover
some 25,000 square kilometres. The annual water flow of the nile river is estimated at 85.6
billion cubic metres, 58.9% of which comes from the Blue Nile. The Nile assumes a vital role in
the economic, social and cultural life of the population as well as in Sudan’s foreign relations,
particularly with the Nile basin states. The waters of the Nile river and its tributaries are utilized
in irrigation, generation of electricity from Sennar, Roseires and Khashm Al-Ghirba dams besides
in navigation and fishing.
The Nile Water Agreement of 1959 allocated 55.5 billion cubic metres for Egypt annually and
18.5 billion cubic metres for Sudan. The Jonglei Canal Project in the southern part of the country,
in which work now is stopped due to security circumstances, is anticipated to add some 2.4
billion cubic metres to the share of each country.
Besides the Nile system, Sudan enjoys many internal lakes and seasonal streams which
contribute great to the economic life of the population , especially in the eastern and western
parts of the country.
The underground water reserve is estimated at 9,000 billion cubic metres, distributed at two
basins, which are the Nubian sedimentary basin in northwest Sudan and Umruaba Formations
basin in south-central Sudan. Asd for the basic rocks formation, which are found in eastern, westcentral and southwestern parts of the country, the represent a poor underground water basin (map
2). Sudan now utilizes about 2 billion cubic metres of underground water for the purposes of
irrigation and urban uses. The annual feeding for underground water is estimated at some 4.5
billion cubic metres.
The Red Sea is Sudan’s outlet to the external world. There are a number of ports on the Red Sea
including Port Sudan, Suakin and Osaif besides many other small docking areas. The Red Sea
coast is characterized by mangroove forests which grow in lakes, besides the coral reefs, which
have accumodates many of the varied kinds of rare marine life. It also has wonderful sandy
islands. All these constitute an importyant factor in tourism industry in the country in the future.
The water environments in the country, salt and fresh, are full of varied types of fish. The Sudan
possesses a huge fish resources. It can produces 140,000 tonnes of fish annually, 35,000 tonnes
of which from the Red Sea,, 100,000 tonnes from the Nile river and 5,000 tonnes from Nuba lake.
Despite this, the current production is very low, which is less than 10%. The annualkl average per
capita consumption of fist is very low (about 1.3 kilogramme).
1.5 Vegetation:
Sudan extends over 180 of latitudes (about 2,000 kilometres) and have varied types of climates,
soils and topography. All these have led the existence of many types of vegetation. General,
seven vegatation regions can be identified. They range from desert in the north to the rain forests
region in the southwestern most part of the country (map 3). Table 1 shows the characteristics and
features of these plant regions.
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SUDAN AND ITS AFFLIATION TO THE INTERANTIONAL COMMUINTY:Sudan is a member of the united nations organization. It maintains diplomatic
representations at the headquarters of the United Nations. It also enjoys membership of the
specialized agencies of the international organizations. Sudan is also a founding member of each
of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of African Unity (OAU), the Arab league and
the Sahel and Saharan states Group.
HOTELS:
Hotels industry has expanded in Sudan since early 1970s, when the country has witnessed great
openness.
This openness attracted Arab and foreign investments in the field of hotels in the country. There
are a number of five stars
hotels sin Khartoum.
They include the Hilton Hotel which is located at the Nile confluence area in Khartoum on the
eastern bank of the white Nile, the meridian Hotel in the centre of Khartoum and the Friendship
palace, which is located in Khartoum North on the eastern bank of the blue Nile.
There are also first-class hotels in Port Sudan, the main seaport of the country on the Red
Sea, and Wad-Medani town, capital of the gezira State as capital of southern Sudan.
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS:
Sudan has rich tourism and antiquities resources. The Country is visited by tourists from
all over the world. It has rich antiquities sites, specially in the north at Karima and Meroe areas
and all along the Nile course till Wadi-Halfa town in the north.
Other tourist attractions in Sudan include Al-Dindir Park for wildlife in the east. Jebel-Marrah
area in Darfur with its fascinating nature and the Equatorial forests in the south.
HISTORY
Iron Age in Sudan – Meroew – Bajrawiya
Meroew town lies at 213 kms to the north of Khartoum. The capital of Nabta Kingdom
moved to it in 591 BC Meroew State has synchronized with the rule of the Persians, and Romans
in Egypt.
Bajrawiya us characterized by two forms of temples:(a)
Amon Temple of Amon God.
(b)
Meroitc Temple of Abadamac Meroitc .
The Meroitic have known the hieroglyphic language. At Meroew area we find around 211
pyramids of kings and nobles, but the public had their own graves which did not include
distinguished marks. At Meroew area we also find a Roya batch-home, and another temple called
the Lion Temple.
Meroew was considered one of the biggest capitals in the pre-history area. The iron remains at the
area was good evidence on the size of manufacturing during this era. The state of Meroew was
ended in 350 BC following the military campaign which was launched by Elsana the queen of
Auxom (Abyssinia).
Christianity in Sudan:
Our information about the old Christian era were derived from the discoveries which preceded
establishment of the high dam. The explorations unveil existence of many churches and Christian
temples, which were mostly set up in towns along the Nile – a matter that made some historians
to think that Christianity was the religion of rulers and nobles. This idea was supported by the fact
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that no churches or temples had been found far away from the towns or the Sudanese plains
where herdsmen and farmers were existing.
Father Jenvani Vamteini said that Christianity has entered Sudan by the end of the
Meroewetic period, The first Sudanese to embrace Christianity was the Minister of Treasury of
the Queen of Merowe Knadaka, in the year 31 BC
Father Vantaeini also explained that the discoverers W.B. Emery and LP Kirwan have find
during the discovery work, during 1930 – 1933, some graves of kings Banana area, located at the
Egyptian Sudanese border, which go back to year 500 BC These tombs included copper and
silver antiques which were stamped with the cross.
Vanteini indicated that the explorers LP Kirwan and W.B. Emery found during their excavations
at the Sudanese Balana area, during 1930 – 1931, some tombs of which were belonging to the
year 500 B.C. besides a number of copper and silver items. These utensils were stamped with the
Cross-Balana area located at the Sudanese-Egyptian border.
In the year 390 the author Robust visited southern Egypt and noticed existence of a
number if Ethiopian priests who came from areas southern of the Egyptian border. Thus, the
author arrived a conclusion that there was a Christian influence when the Meroitic State began to
deteriorate in the first half of the first millennium. This period synchronized with the era of
Christianity spreading in Egypt. A thing which corporate this was existence of strong commercial
ties between Egypt and Sudan at the times.
Following the collapse of the Meroitic Kingdom in the year 350, Sudan has been divided
into three kingdoms which were:1 - Nubatia with its capital Faras.
2 - Maqara with Dongola as its capital.
3 - Alawa with Soba, south of Khartoum, as its capital
The king of Nubtia, who was geographically the nearest one to Egypt, was sending his
emissaries to Qastantine calling for preachers to be sent to him. Inscriptions indicated that
Justinian has dispatched preachers to Nubtia, while his wife Theodore secretly sent her
emissaries to Nubatia on the ground that her husband Justinian was Catholic and that she was
Orthodox. A Christian preacher, meanwhile, arrived in Alawa kingdom and received by the ruler
in the capital Soba his missionary task was greatly successful, because till today we can see relics
of Christian churches and temples at Soba area . These relics were aspects of the destruction
which was in flicted on Soba by Mara Dungos and Abdalla Gammaa in the year 1504.
The period of Christianity in Sudan was characterized by security stability and knowledge
of some people to reading and writing. This era witnessed flourishing of trade with Egypt, and in
some times with Egypt, which were both Christians at that time. The Christianity period lasted
during 500 – 1504, e.g. around 1000 years.
To support the idea that Christianity was the religion of rulers, nobles and dignitaries
throughout the said ten centuries, we find that the military attack of Omara Dongos and Abdalla
Gammaa on the Christian capital has up-rooted Christianity which was not embraced by the
majority of ordinary people. So, it was clear that a reason behind success of Fonj revolution
against the Christian kingdom was readiness of the Sudanese people to embrace the Islamic rule,
after their adoption to it as a belief long ago before the revolution.
Despite the destruction of Soba and other kingdoms, Christianity remained the second
religion in Sudan after Islam. There were other religions which were prevalent such as paganism
and worship of mars … etc.. In spite of the different beliefs, but this difference had not been a
factor for war between sects.
Sudan during the Era of Sultanates 1504 – 1821:
An important characteristic of this area is the link and intermingling between three
phenomena:-
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(a) Expansion of Islam as a religion at the so-called Sudanese country.
(b) Spreading of the Arab race of Arab culture, as well as dissemination of the Arab language,
values and traditions
(c) Appearance and spreading of the political, social and Islamic institutions in the form of
Sultanates and Sheikhites.
Another remark was that the areas which constitute the current Sudan had been linked and
intermingling with each other as regards their cultural and social constitution, despite the fact that
they were administratively disintegrated, a matter which prevented establishment of a united
states.
When the Muslims occupied Egypt, clashes began between them and the Nubians in north Sudan,
In 642 B.C., the Muslims staged a massive campaign on the Nuba area, under the command of
Ed-Eddin Ibn Abial-Sarh, the wali of Khalifa Osman Ibn Affan. The campaign reached an end by
the signing of an agreement between the two warring sides.
This agreement has defined the relations between the Nubias with the Muslim Arabs till the end
of the third quarter of the 13th century B.C. The agreement has been subjected to amendment
from time to time such as the case during the rule of Al-Mahdi Al-Aiyami or Al-Muttasim, when
the Nubaking visited him and agreed with him on payment of a certain tribute.
This agreement permitted movement of the peoples in the two countries, besides joint trade and
tourism etc.. Some Arabs began to own lands and to settle inside Nubian, because the political
and living conditions had been witnessing relative stability in Sudan rather than Egypt at that time.
This, marriage relations and commercial and other dealings between the two peoples began to
increase. Islam and the Arab language also started to increase gradually.
The state of Mamalik in Egypt during the period from 1250 till the 14th century. This Islamic
state has been the keenest one as regards conquering of the Nuba lands. After several clashes, the
Sultan of Mamlik occupied Maqarra in 1276, after escape of its king Daoud II, who was replaced
by the nephew of king Shakanda. Mamalik then singed a concluded unjust agreement with the
Nubians through which a tribute must be paid for every non-Muslim Nubian.
A Summary of Sennar Sultanate
History 1504 – 1821:
Around 25 Sultans have ruled Sennar Sultanate throughout a period which did not exceed
three centuries. The history of Sennar state can be divided into four stages
The First Stage:It began with the rule of the founder Omara Dongos , and lasted till the 16th century (1602).
This period had been one for foundation, and characterized by stability with regard to adopted
systems, rules and internal and external relations, besides clarity of the geographical borders.
The Second Stage:
This stage commenced with the rule of Abdul-Gadir Onsa. This period was characterized
by border clashes with neighbour Abyssinia, separatism of Shayggia tribe and ending of Abdallab
rebellion and killing of their leader Sheikh Ageeb Al-Kafonta, invasion of the Sultanate of Sennar
to the areas of Tagali Kingdom, Shuluk and Dinka, besides transporting many of those people to
settle near Sennar town. This step has its effect on the structure of the population and the army.
At the cultural level, the influx of scholars and Sufi people, foundation of Islamic and Sufi
institutions has witnessed tangible increase.
The Third Stage:
This stage lasted during the period from 1692 till 1716, and characterized by entry of
diplomatic and missionary missions into the lands of Sennar en route to Abyssinia. This era has
been also characterized by escalation of the tension between the Sultanate of Sennar and
Abyssinia, which was ended by the Abyssinian’s invasion of Sennar territories till the out skirt of
the capital Sennar. But, the army of Sennar state was able to defeat and repulse the Abyssinians.
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Another feature of the third stage was acuteness of the conflict between the Sultanates of
Sennar and the Fur over the rule of Kordofan region.
Fourth Stage:
The fourth stage during 1762 – 1821 witnessed domination of Hamaj (uncivilized)
ministers over the state and demise of the Sultan’s authority. Thus, the coherence of the state
disappeared till its entry into a stage of comprehensive anarchy. The state then became unable
even to think about countering the Turkish invasion.
The Army Structure:
Establishment of the army of Sennar Sultanate was of a tribal nature at the beginning. The
Funj were cattle herdsmen, and courageous people. The army was composed of three groups:
A/
horse-riders at the head of the army.
B/
camel riders.
C/
Infantry.
The arms which have been used by Sennar Sultanate’s troops were swords, daggers and
spears. The Funj’s army had known the methods military ranks, such as the horse-riders’ colonel,
horse-riders’ lieutenant colonel and the army’s field commander.
The Sennarian System:The system of Sennar Sultanate has been set up on four pillars:
INVESTMENT
Investment is a renewed economic activity governed by the renewed ambitions of man,
with the changing demands of life and with its unstable conditions.
due to the availability of information, the world has become one village with resources
competitively sought by big, international companies.
These companies seek the best conditions for the investment of their funds, especially that the
development of stock markets and the increase in their number, along with the diversity of high
technology contributed to ensuring a quick turnover.
Sudan realized the need for investment, now that the country has great potentialities, and its
unexploded resources prevail its wide area. These resources included crude oil, valuable minerals,
arable land and conducive atmospheric conditions secured by its tropical location.
Sudan also realized the necessity of providing an investment atmosphere with the most stable
conditions to attract investors who are no larger barred by barriers of time and place.
So it (SUDAN) hastened to regulating and encouraging investment, now and kept coping with its
quickening pace.
Promotion for investment now comes on top of economic researchers' concern, and has even
become the most important marketing factor in the field of economic infrastructure.
Sudan was successfully during the previous decade in promoting investment in the various fields
and scored notable successes on the investment domain.
Sudan enacted in 1999 a law for the regulation and encouragement of investment and determined
privileges and guarantees.
The law exempted strategic investment from direct fax. And granted non-strategic investment a
tax exemption not
exceeding five years.
It also cut short investment procedures and determined where each procedure can be carried out
to save time.
The law further stated that no state nor local duties should be imposed on any commercial
investment project.
Investment is guaranteed against nationalization and confiscation as investors are entitled to
restore their investment after obtaining an agreement from the authority that issued the license.
they can hence get their funds and profits accruing from the investment.
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Widened during the 1990s and included agriculture, industry, animal production, electricity, oil
and minerals.
Multi-national companies entered Sudan and competition started owing to Sudan's adoption of
the economic liberalization policy.
The stability of this policy, along with the government trend towards modernizing the structure
of the Sudanese economy to cope with developments, at the international level boosted the
channel of investment in the country. Globalization led to a radical change in the economic
dealings.
Some of the most prominent fields of investment in Sudan include projects of
infrastructures, electricity, water, strategic projects, heavy petro-chemical projects, along with
projects of rehabilitation, modernization, expansion, implementation of quality programmes and
international standard specifications.
The investment in oil prosecution was widely undertaken to attract local and foreign investment.
Many international companies embarked on the prospecting , refinement and transportation of oil.
The oil transportation sector received the concern of local investors rather than investment in the
field of oil storage and other concomitant oil-production industries.
In the field of processing industries, greater concern was given to this sector on the domain of
investment.
Many industries based on the local agricultural raw materials were adopted and promoted. Such
being the case, sugar, meat, animal production and cotton industries became popular. This is in
addition to the spread of small-scale industries throughout the country. Sudanese expatriates were
even inclined to invest in many investment projects and contributed to the establishment of
passenger and goods transportation companies under the umbrella of this attractive investment
atmosphere.
INDUSTRY
The Arab Authority for Development and Investment, an Arab financing institution based in
Sudan, set up many factories.
The production of this factory reached 3646 tonnes of starch and 3556 tonnes of glucose.
The factory faces some difficulties in marketing and administration. However, it enjoys some
preferential privileges owing to the registered office agreement of the Arab authority for
Development and Investment.
Sudan achieved self-sufficiency in biscuit industry as the production rate of operating factories
increased. Whereas, modern factories were established enjoying some preferential privileges due
to an act issued for encouraging investment. This is in addition to the availability of industrial
inputs such as sugar, flour and wheat.
TLOUR MILLS
The flour industry brings in an added value of 100 million dollars. It also satisfies the increase in
the rate of animal production.
The production of flour mills amounts to 254,000 tonnes annually.
Despite the competition of imported flour, the production of the local mills remains of good
quality, especially after modernizing the operating mills
LEATHER INDUSTRY
Sudan is distinguished by its prominence in the field of animal resources, which led to the
flourishing of leather industries.
Sudan is considered one of the largest hide-exporting countries.
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In the wake of hide abundance, tanning industry emerged in Khartoum and wad Medani as a
modern industry that brought in heard currency to the country.
It is an industry with good specifications and requires special technical skills.
The tanning industry contributed to the promotion and up-grading of leather industries.
Hide is also used in presents given to foreigners and tourists.
The tanning industry shows the quality of leather industries. It is derived from the skin of reptiles,
wild animals, sheep and goats.
Sudan benefited from modernizing the tanning industry.
It carried out a programmed for promoting this industry with the UNIDO international
Organization losses when animals are slaughtered and skinned
OIL INDUSTRY
The oil industry began as early as the 20th century.
The availability of the agricultural inputs contributed the promotion and modernization of this
industry.
The oil industry had a primitive start and soon it was modernized and promoted.
It nearly satisfies the country's need of local consumption.
Sudan has bout 76 oil factories whose production capacity is estimated at about 3 million tonnes
of oil.
The oil industry sector was burdened with high tax and customs duties imposed on oil seeds and
plant oil.
Owing to the growing consumption of oil, local investment in this field was successful and
contributed towards satisfying the need of rural areas.
Local oil presses prevailed many villages due to the availability of oil seeds derived from peanut,
sunflower and sesame
JOLAT PLASTIC FACTORY
The Sudanese Sugar Production Company used to import about 5,1 million plastic sacks at a cost
of 5.1 million dollars, with an increasing value rate of 5% annually.
The importation of these sacks was intended to
To provide foreign exchange resources, the company imported Sacks Plastic Factory at a cost of
4.1 million dollars.
The Sudanese Sugar Production Company made a contract with the integrated Projects Company
overseas to import the factory.
work in establishing the factory was started in 1993 at Assalaya Sugar project and was completed
in 1997. The factory started work with one shift, and then proceeded to three shifts.
The designed capacity of the factory amounted to 3 million sacks of 100 kilograms, and it is
internationally standardized. Owing to local consumption the factory shifted to the production of
sacks, 50 kilograms.
The factory brings in hard currency estimated at 5.7 million dollars as it provides job
opportunities for more than 100 people
INDUSTRY AND INVESTMENT
Sudan as other less developed countries contred its concern since independence in 1956 on the
industry sector, especially the processing industries, considering the fact that industry is the
modern sector expected to mobilize the rational economy of the country and achieve balances
economci and social development to put the country on a par with the developed countries.
The first national government.
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Issued after indepencence the first law to encourage and regulate investment. In the process of
time, That law progressed to include, not only the ifnvestmoent sector, but also other nonindustrial sectors.
The ten-year plan (1961-1970) centred its efforts on the development ans promotion of the
indnstry sector to raise its contribution to the gross National Product (GNP) from 4% to 16% by
the end of 1970 Sudan was still promoting that plan by enhancing its industrial prospects.
It also contributed, as part of the developing countries, to the preparation of the First Industrial
Sevelopment Decade in Africaf 1980-1990 and the Second Industrial SýDevelopment Decade
1990-2000 as it proposed for promotion many industrial projects.
In its more towards modernizing and developing industry, Sudan was still facing unending
challenges represented in poor infra structure including roads, bridges, electrical power,
insufficent frained cadre, inadequate sources of firance and equpment. This is in addition to the
galloping rate of inflation, the burder of tax increase imposed on industrial products and the
bureaucracy of the fgovernment ergan dominating the industry sector.
FOOD INDUSTRIES
The food industries sector includes various fields most important of which is the sugar
industry due to its success and the availablity of its means of production.
It is known that sugar industry is widely adopted in the middle of the country, particularly in
kennana and asalaya projeits on the White Nile, sennar and AL-geneid on the Blue Nile and
Khashm Al-Girba project on Atbara River. This is in addition to sWhite Nile sugar project at AlKawa.
The technical and economic feasibiflity studies for all these projects have been completed.
When the white Nile sugar factory starts full operation, Sudan will become the fifth largest sugarproducing country in the world, and the second largest in Africa, trailing Sauthy Africa in this
field.
AL-GENEID SUGAR FACTORY
Sugar cane cultivation in Al-Geneid project started in 1959. Then al-Geneid sugar factory was set
up and in 1962 work was finalized with a designing capacity of grinding 4000 tennes of Sugar
cane per day, whereas the full production capacity of the factory reaches 60,000 tonnes.
The season of production in Al-geneid Sugar Factory starts from the beginning of November and
finished at the end of April.
As soon as the factory started operation, its production hovered around 13,000 and 55,000 tonnes
of Sugar. It even reached 98% of the full designing capacity.
HALFA AL-JADEEDA SUGAR FACTORY
Hhlfa Al-Jadeeda Sugar factory is located in Kasala state at a distance of 400 kilometres southeast of Khartoum, 17 kilometres fnorth of Halfa Al-Jadeeda.
The factory was established by a group of German companies and work was finalized in 1964.
The cost of establishing the factory amounted to 8 million Sudanese pounds. The full production
capacity of the factory reaches 60,000 tones of Sugar, while the Sugar-Cane-cultivated area
reaches 40,000 feddans. in the 1974-1975 season, production reached 75,000 tones of Sugar, thus
exceeding the full divining capacity of the factory.
SINNAR SUGAR FACTORY
Condulive geographical factors combined to make Sudan the most suitable country for sugar cane
cultivation.
to achieve national and regional strategies, the factory stanted production in 1976.
The factory is situated in Sennar state at a distance of 4 kilometres north-west of senner town.
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The tactory was implemented by english companies on an area of 32,000 feddan for the
cultivation of sugar cane with a designing capacity of 110,000 tonnes.
ASALAYA SUGAR FACTORY
Asalaya Sugar factory lies in the White Nile state at a distance of 10 kilometres from Rabak
Town.
The project was implemented by an Englishy company and the foctory started operation in 1980
as its establishment cost reached about 21 million sterling pounds.
The designing capacity the factory amounts to 6500 tonnes of sugar cone daily to produce 110
tonnes of sugar anncially, the tactrory failed to reach its full designing capacity due to the
technical failures facing its implementation.efforts are now exered to rehabilitate and modernize
the factory and to increase the sugar-cane-cultivated area.
KENNANA SUGAR FACTORY
Study was first made for the astabblishment of kennana Sugar Foctory at the beginning of 1973.
The project is considered a model of Arab capital integration. it was implemented by kenanana
Sugar Company between Sudan Government, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Work was started on the project in 1979 and production started in 1979.
Kennana is considered the second largest Sugar-producig factory in Africa as it ranks second to
none among Arab world countries in the this domain.
The administration of the project is undertaken by a seconded management body to be suporvised
by the board of directors.
Cducation and health services were provided in the project and continued to progress year after
year. So workers of Kennan Sugar Company could lead a stable life, especially that the company
was concerned with establishing a developmental undertaking which is considered a good
example in the field of development projects in Sudan.
Production of kennana Sugar Factory continued to increase ropidly as it reached in its peak
365,000 tonnes of Sugar annually, thus exceeding its designed capacity which amounts to
350,000 tonnes annually. this achievement was due to the progressing administration and the
good use of the technical and human capabilities.
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