Status of Ambient Air Quality in Andhra Pradesh -2007
I. Introduction
Air quality is important simply because we can’t avoid breathing the air around us. The average
adult breathes in about 20 cubic meters, or 20,000 liters of air a day. Other planets have sunlight,
but only our earth has air and water. Without all of these there would be no life. A diverse
community of plant and animal life has thrived on this planet for millions of years, sustained by
the sun and supported by the soil, water and air.
The air is made up of nitrogen and oxygen, with traces of other gases such as carbon dioxide,
plus minute particles like dust. Although clean air should be freely available to all plant and
animal life, humans have been gradually polluting it, putting their health at risk and the wellbeing of the earth itself.
Air pollutants mainly come from the discharges of gases and particles mainly from industry,
motor vehicles and Biomass combustion. There are also natural sources such as wind-blown dust
and smoke from bush fires. Some forms of air pollution create global problems viz., upper
atmosphere ozone depletion and acid rain. The enhanced greenhouse effect also falls into this
category.
The inhabitants of cities should be especially concerned, since they are exposed to a greater
amount of pollutants coming from automobile traffic, commercial, industrial and manufacturing
facilities, as well as other sources. Increased levels of air pollution are affecting the well being of
inhabitants and imposing not just a direct economic cost by impacting human health but also
threatening long-term productivity (material and vegetation damage, quality of life, reduced
tourism to the country, discourage foreign investment etc.).
Rapid industrial and economic growth of the developing countries in Asia has increased
urbanization and population pressure on local and national governments to keep pace with urban
environmental management systems to meet the needs of the expanding cities with numerous
parameters for management. Air pollution abatement strategies, solid waste management plans,
supply of water and control of wastewater and sewerage systems are the essentials of
environmental management. In this energy plays a crucial role in all development plans to enable
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a livable city. Therefore, urban governance is challenged with the rapid globalization and the
need to provide basic amenities to the population.
Policy makers are active in framing rules and regulations for the better management of air
pollution thereby ensuring better air quality. Rules and regulations work well at institutional
level but at the individual level awareness and conscientious is very important to effectively
reduce the air pollution.
APPCB is assessing the ambient air quality in the state. A monitoring network with 60 ambient
air quality-monitoring stations through out the state are placed to assess the changes in air
quality. In addition to it in Hyderabad continuous ambient air quality monitoring station has been
installed. Based on the results of these monitoring stations, the government of A.P has taken
preventive measures to control air pollution from different sources. APPCB is monitoring the
point source emissions regularly and directions to install / upgrade air pollution control
equipment are given to the industries that are exceeding the standards.
Definition of air pollution
Air pollution means the presence in the atmosphere of any air pollutant. The substances that
cause air pollution are called pollutants. They may be solid, liquid or gaseous substance
(including noise) present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be
injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment.
Air pollution doesn't always stay where it was made. In a very short time, it can make its way
around the globe. This is called transport and dispersion, which is very complex. The transport
and dispersion of the pollutants are governed by wind speed, direction, temperature, local terrain
and atmospheric stability.
Government of India has enacted the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 to
prevent and control the air pollution. The objective of this Act is to provide for the prevention,
control and abatement of air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the
aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and
functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith.
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The functions of the State Board, as specified in Section 17, shall be :
a. To plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution and to secure the execution thereof
b. To advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or
abatement of air pollution
c. To collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution.
d. To collaborate with the Central Board in organising the training of persons engaged or to
be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution
and to organise mass-education programmer relating thereto
e. To inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant or
manufacturing process and to give by order, such directions to such persons as it may
consider necessary to take steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution.
f. To inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it may think necessary, assess
the quality of air therein and take steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution in such areas.
g. To lay down, in consultation with the Central Board and having regard to the standards
for the quality of air laid down by the Central Board, standards for emission of air
pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles or for the discharge
of any air pollutants into the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever not being a
ship or an aircraft
h. Provided that different standards for emission may be laid down under this clause for
different industrial plants having regard to the quantity and composition of emission of
air pollutants into the atmosphere from such industrial plants.
i. To advise the State Government with respect to the suitability of any premises or location
for carrying on any industry which is likely to cause air pollution.
j. To perform such other functions as may be prescribed or as may, from time to time, be
entrusted to it by the Central Board or the State Government.
k. To do such other things and to perform such other acts as it may think necessary for the
proper discharge of its functions and generally for the purpose of carrying into effect the
purpose of the Act.
In addition to the above functions, the State Board may establish or recognise a laboratory or
laboratories to enable the State Board to perform its above functions efficiently.
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Important Sections of the Air Act : 19, 20, 21 and 22
Section 19. Declaration of air pollution control area :
The Act has provided for measures, which are
a. Preventive in nature, in the case of industries to be established
b. In the case of industries already established they are remedial
The primary responsibility of controlling air pollution is on the Board. The very first measure to
be adopted in the respect is the declaration of any area or areas within the State as air pollution
control area. The sub-section thus provides that the State Government may, after consultation
with the State Board, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare in such manner as may be
prescribed, any area or areas within the State as air pollution control area or areas for the
purposes of the Act.
As regards power to give instructions for ensuring standards for emission from automobiles,
Section 20 of the Act lays down that with a view to ensuring that the standards for emission of
air pollutants from automobiles laid down by the State Board under clause (g) of sub-section(1)
of Section 17 are complied with the State Government shall, in consultation with the State
Board, give such instructions as may be deemed necessary to the concerned authority in charge
of registration of motor vehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, and such authority shall
notwithstanding anything contained in that Act or the rules made there under be bound to comply
with such instructions.
Section 40. Offences by companies.
1. Where an offence under this Act has been committed by a company, every person who, at
the time the offence was committed, was directly in charge of, and was responsible to, the
company for the conduct of the business of the company, as well as the company, shall be
deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and
punished accordingly
2. Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to
any punishment provided in this Act, if he proves that the offence was committed without
his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such
offence.
3. Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section(1), where an offence under this Act
has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed
with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part of any
director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such director, manager,
secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be
liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
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Explanation :
a. "Company" means any body corporate, and includes a firm or other association of
individuals; and
b. "Direction", in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.
Section 41. Offences by Government departments :
1. Where an offence under this act has been committed by any Department of Government,
the Head of the Department shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable
to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
2. Provided that nothing contained in this section shall render such Head of the Department
liable to any punishment if he proves that the offence was committed without his
knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such
offence.
Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section(1), where an offence under this Act has
been committed by a Department of Government and it is proved that the offence has been
committed with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part of,
any officer, other than the Head of the Department, such officer shall also be deemed to be
guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Penalties for violation of various provisions the Air Act 1981
Section 37
Failure to comply with the provisions of section 21 or section 22 or with the directions issued
under section 31-A:
1. Whoever fails to comply with the provisions of section 21 or section 22 or directions
issued under section 31-A, shall, in respect of each such failure, be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year and six months but which
may extend to six years and with fine, and in case the failure continues, with an
additional fine which may extend to five thousand rupees for every day during which
such failure continues after the conviction for the first such failure.
2. If the failure referred to in sub-section(1) continues beyond a period of one year after the
date of conviction, the offender shall be punishable with imprisonment with a term which
shall not be less than two years but which may extend to seven years and with fine.
Section 38 Penalties for certain acts :
Whoever
a. Destroys, pulls down, removes, injures or defaces any pillar, post or stake fixed in the
ground or any notice or other matter put up, inscribed or placed, by or under the authority
of the Board, or
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b. Obstructs any person acting under the orders or directions of the Board from exercising
his powers and performing his functions under this Act, or
c. Damages any works or property belonging to the Board, or
d. Fails to furnish to the Board or any officer or other employee of the Board any
information required by the Board or such officer or other employee for the purpose of
this Act, or
e. Fails to intimate the occurrence of the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere in
excess of the standards laid down by the State Board or the apprehension of such
occurrence, to the State Board and other prescribed authorities or agencies as required
under Sub-Section(1) of Section 23, or
f. In giving any information which he is required to give under this Act, makes a statement
which is false in any material particular, or
g. For the purpose of obtaining any consent under Section 21, makes a statement which is
false in any material particular,
shall be punishable with imprisonment for a team which may extend to three months or with fine
which may extend to (ten thousand rupees) or with both.
Section 39 Penalty for contravention of certain provisions of the Act.
Whoever contravenes any of the provisions of this Act or any order or direction issued there
under, for which no penalty has been elsewhere provided in this Act, shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a team which may extend to three months or with fine which may extend to ten
thousand rupees or with both, and in the case of continuing contravention, with an additional fine
which may extend to five thousand rupees for every day during which such contravention after
conviction for the first such contravention.
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Sources of Air Pollution
The sources of pollution may be categorised as
Natural
and
anthropogenic.
The
major
anthropogenic sources in an urban area such as
Hyderabad are (i) mobile sources – vehicles,
(ii) stationary sources – industries, (iii) area
sources – refuse burning, road dust, open
cooking, industrial processes.
Description of Pollutants under study
Airborne particulate matter varies widely in its physical and chemical
composition, source and particle size. PM10 particles (the fraction of
particulates in air of very small size (<10 µm)) are of major concern, as they
are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and so potentially pose
significant health risks.
Airborne particulate matter is not a single pollutant, but rather a mixture of
many subclasses of pollutants – in solid and liquid forms, with each sub
class containing many different chemical species.
Particulate matter may be classified as primary or secondary. Primary particles are emitted
directly by emission sources, whereas secondary particles are formed through the atmospheric
reaction of gases, such as the reaction between ammonia and oxides of nitrogen or sulfur that
leads to the formation of PM
A major source of fine primary particles are combustion processes, in particular diesel
combustion, where transport of hot exhaust vapour into a cooler tailpipe or stack can lead to
spontaneous nucleation of “carbon” particles before emission. Secondary particles are typically
formed when low volatility products are generated in the atmosphere, for example the oxidation
of sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. The atmospheric lifetime of particulate matter is strongly
related to particle size, but may be as long as 10 days for particles of about 1mm in diameter.
The term fine PM has also come to be associated with PM2.5, ultra fine with PM less than 0.1
microns in diameter (PM0.1) and coarse with PM in the size range between 2.5 and 10 microns
Total Suspended Particulate matter: Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in air is a complex,
multi-phase system of all airborne solid and low vapor pressure liquid particles having
aerodynamic particle sizes from below 0.01-100 μm. Tiny airborne particles or aerosols that are
less than 100 micrometers are collectively referred to as total suspended particulate matter
(TSP). These particles constantly enter the atmosphere from many sources.
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Sulphur dioxide is a corrosive acid gas which combines with water vapour
in the atmosphere to produce acid rain. Both wet and dry deposition has
been implicated in the damage and destruction of vegetation and in the
degradation of soils, building materials and watercourses. The principal
source of this gas is power stations burning fossil fuels which contain
sulphur.
Nitrogen oxides are formed during high temperature combustion processes
from the oxidation of nitrogen in the air or fuel. The principal source of
nitrogen oxides - nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), collectively
known as NOx - is road traffic. NO and NO2 concentrations are therefore
greatest in urban areas where traffic is heaviest. Other important sources are
power stations, heating plants and industrial processes.
Nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere mainly in the form of NO, which is then readily
oxidised to NO2 by reaction with ozone. Elevated levels of NOx occur in urban environments
under stable meteorological conditions, when the air mass is unable to disperse.
In the presence of sunlight, it reacts with hydrocarbons to produce photochemical pollutants such
as ozone. In addition, nitrogen oxides have a lifetime of approximately 1 day with respect to
conversion to nitric acid. This nitric acid is in turn removed from the atmosphere by direct
deposition to the ground, or transfer to aqueous droplets (e.g. cloud or rainwater), thereby
contributing to acid deposition.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas which is emitted into the atmosphere
as a result of combustion processes, and is also formed by the oxidation of
hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. In urban areas, CO is produced
almost entirely (90%) from road traffic emissions. CO at levels found in
ambient air may reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It
survives in the atmosphere for a period of approximately 1 month but is
eventually oxidised to carbon dioxide (CO2).
Ground-level ozone (O3), unlike other primary pollutants mentioned above,
is not emitted directly into the atmosphere, but is a secondary pollutant
produced by reaction between nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrocarbons and
sunlight. Ozone can irritate the eyes and air passages causing breathing
difficulties and may increase susceptibility to infection. It is a highly
reactive chemical, capable of attacking surfaces, fabrics and rubber
materials. Ozone is also toxic to some crops, vegetation and trees.
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Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) participates in the formation of ozone. Nitrogen oxide (NO) destroys
ozone to form oxygen (O2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). For this reason, ozone levels are not as
high in urban areas (where high levels of NO are emitted from vehicles) as in rural areas. As the
nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons are transported out of urban areas, the ozone-destroying NO is
oxidised to NO2, which participates in ozone formation. Sunlight provides the energy to initiate
ozone formation; near-ultra-violet radiation dissociates stable molecules to form reactive species
known as free radicals. In the presence of nitrogen oxides these free radicals catalyse the
oxidation of hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water vapour. Partially oxidised organic species
such as aldehydes, ketones and carbon monoxide are intermediate products, with ozone being
generated as a by-product.
Since ozone itself is photo dissociated (split up by sunlight) to form free radicals, it promotes the
oxidation chemistry, and so catalyses its own formation (ie. it is an auto catalyst). Consequently,
high levels of ozone are generally observed during hot, still sunny, summer time weather in
locations where the air mass has previously collected emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides (e.g. urban areas with traffic). Because of the time required for chemical processing,
ozone formation tends to be downwind of pollution centres. The resulting ozone pollution or
“summer time smog” may persist for several days and be transported over long distances.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in the state of the Andhra Pradesh
Ambient air monitoring is essential to evaluate compliance with the standards. It provides
primary data to estimate the ambient air quality levels and its deterioration / improvements over
a period of time. APPCB is monitoring the ambient air quality through out the state at 60
locations with the following objectives:
Objectives of Monitoring:
1. To determine highest concentration expected to occur in the area covered by network
2. To determine representative concentration in areas of high population density
3. To determine the impact on significant sources categories of ambient pollution levels.
4. To determine general back ground concentration levels.
5. To determine fluctuation of air quality levels with respect to base line data through
the trend evaluation
6. To understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment through
pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, and
precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated.
7. To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated and to
assess health hazard, damage to materials and to control and regulate pollution from
various sources.
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Methodology of the parameters under study and the instruments used:
S.No
1
3.
Parameter
Respirable suspended
particulate matter (RSPM)
Total suspended particulate
matter (TSPM)
Sulfur Dioxide
4.
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
5.
Carbon Monoxide(CO)
6.
Noise
2.
Method
High Volume
sampling
High Volume
Sampling
Modified West
and Gaecke
Jacob and
Hochieser
Sensor
Sound pressure
level
Instrument used
Respirable dust
sampler
Respirable dust
sampler
absorbing solution in
a midget bubbler
absorbing solution in
a midget bubbler
Instrument
with
electro
chemical
sensor
sound pressure level
recorder
Sensitivity
0.3-10
particle size
4 - 1130g/m3
9 to 420
NO2g/ /m3
1 – 999ppm
Type 1
instrument
Instruments used for the purpose of monitoring
Respirable Dust Sampler
Sound Level meter
Monitoring schedule: APPCB is monitoring the ambient air quality in the state of A.P. under
two programmes.
1. National Air Monitoring Program (NAMP)
2. State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (SAAQM)
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In addition to the above, ambient air quality is monitored daily in Hyderabad covering traffic
junctions, commercial and sensitive areas in the peak hours for a duration of 8 hours.
Monitoring of ambient air quality under National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
To asses the ambient air quality Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is providing financial
assistance (50% of operation and maintenance cost) to carry out the monitoring under the
National Air Monitoring Program (NAMP). The data generated from these stations shall be
submitted to central pollution control board by 10th of every month. At present, CPCB has
established National Environmental Data Bank (EDB). The data generated shall be feed into the
EDB on daily basis for all stations. There are 18 NAMP stations sanctioned by CPCB to APPCB
and are in operation. The NAMP stations cover 7 districts of the state.
The break up of 18 NAMP stations in the state of Andhra Pradesh
S. No.
Name of the city / town
District
No. of stations
1
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
6
2
Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam
6
3
Vijayawada
Krishna
2
4
Kurnool
Kurnool
1
5
Tirupathi
Chittoor
1
6
Godavarikhani
Karimnagar
1
7
Patancheru
Medak
1
The monitoring will be carried out as per the frequency of monitoring stipulated by CPCB for the
following four parameters:
1. Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM)
2. Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM)
3. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
4. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Sampling for these parameters is carried twice in a week as stated below




TSPM & RSPM are monitored for 24 hrs, with 8 hourly samples.
SO2 and NOx are monitored for 24 hrs, with 4 hourly samples.
The total number of measurements should not be less than 104
The estimated operation and maintenance cost is Rs1.70 lakhs / station / year
State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (SAAQM)
The monitoring is carried twice in a fortnight for 24 hrs with 8 hourly change of samples. The
monitoring of these stations is purely managed from the APPCB funds.
Monitoring Network: APPCB has monitoring network of 60 stations in the state. Monitoring
network is designed in such a way that the proposed objectives of ambient air quality are met.
Ambient monitoring networks for air quality are established to sample pollution in a variety of
representative settings, to assess the health and welfare affects, and to assist in determining air
pollution sources.
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Network of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AAQMS) in the state
S.
No.
1.
Office
Name of the district
Central
Laboratory
Hyderabad & Ranga
Reddy district
2.
ZL, Kurnool
Kurnool
and
Anantapur dist.
3.
RO, Tirupathi
Chittor & Cuddapah
dist.
4.
6.
RO,
Sanga Medak dist.
Reddy-I
RO,
Sanga Medak dist.
Reddy-II
RO, Nalgonda
Nalgonda dist
7.
RO, Nizamabad
8.
ZL, Vijayawada
Nizamabad and
Adilabad dist
Krishna dist.
9.
RO, Guntur
Guntur dist.
5.
AAQ location
1. Abids
2. Punjagutta
3. Paradise
4. Charminar
5. Zoo Park
6. KBR Park
7. Balanagar
8. Uppal
9. Jubilee Hills
10. MG Bus Station
11. Chikkadapally
12. Langarhouse
13. Jeedimetla
14. Nacharam
15. Madhapur
16. Kukatpally
17. Sainikpuri
18. Rajendranagar
19. Shameerpet
20. University of Hyd.
21. BPPA
1. Mourya Inn
2. Poola bazar
3. Industrial Estate Kallur
4. Anantapur
1. Regional Science Centre
2. GNC tollgate
3. Chittore
4. Cuddapah
1. Sanga Reddy town
2. Patancheru
1. Gaddapotharam
2. Bollaram
1. Mella cheruvu
2. Nalgonda
3. Ramapuram
4. Dondapadu
1. Subhash Nagar
2. Adilabad
1. Autonagar
2. Benz circle
3. Police control room
Guntur Municipal Corpn.
Area
category
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Sensitive
Sensitive Ind.
Ind. Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com Ind.
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Sensitive
Control statio
Sensitive
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Ind.
Res/Com
Sensitive
Sensitive
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Ind.
Ind.
Ind.
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Ind.
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
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S.
No.
10.
Office
13.
RO, Eluru
West Godavari dist
14.
RO, Kakinada
East Godavari dist
Kakinada Ind. Estate
15.
RO,
Vizianagaram
RO, Warangal
Vizianagaram and
Srikakulam dist
Warangal dist.
RO,
Ramagundam
Karimangar dist.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
12.
16.
17.
ZL,
Visakhapatnam
Khammam dist.
Nellore and
Prakasham dist
Visakhapatnam dist
Area
category
Res/Com
Ind.
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
AAQ location
Khammam
Palvoncha
Vidyut Bhavan
Prakasham
MCV Kalyana
Mandapam
2. St. John Paris
3. St.Alloys
4. Mindi
5. Police Barracks
6. Marripalem
7. Seetammadhara
8. Veerabahu
9. Gnanapuram
Ashram Diagnostic center
11.
RO,
Kothagudem
RO, Nellore
Name of the district
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Ind.
Res/Com
Sensitive
Res/Com
Res/Com
Ind.
Vizianagaram
Srikakulam
Pochamma Maidan
REC Warangal
IDA, Warangal
Godavarikhani
Karimnagar
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Ind.
Res/Com
Res/Com
Monitoring Stations as per area type
Area Type
Number of Stations
Residential, rural & other areas (including commercial areas)
43
Industrial areas
12
Sensitive areas
05
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Ambient Air Quality in the State of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board is monitoring the ambient air quality in the state of
Andhra Pradesh under different programs and covering different areas. APPCB has a three tier
structure of organisation viz., Head Office, five Zonal Offices and 19 Regional Offices. The
Ambient Air Quality data is presented district wise with the data of a zone placed together.
Ambient Air quality of Hyderabad Zone
This zone consists of four districts and is highly industrialised belt in the state of the Andhra
Pradesh. Most of the industrial activity is in and around Hyderabad and Ranga reddy. The
districts in this zone are Mahboobnagar, Karimnagar, Warangal, Ranga reddy & Hyderabad
Map provided by GIS cell, APPCB
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Ambient air quality of Hyderabad and Rangareddy:
Hyderabad City is a metro city in South India, located on the Deccan Plateau. It is the capital city
of Andhra Pradesh state. It lies on coordinates L/L 078:27:15 / +17:25:54. This city has
witnessed a rapid growth in terms of economic activity with setting up of various types of
industries of which bulk drugs is prominent and off late IT and services sector has taken the lead.
This has encouraged large scale migration to the city in search of opportunities. The population
of the Hyderabad urban agglomeration covering the twin cities of Hyderabad, Secunderabad and
ten surrounding municipalities (HMDA) is 7 million. The industrial areas which are initially in
the periphery are now amalgamated into the city with the invasion of residential colonies into
and outward expansion. The rise in service sector and investment opportunities has increased the
earnings and thereby purchasing power. This has resulted in preference to personal vehicles.
Presently there are 2.0 million vehicles plying in the congested city roads. The growth of the
vehicles in the two wheeler and cars is significant. The ultimate result is the increase in air
pollution.
Trends pertaining to Fuel consumption, Vehicular grow th and RSPM
200
181
MS in ML
HSD in ML
RSPM in ug/m3
Number of vehicles in 10000
180
160
172
159
141
132
140
Units
120
100
83
80
83
80
73
80
51.2
60
40
33.3
25.05
27.7
35.6
37.4
37.1
28.8
31.2
20.7
20
0
2002 - 03
2003 - 04
2004 - 05
2005 - 06
2006 - 07
Years
The number of vehicles has increased from 13 lakhs to 20lakhs (rounded off) from 2002 to 2007
and the total fuel consumption during this period has increased by 41%.
APPCB has established 21 ambient air quality-monitoring stations in order to know the ambient
air quality. These stations are distributed to get a representative samples from different areas.
Basically the stations can be categorised into three types:
Peak stations: are located in areas where the maximum ground level concentration (GLC) is
likely to be measured. They are useful for compliance monitoring in the vicinity of a source. The
stations are Abids, Punjagutta, Paradise, BPPA and Charminar,
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Neighbourhood stations: are generally located in an area representative of uniform land use
such as residential, industrial or commercial. These stations are used to assess compliance with
air quality standards and to measure trends over time. The stations are KBRN park, Jubilee hills,
Madhapur, Kukatpally, Chikkadpally, Nacharam, Uppal, Balanagar, Jeedimetla, Langar house,
Sainikpuri, Zoopark, and MGBS.
Background stations are sited to assess air quality in areas without substantial sources and may
be useful in providing background levels and measuring levels resulting from transport of
pollution. The stations in this category are Hyderabad Central University, Rajendra nagar and
Shameerpet
MAP of Hyderabad with the monitoring locations in grid pattern
These stations are located on circular grid pattern. The details on selection of grid are: Punjagutta
is considered as center of the circular grid. A distance of 5 km radius from Punjagutta forms
inner circular grid. This grid forms the core area. 5 km distance from the periphery of the inner
grid is penultimate grid. This grid covers the areas with high to moderate pollution. Similarly, 5
km distance from periphery of penultimate grid is outer circular grid. The outer grid covers areas
with moderate to low pollution.
16
S.
Circular grid
No.
1 Inner grid
2
Penultimate grid
3
4
Outer grid
---
No. of
stations
08
Station Names
Panjagutta, KBRN park, Chikadpally, Abids, Balanagar,
Jublihills, BPPA and paradise.
Jeedimetla, Kukatpaliy, Madapur, Nacharam, MGBS
Sainikpuri, Langar House, Charminar and Zoo park.
HCU, Rajendranagar, Uppal.
Shameerpet AAQS is located at 23.46 km from the
Panjagutta. It is out of outer grid
Total number of AAQS
09
03
01
21
The AAQ stations such as HCU, Rajendranagar and Shameerpet are taken as control stations.
Ambient air quality in Hyderabad city
As mentioned above APPCB is monitoring AAQ at 21 locations in Hyderabad city. At six
locations monitoring is carried under NAMP. At six other locations monitoring is carried out for
8 hours duration and the rest of the stations are monitored under SAAQM. Monitoring is carried
under SAAQM at the six NAMP locations also.
NAMP data for the year 2007
Respirable suspended Particulate Matter
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
January
February
M arch
April
Paradise
N
o
t
e
:
C
M ay
Charminar
o
n
June
July
Balanagar
c
August
Uppal
i
September
Zoopark
n
October
November
December
Jubilee Hills P.S.
u
g
/
m
3
17
Total Suspended Particulate Matter
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
January
February
March
April
Paradise
May
Charminar
June
Zoopark
July
August
Jubilee Hills P.S.
September
October
Balanagar
Uppal
November
December
Note: Conc in ug/m3
The details of the NAMP stations for the above data are as follows
S. No.
Station code
Type
Location
1.
95
Industrial
CITD, IDA, Balanagar.
2.
203
Industrial
IDA Uppal, Modern Foods & Industries
3.
365
Residential
Jubilee hills
4.
393
Commercial
Paradise
5.
394
Commercial
Charminar
6.
470
Sensitive
Zoo park
Observations on the RSPM and TSPM data:
The concentrations prescribed for RSPM and TSPM are exceeding the NAAQS prescribed for
residential (Jubilee hills, Paradise and Charminar) and sensitive places (Zoo Park). In case of
Industrial areas viz., Uppal and Balanagar the concentrations are not exceeding the NAAQS
though the concentrations are almost equal to that of the Paradise and Charminar. This is because
the standards prescribed for industrial areas is 120
The highest concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are recorded at Paradise station. This may be
due to vehicles transiting through the traffic junction, traffic moving over the fly over and sports
activity in the near by ground. The station is not meeting the annual standard.
The concentrations at Balanagar and Uppal for RSPM are around 100ug/m3. The TSPM
concentrations are in the range of 270 – 304ug/m3. Balanagar and Uppal represent industrial area
and hence are meeting the standards for both the parameters.
18
The concentration at Jubilee hills for RSPM is 49ug/m3. It is meeting the standards prescribed
for residential areas. The TSPM concentrations are exceeding the standards prescribed.
The Zoopark which represent sensitive area has a RSPM concentration of 51ug/m3 and TSPM of
134ug/m3 is exceeding the standards prescribed.
The % of RSPM in TSPM for commercial areas and industrial areas is around 34%. That is
RSPM constitutes 34% of the TSPM. At Zoopark the RSPM contribution to TSPM is high and
is around 38%.
Station wise annual averages of RSPM for Hyderabad city for the year 2007
I Range of concentrations
(upper and lower)
300
Average
250
Conc. in ug/M3
200
153
150
139
100
107
108
99
96
100
89
79
50
49
45
86
79
70
54
49
48
70
53
47
49
PA
BP
Up
pa
l
Im
l
i
Ch
bu
n
ik
ka
da
pa
l ly
Je
ed
im
et
La
la
ng
ar
ho
us
e
M
ad
ha
pu
Sh
r
am
ee
rp
et
Ku
ka
tp
al
ly
Sa
in
ik
pu
Ra
ri
je
n
Un
dr
an
i.
Of
ga
r
Hy
de
ra
ba
d
Na
ch
ar
am
Ab
id
s
Pu
nj
ag
ut
ta
Pa
ra
di
se
Ch
ar
m
in
ar
Zo
op
ar
k
KB
RN
Pa
rk
Ju
bi
le
eh
ill
s
Ba
ln
ag
ar
0
Locations
Observations on RSPM in Hyderabad city
 The annual average concentrations ranged from 49 – 153 ug/m3.
 Highest concentrations are recorded at Langar House
 The concentrations of RSPM are highest at traffic junctions (Abids, Punjagutta, Paradise
Charminar) followed by commercial areas (Langar house, Chikkadpally, Kukatpally and
Nacharam) and are not meeting the standards.
19
 The concentrations at residential places (Jubilee hills, Madhapur and Sainikpuri) are on the
lower side and are not exceeding the standards.
 The industrial areas (Balanagar, Uppal and Jeedimetla) are meeting the standards.
 The lowest concentrations are recorded at sensitive and control stations viz., KBRN park
Zoopark, HCU and Rajendra Nagar respectively.
Conc. in ug/M3
Station wise annual averages of TSPM for Hyderabad city for the year 2007
I Range of concentrations (upper and lower)
690
660
630
600
570
540
510
480
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
Average
409
389
337
328
304
297
270
266
213
128 118
bi
A
ds
nj
Pu
t
ut
ag
a
Pa
di
ra
se
ha
C
in
rm
ar
259
213
204
146 132
143
196
143
129
124
r
k
r
r
ri
e
al
ly
ly
rk
la
et
un
lls
ad
ar
am
al
ga
al
ga
pu
us
pu
et
pp
pa
ib
P
rp
a
hi
p
a
p
n
l
ar
ab
k
o
t
e
i
o
U
e
n
m
a
r
h
a
h
l
i
N
h
a
m
e
o
e
r
n
e
I
l
a
i
R
Z
ar
ad
ad am
ac
ed
uk Sa
B
bi
nd
B
yd
N
M
K
kk
K
h
ng
H
Je
je
Ju
a
a
S
f
hi
L
R
C
.O
ni
U
PP
B
A
Locations
Observations on TSPM in Hyderabad
 The annual average concentrations ranged from 118 – 409 ug/m3.
 Highest concentration has been recorded at Langar house station
 The concentrations of TSPM are highest at traffic junctions (Abids, Punjagutta, Paradise
Charminar) followed by commercial areas (Langar house, Chikkadpally, Kukatpally and
Nacharam) and are not meeting the standards.
 The concentrations at residential places (Jubilee hills, Madhapur and Sainikpuri) are not
meeting the standards.
20
 The sensitive and control stations record the lowest concentrations at KBRN park, but are
exceeding the standards
Annual Average concentrations of SO2 and NOx in Hyderabad for the year 2007
40
38
36
35
36.4 35.78
Sulphur dioxide
35.7
Oxides of Nitrogen
33.5
32
34
32
30
26
28
26
24
22.9 23.6 23.3
24
23.6
22
20
17.5
16.6
18
16
15.8
15.6
12.8
14
14.8 14.7 15.4
13.9
12
10
8
5.2
5.9
5.2
6
5.2
4.8
4.2
4.4
5.4
5.4
5.2
5.1
5.5
5.1
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.4
5.4
4.7
4
2
PA
BP
ad
ap
al
ly
Je
ed
im
et
La
la
ng
ar
ho
us
e
M
ad
ha
pu
Sh
r
am
ee
rp
et
Ku
ka
tp
al
ly
Sa
in
ik
pu
Ra
ri
je
nd
Un
ra
ng
i.
Of
ar
Hy
de
ra
ba
d
Na
ch
ar
am
Im
li b
un
Ch
ik
k
Up
pa
l
Ab
id
s
Pu
nj
ag
ut
ta
Pa
ra
di
se
Ch
ar
m
in
ar
Zo
op
ar
k
KB
RN
Pa
rk
Ju
bi
le
eh
ill
s
Ba
ln
ag
ar
0
Note: All values in ug/m3
Observations on SO2 & NOx concentrations in Hyderabad:
 The concentrations of Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is in the range of 4 – 6 ug/m3 on an average
throughout the year in all the areas. The introduction of ultra low Sulphur fuel by the
Government has resulted in decrease of SO2 concentrations.
 The concentration of the NOx ranged from 13 – 36ug/m3. The concentrations of Oxides of
Nitrogen (NOx) are meeting prescribed standards.
 The peak concentration of 56ug/m3 recorded at Balanagar station. The NOx concentrations
are higher at Balanagar station due to re-rolling plants located nearby and vehicular
movement.
 Abids, Punjagutta, Paradise and Charminar are having the highest concentrations when
compared to the rest of the stations this may be due to high volume of traffic near the
stations.
 On an average the rest of the stations have concentrations in the range of 14 to 20ug/M3.
21
Area wise annual averages for the Hyderabad city
Areas
Residential
Commercial
Average
Sensitive
Industrial
Control station
RSPM
63
99
81
46
95
48
TSPM
174
287
231
123
283
128
SO2
4.6
5.2
4.9
5.3
5.6
4.2
NOx
17.1
28.6
22.85
14.1
34.3
15.3
Note: all conc in ug/m3
Remarks:
 The annual average of RSPM for residential, rural and other areas is crossing the
NAAQS by 21ug/m3 i.e. exceeding by 36%. TSPM is exceeding the standards by
91ug/m3 i.e. 65% higher than NAAQS.
 The RSPM concentration of sensitive areas is meeting the standards whereas the TSPM
standards are exceeding the standards by 53ug/m3 respectively.
 The industrial areas are meeting the standards prescribed.
450
I Range of concentrations (upper and lower)
400
RSPM
TSPM
350
250
128
123
46
95
50
99
174
100
48
150
283
287
200
63
Conc. in ug/M3
300
0
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Sensitive
Control stations
Areas
Graph showing area wise averages of RSPM and TSPM for the year 2007
22
Seasonal variation of Air pollutants in Hyderabad-- 2007
Parameters in
Residential
Commercial
Average
Sensitive
Industrial
Control Stations
ug/m3
Winter
RSPM
TSPM
71
184
110
312
90.5
248
58
153
117
317
46
122
Summer
RSPM
TSPM
65
194
91
275
78
234.5
45
125
91
275
55
148
500
Rainy
RSPM
TSPM
47
140
76
248
61.5
194
33
94
76
248
42
115
I Range of concentrations (upper and lower)
450
Winter RSPM
Winter TSPM
400
Summer RSPM
Summer TSPM
Rainy RSPM
300
Rainy TSPM
250
115
42
122
55
46
33
94
125
153
45
58
76
91
117
148
248
275
317
280
91
110
140
47
65
71
50
184
100
194
150
303
312
200
106
Conc. in ug/M3
350
0
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Sensitive
Control stations
Seasons
Remarks:
 The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are higher in winter season when compared to
summer and rainy seasons. This is due to highly stable environment and inversions in the
atmosphere during this season.
 Rainy season has the lowest concentrations and relatively clean but are still exceeding the
standards for TSPM at all the areas and for RSPM with the exception of sensitive areas
are exceeding the standards.
 In rainy season the % contribution of RSPM to TSPM is low when compared to other
seasons
 The commercial areas have higher concentrations of RSPM and TSPM when compared
to other areas in all the seasons. This is due to heavy vehicular movement in these areas.
23
Seasonal variations of SO2 and NOx in different areas of Hyderabad city
Parameters
Seasons
Residential
Commercial
Average
Sensitive
Industrial
Control Stations
SO2 in ug/m3
Winter
Summer
4.7
5.2
5.0
4.4
5.5
4.2
4.6
5.2
5.0
4.3
5.5
4.2
Rainy
Winter
NOx ug/m3
Summer
4.4
5.2
5.0
4.3
5.3
4.3
19
30.7
25
15.3
34
15.8
16.9
28.7
23
13.3
31
15.4
Rainy
15.6
26.4
21
13.7
37.8
14.8
Remarks:
 The SO2 levels are significantly very low through out the year in all category areas. There
is not much variation in the concentrations of Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and NOx in all the
seasons.
 It is observed that the annual average of NOx levels is higher in winter season followed
by summer and rainy season for all areas except at control stations.
Comparison of concentrations of RSPM & TSPM for the years 2006 and 2007 in
Hyderabad
2006 RSPM
2007 RSPM
2006 TSPM
2007 TSPM
450
400
350
250
200
150
100
50
0
A
Pu bid
s
nj
ag
ut
Pa ta
ra
C dise
ha
rm
in
Z o ar
o
KB Pa
rk
R RN
aj
P
en
ar
dr
k
an
ag
Sh
U
ni am ar
ve
ee
rs
ity rpe
of t
H
Ba yd
.
la
na
ga
r
U
p
Je
p
ed al
im
Ju
et
bi
la
l
M
G ee
H
Bu
ills
s
St
C
a
hi
kk tio
ad n
La ap
ng all
ar y
ho
us
N
e
ac
ha
M ram
ad
ha
Ku pu
ka r
tp
Sa ally
in
ik
pu
ri
BP
PA
conc in ug/m3
300
Location
24
Remarks:
 There is an increase in concentrations at Punjagutta and Langar house location for both
RSPM & TSPM
 In industrial areas RSPM there was no significant change in RSPM & TSPM
concentrations.
 In sensitive areas the concentration of RSPM and TSPM has decreased by 6 and 9ug/m3.
 In traffic junctions the RSPM concentrations has increased by 10ug/m3 and TSPM by
30ug/m3.
 The concentration of RSPM in residential, rural and other areas has increased by 4ug/m3
and TSPM by 5ug/m3. The concentration of RSPM at Langar house has alone increased
by 31ug/m3 and TSPM by 79ug/m3. This has lead to an increase of RSPM & TSPM
ANNUAL AVERAGE OF CABON MONOXIDE IN HYDERABAD – 2007
The annual average of the carbon monoxide concentrations is 2mg/Nm3 in the major traffic
junctions. The traffic junctions monitored are Abids, Punjagutta, Charminar and Paradise. The
concentrations in the sensitive place (Zoopark and KBRN park) is 1mg/Nm3.
The peak concentrations of Carbon Monoxide in mg/m3 are given below:
Abids
Punjagutta
Paradise
Charminar
Zoo
Park
KBRN
Park
January
24
30
24
25
9
9
February
20
20
20
20
7
7
March
21
27
24
24
9
9
April
24
26
24
21
9
7
May
22
31
26
31
8
6
June
20
24
24
25
7
6
July
21
27
22
24
6
6
August
20
25
22
24
7
6
September
21
24
24
21
6
6
October
21
27
24
24
7
6
November
21
27
22
24
7
7
December
20
24
24
24
7
7
 The average Carbon Monoxide (CO) levels are within the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 4mg/m3 for residential / commercial areas (for 1 hour
monitoring)
 The peak CO levels observed are in the range of 6 mg/m3 to 31 mg/m3
 In sensitive areas such as Zoo park and KBRN Park the CO levels are within NAAQS
of 2.0 mg/m3
25
Source Apportionment of Air Pollutants
refuse/vegetative
burning
15%
mobile
50%
road dust
25%
industry
10%
26
Source Apportionment of Air Pollutants: A Case Study of Hyderabad
Particulate pollution samples were collected at three locations: Punjagutta, and Chikkadpally
along the city center, and Hyderabad Central University (HCU) to the west. Punjagutta and
Chikkadpally are a mix of transport, commercial, and residential sites, while the HCU was
sampled for background mix. A distinction was made between fine PM, with an aerodynamic
diameter of less than 2.5 micron (PM2.5), and coarse particulate matter with diameter less than 10
micron (PM10). Both fine and coarse PM pose significant health risks as they are small enough to
be absorbed deeply into the lungs. The sampling occurred in three one-month phases during
November’05 – November’06, in order to represent particulate matter concentrations in the
winter (Nov’05-Dec’05), summer (May’06-Jun’-06), and rainy (Oct’06-Nov’06) seasons.
Samples were analyzed at the Desert Research Institute (DRI) in Nevada, USA, for chemical and
gravimetric analysis. Receptor modeling was conducted jointly by DRI and APPCB.
In general, concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 exceeded the NAAQS and World Health
Organization standards.
Measured Mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5
3)
PM10
Phase
3
Phase
2
Phase
1
Station name
Punjagutta
Chikkadpally
HCU
Punjagutta
Chikkadpally
HCU
Punjagutta
Chikkadpally
HCU
Maximum Minimum
188
163
123
218
261
105
193
130
100
127
110
94
28
45
14
56
34
23
3)
PM2.5
Average
160
134
106
111
113
64
122
86
59
Maximum Minimum
99
84
71
87
111
75
136
121
61
69
57
46
13
16
6
36
23
15
Average
86
69
56
47
43
26
66
54
40
The origins of the sampled PM were determined by analyzing its chemical composition: The
parameters analysed are ions (anions and cations), crustal elements, organic and elemental
carbon fractions, and heavy metals. The results of the analysis are modeled using the Chemical
Mass Balance model. The source profiles similar to those available at Hyderabad were taken
from the source profiles library of DRI. The results of the modeling showed that nearly half of all
PM in Hyderabad can be attributed to vehicular emissions. This is followed by resuspended dust
from unpaved/paved roads and construction activities. Non-transport contributors include:
secondary pollutants (ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, formed from the chemical
reaction of gases) and biomass burning (especially burning garbage and firewood). Emissions
from coal combustion, an indicator of industrial component varied between sites depending on
meteorology and proximity to the sampling stations.
27
Graph showing the results of the speciation
winter
winter
Punjagutta
summer
HCU
1.6
18.1
4.8
21.8
6.0
10.1
6.1
10.3
32.1
heavy metals
26.1
22.6
18.4
winter
EC
OC
9.7
13.6
17.0
PM10
summer
Anions
PM2.5
6.2
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM10
9.7
7.0
15.7
44.6
43.9
8.7
25.0
18.0
PM10
rainy
1.0
light metals
9.6
13.0
PM2.5
38.7
PM10
PM2.5
PM10
PM2.5
8.8
15.0
7.1
6.7
29.8
6.9
13.2
17.7
14.8
PM10
32.5
14.0 10.0
rainy
4.0
31.0
1.0
22.3
3.0
17.2
20.1
9.4
13.2
2.6
14.8
5.1
16.8
1.0
4.0
4.6
3.0
15.3
29.8
15.2
summer
1.0
7.3
2.0
7.5
1.5
39.2
17.0
PM10
7.2
6.5
PM2.5
PM2.5
0%
PM10
10.4
17.8
20%
47.7
40.7
21.0
24.6
15.3
9.3
36.9
40%
4.7
28.3
32.7
60%
PM10
Conc. in %
80%
1.0
PM2.5
4.0
34.5
15.1
1.0
15.8
3.0
15.9
100%
14.0
Summary of speciation of the samples collected under source apportionment in
Phase I to III
rainy
Chikkadapally
Locations & Seasons
Observations on speciation:
 The major contribution to the PM10 is from light metals, followed by Organic and
elemental carbon. In the light metals silica and aluminum are predominant
 In Pm2.5 the major contribution is from Organic carbon followed by elemental carbon
and ions.
 The light and heavy metals contribute more to the coarser part than to the finer. The ratio
of PM10 to PM2.5 is high.
 The ratio of elemental carbon in PM10 with respect to PM2.5 is very low. That means
almost all the elemental carbon is contributed to PM2.5 only.
 Event the ratio of organic carbon of PM10 to that of PM2.5 is also low indicating that
more than 80% of OC is contributed to PM2.5
 The low ratio of Ions also indicates their contribution mainly to PM2.5.
28
Contribution of different sources to the particulate matter in Hyderabad city
Contribution to PM10
Bio mass burning
Secondary
4%
pollutants
8%
Coal
4%
Cement
2%
Vehicles
49%
Road dust
33%
Contribution to PM2.5
Cement
2%
Coal
16%
Bio mass burning
7%
Vehicles
50%
Secondary pollutants
14%
Road dust
11%
29
Major findings of the study are:
 Mobile sources contribute the majority of the PM concentrations.

Vehicles and construction activities contribute to re-suspended fine dust particles.

Long-range transport of pollution from industries outside the city increased during the
sampling period.

Waste burning - garbage and biomass is a significant source of pollution.
Based on these findings, the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board recommended:

Conversion of buses and auto rickshaws from diesel to alternate fuels (natural gas, LPG,
biodiesel)

Increase public transport use from 40% to 60% (including adding new buses)

Vehicle inspection and registration program to facilitate compliance with emissions
standards, phasing out old vehicles

Improve road maintenance and traffic management

Improve capture efficiency for industrial PM emissions

Enforce laws against waste burning
The project was supported by the Integrated Environmental Strategies program of the US
Environmental Protection Agency, the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, and the World
Bank. Technical assistance was provided by the National Renewable Energy Lab and the Desert
Research Institute.
Findings of the study were discussed with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New
Delhi, India, along with the representatives of MoEF, TERI, IOC, and NEERI at CPCB on 10 th
and 11th of December 2007. A one day work shop for dissemination of the results of the source
apportionment results was conducted at Head Office, APPCB on 14th December 2007 with
different stake holder departments involved in the action plan to reduce the ambient air pollution.
30
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS) established
at Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Hyderabad
Introduction:
Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has identified the 16 cities where air pollution is high and
directed respective State Governments / State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to prepare
action plan to control air pollution. Hyderabad is one among these 16 cities.





Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in its 127th Board Meeting decided to set-up
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (1 each) in above 16 cities to see the
impact of implementation of action plan on air quality.
Capital cost of station i.e., Rs.80.00 Lakhs is to be borne by CPCB and the concerned SPCB
on 50:50 basis.
The annual operation and maintenance cost of each station will be borne by the respective
SPCB.
Networking cost of all the 16 stations will be borne by the CPCB.
The specifications for CAAQMS were given by the CPCB.
Submission of action plan by Govt. of AP:
Accordingly, the State Government has prepared an Action Plan for ambient air quality
improvement in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and HUDA areas in consultation
with stakeholders and submitted the same to the Hon’ble Supreme Court in connection with WP
No.13029/1985.
Environment Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority (EPCA) headed by Sri Bhure Lal has
been monitoring the progress on the above action plan.
Pollutants measured at CAAQMS and their techniques:
The pollutants measured at CAAQMS and their techniques are given at Annex-2.
Quality control and quality assurance of data generated by CAAQMS:
In order to ensure the quality, the data is being subjected to all calibration protocols and data
validation techniques.
Dissemination of data generated by CAAQMS:
Data generated by CAAQMS is being forwarded to CPCB, Task Force of APPCB for taking
necessary action.
31
Parameters Monitored and measurement techniques
Meteorological
Parameters
Inorganic
Pollutants
Organic
Pollutants
Parameters Monitored
Temperature (oC)
Relative Humidity (%)
Barometric Pressure (mm Hg)
Solar Radiation (Watts/m2 )
Wind Direction (Degrees)
Vertical Wind Speed (m/sec)
Wind Speed (m/sec)
Wind Speed Gust (m/sec)
Sigma θ (Degrees)
Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5
& TSPM)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2
Oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2 &
NOx)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Ozone (O3)
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Measurement Techniques
Thermister
Capacitor
Pressure Transducer
Photo Cell
Potentiometer
Gill Propeller Anemometer
Anemometer
Beta ray Attenuation
Pulsed fluorescence
Chemi luminescence
Non Dispersive Infrared
UV Absorption
G.C Photo Ionization Detector
(PID)
Wind rose and Pollution roses for the year 2007 in Hyderabad city
Wind rose of Hyderabad for the year 2007
APPCB
01/01/2007 to 31/12/2007
Station: APPCB1
0
N
20%
338
22
315
45
10%
292
68
0%
270
90
>8
6 to 8
248
112
4 to 6
2 to 4
225
1 to 2
135
202
158
180
Magnitude(m/s)
 It was observed that in a year winds are
either from Eastern or from Western sector.
The Eastern winds are in the months of
January, February, March, April, October,
November and December while the Eastern
winds are in the month of May, June, July,
August and September.
 There are two transition periods/months
(change of seasons) were observed, these
are April - May and other is September October. In these transition months winds
were changed from Eastern to Western
sector in April – May and from Western to
Eastern sector in September – October.
7.77% calm
99.6% Valid Data present.
PM10 and Pm2.5 concentrations in Hyderabad city (CAAQMS data) for the year 2007
32
250
4
PM10 µg/m3
PM2.5 µg/m3
215
3.5
201
200
3.3
3.2
218
3.5
WS m/sec.
181
3
2.9
2.7
150
149
150
2.3
2.3
2
100
2.5
2.3
114
1.9
1.9
103
1.9
91
87
79
62
78
73
62
2
1.5
73
62
1
49
50
43
29
28
26
25
0.5
0
m
ec
e
D
ov
e
m
be
r
be
r
er
N
O
ct
m
be
pt
e
ob
r
t
Se
Au
gu
s
Ju
ly
ne
Ju
M
ay
ril
Ap
M
ar
br
ua
Fe
nu
Ja
ch
ry
ar
y
0
Months
The percentage of PM2.5 in PM10 is around 40%.
The annual average concentration of PM10 is 140ug/m3 and PM2.5 is 56ug/m3.
The winter concentrations are higher than the summer and rainy seasons.
There is an indirect relation with respect to air pollution and wind speed. As wind speed
increases the concentration of the pollutants are decreasing. This is due to better dispersion.
Benzene
14.0
Toluene
Xylene

12.0
10.0

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0

December
November
October
September
Months 2007
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
0.0
January
Concentrations (in ppb)
mtrs/sec
conc in ug/m3
162

Benzene, Toluene and Xylene
The concentrations of Benzene
Toluene and Xylene are being
recorded
The concentration of the Toluene is
highest when compared to that of
the Benzene. This may be due to
the industries located nearby.
On an average the concentrations
of toluene is in the range of 5.7ppb,
Benzene-1.8ppb
and
xylene
0.7ppb.
The concentrations are higher in
winter season and lower in summer
and rainy season.
33
Carbon Monoxide
0.90
Carbon Monoxide
Concentrations (in ppm)
0.80
0.70
 The annual average concentration
0.60
of CO is 0.5ppm.
0.50
 The concentration is higher in
0.40
0.30
winter and is lowest in rainy.
0.20
 The concentration are meeting the
0.10
standards prescribed
December
Months 2007
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
January
February
0.00
 As observed from the graph the
concentrations are highest in
winter season followed by
summer and rainy season
 The concentration of NOX are
with in the limits except for the
November and December 2007.
100
NO µg/m3
90
NO2 µg/m3
NOx µg/m3
80
SO2 µg/m3
O3 pppb
Concentration
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
r
r
mb
e
De
ce
r
mb
e
No
ve
ob
e
Oc
t
mb
er
st
pt
e
Se
Au
gu
ly
Ju
ne
Ju
Ma
y
Ap
r il
Ma
rc
h
y
br
ua
r
Fe
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
 The concentration of ozone is
high in the first half of the year
reaching
the
highest
concentrations in April. As the
ambient temperature and the
concentrations of the NOx are
decreased the concentrations of
ozone has decreased.
Month
Note: Conc. Of Ozone in ppb and rest of the parameters in ug/m
34
ACTION PLAN FOR LOWERING OF AIR POLLUTION IN
HYDERABAD CITY, ANDHRA PRADESH
In the matter of W.P.(C)No.13029 of 1985; M.C. Mehta v/s. UOI & others, the Hon’ble Supreme
Court vide order dated: 14th August 2003 directed State Governments of Maharastra (Sholapur),
Andhra Pradesh (Hyderabad), Gujarat (Ahmedabad), Uttar Pradesh (Kanpur, Lucknow),
Karnataka (Bangalore) and Tamil Nadu (Chennai) to draw-up action plans for lowering air
pollution in the cities and also directed that the plan, once finalised, should be placed before
Environment Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority (EPCA).
Accordingly, the Government of Andhra Pradesh prepared an Action Plan in consultation with
all the stake holder departments viz., Transport, APPCB, Civil Supplies, State Oil Co-ordinator,
etc. for lowering air pollution in HUDA area. Sri Bhure Lal, Chairman, EPCA has been
reviewing the action plan submitted.
The latest status of the action plan is given below:
Emission norms and automotive fuel quality:
 Euro-II norms were already implemented to all new 4-wheeled 3.5 tonnes and below
laden weight.
 Euro-II norms were already implemented to all new buses / goods vehicles.
 Euro-II norms were already implemented to all new 3wheelers.
 Regarding reduction of sulphur in fuels, EURO-III norms were implemented in
Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) since 1.04.05 .150 ppm of
 Sulphur in petrol 350 ppm of Sulphur in Diesel.
 Benzene content in petrol was reduced to 0.56% in HUDA area.
 Euro-III fuels were introduced since 01.04.2005.
 320 pre-mix oil dispensers were installed in HUDA. 95% of dispensing units do not sell
loose 2T oil.
 PUC records are being maintained at PUC centers, fuelwise i.e., diesel and petrol and
vehicle category wise.
Conversion of autos to LPG mode of fuel:
Out of 68,840 auto rickshaws on rolls of Hyderabad district, 29,346 have been converted into
LPG mode of fuel leaving a balance vehicles of 39,494. Only 6 LPG filling stations are
presently working in Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad area (Hyderabad district limits).
Once additional LPG filling stations are operational, balance auto rickshaws can be converted to
LPG fuel mode by end of 2007.
35
Fiscal policy to support public transport:
GO Ms.No.68 Tr. R&B (Tr.I) Department, dated: 13.04.2006 as amended vide GO Ms.No.180
Tr. R&B (Tr.I) Department, dated: 21.09.2006 is issued levying taxes on private stage carriages,
private contract carriages including taxies, autos, private service vehicles, education institution
buses and goods carriages.
Third Schedule of AP Motor Vehicles Taxation Act, 1963 prescribes one time tax in respect of
two wheelers, 4-wheelers, omni buses and motor cabs, whose cost is more than Rs.3.5 Lakhs.
For new vehicles, 9% rate of one time tax is prescribed and for in use vehicles, the rate of tax is
reduced proportionately depending upon the age of the vehicle from the date of registration.
GO Ms.No.118 Tr. R&B (Tr.I) Department, dated: 07.06.2006 is issued levying motor vehicles
tax on gross traffic earnings of fleet owners. APSRTC is the only fleet owner i.e., taxed basing
on this GO. 5% of gross traffic earnings is fixed for town services and 7% of gross traffic
earnings is fixed in respect of other services as Motor Vehicles Tax.
As could be seen from the above tax details, public sector is put to advantage vis a vis personal
vehicles. The tax levied on vehicles of APSRTC who is the monopoly stage carriage operator, is
much lower compared to other categories of personalized vehicles and public service vehicles
excepting auto rickshaws. The tax on APSRTC is levied at a lower rate to promote public
transport service. APSRTC is also given freedom to fix the rate of tickets at their level.
In order to promote alternate fuels, the AP Motor Vehicles Taxation Act, 1963 provides for
exemption of Motor Vehicles Tax for a period of 5 years from the date of registration on Motor
Vehicles using CNG, Battery & Solar Power.
Plan for establishment of new LPG dispensing stations:
At present, 16 LPG outlets are in operation in twin cities of Hyderabad & Secunderabad and
another 11 are under various stages of commissioning and would be in operation by the end of
March 2007.
CNG Programme:
GAIL has submitted the road map for CNG supply in Hyderabad to MoP&NG on 13.10.2006 for
onward submission to EPCA.
As per guidelines of MoP&NG, GAIL had signed MOU with HPCL on 19.02.2000 for
formation of Joint Venture Company to implement City Gas Distribution in AP.
The Joint Venture Company (JVC) was incorporated on 22.08.2003 in the name of
M/s.Bhagyanagar Gas Ltd. (BGL) along with HPCL for supply of CNG / Piped gas in the state
of Andhra Pradesh. BGL has its head quarters in Hyderabad and is already in service for supply
of CNG in Vijayawada. Further, BGL has two outlets (one in Tirupathi and another in
Hyderabad) and are also in the process of opening more retail outlets in the city of Hyderabad.
36
No specific allocation exists for Hyderabad. However, total of 0.1 mmscmd gas has been
allocated to BGL for Andhra Pradesh, which is much less than actual requirement and hence, gas
availability is an issue. GAIL is in discussion with domestic producers like RIL and GSPCL
who are expected to produce gas by 2008 end.
First CNG daughter booster station was commissioned on 01.08.2006 by transporting CNG
through mobile cascades, for seeding the market in Hyderabad, from Vijayawada where BGL
has already set-up 4 CNG stations, including one mother station.
Two more CNG stations are being planned by March 2007 with the gas transported through
mobile cascades from Vijayawada till the pipeline connectivity is getting ensured for Hyderabad
and gas is sourced for the same.
As regards construction of new pipeline, it was mentioned that gas pipeline policy of Govt. of
India has been announced and any new pipeline shall be decided by MoP&NG / Regulator based
on the principle of common – carrier / third party access on non-discriminatory basis. The retailselling price per KG is Rs.22.17 at Vijayawada and Rs.30/- at Hyderabad.
Safety of CNG / LPG vehicles:
Training programme for the personnel involved in retro-fitment of LPG / CNG kits would be
taken up on receipt of recommendations of Prof. H.B. Mathur, on safety check list, guidelines
and corrective measures.
Public transport:
a. No. of buses:
To increase the number of commuters traveling by public transport from 42% to 50%, the
following additional number of vehicles is proposed to be added.
Year
No. of
buses to be
inducted
2006-07
367
2007-08
350
2008-09
350
2009-10
100
Thus, it is proposed to achieve targeted 50% clearance in the year 2008-09.
As MRTS will be operational from 2009-10 onwards, the additional buses required per year will
be 100 only.
SETWIN has also been given permits to operate another 100 new buses in the twin cities.
37
APSRTC requested M/s.BGL to give the full details with regard to the quantity of CNG that can
be made available and pricing policy to workout the requirement of buses from the year 2008
onwards. M/s.GBL informed that the availability of CNG to transport sector in Hyderabad and
the probable time of availability mainly depends upon the allocation by the MoP&NG. M/s.BGL
informed that estimated requirements have been communicated to the concerned government
departments for allocation.
On receipt of above information, APSRTC will submit a plan for inducting CNG buses from
2008 onwards along with required budget.
Outer ring road all round the city and radial roads have been planned. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
is being planned for implementation on these roads.
With an estimation of Rs.250 Crores, outer ring road is being taken-up to divert heavy vehicles
from the city. Phase-I with 22kms. is started. Phase-II with 147km. is under finalisation.
The outer ring road is an 8 lane road with the corridor of 150mtr. to be completed within two
years.
Operators of other Inter-State / Inter District buses are also directed to transfer passengers from
the city points to be outskirts of the city to relieve congestions in the city and to ensure free
movements of vehicles.
Dedicated bus lanes for APSRTC from Moosapet to Punjagutta have also been proposed by
MCH & APSRTC jointly. Two dedicated bus lines are expected to be commenced from
01.03.2007.
The Hon’ble High Court has been monitoring the action taken by MCH on regular basis.
Multi Modal Transport System:
Multi Model Transport System (MMTS) services were introduced in the city on two routes
consisting of 43 kms. a couple of years ago. This is a joint project of Govt. of A.P. and Indian
Railways costing about Rs.200 Crores to introduce urban transportation services by upgrading
the spare line capacity of the existing railway lines. The MMTS services are slowly becoming
popular and are presently carrying about 50,000 passengers per day.
Metro Rail / Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS):
To improve the public transportation system and to control the rapid growth of private vehicles,
based on the recommendations of a Seven Member Committee of Senior Officers, Govt. of
Andhra Pradesh approved development of Metro Rail / Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) on 3
of the busiest corridors of Hyderabad in Phase-1.
Line-I: Miyapur – Punjagutta – M.J. Market – L.B. Nagar (29.87kms.; 27 stations);
38
Line-II: Jubilee Bus Station – Secunderabad Railway Station – Sultan Bazar – Falaknama (14.78
km.; 16 stations);
Line-III: Osmania University (Habsiguda) – Begumpet – Yousufguda – Shilparamam (21.74
kms.; 20 stations).
Estimated to cost about Rs.8,760 crores, the project is being taken up on BOT basis and 6
consortia have been pre-qualified for this project. DPRs have already been prepared for all the
three routes and the Request for Proposal (RFP) documents and Model Concessionaire
Agreement have also been got ready.
Selection of the BOT developer is expected by June 2007 and the construction activity is
scheduled to commence by middle of 2007. The project is targeted for completion in a short
span of 4 years and a large number of preparatory activities are being undertaken in parallel
processing mode.
After completion of this project, the system is expected to carry 16.5 Lakhs passengers per day in
3 of the busiest corridors of Hyderabad, giving considerable relief to these highly congested
routes.
Parking policy and pedestrianisation:
Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) in consultation with Traffic Police, recently
rationalized the parking lots and created 115 intelligent parking lots where the road width / open
space permits such parking. In order to optimize the utilization of the space of the parking lots,
an intelligent system consisting of CLC mobile card readers, CLC card readers, etc. was
introduced. The intelligent card readers automatically note down the check-in and check-out
timings of the vehicles at the parking lots and will deduct the charges from the pre-paid cards
cash balance for the used time. This is yielding good results and parking discipline has
considerably improved.
The Revised Building Rules were approved by the Govt. vide GO Ms.No.86MA, dated:
03.03.2006, which is applicable to the Hyderabad Metropolitan Area and would be extended to
Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and other major urban areas. The Revised Building Rules have
among other things, have rationalized and revised the parking norms viz.,
(a) The parking requirement in buildings is made as a percentage of the total builtup area (from
20% to 60%). It is higher in the MCH area (core area of the city, and for all non-residential
occupancies.
(b) Allowing parking in cellars or stilts or in upper floors.
(c) Allowing multiple cellar parking floors in large complexes.
(d) Encouraging parking lots and common pool parking area in group housing, gated and other
multiple housing development.
39
(e) Allowing visitors parking spaces in the open space over and above minimum setbacks of 6
mtr.
(f) Encouraging mechanized car parking faciltieis in complexes and increasing height of parking
floor to 4 mtr. to facilitate 2-level parking stack.
(g) Common and continuous cellar parking floors between adjoining buildings would be allowed
depending up on structural safety aspects, mutual agreement between owners, etc.
(h) Allowing basement / cellar parking floor to extent beyond the setbacks but maintaining
atleast 1.5 mtr. distance from the property line.
(i) No fees and the other charges shall be charged by the Sanction Authority for the area / floors
developed as parking complex / parking lot.
(j) In an existing area / locality where an owner or two or more owners come together and
developed combined or common parking complex, pedestrian plaza / sub-way, or into /
facilitate additional access by linking with surrender roads, etc. for public usage additional
bonus built-up area / TDR would be considered by the sanctioning authority.
(k) 10% rebate in property tax to those who provide additional parking place of 25% and above.
(l) Obtaining Occupancy Certificate made mandatory which has a specific parameter w.r.t.
compliance of parking requirements before the building is allowed to be occupied.
To encourage owners to develop parking complexes, parking lots, the following incentives are
given in the revised building rules:
(a) Equivalent built up area of such parking complex / or area of parking lot as the case may be
would be considered as Transferable Development right by the sanctioning authority.
(b) The setbacks (excepting the front setback) for parking complexes are 50% of the requirement
of buildings.
(c) No fees and other charges shall be charged for parking complex / parking lot.
(d) A moratorium on property tax for 5 years would be considered; and for the next 5 years –
property tax shall be levied on the lowest slab of residential category.
Vehicle inspection programme:
a. Status of implementation of new PUC norms:
Out of 164 pollution testing stations, 40 stations have been upgraded.
40
b. Report on defaulters:
Out of 16.36 Lakh vehicles registered in Hyderabad city, vehicles i.e.,84.73% of vehicles
i.e.,10.98lakh vehicles covered by Pollution Under Control Certificates. Transport Department
has booked 35931 cases and realized Rs.1.35 crores towards compounding fee from April to
November 2006.
c. Audits:
After networking the pollution testing stations, the results of pollution testing by the pollution
testing stations will be audited on fortnightly basis.
d. Networking of PUC Centres:
Out of 164 pollution testing centers in Hyderabad city, 26 centres have already been networked.
Networking of the centers is scheduled to be completed by May, 2007 as per the programme
given below:
Month
Jan. to Apr., 07
May, 07
Centres
120 (30 / month)
44
e. Integration of vehicle registration data:
Database of Transport Dept. has already been integrated with Cyberabad Police and plans are
afoot to provide access to Police Department for integration on department to department basis
by March, 2007.
f. Lambda measurement:
The department would take up Lambda measurements on receipt of the decision of Hon’ble
Supreme Court in this regard.
41
Warangal : It is 120 km northeast to Hyderabad and lies in 18.0 Deg North and 79.58 Deg
East. The district is bounded by Karimnagar District to the north, Khammam District to the east
and southeast, Nalgonda District to the southwest, and Medak District to the west. Warangal is
well known for granite quarries (notably the black and brown varieties), grain market for rice,
chillies, cotton, and tobacco.
APPCB is monitoring ambient air quality at three locations in the city of the Warangal. The three
locations are Balasamudram and Nakkalagutta representing residential/commercial areas and the
third station at IDA Rampur representing industrial area. The monthly average concentration of
the RSPM and TSPM of the Warangal city are given in the graph below
Graph showing monthly averages of RSPM and TSPM in Warangal
RSPM Balasamudram
500
RSPM Nakkalagutta
RSPM IDA, Ramapur
450
TSPM Balasamudram
400
TSPM Nakkalagutta
TSPM IDA, Ramapur
Conc in ug/m3
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September October
November December
Months
Observations on RSPM & TSPM
At Nakkalagutta the concentrations of RSPM is highest and is exceeding the NAAQS. The
RSPM concentrations at Balasamudram and IDA, Rampur are within the NAAQS.
The TSPM concentrations are highest at Nakkalagutta. The concentrations of TSPM are
exceeding at Balasamudram and Nakkalagutta. At IDA, Rampur the concentrations are within
the limits.
The percentage of RSPM in TSPM is around 34%.
The RSPM concentrations are highest in winter followed by rainy and summer and TSPM is
highest in winter followed by summer and rainy season.
Concentrations of gases
The SO2 levels are within the NAAQS and are in the range of 4 to 7ug/m3.
The NOx levels are within the NAAQS and are in the range of 9 to 38ug/m3
42
Karimnagar District:
Karimnagar, is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Karimnagar district. It is located towards
northern region of Andhra Pradesh on the banks of the Manair river, which is a tributary of the
river Godavari. Karimnagar is located at 18°26′N 79°09′E18.43, 79.15. The predominant
industries include mining and quarrying, agro-business, food processing, cotton yarn and fabrics,
non-metallic mineral products, engineering, hardware and power generation. The Ramagundam
Super Thermal Power Station is the biggest thermal power producing facility in the state.
APPCB is monitoring ambient air quality at godavarikhani. This station is operated under the
NAMP Programme
Graph showing monthly averages of RSPM and TSPM in Karimnagar
450
400
RSPM
TSPM
350
Conc. in ug/m3
300
250
200
150
100
50
m
ec
e
D
N
ov
e
m
be
r
be
r
er
O
ct
m
be
pt
e
ob
r
t
Se
Au
gu
s
ly
Ju
ne
Ju
M
ay
ril
Ap
ch
M
ar
ry
br
ua
Fe
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Months
Observations on RSPM & TSPM
At Godavarikhani the concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are exceeding the NAAQS.
The percentage of RSPM to TSPM is around 32%
The concentrations are highest in the winter season followed by summer. Rainy season is the
least polluted
In rainy season the % of RSPM to TSPM is around 20%.
Concentrations of gases
The SO2 levels are within the NAAQS and are in the range of 4 to 15ug/m3.
The NOx levels are within the NAAQS and are in the range of 9 to 22ug/m3
43
Ambient air quality in Visakhapatnam Zone
This zone consists of five districts Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakapatnam, East and West
godavari districts.
Visakhapatnam city:
Visakhapatnam is situated in the North-eastern coast of Andhra Pradesh, at a latitude of 17O42’N
and longitude of 83O20’E. The city stretches from north to south on a ridge and is located in a
spoon shaped basin, surrounded by hills on three sides with Bay of Bengal on the East. The total
city area is situated within a distance of 10 km from the shore. All the residential areas fall
within this area. The entire city lies within the two prominent hill ranges, namely Yarada and
Adivivaram.
44
The major air pollution sources are the port trust activities and hectic industrial activity. There
are 9 ambient air quality monitoring stations. Six stations are operated under the NAMP. These
stations are located at different zones to asses the ambient air quality of Visakhapatnam.
Station name
Industrial Estate, Marripalem, NAMP
Panchayat Raj Office, Mindi, NAMP
Police barracks, NAMP
INS, Virabahu, NAMP
Seetammadhara, NAMP
Ganapuram area, NAMP
St. Alloys
MCV Kalyana Mandapam
St. John Paris
Zone
Industrial
Residential
Residential
Sensitive
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential
NAMP data for RSPM and TSPM for the year 2007
Graph showing monthly averages of RSPM and TSPM in Visakhapatnam
IE, Marripalem RSPM
300
Mindi RSPM
Conc. in ug/m3
250
Police Barracks
RSPM
INS, Virabahu RSPM
200
Seetammadhara
RSPM
Gnanapuram RSPM
150
IE, Marripalem TSPM
100
Mindi TSPM
Police Barracks
TSPM
INS, Virabahu TSPM
50
Au
gu
st
Se
pt
em
be
r
O
cto
be
r
No
ve
m
be
r
De
ce
m
be
r
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
M
ay
Ap
ri l
h
M
ar
c
Ja
nu
ar
y
Fe
br
ua
ry
0
Seetammadhara
TSPM
Gnanapuram TSPM
Months
Observations on RSPM and TSPM at Vizag:


The annual averages of RSPM and TSPM are exceeding the NAAQS
RSPM constitutes about 50% of the TSPM. The % of RSPM is higher when compared to
that of the Hyderabad city. This may be due to the sea salt spray in the atmosphere
contributing to the higher RSPM.
45



Police barracks location has higher concentrations than other stations.
The range of RSPM concentrations varied from 72 to 117ug/m3 and the TSPM 150 to
264ug/m3.
INS veerabahu has the lowest concentrations of all the stations.
Ambient air quality data with respect to particulate matter of all the stations monitored
at Visakapatnam:
Graph showing the concentrations at all the nine stations in Vizag.
250
200
194
186
196
207
89
150
96
91
MCV Mandapam
St. John Paris
183
97
103
location
100
157
St.Alloys
conc in ug/m3
178
180
91
Mindi
Police Barracks
50
77
Marripalem
89
Veerabahu
0
Seetammadhara
2007 TSPM
2007 RSPM
parameters
Observations:
 The annual average at Police barracks is highest for both RSPM and TSPM. All the
stations are exceeding the standards prescribed for RSPM and TSPM
 INS veerabahu location is the least polluted of all the stations.
 The concentrations of RSPM ranged from 77- 102ug/m3 and that of TSPM ranged from
157-207ug/m3
46
Seasonal variation of pollutants --- Ambient Air Quality of Visakhapatnam – 2007
Area wise seasonal average with the range of concentrations for the year 2007 in Visakhapatnam
300
Summer Average
Rainy average
Winter average
200
79
157
157.75
75
77.75
156.75
207
185
102
92
91
184
189
95
89.5
50
183
100
177.25
150
87.5
Conc. in ug/m3
250
0
TSPM
RSPM
TSPM
RSPM
Industrial
Residential
TSPM
RSPM
Sensitive
Locations
Observations on the seasonal averages:
The concentration at sensitive place does not show any significant variation in RSPM and SPM
concentrations across the seasons.
Sensitive area has lower summer concentration than that of the winter and rainy. This is very
unlikely and probably might have been a result of localised activity during this season.
The concentrations at residential and industrial places have higher concentrations in winter
followed by summer.
The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are generally anticipated to be on higher side in summer
season when compared to rainy season. But there wasn’t significant variation of the
concentration in summer and rainy season.
47
SO2 and NOx concentrations in the Visakapatnam city for the year 2007
Table showing the seasonal variations of SO2 and NOx in Visakapatnam
Industrial
2007
Residential
Sensitive
SO2
Nox
SO2
Nox
SO2
Nox
Summer
8
30
9
30
8
30
Rainy
8
30
8
30
8
30
Winter
8
30
9
30
9
30
Conc in ug/m3
Remarks on SO2 and NOx in Visakapatnam:
 The annual average concentrations for SO2 and NOx are around 9 and 30ug/m3
respectively.
 The concentrations of Sulphur dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are meeting
prescribed standards.
 The concentrations of SO2 are high when compared to the Hyderabad city, this may
be due to the industrial activity
48
East Godavari District: It is located in the North coastal part of the state. The district is known
as rice bowl of AP. The district has an area of 10,807Sq.Km. The district Head Quarter is
Kakinada. APPC is monitoring the Ambient air at Kakinada. The monthly average values are
depicted in the graph below:
RSPM & TSPM concentrations in East Godavari for the year 2007
140
East Godavari RSPM
120
East Godavari TSPM
Conc. in ug/m3
100
80
60
40
20
be
r
m
De
ce
be
r
m
No
ve
er
Oc
t
m
be
pt
e
ob
r
t
Se
Au
gu
s
ly
Ju
ne
Ju
M
ay
ril
Ap
ch
M
ar
ry
br
ua
Fe
Ja
n
ua
ry
0
Months
Observations:
 The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are with in the NAAQS.

The percentage of RSPM to TSPM is in the range of 46%.

The RSPM concentrations ranged from 48 to 53ug/m3 and the TSPM concentrations are
in the range of 104-119ug/m3.

The concentrations are uniform through out the year with a narrow range of fluctuations.
49
West Godavari dist: The district is in the delta regions of the Krishna and Godavari rivers. It
lies between 16o 15i and 17o 30I in north and 80o55I and 81o55I in the east. The district has an
area of 7742SqKms.The district has rich offshore reserves with high agriculture and moderate
industrial activity. Eluru is the head quarter of the district. APPCB is monitoring the ambient air
quality in Eluru. The monthly average values of RSPM and TSPM are given in the graph.
RSPM & TSPM concentrations in West Godavari for the year 2007
200
West Godavari RSPM
West Godavari TSPM
180
160
Conc. in ug/m3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
De
ce
m
be
r
No
ve
m
be
r
cto
be
r
O
be
r
Se
pt
em
Au
gu
st
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
Ap
ri l
ar
ch
M
y
Fe
br
ua
r
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Months
Observations:
 The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are exceeding the NAAQS.

The percentage of RSPM to TSPM is in the range of 44.75%.

The RSPM concentrations ranged from 77 to 86ug/m3 and the TSPM concentrations are
in the range of 171-188ug/m3.

The concentrations are uniform through out the year with a narrow range of fluctuations.
50
Vizianagaram: The district is located in the north eastern part of the AP. It is bounded by
eastern ghats. The geographical co-ordinates are 15o15I and 19o15I of North and 830 00I and
83o45I of the eastern longitude. APPCB is monitoring the ambient air quality at Vizianagaram
town. The monthly average values of RSPM and TSPM are given in the graph.
RSPM & TSPM concentrations in Vizianagaram for the year 2007
250
Vizianagaram RSPM
Vizianagaram TSPM
Conc. in ug/m3
200
150
100
50
De
ce
m
be
r
No
ve
m
be
r
cto
be
r
O
be
r
Se
pt
em
Au
gu
st
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
Ap
ri l
ar
ch
M
Fe
br
ua
ry
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Months
Observations:
 The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are exceeding the NAAQS.

The percentage of RSPM to TSPM is in the range of 47.5%.

The RSPM concentrations ranged from 50-104ug/m3 and the TSPM concentrations are in
the range of 128-202ug/m3.

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer.
51
Srikakulam The district is located in the extreme north eastern part of the AP. It is bounded by
eastern ghats. The geographical co-ordinates are 18o20I and 19o10I of North and 830 50I and
84o50I of the eastern longitude. The total area of the district is 5837SqKm. The APPCB is
monitoring the ambient air in Srikakulam town. The monthly average values of RSPM and
TSPM are given in the graph.
RSPM & TSPM concentrations in Srikakulam for the year 2007
250
Srikakulam RSPM
Srikakulam TSPM
Conc. in ug/m3
200
150
100
50
De
ce
m
be
r
No
ve
m
be
r
cto
be
r
O
be
r
Se
pt
em
Au
gu
st
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
Ap
ri l
ar
ch
M
Fe
br
ua
ry
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Months
Observations:
 The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are exceeding the NAAQS.

The percentage of RSPM to TSPM is in the range of 50%.

The RSPM concentrations ranged from 48-105ug/m3 and the TSPM concentrations are in
the range of 98-206ug/m3.

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer.
52
Vijayawada Zone: Vijayawada zone has five districts under its jurisdiction they are Guntur,
Khammam, Krishna, Nellore and Prakasam
53
Krishna District: The geographical co-ordinates are 15o43I and 17o10I of North and 800 0I and
81o33I of the eastern longitude. The total area of the district is 8,727 Sq.Kms. The Head quarters
is Machilipatnam. The main city and is commercially active part of the district is Vijayawada
city.
Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna River. Vijayawada is encircled by the Indrakiladri
hills in the West and the Budameru River in the North. Vijayawada is spread over an area of 58
square kilometers and serves as the largest railway junction of the south central railway. The city
has hectic commercial, moderate industrial activity and dense in population. APPCB is
monitoring the ambient air at three locations in the city. These stations are located at
1. Benz circle (Residential / Commercial) monitored under NAMP
2. Police control Room (Residential / Commercial)
3. Autonagar (Industrial)
The monthly average values of RSPM and TSPM are given in the graph.
RSPM & TSPM concentrations in Vijayawada for the year 2007
Autonagar RSPM
Police Control Room RSPM
300
Benz circle (NAMP) RSPM
AutonagaTSPM
Police Control Room TSPm
Benz circle (NAMP) TSPM
250
150
100
50
No
ve
m
be
r
De
ce
m
be
r
ct
ob
er
O
t
em
be
r
Se
pt
Months
Au
gu
s
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
Ap
ril
ar
ch
M
y
Fe
br
ua
ry
0
Ja
nu
ar
conc in ug/m3
200
54
Observations:
 The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are exceeding the NAAQS.

The concentrations are highest at Autonagar and the lowest in police control room

The percentage of RSPM to TSPM is in the range of 40% at autonagar and at the other
two stations it is around 45%. This may be due to contribution of coarser particles due to
movement of vehicles.

The RSPM concentrations ranged from 69-106ug/m3 and the TSPM concentrations are in
the range of 152-271ug/m3.

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer seasons.
Gaseous parameters:
SO2 and NOx in Vijayawada for the year 2007
60
50
conc in ug/m3
40
SO2 Autonagar
30
SO2 Police Control Room
SO2 Benz circle (NAMP)
Nox Autonagar
Nox Police Control Room
20
Nox Benz circle (NAMP)
10
0
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November December
Month
Observations:
 The annual average concentrations for SO2 and NOx are around 6 and 41ug/m3 respectively.
 The sulphur dioxide is in the range of 4-11ug/m3 and oxides of nitrogen are in the range of 27
to 54 ug/m3
 The concentrations of Sulphur dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are meeting prescribed
standards.
55
Khammam The district has an area of 16,029Sq.Kms. Coal Mining activity, granites and
thermal power plant are located here. APPCB is monitoring the ambient air at the district
headquarters and at Paloncha where the thermal power plant and sponge iron plant are located.
The monthly average values of RSPM and TSPM are given in the graph.
RSPM & TSPM concentrations in Khammam for the year 2007
160
RSPM Jalasoudha (Khammam)
RSPM Paloncha University
TSPM Jalasoudha (Khammam)
140
TSPM Paloncha University
conc in ug/m3
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
Months
Observations:
 The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are with in the limits of NAAQS.

The percentage of RSPM to TSPM is in the range of 60%.

The RSPM concentrations ranged from 34-68ug/m3 and the TSPM concentrations are in
the range of 46-137ug/m3.

The range of concentrations is very wide and hence more fluctuations

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer.
56
Guntur The district is located at 40miles from the bay of Bengal towards north. The
geographical co-ordinates are 16o20I of North and 800 27I of the eastern longitude. APPCB is
monitoring the ambient air in Guntur.. The monthly average values of RSPM and TSPM are
given in the graph.
Monthly average Concentrations of RSPM and TSPM at Guntur for the year 2007
200
Guntur RSPM
180
Guntur TSPM
160
conc in ug/m3
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November December
Months
Obsevations:

The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are exceeding the NAAQS.

The percentage of RSPM to TSPM is in the range of 44%.

The RSPM concentrations ranged from 65-84ug/m3 and the TSPM concentrations are in
the range of 130-185ug/m3.

The concentrations are higher in winter and summer.
57
Nellore and Prakasam The district is located at 40miles from the bay of Bengal towards north.
The geographical co-ordinates are 14o25I of North and 790 58I of the eastern longitude. The
district head quarter is located at Nellore. Prakasam has its head quarter located at Ongole.
APPCB is monitoring the ambient air quality for the SPM parameter only. The monthly average
values of SPM are given in the graph.
Monthly average values of SPM for Nellore and Prakasam for the year 2007
74
Vidyut Bhavan (Nellore)
Prakasam
72
conc in ug/m3
70
68
66
64
62
60
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
Months
Obsevations:

The concentrations of SPM are with in the limits of the NAAQS.

The SPM concentrations for nellore ranged from 66-72ug/m3 and for Prakasam the
concentrations range from 68-72ug/m3

The concentrations are lowest in rainy season and winter and summer having higher
concentrations.
58
Kurnool Zone
This zone consists of the four districts of Rayalaseema area. They are Kurnool, Anatapur,
Cuddapah and Chittore.
Map showing the Kurnool Zone of APPCB with industries
59
Kurnool:It has two important mountain ranges running parallel from North to South. They are
Erramalla and Nallamala forest range. The total area of the district is 17600Sq.Kms. There are
three ambient air monitoring stations in Kurnool. They are:
1. Industrial estate Kallur representing industrial area
2. Poola bazaar representing commercial area
3. Krishna nagar representing residential and commercial area.
Monthly averages of RSPM and TSPM of Kurnool city for the year 2007
200
Poolabazar RSPM
180
IE, KallurRSPM
Mourya InnRSPM
160
PoolabazarTSPM
IE, KallurTSPM
Conc in ug/m3
140
Mourya Inn TSPM
120
100
80
60
40
20
De
ce
mb
er
No
ve
mb
er
Oc
to
be
r
be
r
Se
pt
em
Au
gu
st
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
Ap
ri l
ar
ch
M
Fe
br
ua
ry
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Months
Obsevations:

The concentrations of RSPM and TSPM are exceeding the NAAQS.

The percentage of RSPM to TSPM is in the range of 50%.

The RSPM concentrations ranged from 56-93ug/m3 and the TSPM concentrations are in
the range of 105-182ug/m3.

The data was not available from August to December 07.
60
Anatapur, Cuddapah and Chittore: APPCB is monitoring the ambient air quality in the head
quarters of the three districts. The monthly average concentration of the RSPM and TSPM are
given in the graph below.
Monthly average concentrations of RSPM and TSPM for the year 2007
180
160
140
Conc in ug/m3
120
Ananthapur RSPM
Cuddapah RSPM
100
Chittoor RSPM
Ananthapur TSPM
80
Cuddapah TSPM
Chittoor TSPM
60
40
20
De
ce
mb
er
No
ve
mb
er
Oc
to
be
r
be
r
Se
pt
em
Au
gu
st
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
Ap
ri l
ar
ch
M
Fe
br
ua
ry
Ja
nu
ar
y
0
Month
Observations:
 The RSPM concentrations are exceeding the standards of NAAQS at Anantapur but are
meeting the standards at Cuddapah and Chittore.

The TSPM concentrations are exceeding the standards at all the three locations

The % of RSPM to TSPM is 50% at Anantapur. In Cuddapah and Chittoor the % of
RSPM to TSPM is 33%

The concentrations are uniform most of the time through out the year.
61
Ambient air quality in Tirupathi (Kurnool zone)
It is the holy town and abode of the Lord Venkateswara. Daily large number of vehicles carrying
the devotee’s moves on the roads of Tirupathi. There are 2 ambient air quality-monitoring
stations
1. GNC toll gate (Sensitive)
2. Regional science center (Sensitive)
RSPM
Regional
Science
Centre
(NAMP)
January
TSPM
GNC Toll gate
Regional
Science
Centre
(NAMP)
GNC Toll gate
25
32
84
111
February
25
34
86
115
March
26
35
84
119
April
27
48
112
128
May
29
49
89
126
June
25
42
108
112
July
25
37
82
111
August
28
36
89
112
September
24
33
86
108
October
23
26
86
88
November
27
31
88
95
December
29
30
93
94
2007
Conc in ug/m3
Remarks:
 The RSPM concentrations are meeting the annual standards. TSPM is not meeting the
annual standards

The RSPM concentrations ranged from 22 to 55ug/m3.
The TSPM concentrations
ranged from 82 to158ug/m3.

The % contribution of RSPM to TSPM is 36%
62
Ambient air quality in Ramachandrapuram Zone
This zone consists of the four districts. They are Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Adilabad.
63
Nalgonda district:
The district of Nalgonda is situated in the Southern part of the Telangana Region covering an
area of 14,217 Sq. Kms. A district in Andhra Pradesh, Nalgonda's global location is between 1625' and 17-50' of the Northern Latitude and 78-40' and 80-05' of Eastern longitude.
APPCB is monitoring AAQ at four locations viz., RO Nalgonda, Mellacheruvu, Ramapuram
and Dondapadu.
Monthly average values of RSPM & TSPM in Nalgonda in the year 2007
210
190
RO Nalgonda RSPM
RO Nalgonda TSPM
170
Conc. in ug/m3
Mellacheruvu RSPM
150
Mellacheruvu TSPM
Ramapuram RSPM
130
Ramapuram TSPM
110
Dondapadu RSPM
Dondapadu TSPM
90
70
ug
us
t
pt
em
be
r
O
ct
ob
er
N
ov
em
be
r
D
ec
em
be
r
Months
Se
A
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
ay
M
pr
il
A
ar
ch
M
Ja
nu
ar
y
Fe
br
ua
ry
50
Remarks:
 The annual average concentration of RSPM (88ug/m3) and TSPM(197ug/m3) at
Ramapuram are highest when compared to other stations at Nalgonda.
 The lowest concentrations are recorded in Mellacheruvu.
 All the stations are exceeding the NAAQS for both RSPM and TSPM
 The % contribution of RSPM to TSPM is 45%
 The concentrations of RSPM ranged from 55 to 88ug/m3 and that of TSPM ranged from
125 to 197ug/M3
 The concentrations in winter season is higher when compared to other seasons
The concentration of SO2 was below 5ug/m3 and that of NOX are below 10ug/m3
64
Nizamabad district:
Nizamabad District lies on the north-western side of Andhra Pradesh. Nizamabad covers an area
of 7,956 sq km. Forest cover is significant and is estimated to be to a tune of 170,000 hectares
APPCB is monitoring AAQ at Nizamabad under the SAAQM programme at Subhash nagar area.
The monthly average values of RSPM and TSPM for the year 2007 are depicted in the graph:
Monthly trends of RSPM and TSPM levels in Nizamabad RO
250
Conc. in ug/M3
200
150
RSPM
TSPM
100
50
0
Jan, 07 Feb, 07 Mar, 07
April,
07
May, 07
June, July, 07 August, Sep, 07 Oct, 07 Nov, 07 Dec, 07
07
07
Months & Year
Remarks:
 The RSPM and TSPM concentrations are exceeding the standards prescribed
 The RSPM concentrations ranged from 42 to 83ug/m3. The TSPM concentrations
ranged from 110 to 215ug/m3.
 The % contribution of RSPM to TSPM is 38%
65
Medak District:
Medak is a district situated in the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Sangareddy is the
district headquarters of Medak It is 100 km to the north of Hyderabad. The district has hectic
industrial activity with many number of bulk drug industries.
Conc. in ug/m3
Patancheru
RSPM
TSPM
SO2
Nox
January
45
136
21
22
February
40
121
15
15
March
38
123
15
15
April
44
86
20
25
July
44
86
20
25
August
90
101
-
-
September
110
225
-
-
October
130
248
-
-
November
123
425
38
93
December
130
480
30
52
Observations:
The concentration of RSPM and TSPM has increased from the onset of rainy season with the
concentrations touching the peak in October and December. The reasons for sudden increase in
the concentrations are due to shifting of the station and hectic road widening works taken up on
the National Highway. The concentrations of RSPM are with in the limits in the first quarter but
have exceeded in the rest of the months. The annual average is exceeding the standards
prescribed for both RSPM and TSPM.
The concentration of Sulphur dioxide is higher than other places in the state. This may be due to
the industrial activity and vehicular movement in the near by area. However the concentrations
of the gaseous parameters are well with in the standard limits.
66
Air quality Assessment
The air quality of different cities / towns with respect to three criteria pollutants (RSPM, TSPM,
NO x) has been compared with the respective NAAQS and has been categorized into four
categories based on exceedance factor (EF)
EF =
Observed annual mean conc. of criteria pollutant
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class
The four air quality categories are:
 Critical pollution(C) - when EF is more than 1.5.
 High pollution(H) – when EF is between 1.0 to 1.5
 Moderate pollution(M) – when EF is between 0.5 to 1.0
 Low pollution(L) – when the EF is less than 0.5
It is obvious from the above categorisation, that the locations in either of the first two categories
are actually violating the standards, although with varying magnitude. Those falling in the third
category are meeting the standards as of now but likely to violate the standards in future if
pollution continues to increase and is not controlled. However, the locations in low pollution
category have rather pristine air quality and such areas are to be maintained at low pollution level
by way of adopting preventive and control measures of air pollution.
67
Table showing air pollution category of the stations monitored
1
Abids
Res/Com
107
1.8
C
328
2.34
C
% of
PM10
in
TSPM
32.6
2
Punjagutta
Res/Com
139
2.3
C
389
2.78
C
35.7
3
Paradise
Res/Com
108
1.8
C
323
4.61
C
33.4
4
Charminar
Res/Com
99
1.65
C
297
2.12
C
33.3
5
Zoo Park
Sensitive
49
0.98
M
131
1.87
C
37.4
6
KBRN Park
Sensitive
45
0.90
M
118
1.69
C
38.1
7
Balanagar
Ind.
96
0.80
M
304
0.84
M
31.6
8
Uppal
Ind.
100
0.83
M
270
0.75
M
37.0
9
Jubilee Hills
Res
49
0.82
M
143
1.02
H
34.3
10
MG Bus Station
Res/Com
79
1.32
H
213
1.52
C
37.1
11
Chikkadapally
Res/Com
79
1.32
H
213
1.52
C
37.1
12
Langarhouse
Res/Com
153
2.55
C
409
2.92
C
37.4
13
Jeedimetla
Ind
89
0.74
M
266
0.74
M
33.5
14
Nacharam
Res/Com
86
1.43
H
259
1.85
C
33.2
15
Madhapur
Res/Com
54
0.90
M
146
1.04
H
37.0
16
Kukatpally
Res/Com
70
1.17
H
204
1.46
H
34.3
17
Sainikpuri
Res/Com
53
0.88
M
143
1.02
H
37.1
18
Rajendranagar
Res/Com
47
0.78
M
129
0.92
M
36.4
19
Shameerpet
Res/Com
48
0.80
M
132
0.94
M
36.4
20
HCU
Res/Com
49
0.82
M
124
0.89
M
39.5
21
BPPA
Res/Com
70
1.17
H
196
1.40
H
35.7
22
Mella cheruvu
Res/Com
72
1.20
H
156
1.11
H
46.2
23
Nalgonda
Res/Com
76
1.27
H
169
1.21
H
45.0
24
Ramapuram
Res/Com
81
1.35
H
183
1.31
H
44.3
25
Dondapadu
Res/Com
76
1.27
H
168
1.20
H
45.2
26
Subhash Nagar
Res/Com
61
1.02
H
159
1.14
H
38.4
S
No
Location
AC
RSPM
EF
C
TSPM
EF
C
68
S
No
27
RSPM
EF
C
TSPM
EF
C
% of
PM10
in
TSPM
Res/Com
103
1.72
C
237
1.69
C
43.5
Location
Sanga Reddy
town
AC
28
Patancheru
Ind
80
0.67
M
203
0.56
M
39.4
29
Autonagar
Ind
90
0.75
M
237
0.66
M
38.0
30
Benz circle
Res/Com
85
1.42
H
188
1.34
H
45.2
Res/Com
76
1.27
H
155
1.11
H
49.0
Res/Com
70
1.17
H
161
1.15
H
43.5
31
32
Police control
room
Guntur Municipal
Corpn.
33
Vidyut Bhavan
Res/Com
70
0.50
M
0.0
34
Prakasham
Res/Com
130
0.93
M
0.0
35
Khammam
Res/Com
53
0.88
M
174
1.24
H
30.5
36
Paloncha, IE
Ind
58
0.48
L
187
0.52
M
31.0
Res/Com
89
1.48
H
186
1.33
H
47.8
37
MCV Kalyana
Mandapam
38
St. John Parish
Res/Com
96
1.60
C
214
1.53
C
44.9
39
St. Alloysius
Res/Com
91
1.52
C
200
1.43
H
45.5
40
Mindi
Res/Com
97
1.62
M
195
1.39
H
49.7
41
Police Barracks
Res/Com
103
1.72
H
156
1.11
H
66.0
42
Marripalem
Ind
91
0.76
M
164
1.17
H
55.5
43
Veerabahu
Sen
77
1.54
C
97
1.39
H
79.4
44
Seetammadhara
Res/Com
89
1.48
M
104
0.74
M
85.6
45
Gnanapuram
Res/Com
90
1.50
C
182
1.30
H
49.4
46
Vizianagaram
Res/Com
74
1.23
H
157
1.12
H
47.1
47
Srikakulam
Res/Com
75
1.25
H
220
1.57
C
34.1
48
Eluru
Res/Com
81
1.35
H
238
1.70
C
34.0
49
Kakinada
Ind
51
0.43
L
231
0.64
M
22.1
50
Poola bazar
Res/Com
61
1.02
H
225
1.61
C
27.1
69
51
I.E. Kallur
Ind
66
0.55
M
185
0.51
M
% of
PM10
in
TSPM
35.7
52
Krishna Nagar
Res/Com
82
1.37
H
277
1.98
C
29.6
53
Anantapur
Res/Com
74
1.23
H
278
1.99
C
26.6
Sen
26
0.52
M
252.0
3.60
C
10.3
Sen
36
0.72
M
295.0
4.21
C
12.2
Res/Com
45
0.75
M
169
1.21
H
26.6
S
No
Location
AC
RSPM
EF
C
TSPM
EF
C
Regional S.
54
Centre (Tirumala
Hills)
GNC Toll gate
55
(Alipiri)
Nutrine
56
Confectionary
(Chittore)
57
Cuddapah
Res/Com
53
0.88
M
264
1.89
C
20.1
58
Godavarikhani
Res/Com
73
1.22
H
170
1.21
H
42.9
59
Balasamudram
Res/Com
51
0.85
M
150
1.07
H
34.0
60
Nakkalagutta
Res/Com
75
1.25
H
174
1.24
H
43.1
AC: Area category
EF: Exceedance factor
C: Category as per air quality assessment
RSPM and TSPM concentrations in ug/m3
70
Noise Pollution
Sound and Noise:
The word noise is derived from the Latin term "nausea". It has been defined as "unwanted sound,
a potential hazard to health and communication dumped into the environment with regard to the
adverse effect it may have on unwilling ears."
Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Sound which pleases the listeners is music and that which
causes pain and annoyance is noise. At times, what is music for some can be noise for others.
Sound is any pressure variation (in air, water or other medium) that the human ear can detect.
Longitudinal motion of the particles of the transmitting medium produces pressure oscillations
(compressions and rarefactions) causing ambient pressure. The major sources of noise are:
 Vibrating bodies
 Aerodynamic phenomena
 Explosions
Units of Noise: The frequency of a vibration is expressed as the number of vibrations per second
(i.e. inversely proportional to the period) in Hertz (Hz). Audible sound for fit, healthy young
people is from 20Hz-20,000Hz, with maximum sensitivity at around 3,000Hz. Frequencies
below 20Hz are called 'infrasound' and those above 20,000Hz 'ultrasound'. The numerical
magnitude of a sound is normally expressed as the sound pressure level in logarithmic decibel
units (dB):
where P is the sound pressure being measured and P0 the reference sound pressure, normally
taken as 0.0002µbar (=20µPascals).
71
Average and peak sound pressure levels for the year 2007 in Hyderabad city
100.00
90.00
Average
Peak
80.00
Noise levels in dB(A)
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Abids
Punjagutta
Paradise
Charminar
Zoopark
KBRN Park
Locations
Remarks:
 The average and peak sound pressure levels indicate that inhabitants of the
Hyderabad city are exposed to elevated levels of sound pressure levels.
 The noise levels are around 80dB in the traffic and commercial areas.
 The sensitive places viz Zoopark and KBRN park too have higher sound pressure
levels of 67 and 69dB respectively.
 The monitoring is carried in the day time.
 Sound pressure levels of all the areas recorded indicate that they are crossing the
standards prescribed for the respective areas.
72
Noise levels at Visakhapatnam
Average and Peak Sound Pressure Levels for the year 2007 in Visakhapatnam
160.0
140.0
120.0
Average
Noise levels dB(A)
Peak
100.0
I
80.0
range
of noise
levels
60.0
108.6
88.5
109.4
108.6
108.3
88.8
88.2
89.5
40.0
20.0
0.0
Seetammadhara
Marripalem
Jagadamba centre
RTC Complex
Locations
Remarks:
 The noise levels are around 88dB in the traffic and commercial areas.
 The monitoring is carried in the day time.
 Sound pressure levels of all the areas recorded indicate that they are crossing the
standards prescribed for the respective areas.
Legal provisions for abatement of noise pollution:
Section 2(a) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, includes noise in the
definition of 'air pollutant'. Section 2(a) "air pollutant" means any solid, liquid or gaseous
substance including noise present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to
be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment.
The Environment (Protection) Act,1986. Although there is no specific provision to deal with
noise pollution, the Act confers powers on Government of India to take
measures to deal with various types of pollution including noise pollution.
The Government of India framed and published Noise Pollution Control and Regulation Rules,
1999. On 11.10.2002 the Government of India brought in an amendment in the Rules. The
amendment empowered the State Government to permit use of loudspeaker or public address
73
system during night hours (between 10 pm and 12 pm mid-night) on or during the cultural or
religious occasions for a limited period not exceeding 15 days.
Right to Life includes Freedom from Noise Pollution. This was held by the Supreme Court of
India in the year 2005 in Forum, Prevention of Environment and Sound Pollution and Union of
India and Another case. Accordingly, noise pollution was geared to prohibit on the grounds that
it disturbs a person’s daily life.
The use of Fireworks has led to air pollution in the form of noise and smoke. Their excessive use
has started to be a public hazard and violation of their fundamental rights as enshrined in the
Constitution of India. It has been held in the case of "Om Birangana Religious Society v. State,
100 CWN 617" that the "Freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of
the Constitution of India includes, by necessary implication, freedom not to listen and/or to
remain silent. A citizen has a right to leisure, right to sleep, right not to hear and right to remain
silent. He also has the right to read and speak with others". Because of the tremendous sound and
noise, the citizens cannot exercise all these fundamental rights.
It has been seen that firecrackers noise is an impulsive noise and is hazardous. Bursting of a
firecracker near the ear can lead sometimes to non-recoverable hearing loss.
The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
In order to curb the growing problem of noise pollution, the Government of India has enacted the
Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. Prior to the enactment of these rules noise
pollution was not being dealt specifically by a particular Act. Subsequently the Government of
Andhra Pradesh has made rules and regulations to control the noise pollution(G.Ort No.227
The main provisions of the noise rules are as under
1. The State Government may categorize the areas into industrial, commercial, residential or
silence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noise standards for different areas.
2. The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones has been
specified for in the Schedule annexed to the Rules.
3. The State Government shall take measures for abatement of noise including noise emanating
from vehicular movements and ensure that the existing noise levels do not exceed the ambient air
quality standards specified under these rules.
4. An area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions and
courts may be declared as silence area/zone for the purpose of these rules.
5. A loudspeaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written
permission from the authority and the same shall not be used at night i.e. between 10.00p.m. and
6.00 a.m.
6. A person found violating the provisions as to the maximum noise permissible in any particular
area shall be liable to be punished for it as per the provisions of these rules and any other law in
force.
74
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, and Rules framed there under
Rules 119 and 120 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, deal with reduction of noise. Rule
119. Horns
(1) Provided that on and from 1st January, 2003, the horn installation shall be as per AIS-014
specifications, as may be amended from time to time, till such time as corresponding
Bureau of Indian Standards specifications are notified.
(2) No motor vehicle shall be fitted with any multi-toned horn giving a succession of different
notes or with any other sound-producing device giving an unduly harsh, shrill, loud or alarming
noise.
Rule 120 Silencers
(1) Every motor vehicle including agricultural tractor shall be fitted with a device (hereinafter
referred to as a silencer) which by means of an expansion chamber or otherwise reduces as far as
practicable, the noise that would otherwise be made by the escape of exhaust gages from the
engine.
(2) Noise standards - Every motor vehicle shall be constructed and maintained so as to conform
to noise standards specified in Part E of the Schedule VI to the Environment (Protection) Rules,
1986, when tested as per IS: 3028-1998, as amended from time to time.
Fire crackers
At present the maximum permissible sound level for firecrackers as per the noise standard is
provided by Item 89, Sch. I, Table 1.5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986: "89. Noise
Standard for Fire- crackers
A. (i) The manufacture, sale or use of fire- crackers generating noise level exceeding 125 dB(AI)
or 145dB(C)pk at 4 meters distance from the point of bursting shall be prohibited.
(ii) For individual firecrackers constituting the series (joined fire- crackers), the above mentioned
limit be reduced by 5 log 10 (N)dB, where N= Number of crackers joined
together."
Health affects of Noise:
Increase in noise results in restlessness, anger, fidgetiness, impulsive behavior and over-reaction
to situations. Most crackers used have more than 80 dB noise that can cause temporary hearing
loss. Severe noise pollution leads to hearing loss, high blood pressure, heart attack and sleep
disturbances.
75
Study carried by APPCB to asses ambient air pollution levels on eve of
Deepawali festival celebrations 2007
Introduction:
Diwali a socio-religious festival of Hindus is celebrated with great enthusiasm and fervor
throughout the length and breadth of the country. It is unique in one way that it transcends the
barrier of religion as all sects are involved in firing of crackers. The verbal analogy of Diwali is
festival of lights. It marks the victory of good over evil forces. This festival falls in the month of
October ending/starting of November (Onset of winter). Its celebrations begin with litting of
lights in front of every house and people rejoice with the bursting of crackers. The other social
reasons attributed to lighting-up of lights and firing of crackers are to control proliferation of
rodents & fleas from the riparian Khariff crops and to evade cold. The present scenario of
Diwali is totally different as it marks bursting of crackers and other fire works, which increase
the exposure of diversified pollutants.
The packed materials in the crackers will combust instantaneously releasing energy in the form
of an explosion. As a result of which wide array of pollutants are scattered in to the ambient air
of which, the main by-products are oxides of carbon, sulphur, nitrogen, Ammonia, Phosphates
and other heavy metals. The explosion also helps in lofting of fugitive dust in the finest form.
Basically any firecrackers is made up of three main components viz.,black powder to ignite;
mixtures of chemicals that produce light and color when heated and flash powder to produce
sound. The constituents of the above three are given below
S. No
1
2
3
Description
Black powder
Flash powder
Oxidizer
Contents
Salt-peter (potassium nitrate), charcoal, and sulfur
Potassium chlorate or potassium per chlorate, sulfur, and aluminum
Potassium or ammonium per chlorate
4
Heavy metals
5
Sky scrappers
Aluminum, magnesium, or titanium (white), carbon or iron (orange),
sodium compounds (yellow), copper compounds (blue), strontium
carbonate (red), and barium mono chloride salts or barium nitrate or
barium chlorate (green)
Acetone, ammonium per chlorate, benzoic acid, boric acid, calcium
carbonate, xylene, chlorine, alcohol sodium fluoaluminate
Composition of the crackers: source: Toxic link study
To study the chemical composition, particularly of metallic and non-metallic components of
crackers, Toxics Link got some samples of sparklers and pots analyzed at the Bombay Natural
History Society Laboratory, Mumbai. The following were the chief findings of the laboratory
tests.
The results showed presence of highly toxic heavy metals like cadmium and lead in addition to
other metals like copper, manganese, zinc, sodium, magnesium and potassium in the
firecrackers.
76
S.No
1
Metal
Cadmium
2
Lead
3
4
5
Magnesium
Copper
Zinc
Description of crackers
Anar and wire
Crackers
Mean concentration
Green sparkle
Mean concentration
Mean concentration
Mean concentration
Content
6 and 8mg/100mg
5.2mg/100mg
462mg/100g
850mg/100g
2622mg/100g
744mg/100g
324mg/100g
Both
nitrates
and
nitrites
of
few
of
these
metals
were
present.
Oxides of sulphur in the form of sulphate and phosphorous in the form of phosphate were present
in the samples.
Four acidic radicals --nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulphate-- were also detected. The proportion
of nitrite, phosphate and sulphate in the crackers was almost similar and ranged between 1160 to
1420 mg/100gm, while nitrates which are strong oxidizing agents, were found in considerable
amounts when compared to the other three. Their mean levels were 1624mg/100g.
Monitoring Results of AP Pollution Control Board:
A.P. Pollution Control Board monitors the ambient air quality on eve of Deepawali every year,
and also the Hon’ble Supreme court of India in W.P. No. 72/98 has issued directions for close
monitoring of pollutant levels in ambient air during Deepawali. To comply with the directions,
ambient air quality of twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad were monitored for parameters
Noise, RSPM, TSPM, SO2 and NOx, Sulphates and Nitrate
Ambient air quality monitoring
a)
The ambient air quality measurements were taken up in industrial, Sensitive,
Residential, Rural and other places as per the CPCB classification.
b)
The parameters monitored are; a) Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
(RSPM), b) Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), c) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), d)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) e) Carbon Monoxide (CO) and f) Noise
 The above parameters were monitored on the day of Deepawali, two days before and
after Diwali from 18.00 to 22.00 hrs. The results and interpretation are detailed below:
Meteorological parameters: On the day of Diwali during monitoring average temperature –
24.3OC, relative humidity – 66%, Wind speed – 1.28 m/s and predominate wind direction is
East to West.
77
Particulate Matter in ug/M3:
Dates
07/11/2007
Residential,
Commercial and
other rural area
RSPM
SPM
3
g/M
g/M3
137
315
Industrial
Sensitive
RSPM
g/M3
216
SPM
g/M3
598
RSPM
g/M3
97
SPM
g/M3
194
08/11/2007
249
379
143
530
139
188
09/11/2007
798
1037
558
770
551
634
10/11/2007
294
470
222
483
288
372
11/11/2007
163
314
157
399
118
364
 The concentrations of the particulate matter has increased on the day of Diwali when
compared to pre and post Diwali days
 The ratio of RSPM with respect to SPM on an average has increased upto 80% (on normal
days it is around 40%) on the day of Diwali. Thereby indicating that most of the
particulate matter is RSPM only due to bursting of crackers.
 Residential area has higher concentrations when compared to other areas as the activity is
more in this area.
 Sensitive area has also recorded higher concentrations though there is no direct source.
This may be due to the contribution from neighbouring areas.
 It is observed from the results that the particulates levels in the ambient air one day before
Deepawali are very close to the normal day levels but one day after the festival the levels
are higher than the normal day. The particulates levels had reached to normal levels two to
three days after Diwali.
 High levels of RSPM and SPM was recorded on the day of Diwali 2007 in the residential
area the values are 1202 ug/M3 and 1362 ug/M3 respectively.
 On the day of Diwali the RSPM and SPM has exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS), in residential, rural and other areas, industrial and sensitive areas for
24 hrs. duration.
 The average pollutants levels of all stations monitored category wise indicates that, the
residential area is the worst affected by particulates followed by sensitive area.
78
Gaseous Pollutants in ug/M3:
Dates
07/11/2007
08/11/2007
09/11/2007
10/11/2007
11/11/2007
Residential,
Commercial and
other rural area
SO2
NOx
4.5
33
8
33
75
96
45
55
7
38
Industrial
SO2
7
9
64
27
13
Sensitive
NOx
41
64
75
58
48
SO2
5
5
69
29
5
NOx
19
26
112
77
28
 The concentrations of the gases are highest on the Diwali day. The SO2 level is
generally very low and is around 5 ug/m3. On the day of Diwali the concentrations has
reached to 75 ug/m3.
 The concentration of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) has increased by three times when
compared to normal day.
 It is observed from the results that the SO2 levels in the ambient air one day before
Deepawali are very close to the normal day levels but one day after the festival the levels
are higher than the normal day.
 On the day of Deepawali NOx levels have exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) prescribed for 24 hrs. average. The highest concentrations of NOx
is recorded at KBRN Park (112ug/m3)
Comparison of ambient air pollution levels during Deepawali for the years 2006 and 2007
 Comparison of pollutant levels during Deepawali 2006 and 2007
Pollutant
s
Residential,
commercial and
other rural areas
2006
2007
RSPM
ug/M3
TSPM
ug/M3
SO2
ug/M3
NOx
ug/M3
750
798
No. of
ug/m3
increas
e/
decreas
e
48 *I
2006
2007
558
No. of
ug/m3
increase
/
decreas
e
180 *I
558
551
7 *D
964
1037
73 *I
692
770
78 *I
822
634
188 *D
52
75
23 *I
52
64
12 *I
21
69
48 *I
88
96
8 *I
86
75
11 *D
78
112
34 *I
Industrial
2006
2007
378
Sensitive
No. of
ug/m3
increase
/
decrease
*I = increase
*D = decrease
79
Comparison of RSPM levels on day of Deepawali for the years 2006
- 2007
900
800
700
Conc. in ug/m3
600
2006
500
2007
400
300
200
100
0
Residential, Commercial, Rural
Sensitive
Industrial
Areas
Comparison of TSPM levels on day of Deepawali for the years 2006 2007
1200
1037
1000
964
822
770
Conc. in ug/M3
800

692
634
2006
600
2007
400
200
0
Residential, Commercial, Rural
Industrial
Sensitive
Area
80
Comparison of SO2 levels on day of Deepawali for the years 2006 2007
80
75
69
70
64
60
Conc. in ug/M3
52
52
50
2006
40
2007
30
21
20
10
0
Residential, Commercial, Rural
Industrial
Sensitive
Area
Comparison of NOx levels on day of Deepawali for the years 2006 - 2007
120
112
100
96
88
86
Conc. in ug/M3
80
75
78
2006
60
2007
40
20
0
Residential, Commercial, Rural
Industrial
Sensitive
Area
81
 There is an increase of concentrations of all the pollutants monitored in comparison to
previous year i.e. 2006 with the exception of RSPM and SPM in sensitive area.
82
Noise Levels in twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad during Deepawali festival 2007
 To comply with directions of Honb’le Supreme court of India in W.P. No. 72/98 noise
levels in twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad were monitored.
 The monitoring was carried, on the day of Deepawali two days before and after the
Deepawali festival to assess the changes in noise levels during Deepawali celebrations.
The dates of monitoring were from 07/11/2007 to 11/11/2007
 Noise monitoring was carried at 11 stations. The monitoring was carried from 18.00 to
22.00 hrs.
Noise levels on the eve of Deepawali 2007 in dB(A)
07/11/2007 08/11/2007
Commercial
Residential
Industrial
Silence
82.48
67.05
75.76
68.65
09/11/2007
(Diwali day)
81.96
71.48
74.17
81.25
88.94
87.90
91.45
89.25
10/11/2007 11/11/2007
81.51
78.77
81.57
78.87
79.80
66.04
68.25
71.5
Noise levels on the Eve of Diwali 2007 in Hyderabad
100
90
80
Noise levels in dB(A)
70
60
Commercial
Residential
50
Industrial
Silence
40
30
20
10
0
07/11/2007
08/11/2007
09/11/2007 (Diwali
day)
Dates
10/11/2007
11/11/2007
83
Observations:
 The noise levels are higher on the day of Diwali when compared to normal day.
 In all the zones the noise levels are exceeding the standards prescribed.
 The highest noise levels recorded on day of Diwali is in Tarnaka which is a residential
area. On an average the noise levels are highest in industrial area.
 During normal days the average noise levels of Hyderabad city is in the range of 76 - 82
decibels
 During pre-Diwali days the noise levels increased slightly from the normal days. There is
an increase in noise levels on Diwali day. The noise levels have come back to normal
levels after two days.
Comparison of noise levels on the eve of Diwali for the period 2006 and 2007
Areas
Commercial
Residential
Industrial
Silence
2006
101
101
97
90
Units in dB(A)
Decrease
2007
89
12
88
13
92
5
89
1
Comparison of noise levels on the eve of Diwali for the period 2006
and 2007
100
90
Noise levels in dB(A)
80
70
2006
2007
60
50
40
30
20
Commercial zone
Residential zone
Industrial zone
Silence zone
Areas
84
 When compared to 2006 there is a decrease of noise levels in all the zones.
Steps taken by Government
1. The Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has issued GO RT No. 227 to control noise pollution in
the state
2. 5 Teams comprising of personnel from APPCB and Police department were formed to
check for compliance of firecrackers with national standards notified by Ministry of
Environment & Forests (MOEF) Government of India vide GSR 682(E), dated October
5 1999
3. Public awareness campaigns were conducted to educate the people about mal affects of
Noise and other types of pollution generated by bursting of crackers
4. Police Department is delegated with powers to control noise pollution through GO RT
No. 227.
Noise standards for the crackers
The Govt. of India has prescribed noise standards for firecrackers as detailed below:
 The manufacture, sale or use of firecrackers generating noise level exceeding 125 dB(A)
or 145 dB(C)pk at 4 m distance from the point of bursting are prohibited.
 For individual firecrackers consisting the series (joined fire-crackers), the abovementioned limit be reduced by 5 log10 (N) dB, where N=number of crackers joined
together.
85
Health effects of air pollutants
Harmful effects of various pollutants released into the atmosphere
Some of the common health effects caused due to increase in air pollutants are Allergic
bronchitis, acute bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD (chronic obstructive
pulmonary diseases), rhinitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, pneumonia and common cold.
PARTICLES (PM 10 )
Sources
Unlike the individual gaseous pollutants which are single, well-defined substances, particles (PM
10 ) in the atmosphere are composed of a wide range of materials arising from a variety of
sources. Concentrations of PM 10 comprise of primary particles, arising from combustion
sources (mainly road traffic); secondary particles, mainly sulphate and nitrate formed by
chemical reactions in the atmosphere; and coarse particles, suspended soils and dusts, seasalt,
biological particles and particles from construction work.
Health effects
Particulate air pollution is associated with a range of effects on health including effects on the
respiratory and cardiovascular systems, asthma and mortality. EPAQS concluded that particulate
air pollution episodes are responsible for causing excess deaths among those with pre-existing
lung and heart disease, and that there is a relationship between concentrations of PM 10 and
health effects, such that the higher the concentration of particles, the greater the effect on health.
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
Sources
Sulphur dioxide is a gas at normal temperature and pressure. It dissolves in water to give an
acidic solution which is readily oxidised to sulphuric acid. The predominant source of sulphur
dioxide is the combustion of sulphur-containing fossil fuels, principally coal and heavy oils.
Health effects
Sulphur dioxide causes constriction of the airways by stimulating nerves in the lining of the nose,
throat and airways of the lung. The latter effect is particularly likely to occur in those suffering
from asthma and chronic lung disease. The effects of sulphur dioxide on sensitive subjects
appear almost immediately at the start of exposure.
86
CARBON MONOXIDE
Sources
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon containing
fuels. In general, the more efficient the combustion process, the lower the carbon monoxide
emission. The main outdoor source of carbon monoxide is currently road transport, in particular
petrol-engined vehicles.
Health effects
The main threats to human health from exposure to carbon monoxide are the formation of
carboxyhaemoglobin, which substantially reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen and
deliver it to the tissues, and blockage of important biochemical reactions in cells. People who
have an existing disease which affects the delivery of oxygen to the heart or brain (eg coronary
artery disease (angina)) are likely to be at particular risk if these delivery systems are further
impaired by carbon monoxide.
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Sources
All combustion processes in air produce oxides of nitrogen. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) and nitric
oxide (NO) are both oxides of nitrogen and together are referred to as NOX . It is nitrogen
dioxide which is associated with adverse effects upon human health. Road transport is thought to
account for about 50% of total emissions of nitrogen oxides.
Health effects
At relatively high concentrations, nitrogen dioxide causes inflammation of the airways. There is
evidence to show that long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide may effect lung function and that
exposure to nitrogen dioxide enhances the response to allergens in sensitised individuals.
OZONE
Sources
Ozone is not emitted directly from any man-made source in any significant quantities. It arises
from chemical reactions in the atmosphere caused by sunlight. In the stratosphere, where ozone
plays a beneficial role by shielding the earth from harmful ultra-violet radiation, ozone is
produced by sunlight acting initially on oxygen molecules. The balance between ozone and
oxygen in the stratosphere is currently being disturbed by migration upwards of chemicals such
as chlorofluorocarbons. They remove ozone and may therefore increase the amount of ultraviolet light reaching the earth’s surface. Some ozone occasionally reaches the lower layers of the
atmosphere from intrusions of air from the stratosphere. But it is primarily formed by a
complicated series of chemical reactions initiated by sunlight. Oxides of nitrogen and VOCs,
derived mainly from man-made sources, react to form ozone. These substances are produced by
87
combustion, other industrial processes, and other activities such as solvent use, and petrol
distribution and handling. NO X and VOCs are the most important precursors of elevated levels
of ozone. Production can also be stimulated by carbon monoxide, methane, or other VOCs which
arise from plants, trees and other natural sources. Ozone is also a greenhouse gas, so NO X and
VOCs can also be considered indirect greenhouse gases.
Health effects
Exposure to high concentrations of ozone may cause slight irritation to the eyes and nose. If very
high levels of exposure (1,000-2,000µg/m3 ) (500-1,000ppb) are experienced over several hours,
damage to the airway lining followed by inflammatory reactions may occur. There is also
evidence that minor changes in the airways may occur at lower concentrations, down to about
80ppb (160µg/m 3 ).
Benzene
Sources
Benzene is a volatile organic compound. The main atmospheric source is the combustion and
distribution of petrol, of which it is a minor constituent. Benzene is also formed during the
combustion process from aromatics in the petrol. Diesel fuel is a relatively small source.




Petrol-engined vehicle exhausts;
Petrol refining and distribution; and
Uncontrolled emissions from petrol station
Forecourts without petrol vapour recovery systems.
Health effects
Benzene is a recognised genotoxic human carcinogen. Studies of industrial workers exposed in
the past to high levels of benzene have demonstrated an excess risk of leukaemia which
increased in relation to their working lifetime exposure.
1,3-BUTADIENE
Sources
1,3-Butadiene is a gas at normal temperatures and pressures and trace amounts are present in the
atmosphere, deriving mainly from the combustion of petrol and of other materials. Although 1,3butadiene is used in industry, mainly in the production of synthetic rubber for tyres, motor
vehicles are its dominant source.
Health effects
The health effect which is of most concern in relation to 1,3-butadiene exposure is the induction
of cancers of the lymphoid system and blood-forming tissues, lymphomas and leukaemias. Like
benzene, 1,3-butadiene is a genotoxic carcinogen
88
Anions :
Nitrate: Large amounts taken by mouth can have serious and even fatal effects. The symptoms
are dizziness, abdominal cramps, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, weakness, convulsions and collapse.
Small repeated doses may lead to weakness, general depression, headache and mental
impairment. Also there is some implication of increased cancer incidents among those exposed.
Sulphur in SO4: Poison to humans by inhalation. It is an eye, skin and mucous membrane
irritant and corrosive, an experimental carcinogen. It chiefly affects the upper respiratory tract
and the bronchi. It may cause edema of the lungs or glottis, and can produce respiratory
paralysis.
Heavy metals
LEAD
Sources
Lead is the most widely used non-ferrous metal and has a large number of industrial applications,
both in its elemental form and in alloys and compounds. The single largest use globally is in the
manufacture of batteries. The use of unleaded petrol has led to significant reductions in urban
lead levels. Food and water are two of the main sources for most people. Lead in air contributes
to lead levels in food through the deposition of dust and rain, containing the metal, on crops and
on the soil.
Health effects
Exposure to high levels of lead may result in toxic biochemical effects in humans which in turn
cause problems in the synthesis of haemoglobin, effects on the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract,
joints and reproductive system, and acute or chronic damage to the nervous system. The possible
effect of lead on brain development in children, and hence their intellectual development, is the
greatest cause for concern.
Copper: Poison to humans by ingestion. Inhalation of copper dust and fume causes irritation in
the respiratory tract. Absorption of excess copper results in "Wilson's disease" due to deposition
of copper in the brain, skin, liver, pancreas and myocardium.
Cadmium: Can be poisonous to humans by inhalation, ingestion, intraperitonial, sub-cutaneous,
intra-muscular and intravenous routes. Cadmium absorption can damage the kidneys and can
cause anaemia. It is a potential human carcinogen. Cadmium causes increased blood pressure
and a disease called "Itai--Itai", which makes bones brittle resulting in multiple fractures.
Magnesium: Poison by ingestion, inhalation of magnesium dust and fumes can cause metal
fume fever. Particles embedded in the skin can produce gaseous blebs and a gas gangrene.
89
Manganese in the air has adverse effects on humans. Poisoning takes the form of progressive
deterioration in the central nervous system. An experimental carcinogen and mutagen. Human
toxicity caused by dust or fumes. The main symptoms of exposure are languor, sleepiness,
weakness, emotional disturbances, spastic gait and paralysis.
Zinc: Human skin irritant and effects pulmonary system. Pure zinc powder is non-toxic to
humans by inhalation but difficulty arises from oxidation (burning), as it emits zinc fumes. Zinc
is perhaps the least toxic of all heavy metals, in fact an essential element in animal and human
nutrition, still they become toxic when absorbed in excess. Zinc stimulates the sensation of
vomiting. An exposure to 150 mg of zinc can stimulate the process of vomiting in an adult male.
90
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for various pollutants prescribed with respect to
zones
Concentration in ambient air
TimeResidential,
Pollutants
weighted Industrial
Method of measurement
Sensitive
Rural &
average
Areas
Areas
other Areas
Sulphur
Dioxide Annual 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3
15 µg/m3 - Improved West and Geake
(SO2)
Average*
Method
- Ultraviolet Fluorescence
24
120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
30 µg/m3
hours**
Oxides of Nitrogen Annual 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3
15 µg/m3 - Jacob & Hochheiser Modified
as
Average*
(Na-Arsenite) Method
(NOx)
24
120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
30 µg/m3 - Gas Phase Chemiluminescence
hours**
Suspended
Annual 360 µg/m3 140 µg/m3 70 µg/m3 - High
Volume
Sampling,
Particulate Matter Average*
(Average flow rate not less than
(SPM)
1.1 m3/minute).
3
3
3
24
500 µg/m 200 µg/m 100 µg/m
hours**
Respirable
Annual 120 µg/m3 60 µg/m3
50 µg/m3 - Respirable particulate matter
Particulate Matter Average*
sampler
(RPM) (size less 24
150 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 75 µg/m3
than 10 microns) hours**
Lead (Pb)
Annual 1.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3 0.50
- ASS Method after sampling
3
Average*
µg/m
using EPM 2000 or equivalent
Filter paper
3
3
24
1.5 µg/m 1.00 µg/m 0.75
.
3
hours**
µg/m
Ammonia1
Annual 0.1 mg/ m3 0.1 mg/ m3 0.1 mg/m3 .
Average*
24
0.4 mg/ m3 0.4 mg/m3 0.4 mg/m3 .
hours**
Carbon Monoxide 8 hours** 5.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 1.0
mg/ - Non Dispersive Infra Red
(CO)
m3
(NDIR)
3
3
3
1 hour
10.0 mg/m 4.0 mg/m 2.0 mg/m Spectroscopy
Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a
*
week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2%
**
of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
91
The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
SCHEDULE
(see rule 3(l) and 4(l)
Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise
Area code
Category Area / Zone
Limits in dB (A) Leq*
Day time
Night time
75
70
(A)
Industries area
(B)
Commercial area
65
55
(C)
Residential area
55
45
(D)
Silence zone
50
40
Note 1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.
2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
3. Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 metres around
hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are zones, which are
declared as such by the competent authority.
4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-mentioned
categories by the competent authority.
*dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale
A which is relatable to human hearing.
A "decibel" is a unit in which noise is measured. "A", in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency
weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of
the human ear.
Leq : It is an energy mean of the noise level, over a specified period.
92
Summary of the ambient air quality data of the stations monitored through out the state
for the year 2007.
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Name of the Location
Area
Resi / Comm Standards
Industrial standards
Sensitive Standards
Abids
Res/Com
Punjagutta
Res/Com
Paradise
Res/Com
Charminar
Res/Com
Zoo Park
Sensitive
KBRN Park
Sensitive
Balanagar
Ind.
Uppal
Ind.
Jubilee Hills
Res
MG Bus Station
Res/Com
Chikkadapally
Res/Com
Langarhouse
Res/Com
Jeedimetla
Ind
Nacharam
Res/Com
Madhapur
Res/Com
Kukatpally
Res/Com
Sainikpuri
Res/Com
Rajendranagar
Res/Com
Shameerpet
Res/Com
University of Hyd.
Res/Com
BPPA
Res/Com
Zonal office: R.C. Puram
Mella cheruvu
Res/Com
Nalgonda
Res/Com
Ramapuram
Res/Com
Dondapadu
Res/Com
Subhash Nagar
Res/Com
Sanga Reddy town
Res/Com
Patancheru
Ind
ZO: Vijayawada
Autonagar
Ind
Benz circle
Res/Com
Police control room
Res/Com
Guntur Municipal Corpn.
Res/Com
Vidyut Bhavan
Res/Com
Annual average for the year
2007
RSPM TSPM SO2 NOx
60
140
60
60
120
360
80
80
50
70
15
15
107
328
5.2
35
139
389
5.9
36.4
108
323
5.2
35.7
99
297
5.2
32
49
131
4.8
16.6
45
118
4.2
12.8
96
304
5.4
35.7
100
270
5.4
33.5
49
143
4.4
15.6
79
213
5.2
26
79
213
5.1
22.9
153
409
5.1
23.3
89
266
5.5
23.6
86
259
5.4
24
54
146
4.2
13.9
70
204
4.5
17.5
53
143
4.3
14.8
47
129
4.2
14.7
48
132
4.3
15.8
49
124
4.4
15.4
70
196
4.7
23.6
72
76
81
76
61
103
80
156
169
183
168
159
237
203
6
5.7
5.9
5.3
5
9.7
9.7
10.7
9.5
17.8
90
85
76
70
-
237
188
155
161
70
7.3
6.4
4.4
-
37.7
35.7
49.9
-
93
S.No
34.
35.
36.
Name of the Location
Prakasham
Khammam
Paloncha, IE
ZO, Visakhapatnam
37.
MCV Kalyana Mandapam
38.
St. John Parish
39.
St. Alloysius
40.
Mindi
41.
Police Barracks
42.
Marripalem
43.
Veerabahu
44.
Seetammadhara
45.
Gnanapuram
46.
Vizianagaram
47.
Srikakulam
48.
Eluru
49.
Kakinada
ZO: Kurnool
50.
Poola bazar
51.
Industrial Estate Kallur
Station
52.
Krishna Nagar
53.
Anantapur
54.
Regional S. Centre
(Tirumala Hills)
55.
GNC Toll gate (Alipiri)
56.
Nutrine
Confectionary
(Chittore)
57.
Cuddapah
ZO: Hyderabad
58.
Godavarikhani
59.
Balasamudram
60.
Nakkalagutta
All values are expressed in ug/M3
- data not received
Area
Res/Com
Res/Com
Ind
Annual average for the year
2007
RSPM TSPM SO2 NOx
70
53
82
58
89
-
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Ind
Sen
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
Ind
89
96
91
97
103
91
77
89
90
74
75
81
51
178
194
187
196
207
183
157
180
182
157
149
181
110
8.4
8.6
8.4
8.6
8.7
8.3
8.2
8.5
10
-
33
33.5
33
30.9
31.1
30
29.9
30.2
32.2
-
Res/Com
Ind
61
66
122
129
-
-
Res/Com
Res/Com
Sen
82
74
26
159
152
91
4
16.9
4
9
Sen
Res/Com
36
45
110
134
-
-
Res/Com
53
149
-
-
Res/Com
Res/Com
Res/Com
73
51
75
229
150
220
6
4.3
4.7
12.6
11.1
16.7
94
Comparison of annual averages of RSPM levels in Municipal Corporations
100
RSPM 2006
90
RSPM 2007
80
60
50
40
30
20
10
W
ar
an
ga
l
Vi
zia
na
ga
ra
m
pa
h
Cu
dd
a
ad
Ni
za
m
ab
m
am
Kh
am
Ti
ru
pa
th
i
Na
lg
on
da
ha
pu
r
An
an
t
Ku
rn
oo
l
Vi
ja
ya
wa
da
Vi
sa
kh
ap
at
na
m
0
Hy
de
ra
ba
d
Conc. in ug/m3
70
Corporations
95
pa
h
W
ar
an
ga
l
Vi
zi
an
ag
ar
am
Cu
dd
a
ad
m
am
Ni
za
m
ab
Kh
am
Ti
ru
pa
th
i
Na
lg
on
da
ha
pu
r
An
an
t
Ku
rn
oo
l
ad
a
Vi
sa
kh
ap
at
na
m
Vi
ja
ya
w
Hy
de
ra
ba
d
Conc. in ug/m3
Comparison of annual averages of TSPM levels in Municipal Corporations
300
TSPM 2006
250
TSPM 2007
200
150
100
50
0
Corporations
96