Development and Augmentation of
Ambient Air Quality Network in
Maharashtra
Dr. Ajay A. Deshpande
Environmental Advisor, MSRDC
6.12.12
Legislative Framework
• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981
• Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• Smoke Nuisance Acts
• CPCB and SPCB are the field level institutions
responsible for enforcement and compliance
• MOEF/CPCB provides the policy framework
Functions of CPCB
16. (1) the main functions of the Central Board shall be to improve the quality of air and to
prevent, Control or abate air pollution in the country .
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing functions,
CPCB may•(a) advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of the
quality of air and the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution;
•(b) plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide program for the prevention, control or
abatement of air pollution;
•(c) co-ordinate the activities of the State and resolve disputes among them;
•(d) provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor
investigations and research
•(e) plan and organize the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in program
•f) organise through mass media a comprehensive program g) collect, compile and publish
technical and statistical data relating to air pollution and the measures devised for its
effective prevention, control or abatement and prepare manuals, codes or guides h)lay
down standards for the quality of air,
•I) collect and disseminate information in respect of matters relating to air pollution;
Functions of SPCB
17. (1) the functions of a State Board shall be(a) to plan a comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution and to secure the execution thereof;
(b) to advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or
abatement of air pollution;
(c) to collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution:
(d) to collaborate with the Central Board in organising the training of and to organise
mass-education Program relating thereto;
(f) to inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it may think necessary, assess
the quality of air therein and-take step for the prevention, control or abatement of air
pollution in such areas;
(g) to lay down, in consultation with the Central Board and' having regard to the
standards for the quality of air laid down by the Central Board standards, for emission of
air pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles or for the
discharge of any air pollutant into the " atmosphere from any other source whatsoever
not being a ship or an aircraft:
Objectives of Ambient Air Monitoring
• To determine status and trend in ambient air quality
and effects of air pollution in urban environment
• To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality
standards are violated and to assess health hazard,
damage to materials
• To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary
for developing preventive and corrective measures.
• To understand the natural cleansing process
undergoing in the environment through pollution
dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry
deposition, precipitation and chemical transformation
of pollutants generated.
Design of Monitoring Network
• Neighborhood Scale– Monitoring represents ~500m – 4 km
– Used to see effect of local sources, traffic etc
• Urban scale
– -Monitoring represents ~ 4- 100 km
– Located at higher elevations away from roads, industries etc.
– Represent mixture of various sources within an urban complex
• Regional Scale
– Monitoring represents ~ 100-1000 km
– Located away from sources in rural areas and located at much higher
elevations
NAMP
• Central Pollution Control Board is executing a
nation-wide program of ambient air quality
monitoring known as National Air Quality
Monitoring Program (NAMP).
• The network consists of 342 operating stations
covering 127 cities/towns in 26 states and four 4
Union Territories of the country.
• CPCB mentions that this is a compliance
monitoring and these data be treated as
indicative rather than absolute.
NAMP-Details
• Four air pollutants viz ., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides
of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended Particulate Matter
(SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
(RSPM / PM10) monitored regularly.
• The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as
wind speed and wind direction, relative humidity (RH)
and temperature were also integrated with the
monitoring of air quality.
• Monitoring is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly
sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling
for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a
week, to have one hundred and four (104) observations
in a year
QA/QC
•
•
•
•
Visit to Monitoring Stations
Review Meetings
Analytical Quality Control
Training Program on Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring
• Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
• Calibration, Repair of Instruments and Evaluation
of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
MPCB INITIATIVES: A Case Study
• Responsibility of operation of ambient air quality
monitoring in the state. Operation of NAMP stations
was taken over from CPCB wef 1.7.05.
• Prepared road map for developing the ambient air
quality network in the state.
• Developed partnership with educational institutions for
engaging them in AAQM.
• Display of ambient air quality in major cities on daily
basis in media and website.
Continued….
• Audit of all existing NAMP stations and operationlize
them with necessary financial support.
• Developed a PPP document with suitable financial
proposal to achieve reliable AAQM
• Procurement of new instruments
• Monitoring primarily for RSPM, NOx and SO2
• Proposal for complimentary health study
• Analysis and interpretation of data for trend analysis and
attempt to link it to inventory
• Use of data for policy inputs (green tax, industry location )
and also development of Action plans
Continued….
• Operationising the existing CAAQMS through PPP on a
long term basis.
• Procurement of new CAAQMS for cities of Pune, Solapur
and Mumbai
• Audit and calibration of all CAAQMS with private sector
to ensure the efficient data collection.
• Major industries like thermal power, steel, cment,
fertilizer, refinery are asked to install CAAQMS for data
sharing and display.
• Proposal developed for rationalization of large numbers
of CAAQMS in Chembur area of Mumbai over the entire
city.
OPTIMISATION TECHNIQUES
• All cities having municipal corporations (more than 0.5
million population) to be covered.
• All important industrial areas to be covered
• AQN developed for multiple pollutants
• Optimization designed on index theory based on
available AQ data.
• AQN designed to have sound combination of manual
(twice in week and daily monitoring) and CAAQMS .
• AQN to represent residential, traffic and industrial areas
MPCB Environmental Monitoring: AIR
Ambient air quality Monitoring stations
Year
NAMP
SAMP
CAAQMS
2004-05
5
-
3
2005-06
28
5
3
2006-07
45
10
3
2007-08
45
9
6+1 NMMC
2008-09
53
15
6+2 NMMC
2009-10
56
12
6+2 NMMC
20010-11
65
12
6+2 NMMC
•PM 2.5 monitoring and its chemical characterization initiated in 2007-08.
•VOC monitoring at industrial areas of Taloja & Mahad in February,
2009.
• @ 55 major Industrial units have now installed CAAQMS with display
system.
PAMS
Concentration of SO2 in µg/m3
Trend in Annual Average Concentration of SO2 2005-2009
60
50
40
30
20
10
2005
0
M umbai
T hane
Aur angab Chandr ap
ad
ur
Kal yan Kol hapur
Nagpur
Navi
Sol apur
T ar apur
Lote
Pune
Nashi k
M umbai
Ul has
Jal na
Amr avati
Latur
Sangl i
Roha
M ahad
Jal gaon
2006
Nagar
2005
25
5
10
24
37
8
13
0
18
0
0
23
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2006
36
11
7
25
25
8
10
32
17
20
26
25
29
24
12
12
0
0
0
0
0
2007
27
13
8
36
31
7
10
23
16
24
19
21
37
30
23
11
0
0
0
0
0
2008
34
12
11
34
38
12
10
20
17
30
25
23
27
28
26
10
4
27
0
0
0
2009
25
13
7
35
0
12
11
18
18
0
0
21
24
53
17
11
6
25
12
12
13
City
2007
2008
2009
PAMS
Concentration of NOx in ug/m3
Trend in Annual Average Concentration of NOx 2005-2009
100
80
2005
60
2006
Standard
2007
40
2008
2009
20
0
Mu
A ur C ha
N avi
U lha
A mr
Tha
Kaly Kolh N ag
Sola Tara
Pun N as
Jaln
Lat u San R oh M ah Jalg
mba
ang ndra
Mu
Lot e
s
avat
ne
an apur pur
pur pur
e hik
a
r
gli
a
ad aon
i
aba pur
mba
N ag
i
2005
76
10
25
34
44
25
33
0
39
0
0
37
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2006
77
11
20
31
52
26
27
38
36
24
10
42
27
38
19
18
0
0
0
0
0
2007
75
11
21
42
35
17
25
34
32
31
21
46
33
43
37
13
0
0
0
0
0
2008
86
16
21
48
56
20
28
42
34
52
27
39
26
50
42
13
18
19
0
0
0
2009
62
20
25
29
0
15
32
48
36
0
0
38
30
92
31
14
23
28
28
33
45
City
Concentration of RSPM in µg/m3
PAMS
Trend in Annual Average Concentration of RSPM (dust) 2005-2009
250
200
150
100
Standard
60ug/m3
50
0
Mumb
ai
Thane
Auran Chand Kalya Kolha Nagpu
gabad rapur
n
pur
r
Navi
Mumb
ai
Solap Tarap
ur
ur
Lote Pune Nashik
Ulhas
Nagar
Jalna
Amrav
ati
Latur Sangli Roha Mahad
Jalgao
n
2005
2005
180
50
92
124
96
68
47
0
127
0
0
124
92
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2006
2006
220
53
84
116
95
70
57
83
107
77
68
130
76
146
82
57
0
0
0
0
0
2007
2007
194
54
77
161
105
67
112
94
85
84
78
108
61
102
101
62
0
0
0
0
0
2008
202
58
82
172
101
82
108
130
88
79
76
103
90
88
144
67
86
51
0
0
0
2009
146
59
85
108
0
82
103
105
71
0
0
87
84
100
105
89
114
59
107
153
107
City
2008
2009
Revised NAAQS 2009
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have
been revised Vide MoEF Notification dated 16.11.2009.
• The Notification has included parameters like Ozone,
Benzene, Benzo(a) Pyrene, PM 2.5 & Metals like Arsenic,
Nickel and, SPM is removed.
• Industrial& Residential categories are clubbed together &
standards are made more stringent.
• Implementation of the notification necessitates
modifications in infrastructure, expertise & cost.
New parameters (brief)
Unit
PM2.5
µg/m3
Limit
60
24 hr
Ozone
O3
µg/m3 180
1 hr
Ammonia
NH3
µg/m3 400
24 hr
Benzene
C6H6 µg/m3
5
Annual
Benzo(a)Pyrene BaP
ng/m3
1
Annual
Arsenic
As
ng/m3
6
Annual
Nickel
Ni
ng/m3
20
Annual
Major changes / additions
• Addition of 7 more parameters to the existing
5 parameters
• Sensitivity up to nano-gm/m3
• PM2.5 requires separate instrument
• Duration in sampling & analysis reduced
posing more limitations on storage &
transportation of samples
Comparative Statement of Existing & Revised Standards
Sr.N
o.
Pollutant
Time
Weighted
Average
Existing Standards
Revised Standards
Conc. In ambient air
Industrial
areas
Residential,
Rural &
other areas
Methods of Measurement
Conc. In ambient air
Sensitive
areas
Industrial,
Residential,
Rural &
other areas
Ecologically
sensitive
area(notifie
d by Central
Govt.)
1
Sulphur dioxide
(SO2) µg/m3
Annual
24 hours
80
120
60
80
15
30
50
80
20
80
- Improved West and
Geake
- Ultraviolet Fluorescence
2
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) , µg/m3
Annual
24 hours
80
120
60
80
15
30
40
80
30
80
- Jacob & Hochheiser
Modified (Na-Arsenite)
Method
- Chemiluminescence
3
Particulate
matter(size less
than 10µm) or
PM10, µg/m3
Annual
24 hours
120
150
60
100
50
75
60
100
60
100
-Gravimetric
-TOEM
-Beta attenuation
4
Particulate
matter(size less
than
2.5µm)orPM2.5,
µg/m3
Annual
24 hours
-
40
60
40
60
-Gravimetric
-TOEM
-Beta attenuation
5
Ozone (O3),
µg/m3
8 hours
1 hour
-
100
180
100
180
-UV Photometric
- Chemiluminescence
-Chemical Method
-
-
-
-
1.0
1.5
0.75
1.0
0.5
0.75
0.50
1.0
0.50
1.0
-AAS/ICP Method after
sampling on EPM 2000 or
equivalent Filter paper.
- ED-XRF using Teflon filter
6
Lead(Pb), µg/m3
Annual
24 hours
7
Carbon Monoxide
(CO), mg/m3
8 hours
1 hour
5.0
10.0
2.0
4.0
1.0
2.0
02
04
02
04
-Non Dispersive Infra Red
(NDIR)
-Spectroscopy
8
Ammonia (NH3),
µg/m3
Annual
24 hours
100
400
100
400
100
400
100
400
100
400
-Chemiluminescence
- Indophenol- blue method
9
Benzene (C6H6),
µg/m3
Annual
-
-
-
05
05
- Gas chromatography based
continuous analyser
- Adsorption and
Desorption followed by GC
analysis
10
Benzo(a)Pyrene(Ba
P)particulate phase
only, ng/m3
Annual
-
-
-
01
01
Solvent extraction followed by
GC/HPLC analysis.
11
Arsenic(As), ng/m3
Annual
-
-
-
06
06
AAS/ICP Method after
sampling on EPM 2000 or
equivalent Filter paper
12
Nickel(Ni), ng/m3
Annual
-
-
-
20
20
AAS/ICP Method after
sampling on EPM 2000 or
equivalent Filter paper
Revised Standard - Criteria of Monitoring
• Monitoring needs to be done minimum 104 measurements in
a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at
uniform intervals.
• 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, as
applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year,
2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not two
consecutive days of monitoring.
• Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two
consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified
above for the respective category, it shall be considered
adequate reason to institute regular or continuous and
further investigation.
Challenges in Implementation
of Revised Standards
• Most of NAMP/SAMP operating institutes do not have
the required advance laboratory infrastructure.
• Skilled manpower requirement
• Large expenditure
• Monitoring of Benzene, O3, by manual method
mentioned in notification is very difficult.
• Though, SPM is not included in revised standards,
need to monitor in industrial area to establish corelation with PM10 and PM2.5 (Source standards are
in TPM
Too Many Sampling Chains!
• Handling two different instruments for sampling of
PM10 and PM2.5
• Metal pollutants sample source is GF filter paper
• Gaseous pollutants in liquid absorbing solutions
• U-Tube with dichromate paper for O3
• Organic pollutant with extra low rate sampler with
media tubes
Proposed Road Map
• Need to operationalise the NAMP/SAMP stations as
per NAAQMS 2009
• Need to ensure that the CAAQMS in industrial sector
are functional continuously and correctly.
• Need to initiate air quality monitoring for VOCs which
have been critical parameter in deciding pollution
index.
• Analysis and interpretation of data for development of
action plans and linkage to health studies, traffic
management, source inventory etc.
• Development of air quality index for dissemination of
air quality data for better understanding of air quality
• Promote air quality issues as Public Health Concern
I would like to acknowledge MPCB, my
previous organization, for the information
and data in the presentation
THANKS