SECTION (3): DRAFT PREPARATION OF TERMS OF REFERENCE (DWT)
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO YAMUNA ACTION PLAN
Yamuna Action Plan (YAP), initiated with the assistance of JBIC in 1993, is currently
being implemented along the entire stretch of Yamuna in the states of U.P., Haryana and
Delhi with the aim of water quality improvement of Yamuna. Until 2002, the first phase
of Yamuna Action Plan (YAP-I) was implemented with second phase to continue till
2009. Under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) project, sewage treatment facilities have
been created in towns of UP including Agra, Haryana and Delhi. New sewage treatment
facilities have been proposed based on the Decentralized Wastewater Treatment (DWT),
which is increasingly being seen as better alternative to Centralized Wastewater
Collection and Treatment in those areas which are not likely to be connected in near
future. Cheap and low maintenance technology options are being explored to adapt and
implement Decentralized Treatment Systems in India for Municipal Wastewater
Treatment. Reuse of Treated Wastewater is also being explored as a possible option for
reducing stress on water supply systems and improving the water quality in Yamuna
through reduced wastewater discharge. Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)
has shown an interest in facilitating a feasibility study for Techno-Economic and
Ecological viability of an Integrated Wastewater Management project based on
implementation of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment systems in water bodies/inland
lakes and implementation of Pilot Projects for demonstration, which would act as a model
for other facilities in Delhi, U.P. and Haryana.
The executing agency for YAP implementation is National River Conservation
Directorate (NRCD), Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India.
The physical implementation of the project components is being carried out by the
respective state agencies. In Delhi, part of implementation is the responsibility of the
Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). Government of India has already appointed
Project Management Consultant, having Tokyo Engineering Consultants (TEC) as the
lead partner.
3.2 PROJECT FOCUS
The Yamuna River and its floodplain represent a key fresh-water resource, although with
a deteriorating ecological quality as a result of water pollution. This document seeks to
address the problem of wastewater discharge into urban water bodies, through a
decentralized approach to wastewater treatment. This issue is more evident in the areas
that are un-sewered/inadequately sewered/ have non-functional or partly functional
wastewater management in various areas of Delhi, which lie within the jurisdiction of the
MCD.
Through the discharge of untreated sewage and the unmanaged surface runoff flowing
into these water bodies, their physical and ecological condition is very poor, often
resulting in offensive odour, breeding of mosquitoes, and other adverse effects to public
health. The dumping of solid waste, construction debris, and accumulation of refuse in
some of these water bodies has resulted in a further deterioration of this urban ecological
resource. By adopting more localized and decentralized wastewater treatment (DWT)
systems, it is possible to address the deteriorating condition of urban water bodies and
expect an improvement of the water quality, physical condition, and the ecological
quality of these urban water bodies.
Such an approach to DWT for water bodies shall also identify options for wastewater
reuse (from DWTs for activities such as ground water recharge, horticulture, pisciculture,
and agriculture irrigation). The approach shall further extend to address not only the
water bodies but also the water being received into them by natural or anthropogenic
processes.
Consultants are expected to outline a clear process for improvement of the same in the
context of water quality, physical characteristics, and ecological indicators. An essential
part of this effort will be to identify the mechanisms for long term sustainability of the
improvement actions proposed in terms of financial viability and community ownership.
3.3 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
3.3.1 Wastewater Generation and Sewerage System in Delhi
Water quality and wastewater treatment are one of the major issues facing the city of
Delhi. Delhi generates about 3600 MLD of wastewater out of which operational
treatment facility is available for 1680 MLD (Source: Central Pollution Control BoardAnnual Report 2001-2002). Delhi's population, which stood at 9.37 million in 1991, is
now estimated to be around 13 million, and is projected to rise to 20 million by 2010. A
total of 2083 MLD wastewater is generated within sewered areas of Delhi.
Even in the areas with sewer networks, all sources of wastewater (including households)
are not connected to the sewerage system. As a result, a significant volume of wastewater
generated remains untapped and finds its way into the open drains, which empty into
river Yamuna, contributing to its pollution load. The total amount of BOD, which is
released by direct house-connections or through the open drains does not reach to the
STPs in the same quantity, but gets exerted due to decomposition of organic matter
during course of travel. The extent of exertion can be indicated by the BOD
concentration in the sewage at the inlet of each STP.
Table 3.1: Pollution Load of Drains Meeting River Yamuna in Delhi 1 (January –
December 2001)
S. No. Drains
Flow
%
BOD Load
%
3
m /sec
Contribution Tonnes/day Contribution
1. Najafgarh Drain
23.85
51.51
78.13
25.12
2. Magazine Road
0.09
0.19
1.64
0.52
3. Sweepers Colony
1.21
2.61
1.04
0.33
4. Khyber Pass
0.06
0.12
0.06
0.02
5. Metcalf Drain
0.08
0.17
0.38
0.12
6. Mori Gate Drain
0.48
1.04
4.66
1.50
7. Tonga Stand
0.07
0.15
1.20
0.39
8. Civil Mill Drain
0.70
1.51
14.15
4.55
9. Power House
0.47
1.02
7.86
2.53
10. Moat Drain
0.03
0.06
0.19
0.06
11. Sen Nursing Home
1.86
4.02
34.28
11.02
12. Drain No. 12 A
0.23
0.50
0.69
0.22
13. Drain No. 14
1.59
3.43
15.27
4.91
14. Barapulla Drain
1.38
2.98
9.22
2.96
15. Maharani Bagh
1.09
2.35
32.78
10.54
16. Kalkaji Drain
0.09
0.19
0.36
0.12
17. Tuglakabad
0.14
0.30
1.23
0.39
18. Shahdara Drain
6.70
14.47
48.44
15.57
19. Sarita Vihar Drain
1.10
2.38
25.42
8.17
20. Drain Near LPG
0.48
1.04
2.74
0.88
Plant
21. Drain Near Bridge
4.49
9.70
29.66
9.53
Sarita Vihar
22. Tehkhand Drain
0.11
0.24
1.65
0.53
i. Total
46.30
100
311.05
100
It is observed that there are continuous efforts by Delhi Govt. to augment the treatment
capacity, improve sewerage systems, and reduce the pollution load entering the Yamuna.
However, the high rate of population growth, and the discharge of sewerage into the
urban water bodies and drains is nullifying the results. The gap between sewage
generation and treatment is widening in spite of the efforts of the authorities and
monitoring by the Hon’ble Supreme Court. Table 3.1 shows the pollution load of drains
meeting river Yamuna in Delhi.
Considering that more than 50% of the sewer lines do not reach the existing treatment
plants and reportedly about 90 km of the total 131 km of main trunk sewers have
collapsed while a majority of over 5,000 km network of branch sewers needs immediate
replacement, the crumbling sewage infrastructure is causing the wastewater to come
above ground in many places. As a result, sewage at certain locations finds its way into
1 Parivesh Newsletter: Highlights 2001, published by CPCB, Delhi
storm water drains and flows directly into rivers/ nallahs (drains) bypassing the treatment
plants. In addition, the sewage is often intentionally diverted from the trunk sewer lines to
storm water drains to avoid blockages and stagnation of wastewater, resulting in further
discharges into the rivers and drains. Under YAP–II, one of the major concerns is to
provide a viable wastewater management system that addresses the sewered and
unsewered wastewater being generated.
3.4 Problem Analysis
3.4.1 Water Bodies in Delhi
Numerous studies and exercises have been undertaken in the past to document and
characterize the state of water bodies in Delhi. The protection, management, and
restoration of these water bodies is of crucial importance as a contributor to the fresh
water resource in the city, as a means to recharge the groundwater, and for the
improvement of the urban environment.
Among these numerous water bodies, Delhi has about 38 lakes or natural depressions,
many of which are at the verge of extinction due to rapid urbanization of the city. Delhi
Tourism has identified as may as 15 ancient lakes within the city limit for reclamation
and restoration of water quality.
Information on these selected lakes/reservoirs and their existing uses are presented in
Table 3.2 while Table 3.3 indicates the trace metals in Water of Lakes and Reservoirs in
Delhi.
Table 3.2: Lakes/Reservoirs in Delhi and their existing uses:
S. Lakes/Reservoir
Location
Existing Uses
No.
1. Bhalswa Lake
Bhalswa
Tourism
2.
Naini Lake
Model Town
3.
Jehangirpuri Marsh
4.
Mundella Khurd
Jehangirpuri near J.J.
Colony
Mundella Kalan
5.
Mayapuri Lake
Mayapuri
6.
Harinagar Lake (Tihar Jheel)
Hari Nagar
7.
Dwarka Depression
Papankalan
8.
Bagdola Pond
Bagdola, Papankalan
9.
Sanjay Lake
Trilokpuri
10. Seelampur Depression
Seelampur
11. Jhilmil Colony Depression
Jhilmil Colony Opp.
Police Station
Barapulia
12. Jhilmil Colony Lake near Hanuman
Mandir
13. Duckweed Pond
14. Fish Pond
Wazirabad
Wazirabad
Tourism, wildlife,
fishing
Dumping of waste,
construction material,
Cattle wading,
sewage from adjoining
wastewater discharge
Dumping
areas etc. of solid
from village,
waste, construction
Tourism,
cultivationfishing
etc.
material, sewage
Automobile
waste
discharges from
discharge,
cattle
slums,
open
Tourism,
fishing
wading
defecation
Tourism, wildlife,
fishing
Wastewater discharge
from adjoining
Cattle wading, open
colonies, open
defecation
Waste
water
defecation
discharge, open
Duckweed culture,
defecation
fish culture, waste
Fish culture
water treatment
Table 3.3 : Trace Metals in Water of Lakes and Reservoirs in Delhi
S. No. Lakes/Reservoirs
Trace Metals, mg/l
Cadmium Chromium Copper
Iron
Nickel Lead
1. Sanjay Lake
NT
0.02
NT
0.58
NT
NT
2. Tihar Jheel
NT
NT
NT
3.72
NT
NT
3. Naini Lake
NT
NT
NT
0.70
0.20
NT
4. Jhilmil Colony
NT
0.19
1.42
21.38
0.17
NT
Lake
5. Bhalsawa Lake
NT
NT
NT
0.75
0.04
NT
6. Mayapuri Lake
NT
0.01
0.01
0.28
NT
NT
7. Mundella Khurd
NT
0.07
0.07
15.38
0.32
NT
8. Dwarka Lake
NT
NT
0.01
3.36
NT
NT
9. Bagdola Pond
NT
0.02
NT
0.49
NT
NT
10. Duckweed Pond
NT
NT
NT
0.39
NT
NT
11. Fish Pond
NT
0.05
0.02
13.99
NT
NT
Zinc
0.06
NT
NT
0.79
NT
NT
0.09
NT
NT
0.03
0.01
The project proposed will examine these, and all other water bodies within Delhi,
which are adversely affected by the discharge of sewage, with the intent of
developing a master plan for a decentralized system for treatment of wastewater
entering these water bodies.
3.4.2 Water Quality in Water Bodies
Most water bodies in Delhi are shallow and are silt laden which normally absorb sunrays
and warm up more rapidly than clear water. Tihar Jheel and Dwarka Lake were the
typical example of such phenomenon. The pH of water in various water bodies ranged
between 7.00 to 8.04. The high values of conductivity in water of lakes indicate high
level of dissolved solids, causing ionic imbalance in a water body to an extent, which
may disrupts aquatic life. Maximum concentration of total dissolved solids (4002 mg/l)
leading to very high conductivity (6160.0 µmhos/cm2) of water was observed in
Bhalsawa Lake. The increased dissolved oxygen levels in the lakes during daytime depict
eutrophic conditions in most lakes/reservoirs. The nutrient level of the lakes in the form
of BOD, COD, Nitrites, Nitrates, Phosphates etc. have been found quite elevated. Almost
all the lakes/ reservoirs have been affected by faecal contamination. The sources of
increased number of total coliforms indicate soil-originated contamination of the water
bodies.
3.4.3 Background Studies
Under Yamuna Action Plan Phase – I, a study was conducted in year 2001 to find out the
options of treatment of wastewater from unauthorised areas or areas where the sewerage
facility could not be provided up to 10 years. It was proposed that Decentralised Waste
water Treatment (DWT) is the suitable option.
Subsequently, MCD conducted a study of major water bodies to explore options to
protect the existing water bodies. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the scope
of decentralised wastewater management in urban setting like Delhi, the technologies
best suited to serve each area, and the options available for wastewater reuse for non
potable purposes and / or ground water recharge. Based on the above study, site visits
were taken by MCD and a few sites were identified for DWT implementation.
3.5 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
The decentralized concept of wastewater management provides a framework for an
"alternative" to the conventional, centralized system, and which in many situations may
also be more fiscally reasonable, more socially responsible, and more environmentally
benign than conventional practice. The decentralized concept holds that wastewater
should be treated-and beneficially reused, where practical, as close as possible to where it
is generated, with the least capital cost, operating cost and implementation time. DWT
makes sewerage treatment a sustainable activity. As the concept suggests, the
decentralization process dictates that the overall systems would be composed of many
small wastewater collection/treatment facilities. Large catchments areas would be divided
into a number of smaller zones with independent treatment facilities. Also the
decentralized concept systems can be designed and installed in response to development
only as it occurs.
Broadly stated, DWT examines conventional and other low-cost, low-tech sewerage
design and construction practices and adjusts them to reflect the environment and
affordability of recipient communities. In most cases this produces a reduction in cost but
there is also some easing of institutional responsibility. The DWT system may also
comprise of several smaller subsystems for collection, treatment and reuse, allowing
expansion and replication as the demands of the community increase.
Advantages of opting for Decentralized wastewater management Systems
 Increased use of onsite management to remove grit and bulk solid matters.
 Lesser cost of sewage collection and management of sewerage system, Use of
alternative collection systems by avoiding big pumping stations
 Easy management of the wastewater due to its lesser volume, Cost effective
treatment technology, Treatment processes tailored to the wastewater stream from
each separate subsystem.
 Progressive construction possible as modules. No need for large investments in
main trunk sewers and lift stations to transport wastewater away from the
communities to the wastewater treatment plants. In contrast, intensive investment
has to be made for centralized systems, which often are initially oversized but
become undersized.
 Because less depth trench is used, construction will be quicker.
 Reuse opportunities are often within or near the generating community for
landscaping, and agriculture for industry for revenue to operate the existing
treatment system.
 Involvement of people/builders/developers in the wastewater treatment and
management.
 Decentralized management retains polluting fecal matter closer to its source and
thus reduces the spread of pollution.

The probability of simultaneous failure of all smaller systems is significantly
lower than that of failure of one system serving all the community.
3.5.1 Considerations for Development of DWT for Urban Water Bodies
Taking into consideration the available water in the water bodies, the available space
around the water body, associated societal use and practices related to the water and the
water body, the contributors to its pollution, and the desired end-purpose, the design of an
appropriate DWT system and water body improvement program can be undertaken.
3.5.2 Technology Options
Technology assessment is required to identify feasible options of treatment of municipal
wastewater and to review the state of the art. While the focus of this project is to review
low-cost systems such as constructed wetlands, oxidation ponds, and aerated lagoons,
etc., the technological diversity in the development of these requires careful
consideration, especially in the context of operation and maintenance efforts.
A. Wetland Systems
"Natural wetlands are considered to be areas where the water surface is at or above the
ground surface for a long enough time each year to maintain saturated soil conditions and
the growth of related vegetation." These natural systems have inherent ecological
characteristics to treat the water, improving its quality, providing natural habitat flora and
fauna, and promoting the recharge of groundwater aquifers.
Mimicking the functional benefits of these natural systems, artificially constructed
wetlands are developed to help improve water quality through the use of naturally
occurring plants, micro-organisms, and other natural processes.
There are three major types of constructed wetlands that mimic these natural systems:
Free Water Surface (FWS), Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSF) and Vertical Flow (VF)
systems. These systems consist of a series of connected ponds or reed beds through
which the wastewater flows. All constructed wetlands are designed to prevents untreated
wastewater from infiltrating and potentially contaminating groundwater. Aquatic plants
are introduced within constructed wetland systems that are capable of thriving in
saturated, nutrient-rich conditions. Because constructed wetlands mimic natural native
systems, there is often a level of increasing native species diversity as the system
progresses and nutrient and organic compound levels decrease.
B. Functions of Wetlands
The following functions are processes that occur because of the physical and biological
character of wetlands. They reflect the primarily hydraulic nature of these sites:
- Groundwater Recharge
- Groundwater Discharge
- Floodwater Alteration
- Sediment Stabilization
- Sediment/Toxic Retention
-
Nutrient Removal/Transformation
Production Export
Aquatic diversity/Abundance
Wildlife Diversity Abundance
C. On-site treatment system
In case of lake or pond where the wastewater from the nearby populated area flows
directly into it, treatment techniques can be provided depending on the space available,
inclusive of the water body and the land around it, to treat the wastewater flowing into
the water body.
D. Riverine Wetlands
"Riverine" refers to a class of wetland that has a floodplain or riparian geomorphic
setting. The water sources for the riverine class are precipitation, surface flow, and
groundwater discharge. Surface flow consists of overbank flow when channel capacity is
exceed by discharge and overland flow that parallels the soil service when precipitation
fails to infiltrate. The groundwater source includes discharge from saturated and
unsaturated sources.
The continuous nature of these three sources makes it difficult to separate classes based
on water source alone. Riverine wetlands occur in floodplains and riparian corridors in
association with stream and river channels. They continue upstream until the features of
channel (bed) and bank disappear, and are replaced by slope wetlands, poorly drained
flats, depressions, or uplands. Large riverine wetlands may themselves contain sites with
affinities to other classes. Rivers and floodplains are assumed to be integral parts of the
riverine wetland ecosystem.
3.5.3 Financial Options
A. Financial sustainability and Commercial operation options
Any proposed system should aim at utilising the available resources in a gainful and
sustainable manner, and achieve multiple benefits of specific area pollution control,
wastewater treatment, area development and resource conservation. If appropriately
implemented and sustained, it will lead to significant benefits to the local community in
terms of improved hygiene, improvements in groundwater and surface-water quality and
development of regular source of revenue through commercial utilisation (developing it
in terms of tourism potential). The financial viability as per the feasible options identified
for revenue generation are important for sustaining the project.
It is proposed that the system once developed be operated and maintained through the
generation of funds from activities directly associated with the water body, providing
financial sustainability as well as eliminating the financial burden from the MCD. This
can be achieved through a variety of financial instruments, the design and selection of
which has to be undertaken by the consultant. For eg. “Corpus Fund” can be formed and
maintained by the O&M agency under supervision of Municipal Corporation of Delhi
(MCD) to ensure self sustainable and efficient plant functioning. Development of a
Corpus fund is also required to fill in the yawning gaps in municipal finance structure
particularly where the demand innovation and the commercialization of urban
infrastructure can promote development of financial resources. The system of fiscal
Transfer from Central to State and State to Local Bodies which takes its toll on
operational mechanisms that withers out due to un-organised transfer mechanism.
Source of corpus fund
Utilisation
Advantage
Cannot be spent on
- receipt of part revenue of
funds from sale of tickets
from the Amusement park
(for eg: Indian
Amusements International
Ltd.)
- area cleanliness and
development
- Expansion of Resource
Base for Stable Revenue
of Local Bodies
- receipt of funds from
sale of by-products by the
contractor
- Other financially
viable social
development themes
for these existing
clusters
- The funds may not
be spent in
development of a
new facility formed
by private sector,
funds where
government was
already spending its
resources and for
funding government
budgeted
expenditure.
- receipt of budgeted
expenditures
- cleaning of waters
and clogging of drains
- O&M of the facility
- Improved and better
Financial Management;
- Set the tune for
investing by private
sector in municipal
services that can have
commercial returns and
share the returns with the
community.
The funds shall be kept in a separate bank account which shall have a committee (co-opted from
one member each from each of the clustered unauthorized colonies cooperative) formed of the
following:
- Nominated MCD official
- Two nominated persons from such a cooperative (s)
Opportunities for revenue considerations shall be examined from direct and indirect
activities associated with the water body improvement, including but not limited to
horticulture, pisciculture, recreation benefits, and from possible concessionaire facilities,
interpretive centers, and other recreational support activities.
3.5.4 O&M Options
The consultant shall assist in developing comprehensive operation and maintenance
guidelines, keeping in mind the existing institutional structures, suggesting
implementable revisions to the same, and ensuring a self-sustaining delivery mechanism
for all O&M activities. The active role for community participation in the design and
implementation of these O&M practices is expected.
Subsequent to the implementation of the pilot activities under this project, the lessons
learned from the implementation and O&M activities will be incorporated into the
documents prepared in the Feasibility Study stage.
3.5.5 Establishing Memorandum of Understanding
To ensure continued ownership by the public, or by organizations having adequate
capacity in developing, operating, and maintaining the water bodies such that the intent
of water quality and ecological improvement are ensured, it is proposed that
comprehensive Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) be developed establishing
responsibilities for the governmental agency (MCD in this case) and the participating
organizations.
Such an agreement between the identified O&M organization, the MCD, and the existing
community should be made for sustainability of the plant and collaborative participation.
The O&M agency will maintain and improve the water body and do area development
through part of the revenue generated from commercial utilisation while the community
will serve as the ‘watchdog’ to ensure that the efforts are in line with expectations.
3.6 Objectives of Proposed Project
Towards fulfilment of the key objectives of YAP- :”To abate the pollution load and
improve the water quality of the river Yamuna“, it is now proposed to develop a
comprehensive master plan for the water bodies in Delhi, conduct a detailed feasibility
for setting up a sustainable facility that will also help in area development and enhance
the water quality and pilot implementation at two sites.
3.6.1 Project Components and Activities
The specific project components for implementing DWT project for Stage I are listed
below:
Component 1:
Component 2:
Component 3:
Master Plan:
Feasibility Study:
Selection of area and technology, Signing of MoU (s) and RFP
Preparation:
PMC will assist PIAs and in appointment of the scheme consultants for preparing the
master plan, DPR, monitoring and reviews etc. Available secondary data and digital
satellite imagery with landmarks and locality names will be provided. It is expected that
this data will be augmented with project information and will be provided back to MCD
in digital, GIS-ready format as advised by MCD, for inclusion in the YAP-II database.
The schedule limits of each component individually are given under each component
head, with the total duration of all three components together being limited to a period of
9 months. It is expected that timeline of works on individual components will overlap on
some activities.
3.6.1.1 Component 1: Preparation of Master Plan
Expected Duration: 5 months
Objectives:
The objective of this component of the study are:






To document the existing water bodies based on satellite imagery provided by the
client, available secondary data on location of water bodies, and other information
collected by the consultant.
To prepare baseline conditions report for major water bodies affected by sewage
discharge, documenting:
o Comprehensive data for water bodies such as quality of water including
microbiological data, hydrological and topographical information, land
ownership, and source of water, approximate flows, and associated water
quality of influent.
o The current and past ecological status of water bodies
o Comprehensive socio-economic data regarding the community surrounding
the water bodies, information regarding slum clusters, unauthorized
colonies near by water body, through secondary sources and by conducting
socio-economic surveys including site specific data collection
o The status of sewerage infrastructure at and within close proximity to the
water body and study the wastewater systems and estimate pollution load
entering water bodies through various drains
To review the different DWT technologies in the context of low-tech, more
naturalized systems
Prepare comprehensive master plan based on above findings with special
emphasis on institutional, O&M, and revenue issues for sustainability
To identify and prioritize the water bodies for which feasibility study should be
conducted
Activities: Identification and Documentation of Water Bodies
Using the satellite imagery provided, the consultant will use GIS-based techniques for
identification of water bodies and undertake field verification to ensure accuracy of
database. Data provided by MCD and that collected from other secondary sources will be
used to support the documentation and development of the attribute database.

Activities: Baseline Conditions Report
The consultant would carry out the task of baseline information collection. The baseline
data would be collected for all the potential sites and would include water and wastewater
data, soil data, groundwater data, climate meteorology, social, environmental data,
hydrological and topographical/engineering surveys. Information regarding unauthorised
areas/slums situated near the water body and the waste flowing into it should also be
collected.

The information would need to be sourced, reconciled and corrected from multiple
sources. Complete physical survey of the city may be required for collecting the data
required for the detailed analysis and assessment of the project.
Activities: Review of DWT technologies
Consultant will review the potential natural technologies for DWT systems for the unsewered parts of Delhi for both authorized and unauthorised areas of Delhi. The

consultant would also carry out a review of previous interventions for implementation of
DWT in India. The work of the review would enlist the lessons learnt from the
implementation and operation of similar DWT projects in the past and recommend
strategies and measures to eliminate the problems encountered with the technology.
A literature review would be conducted in the process for arriving at standardized design
criteria for development of future DWT projects. The literature review would comprise of
DWT experience in Indian and international conditions. Based on this literature review,
application of DWT Technology in different situations would be assessed. Comparative
information on system design parameters, implementation costs, water quality
improvement potential, and O&M costs will be summarized to provide guidance in the
selection of appropriate technology for DWT systems and facilitate future planning and
implementation.
Master Plan For DWT Applications for Urban Water Bodies for Delhi
After collection of Baseline Information a detailed master plan for improvement of water
quality of urban water bodies through DWT technology will be prepared.

Under this plan the consultant will be required to ascertain the potential for water quality
improvement based on the existing water body condition, quality of influent, and water
quality improvement potential linked to potential DWT systems and water body
remediation plans. The potential for improvement of water quality must be correlated
with the use standards prescribed by CPCB for the end-use criteria of the treated water
and for the water body. This master plan will act as a guide for prioritizing the water
bodies for the feasibility study and for subsequently facilitating the replication of the pilot
plants implemented under this project. It is expected that the individual DWT facilities
will work in co-ordination of one and other, in order to improve the water quality of
Delhi as a whole.
The feasibility of reuse of the treated wastewater from the DWT facility and all potential
end-uses of such water, including irrigation, industrial use, groundwater recharge or any
other use depending on the quality of the treated water, must be considered in the master
plan. The reuse/reutilization strategies would assess the techno-economic feasibility of
diverting treated water flow to the end-users and/or recharging the groundwater without
deteriorating the quality of the aquifer storage.
While developing the master plan, the consultant will also take into considerations
variations in approach and design strategy based on land-ownership of the water bodies
and immediately adjacent spaces, the institutional, regulatory, and legal structure for
managing the water bodies, and the financial viability for sustained O&M.
The desired objective of this master plan will be to achieve the desired ecological balance
of these water bodies while enhancing their recreational utility and achieving
sustainability of the water quality improvement objective.
Activities: Prioritization of Water Bodies for Feasibility Study
Based on the collected information, guidance received through public participation, and
professional knowledge base, the consultant will be required to develop a model to
categorize and prioritize the water bodies within the project area for subsequent detailed
feasibility study. This evaluative model must take into account and balance
considerations of technical, financial, ecological, and sociological objectives.
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This would give a road map for implementation of the Decentralized Wastewater
Treatment Systems in Delhi along with selection of appropriate technologies based on the
site conditions along with the reuse plan for reuse of treated wastewater.
3.6.1.2 Component 2: Feasibility Study
Duration: 4 months, with end point no later than 8th month of overall project
Objectives:
The objectives of this component are to:
 Assess the feasibility of adopting DWT technology as a wastewater treatment
alternative in urban water bodies affected by sewage discharge
 Identify priority works, including but not limited to decentralized systems for
wastewater management, treatment, and disposal
 Identify locations and appropriate technology
 Conduct feasibility study on priority works and develop an appropriate
Environmental Management Plan for sustainable operation of the Decentralised
Wastewater Treatment Facility with minimum environmental impacts
 Explore options for area development and financial support for sustained O&M
efforts
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Activity: Assess Technical Feasibility
Detailing out the technical difficulties in implementation of the DWT Technology in an
urban setting like Delhi and the technical feasibility of creating a treatment facility based
on DWT technology. The technical feasibility of reusing the treated wastewater after
exploring all the reuse options and the requirements for advanced treatment. Feasibility
of each alternative shall be discussed and documented.
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Activity: Identify Priority works
Based on the recommendations of the master plan, most important thing is to identify
priority works and assess the technical, environmental, financial, socio economical
feasibility of those.
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Activities: Assessment of Location
Based on available data on sewerage networks, un-sewered areas will be identified to
prioritize potential water bodies for developing DWT projects. Presence of an existing
wastewater collection along with availability of space would be a major factor in
assessing the feasibility of developing the DWT systems. Ideally the land availability
should be such that the pumping requirements are minimum and the source water body is
in close proximity to the identified location.
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Consultant will conduct a site inspection of the proposed location of the treatment facility
and constructed wetlands to determine if the site is generally acceptable. Generally, a site
well-suited for constructed wetlands is conveniently located to the source of wastewater,
provides adequate space, is gently sloping, contains soils that can be sufficiently
compacted to minimize seepage, is above the water table, is not in a floodplain, will not
impact threatened or endangered species, and does not contain significant archeological
or historic resources.
Activity: Environmental, Financial, and Economic Feasibility
A detailed analysis of the environmental, ecological, and social feasibility of DWT as
wastewater treatment systems in urban settings like Delhi and problems in its
implementation will be document. A detailed cost-benefit analysis for the project
detailing out the financial and economic costs and benefits of the pilot plant shall be
carried out as part of the feasibility report. This will give a strong basis for taking
decision on wider implementation of project at other locations.
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Activity: Area Development Options
Based on site conditions of the prioritized water bodies, area development options will be
explored and discussed with the public through workshops. The development options can
include active and passive recreation facilities, supporting infrastructure and public
faciltieis like toilets, public safety and information kiosks, interpretive centers,
concessionaire facilities, and maintenance support facilities. The development
considerations for these are to include public acceptance, conformity to masterplan and
local area development plans, as well as conformity with water quality and ecological
considerations. The area development plans also have to consider the need to generate
adequate revenue to address the sustained O&M efforts.
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Preparation of the Detailed Feasibility Assessment Report
The final report comprising of the findings of the above activities along with the detailed
financial and technical assessment of DWT systems in Delhi and a strategies for reuse of
treated wastewater would be prepared including the cost estimation for the proposed pilot
projects.
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The feasibility study should include the following contents in preparation of DPR:
 Design influent and effluent wastewater characteristics including flow (average
and peaks), BOD5, TSS, pH, NH3 -N, Faecal Coliform, Total Coliform, any
industrial flows, and any other plant specific considerations or limitations.
 Estimates of past and projected flows with measured verifications of current flow,
documenting sources of polluted water
 Establishment of wastewater discharge and reuse objectives and related water
quality standards, with correlating economic costs for achieving the treatment
quality.
 Proposed and selected treatment alternatives including flow schematics, mass
balance for liquid and sludge, design criteria, sizes of unit operation / unit process,
sizes of major equipment and proposed operating conditions.
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Description of any existing and proposed facilities including flow schematics,
sizes of unit operation / unit process, details of materials/ plant materials to be
used, sizes of major equipment and structures, and proposed operating conditions.
Sludge and Vegetation Removal and Disposal methods and Construction cost
estimates.
Options for consideration for site development and economic recovery options
Landscape and architectural controls for site and facility development
Options for sustained O&M wth special emphasis on community involvement
Preparation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study
As part of the feasibility assessment of the project, an Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment study as per the JBIC norms and guidelines would be conducted for the
proposed Pilot Plants to assess the ecological and social viability of the DWT technology
in the area. The EIA report would suggest an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
and a Social Integration Plan (SIP) to mitigate any possible negative environmental or
social impacts of the project.

The EIA study would include Social Impact Assessment as an essential part of the study.
In the EIA study, evaluation of all the alternative sites would be performed which were
selected in the preliminary analysis based on the potential Environmental and Social
Impacts of the project. The EIA would recommend a minimum of two sites from the
above, which will be further examined in detailed for the feasibility analysis. The social
assessment will also be required to establish an understanding of the community and
stakeholders associated with the facility locations for which feasibility study is being
undertaken. Public Participation and Public Awareness shall be carried out as guided by
established norms of EIA study, professional practice, and understanding of the
consultant.
3.6.1.3 Component 3: Selection of Area and Technology, Signing of MoU (s) and
RFP Preparation:
Duration: 4 months, with end point no later than 9th month of overall project
Objectives:
 Selection of site and technology for implementation of pilot project
 Develop and signing of MoU (s) between stakeholders i.e. community and the
private sector for O&M
 Agreement signed for sustainable Operation and Maintenance
 Preparation of EOI/RFP documents as per JBIC guidelines including
identification of scope of work, cost estimation etc for DPR preparation in Stage
II.
Activity: Identification of pilot plant location and technology
The study will focus on at least two water bodies based on the feasibility studies. This
would involve a detailed assessment of the condition of the water body. As stated earlier,
the objective of the pilot intervention is to successfully demonstrate suitability of the
recommended system and the technology. Therefore, the consultant is required to assess
socio-political, infrastructural, and institutional aspects of the target water body and
devise an appropriate institutional and financial mechanism for anchoring such a system.
It will be noted that the pilot plant will be installed only at the two identified sites.
Detailed site survey and measurements will be carried out for the locations prioritized
through the feasibility study.
Activity: Preparation of System and Facility Design
a. System Design
After the completion of the Environmental Impact Assessment study, a minimum of
two sites would be selected for detailed designing.
The System Designs would include detailed process design, engineering design,
facility layouts and schematics, construction schedule and the expected costs of
construction. The designs will clearly account for disposal/treatment of any wastes
arising out of the treatment facility including sludge.
The designed capacity of the plant would be based on:

the available budget

area available for construction of a Pilot Plant

maximum flow of the wastewater expected from the source
These detailed designs will be used as templates for the preparation of tender
documents for construction contract and bid evaluation.
b. Design of Treatment Facilities
The consultant is required to assess the capacity of the pilot treatment facilities
possible at the two sites (minimum 2 MLD) considering the land and budget
available and the maximum capacity of the pilot plant which can be achieved would
be chosen for that site. The design of the treatment facility should be based on the
system designs developed and should be such as to achieve the objectives of
wastewater quality improvement and should be in conformance with established
standards for wastewater disposal.
The designs will also include guidance for landscaping and for development of site
area available at the treatment facility, keeping in mind the reuse strategies for
treated water, ecological and environmental considerations, and options for
generating economic return.
Activity: Signing of MoU (s)
Consultant will develop the suitable MoU(s) focussing on O&M and area development
between stakeholders i.e. community and the O&M agency.
Activity: Preparation of EOI/RFP documents
Consultant shall prepare Expression of Interest (EOI) / Request For Proposal (RFP)
documents as per JBIC Guidelines incorporating identification of scope of work, cost
estimation etc. for Detailed Project Report (DPR) preparation for 2 pilot plants in Stage
II.
During the project implementation, the Consultant will submit the following reports:
 Inception report within 1 month
 Interim report after 3 months
 Progress report after 6 months
 Draft final report after 7.5 months. The Employer shall provide comments to the
report in one month.
 Final report / project completion report, describing project components as per
JBIC Guidelines, after nine months.
For all reports, 10 copies will be submitted to the Employer along with an electronic /
soft copy.