1. Which of the following plant structures is not matched to its correct function?
a. Stomata—allow gas transfer
b. Tracheids—allow the movement of water and mineral
c. Cuticle—prevents desiccation
d. All of the above are matched correctly
The correct answer is d—
A. Answer a is incorrect. Although this is a correct function, it is not the only correct
answer.
The correct answer is d—
B. Answer b is incorrect. Although this is a correct function, it is not the only correct
answer.
The correct answer is d—
C. Answer c is incorrect. Although this is a correct function, it is not the only correct
answer.
The correct answer is d—All of the above are matched correctly
D. Answer d is correct. Each structure is matched to its correct function.
2. In the following diagram, which box represents reduction division from a 2n state
to a 1n state?
a. Box a
b. Box b
c. Box c
d. None of the boxes represent reduction division
The correct answer is a—Box a
A. Answer a is correct. Reduction division is also known as meiosis. In plants
meiosis produces 1n spores from a 2n sporangia.
The correct answer is a—
B. Answer b is incorrect. This box represents mitosis, which does not reduce the
chromosome number.
The correct answer is a—
C. Answer c is incorrect. This box represents fertilization, which increases rather
than reduces the chromosome number.
The correct answer is a—
D. Answer d is incorrect. Recall that reduction division is also known as meiosis.
3. Which of the following species most likely directly gave rise to the land plants?
a. Volvox
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b. Chlamydomonas
c. Ulva
d. Chara
The correct answer is d—
A. Answer a is incorrect. Volvox is a chlorophyte. This group did not give rise to the
land plants.
The correct answer is d—
B. Answer b is incorrect. Chlamydomonas is a chlorophyte. This group did not give
rise to the land plants.
The correct answer is d—
C. Answer c is incorrect. Ulva is a chlorophyte. This group did not give rise to the
land plants.
The correct answer is d—Chara
D. Answer d is correct. Chara is a charophyte and is the closest link to the land
plants on this list.
4. Which of the following would not be found in a member of the bryophytes?
a. Mycorrhizal associations
b. Rhizoids
c. Tracheid cells
d. Photosynthetic gametophytes
The correct answer is c—
A. Answer a is incorrect. Mycorrhizal associations with the fungi are common in the
bryophytes.
The correct answer is c—
B. Answer b is incorrect. Rhizoids are rootlike structures found in some bryophytes.
The correct answer is c—Tracheid cells
C. Answer c is correct. Tracheid cells transport minerals and water and are not found
in the bryophytes, although they have other specialized transport cells.
The correct answer is c—
D. Answer d is correct. The gametophyte stage of the bryophytes is photosynthetic.
5. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the bryophytes?
a. The bryophytes represent a monophyletic clade.
b. The sporophyte stage of all bryophytes is photosynthetic.
c. Archegonium and antheridium represent haploid structures that produce
reproductive cells.
d. Stomata are common to all bryophytes.
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The correct answer is c—
A. Answer a is incorrect. Bryophytes are polyphyletic.
The correct answer is c—
B. Answer b is incorrect. Although the sporophyte stage of a hornwort is
photosynthetic, the gametophyte stages of the liverworts and mosses are
photosynthetic.
The correct answer is c—Archegonium and antheridium represent haploid structures that
produce reproductive cells.
C. Answer c is correct. These structures are examples of gametangia, the sperm- and
egg-producing areas of the gametophyte.
The correct answer is c—
D. Answer d is incorrect. The liverworts lack stomata.
6. The lack of seeds is a characteristic of all ___________.
a. lycophytes
b. gymnosperms
c. tracheophyte
d. gnetophytes
The correct answer is a—lycophytes
A. Answer a is correct. Club mosses lack seeds.
The correct answer is a—
B. Answer b is incorrect. Gymnosperms possess seeds, although these are not
covered by a fruit.
The correct answer is a—
C. Answer c is incorrect. Tracheophytes include all plants that possess vascular
tissue, this includes the seed plants.
The correct answer is a—
D. Answer d is incorrect. Gnetophytes possess seeds.
7. Which of the following structures contains the fern sporangia?
a. Archegoniua
b. Rhizomes
c. Phloem
d. Sori
The correct answer is d—
A. Answer a is incorrect. The archegonium is found on the gametophyte.
The correct answer is d—
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B. Answer b is incorrect. The rhizome is the underground stem of the fern.
The correct answer is d—
C. Answer c is incorrect. Phloem is a form of vascular tissue.
The correct answer is d—Sori
D. Answer d is correct. Refer to Figure 30.17.
8. Which of the following adaptations allowed plants to pause their life cycle until
environmental conditions are optimal?
a. Stomata
b. Phloem and xylem
c. Seeds
d. Flowers
The correct answer is c—
A. Answer a is incorrect. Stomata are involved in gas exchange.
The correct answer is c—
B. Answer b is incorrect. Phloem and xylem are forms of vascular tissue.
The correct answer is c—Seeds
C. Answer c is correct. Seeds provide a source of protection and nutrition for a plant
embryo.
The correct answer is c—
D. Answer d is incorrect. Flowers are primarily associated with the attraction of
pollinators.
9. Which of the following gymnosperms possesses a form of vascular tissue that is
similar to that found in the angiosperms?
a. Cycads
b. Gnetophytes
c. Ginkophyta
d. Conifers
The correct answer is b—
A. Answer a is incorrect.
The correct answer is b—Gnetophytes
B. Answer b is correct. This tissue is called a vessel.
The correct answer is b—
C. Answer c is incorrect.
The correct answer is b—
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D. Answer d is incorrect.
10. The drug ephedrine is derived from a species of ___________.
a. angiosperm
b. cycad
c. gnetophyte
d. conifer
The correct answer is c—
A. Answer a is incorrect. Ephedrine is not a product of this group.
The correct answer is c—
B. Answer b is incorrect. Ephedrine is not a product of this group.
The correct answer is c—gnetophyte
C. Answer c is correct. Ephedrine is derived from the Ephedra species.
The correct answer is c—
D. Answer d is incorrect. Ephedrine is not a product of this group.
11. In a pine tree, the microspores and megaspores are produced by the process of
_________.
a. fertilization
b. mitosis
c. fusion
d. meiosis
The correct answer is d—
A. Answer a is incorrect. See Figure 30.19.
The correct answer is d—
B. Answer b is incorrect. See Figure 30.19.
The correct answer is d—
C. Answer c is incorrect. See Figure 30.19.
The correct answer is d—meiosis
D. Answer d is correct.
12. Which of the following terms is NOT associated with a male portion of a plant?
a. Megaspore
b. Antheridium
c. Pollen grains
d. Microspore
The correct answer is a—Megaspore
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A. Answer a is correct. The megaspore develops into a female gametophyte.
The correct answer is a—
B. Answer b is incorrect. This is a male structure.
The correct answer is a—
C. Answer c is incorrect. This is a male structure.
The correct answer is a—
D. Answer d is incorrect. This is a male structure.
13. Which of the following whorls contains the carpels?
a. The sepal
b. The androecium
c. The gynoecium
d. The petals
The correct answer is c—
A. Answer a is incorrect. Review Figure 20.24.
The correct answer is c—
B. Answer b is incorrect. Review Figure 20.24.
The correct answer is c—The gynoecium
C. Answer c is correct.
The correct answer is c—
D. Answer d is incorrect. Review Figure 20.24.
14. In double fertilization, one sperm produces a diploid ________, and the other
produces a triploid ___________.
a. zygote; primary endosperm
b. primary endosperm; microspore
c. antipodal; zygote
d. polar nuclei; zygote
The correct answer is a—zygote; primary endosperm
A. Answer a is correct.
The correct answer is a—
B. Answer b is incorrect. The primary endosperm is usually triploid, and
microspores are not produced by double fertilization.
The correct answer is a—
C. Answer c is incorrect. Antipodal refers to nonfunctioning egg cells, and zygotes
are diploid.
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The correct answer is a—
D. Answer d is incorrect. Polar nuclei are not produced by double fertilization, and
zygotes are diploid.
15. Which of the following potentially represents the oldest known living species of
Angiosperm?
a. Cooksonia
b. Chlamydomonas
c. Archaefructus
d. Ambroella
The correct answer is d—
A. Answer a is incorrect. Cooksonia was the first vascular land plant.
The correct answer is d—
B. Answer b is incorrect. Chlamydomonas is a species of green alga (Chlorophyta).
The correct answer is d—
C. Answer c is incorrect. Archaefructus is extinct.
The correct answer is d—Ambroella
D. Answer d is correct. Ambroella represents a line of angiosperms dating back
almost 135 million years.
Challenge Questions
1. You have been hired as a research assistant to investigate the origins of the
angiosperms, specifically the boundary between a gymnosperm and an
angiosperm. What characteristics would you use to clearly define a new fossil as a
gymnosperm? An angiosperm?
Answer—Answers to this question may vary. However, gymnosperms are defined as
“naked” seed plants. Therefore, an ovule that is not completely protected by sporophyte
tissue would be characteristic of a gymnosperm. To be classified as an angiosperm,
evidence of flower structures and double fertilization are key characteristics, although
double fertilization has been observed in some gnetophytes.
2. What are the benefits and drawbacks of self-pollination for a flowering plant?
Explain your answer.
Answer—The purpose of pollination is to bring together the male and female gametes
for sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is designed to increase the genetic
variability of a species. If a plant allows self-pollination, then the amount of genetic
diversity will be reduced, but this is a better alternative than not reproducing at all. This
would be especially useful in species in which the individuals are widely dispersed.
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3. The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators is often used as an
example of coevolution. Many flowering plant species have flower structures that
are adaptive to a single species of pollinator. What are the benefits and drawbacks
of using such a specialized relationship?
Answer—The benefit is that by developing a relationship with a specific pollinator, the
plant species increases the chance that its pollen will be brought to another member of its
species for pollination. If the pollinator is a generalist, then the pollinator might not travel
to another member of the same species, and pollination would not occur. The drawback is
that if something happens to the pollinator (extinction or drop in population size) then the
plant species would be left with either a reduced or nonexistent means of pollination.
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