hnobotanical Leaflets 14: 46-
, 2010.
Medicinal Plants Diversity and their Conservation Status in Wildlife Institute of India
(WII) Campus, Dehradun
B.S. Adhikari*, M.M. Babu, P.L. Saklani and G.S. Rawat
Herbarium Section, Department of Habitat Ecology,
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun 248 001, Uttarakhand
Phone 91 135 2640112-115, Fax 91 135 2640117
* Corresponding author: adhikaribs@wii.gov.in
Issued: January 01, 2010
Abstract
he present paper deals with the status and distribution pattern of medicinal plants in Wildlife Institute of India campus,
ehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Based on extensive literature survey, of the total (#605 plants) 63% are medicinal plants.
hese medicinal plants comprise of 63 trees, 55 shrubs, 208 herbs, 34 climbers, 3 ferns and 10 grasses belong to 94
milies. Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae and Euphorbiaceae are the largest families and have more than 20 species of
edicinal plants. Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae,
aesalpiniaceae, Verbenaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae are the dominant families with high species diversity. The
tivity of plants shows that 21 species are from Himalayan region and 101 from Indian oriental region, while remaining
e from various parts of the world. Pyrus pashia and Rubia cordifolia have the distribution up to cool temperate region
mong trees and climbers, respectively. Among plant parts, bark, leaves and roots are mainly used for trees, shrubs and
mbers, respectively. However, the entire plant of herbs, grasses and sedges and leaves and roots of ferns are used. Most
the species of trees, herbs and climbers are used for diarrhoea/dysentery, shrubs for cough/cold, grasses and sedges for
ver and ferns for skin diseases. The conservation efforts have been discussed in the paper.
eywords: Doon, Medicinal plants, Nativity, Uttarakhand, Wildlife Institute of India.
troduction
he foot hills with wider valleys along the Himalayan range forms an ecotone, is bestowed with a variety of natural
sources, which have been exploited by mankind since time immemorial relieving, suffering and curing ailments by trial
d error. The history, religion and folklores are full of instances where the magical and curative properties of various plants
ve been narrated and based on speculations and superstitions the effectiveness of certain plants for different ailment was
arnt (Humaun et al. 2006). Plant containing active chemical constituents (alkaloid, glycosides, saponins, essential oils,
ter principles, tannins and mucilages) in any of its part like root, stem, leaves, bark, fruit and seed, which produces a
finite curing physiological response in the treatment of various ailments in humans and other animals, is regarded as
edicinal plant.
India, several medical systems have evolved and prominent among these systems are Ayurveda, Siddha and the Unani
stems of Medicine. In different civilizations the contribution of floral biodiversity to health care has been well
cumented (Posey 1999). Because of the accelerated local, national and international interest in recent years the demand
r medicinal and aromatic plants has increased manifolds and pharmaceutical industry views plant wealth as a source of
come. Due to easy availability, no side-effects, and sometimes only source of health care, the demand for medicinal plants
increasing in both developing and developed countries.
ccording to Schippmann et al. (2002) more than 50000 species are used for medicinal purposes worldwide, of which
most 13% are flowering plants. Over 8000 plant species are used in traditional and modern medicine in India (Planning
ommission 2000), and 90-95% collection of medicinal plants is from the wild, of which more than 70% collection involves
structive and unscientific extraction. Over exploitation of trade species, destructive way of collection, vulnerability due to
thropogenic pressure are some of the major threats to medicinal plants. In order to achieve sustainable harvest of
edicinal plants and other non-timber forest products (food (wild edibles), fuel, fodder, timber, making agricultural tools,
ber, religious and various other purposes), a multi-disciplinary approach must be considered which include ecological,
ological, socio-cultural and economical aspects of the species (Ghimire et al. 2004).
he World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that 80% of the populations rely on traditional medicines, mostly plant
ugs, for their primary health care needs in developing countries. Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants are
ues on which immediate focus is required in the context of conserving biodiversity. Considering these facts it is important
know about the medicinal plants of the near by areas and become more crucial when the area is almost in the vicinity of
e forest and well protected. Therefore, the present study deals with the status, altitudinal range, nativity, parts used, uses in
rious ailments and conservation efforts.
aterials and Methods
udy area
he Wildlife Institute of India campus is located in the southern fringe of Dehradun city, a capital of Uttarakhand state. It
s between 77˚57’50” to 77˚58’45” E long. and 30˚16’40” to 30˚17’15” N lat. with an altitudinal range from 640-665m asl
d covers an area of ca.88 hactare (Fig. 1). In general the vegetation of the campus is natural and semi-natural, represented
various successional stages e.g., grassland (Saccharum community, Cynodon community, Phragmites community,
perata community, Typha community and mixed grass community with Lantana), scrubland (Lantana community and
xed shrub community), riverine forest (Sapium community and Broussonetia papyrifera community) and woodland of
d sal community and coppice sal community. The campus is rich in its floral diversity (total 605 plants, which is almost
e third of Doon valley flora. Among faunal diversity of the campus, 16 mammal species (half of them very occasionally),
5 species of birds (including migratory birds), 73 species of butterflies, 16 species of moths, 17 species of spiders, 21
ecies of reptiles and 11 species of amphibians have been recorded.
imate, Geology and Soil
he topography of the campus is dendritic type, small channels drain in to Asan river, a tributary to river Yamuna, flows on
e northern periphery of the campus. The temperature in summer is so intense and in winter drops down to freezing point
e to heavy snow fall in the adjacent hilly regions. The campus receives an average annual rainfall of 1200-1300mm, of
hich 75% accounted during rainy season only (WII Meteorological station). The study area falls under tectonic
oupbelongs to lower and upper tertiary rocks and sedimentary river deposits of the Shivalik system comprises sand stone,
t, clay and conglomerates (Wadia 1967). The soil is alluvial and highly fertile.
N
Uttarkashi
Rudraprayag
Tehri
Garhwal
INDIA
Chamoli
Dehradun
Pithoragarh
Pauri Garhwal
Bageshwar
Haridwar
Almora
Uttarakhand
State
Nainital
Champawat
Udham Singh Nagar
(Map not to scale)
Wildlife Institute of India
Lake
Sal coppice
forest
Administrative
block
Sal forest
Residential area
Fig. 1. Locations of Wildlife Institute of India campus, Uttarakhand, India.
ethods
n extensive literature survey includes several florulas, such as Anonymous (1948-1976), Balodi (1988), Lal and Dube
984), Duthei (1903-29), Gaur et al. (1983), Gaur (1999), Goel and Bhattacharya (1981), Gupta (1962, 1968, 1981),
ooker (1887-1897), Jain (1968, 1991), Kanjilal (1928), Maheshwari and Singh (1984), Nathani (1984), Nautiyal (1981),
smaston (1926), Purohit and Dhar (1997), Purohit et al. (1985), Raizada and Saxena (1978), Rajwar (1983), Rawat and
ngtey (1987), Samant et al. (1998), Singh and Prakash (2002), Singh et al. (1980), Sharma et al. (1979) and Uniyal et al.
002) was carried out for Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun on medicinal plants, their use, distribution along an
itudinal gradient, parts used and uses for different ailments. Bennet (1987) was used for name changes and Anonymous
883-1970) for the nativity of the plants.
esults
atus of medicinal plants
he Wildlife Institute of India harbours 605 plants (94% wild and 6% palnted), of which 13% were trees, 12% shrubs, 48%
rbs, 10% climbers, 15% grasses/sedges and 2% ferns. The WII campus herbaceous flora accounted 48% of the total wild
rbaceous flora of Dehradun (Babu 1977). Of the total wild plants in WII campus, 62% (376 plants, Appendix I) are used
r medicinal purposes, of which 16% were trees, 14% shrubs, 50% herbs, 11% climbers, 8% grasses/sedges and 2% ferns
ig. 2). In each taxa most of the plants are used for medicinal purposes (79% trees, 71% shrubs, 64% herbs, 67% climbers,
% grasses/sedges and 55% ferns of the total). The total families in the campus and medicinal plants’ families and genera
ross the taxa is shown in Fig. 2.
stribution of family
ost of the families (73) were represented by single species (Monospecific family). However, the families represented the
aximum number of medicinal plants are in the following order: Fabaceae (37) > Asteraceae (27) > Poaceae (24) >
uphorbiaceae and Lamiaceae (15 in each), Malvaceae (10), Acanthaceae (9), Apocynaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and
erbenaceae (8 in each) and Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae (7 in each). Across different taxa Euphorbiaceae (7), Moraceae
) and Caesalpiniaceae (4) were the dominant families in trees, Verbenaceae (8), Apocynaceae and Fabaceae (4 in each) in
rubs, Asteraceae (25), Fabaceae (21), Lamiaceae (13) and Convolvulaceae (10) in herbs, Fabaceae (9), Cucurbitaceae (5),
sclepiadaceae and Dioscoreaceae (4 in each) in climbers, Poaceae (24) in grass/sedge and Adiantaceae (2) in fern.
ativity
he nativity of plants for all the taxa showed that the plants from other regions of the world are higher followed by plants
om Indian origin (Appendix I). The contribution of trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers from the Himalayan region was 6%,
%, 3% and 12%, respectively.
Fig. 2. Total medicinal plant family, genera and species in different taxa.
stribution along altitudinal gradient
he distribution pattern of all the species in different taxa showed that all species found in sub-tropical region (up to
00m). Thirteen species, of the total medicinal tree species had distribution up to warm temperate region, of which Pyrus
shia had the distribution up to cool temperate region. Of the total 52 medicinal shrubs, only 17 species had the
stribution up to warm temperate region. Nine species of medicinal grasses and sedges and 2 species of ferns had the
stribution up to warm temperate region. Among 187 medicinal herbs 2 species had the distrbition up to alpine region, 5
ecies up to sub-alpine region, 19 species up to cool temperatre region and 81 species up to warm temperate region. Rubia
rdifolia is the only climber which had the distribution up to cool temperatre region, while 9 climbers had the distribution
to warm temperate region.
ant part used
he plant part used for various ailments is shown in Fig. 3. The bark of maximum number of trees (39 species) is used
llowed by fruits (31 species) and leaves (27 species) for various ailments. Leaves of maximum number of shrubs (35
ecies) are used followed by roots (28 species) and fruits (18 species) for various ailments. Ninty one species of
rbaceous plants are entirely used followed by leaves (84 species), roots (58 species) and seeds (29 species). Roots of
aximum climbers (19 species) are used followed by leaves (18 species). The grasses and sedges are used as whole plant
d roots (each 13 species). The leaves and roots (each 2 species) and whole plant (3 species) of ferns are used.
Fig. 3. Plant parts used for medicinal purposes across different taxa.
se in ailments
he maximum number of tree species used for diarrhoea/dysentary (23%) followed by stomachache (10%) and asthma (9%;
g. 4). The maximum number of shrubs used for cough and cold (15%) followed by diarrhoea/dysentary (13%) and skin
seases (11%). Most of the herb species used for diarrhoea/dysentary (14%) followed by fever (12%) and wounds (11%).
mong climbers, maximum number of species used for diarrhoea/dysentary (14%) followed by fever (12%) and awounds
1%), while grasses and sedges mainly used for fever (17%) followed by asthama (13%) and diarrhoea/dysentary (12%).
he ferns used mainly in skin diseases (24%) followed by cough and cold (18%) and fever (12%, Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Use of different taxa for various ailments.
onservation efforts
ological monitoring is one of the essential strategy required for the conservation of biodiversity component required for
e conservation of biodiversity as it not only provides baseline data, but also enable to track the changes due to climatic
ctors over a period of time by considering the reasons responsible for that and the probable consequences. Several
anges in different landform units or habitats have been observed in the campus since long (>15 years) due to change in
cal climate of the region. The seasonal effects and manipulation of water course have changed habitats drastically, such as
e long-term directional changes i.e. succession and nutrient cycling. A total of 22 species (6 trees, 5 shrubs, 10 herbs and
climber) have been identified for future monitoring, which are important from conservation point of view (Table 2). By
cognizing the status of various species growing in the campus, in-situ conservation will be helpful in similar lines as Task
rce on MAPs recognizes Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas (MPCA) and the campus will act as gene pool.
Table 2: Important medicinal plants for monitoring in WII campus.
Species
Achyranthes aspera
Adhatoda zeylanica
Habit
Herb
Shrub
Status
Common
Rare
Asparagus adscendens
Azadirachta indica
Bacopa monnieri
Boerhavia diffusa
Calotropis procera
Centella asiatica
Eclipta prostrata
Emblica officinalis
Melia azedarach
Mucuna nigricans
Peristrophe paniculata
Phyllanthus urinaria
Plumbago zeylanica
Rauwolfia serpentina
Ricinus communis
Solanum nigrum
Syzygium cumini
Terminalia bellirica
Terminalia chebula
Tridax procumbens
Herb
Tree
Herb
Shrub
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Tree
Tree
Climber
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Shrub
Tree
Tree
Tree
Herb
Occassional
Rare
Rare
Rare
Rare
Common
Common
Rare
Rare
Rare
Occassional
Common
Rare
Occassional
Rare
Common
Common
Rare
Occassional
Common
cknowledgements
uthors are thankful to the Director and Dean, FWS at Wildlife Institute of India for encouragement and providing
cessary facilities.
eferences
nonymous. 1883-1970. Index Kewensis Plantarum Phanerogamarum. Vol. I-II (1883-1885) and 15 suppl. (1886-1970).
Clarendon Press, Oxford.
nonymous. 1948-1976. Wealth of India. Vol. I-XI. CSIR, New Delhi.
alodi, B. 1988. Introductory note on the ethnobotany of Gori Valley. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 12:453-455.
ennet, S.S.R. 1987. Name Changes in Flowering plants of India and Adjacent Regions. Triseas Publishers, Dehradun,
India.
uthei, J.F. 1903-29. Flora of the upper Gangetic Plain and of the adjacent Siwaliks and sub-Himalayan tracts. Vols. I-III.
Govt. of India, Calcutta.
aur, R.D., Semwal, J.K. and Tiwari J.K. 1983. A survey of high altitude medicinal plants of Garhwal Himalaya. Bull.
Medico-ethnobot. Res. 4:102-116.
aur, R.D. 1999. Flora of the District Garhwal, North West Himalaya (with ethnobotanical notes). TransMedia, Srinagar
(Garhwal), U.P., India.
himire, S., McKey, D. and Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y. 2004. Heterogeneity in ethnoecological knowledge and management
of medicinal plants in the Himalayas of Nepal: implications for conservation. Ecology and Society 9(3): 6.
oel, A.K. and Bhattacharya, U.C. 1981. A note on some plants found effective in treatment of Jaundice (Hepatitis). J.
Econ. Tax. Bot. 2:157-159.
upta, R.K. 1962. Some unusual and interesting food plants of the Garhwal Himalaya. J.D. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 9(1112): 532-535.
upta, R.K. 1968. Flora Nainitalensis, Navayug Traders, New Delhi.
upta, R. 1981. Plants in folk medicine of the Himalayas. 83-90. In Jain S.K. (Ed.) Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany.
Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
ooker, J.D. 1887-1897. The flora of British India. Vols. I-VII, Oxford.
amayun, M., Khan, S.A., Sohn, E.Y. and Lee, I-J. 2006. Folk medicinal knowledge and conservation status of some
economically valued medicinal plants of District Swat, Pakistan. Lyonia 11(2): 101-113.
in, S.K. 1968. Medicinal Plants. National Book Trust, New Delhi.
in, S.K. 1991. Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany. A reference manual of man-plant relationships,
ethnic groups and ethnobotanists in India. Deep Publications, New Delhi, India.
anjilal, U.N. 1928. Forest flora of the Chakrata, Dehradun and Saharanpur Forest Divisions, Uttar Pradesh. (Revised by
Gupta BL, 3rd Ed.). Govt. of India Press, New Delhi.
l, B. and Dube V.P. 1984. Ethnobotanical studies on Grewia optiva Drum ex Berret among the Jaunsaris and the people
of the adjoining areas of Tehri Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh. Himal. Res. Dev. 3: 6-8.
aheshwari J.K. and Singh J.P. 1984. Contribution to the enthnobotany of Bhoxa tribe of Bijnor and Pauri Garhwal
Districts, U.P. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 5:251-259.
aikhuri, R.K., Nautiyal, S. and Rao, K.S. 2001. Medicinal plant cultivation practices of bhotiyas in Nanda Devi Biosphere
Reserve villages of Garhwal Himalaya. 317-328p. Occasional publication No. 14. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan
Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora.
Appendix I.
Medicinal and aromatic plant species of Wildlife Institute of India campus, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
Species
Local name
Family
chnocarpus frutescens
(L.) Br.
Kali-dudhi
Apocynaceae
Vallaris solanacea
(Roth.) Ktze.
Calamus tenuis Roxb.
Safed-bel
Apocynaceae
Bent
Arecaceae
Cryptolepis buchananii
Dudhi-bel,
Asclepiadaceae
Nativity
CLIMBERS
Zeylan
Ind or.
Burma
Reg. Himal.
Burma
Ind or.
Altitudinal
range (m)
Parts
used
Uses
300-1500
Rt, Lv,
Wp
300-1600
La, St
Rheumatism, blood purifier, asthma,
cough, bronchitis, bone fracture,
cholera,constipation, dysentery,
fever, nigh blindness, measles, ulcer,
vomiting tonic, febrifuge,
leucoderma
Sores, syphilis, abortificient, wounds
250-800
Fr, Fl
Leucorrhoea, amenorrhoea
300-1500
Rt, La,
Fissure on sole, fever, rheumatism,
Roem. andSchult.
Meda-Singhi
Wp
Marsdenia tenacissima
Moon
Telosma pallida Craib.
Marua-bel, Jiti
Asclepiadaceae
Surkilla
Asclepiadaceae
Tylophora hirsuta Wt.
Terni
Asclepiadaceae
Celastrus paniculatus
Willd.
Kaunya,
Malkagni
dysentery, dropsy, cuts, cholera,
abdominal pain, body ache, stomach
ache, syphilis, stop bleeding
Stomach ache, urinary complaints,
cough, fever, asthma
Cough
Ind r.
Malaya
Ind. or.;
China
Reg. Himal.
300-1000
Rt
400-1500
Lv, Wp
400-1400
Lv, Rt
Celastraceae
As Trop
Malaya
400-1200
Sd
Parhar, Safed
Hulhul
Convolvulaceae
Geront Trop
300-1500
Lv,Rt,
Wp
Momordica dioica
Roxb. ex Willd.
Jangli-Karela
Cucurbitaceae
Ind Or.
500-1100
Rt
Mukia maderaspatana
Roem
Trichosanthes
cucumerina L.
Trichosanthes
tricuspidata Lour.
Ban Kakhri,
Gulya Kakri
Jangli-chchinda
Cucurbitaceae
500-1000
Sd, Rt
500-1300
Rt, Fr
Indrian, Lal
Indrayan
Cucurbitaceae
As. et.; Afr.
trop.
As. et.;
Austr. trop.
Cochinchin.
400-1500
Lv, Rt,
Fr
Zehneria scabra (L.f.)
Sond
Dioscorea belophylla
Voigt.
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Bankundri
Cucurbitaceae
300-1500
Rt
Tairu, Turar,
Tarur
Genthi, Ratalu
Dioscoreaceae
Am. bor;
Ind. occ.
Himal.
Bronchitis, cold and cough,
abortificient, hydrophobia
Mental disorders and ophthalmia,
anaemia, abortifacient, backache,
gout, headache, paralysis,
stomachache, wounds, swollen
veins, rheumatism, leprosy,
diarrhoea, bone fracture, bronchitis,
cold, cough, body ache, eczema,
fever, digestive complaints
Head ache, rubefacient, vesicant,
neuralgia, rheumatism, anthelmintic,
gum troubles, sexual weakness, fits
Fever, injuries, piles, asthma,
bronchitis, head ache, postnatal,
spleen problem, dysentery,
diphtheria
Malarial fever, urinary disorders,
vomiting, tooth ache, diarrhoea
Malaria, fever, jaundice, prugative,
stomach problem
Asthma, bronchitis, diabetes emetic,
hoops and mouth disease of cattle,
burns, diarrhoea, pheumonia
Vineral diseases
400-1500
Tu
Medicinal, edible
Dioscoreaceae
As Trop
300-2100
Tu
Kuliapapad
Dioscoreaceae
Ind Or.
300-1000
Tu
Dysentery, abdominal pain, jaundice,
boils, piles
Boils, rabbies
Kou, Phal-alu,
Kanta-alu
Dioscoreaceae
As Trop
300-1500
Tu
Gaunchi
Fabaceae
400-1200
Sd
Bandal
Fabaceae
Ind.or: Afr.
austr.
Austr
300-1500
Lv, Wp
Fabaceae
Ind Or
Burma
400-1000
St, Bk,
Rt
Gauju, Gonj
Fabaceae
Burma
300-1000
Wp
Bhaisalu,
Gaunchhi
Fabaceae
Cochinchin.
500-1200
Sd
ivea hypocrateriformis
Choisy
Dioscorea hispida
Dennst.
Dioscorea pentaphylla
L.
Abrus pulchellus Wall.
ex Thw.
Atylosia scarabaeoides
(L.) Benth.
Butea parviflora Roxb.
Milletia extensa
(Benth.) Baker.
Mucuna nigricans
(Lour.) Steud.
Cucurbitaceae
Rheumatism, asthma, bone fracture,
cough, bile complaints, anasarca,
dropsy, abdominal pain after
delivery
Stops conception
Dysentery, cholera, dropsy,
gonorrhoea, night fever, wounds,
syphilis, veneral diseases, female
sterility, child birth, post natal
treatment,swelling, anasarca, burns,
spermatorrhoea, baldness, small-pox,
sores, leg pain
Cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery,
madness, mucus in urine, reheumetic
pain in ribns, stomach ache tooth
ache, verner diseases
Spleen diseases, toothache, fever and
sores
Cholera, throat pain, fever
Puereria phaseoloides
(Roxb.) Benth.
Sli-niangtythe
Fabaceae
800-1200
Lv
Tooth ache
Fabaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
China
Reg. Himal.
Puereria tuberosa
(Willd.) DC.
Siralu, Saral
400-1500
Tu
Fabaceae
Reg. Himal.
400-1200
Lv
Asthma and abdoman pain, body
ache, chest pain, cholera, swell and
ulcer
Abortifacient
Halunda
Fabaceae
Geront. trop.
300-800
Rt, Wp
Hiptage benghalensis
(L.) Kurz.
Cissampelos parriera
L.
Aita-lagula,
Madhavi
Pahre, Parha
Malpighiaceae
Burma
300-1000
Lv
Menispermaceae
Reg Trop
600-2000
Lv, Rt
Cocculus hirsutus (L.)
Diels
Tinospora sinensis
(Lour.) Me
Jasminum multiflorum
(Burma.f.) Aners
Passiflora edulis Sims.
Passiflora foetida L.
Jaljamni,
Chhirentha
Gilao, Giloei
Menispermaceae
500-2000
Lv
600-1600
St, Lv
Chameli
Oleaceae
Ind Or. Afr
Trop
Ind Or.
Malaya
As Trop
250-2500
Lv
Passion fruit
Gharibel,
Gudsar
Passifloraceae
Passifloraceae
Brass
Brass
400-1500
400-1000
Lv, Rt
Sd, Lv,
Fr, Wp
Clematis gouriana
Roxb.
Gouania tiliaefolia
Lam.
Ventilago denticulata
Willd.
Kanguli,
Belkum, Santi
Rangchero,
Kangorkur
Kali-beli,
Keonti,
Raidhani
Ranunculaceae
500-2000
Lv, St
Rhamnaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
Ins. mascar
300-1000
Lv
Rhamnaceae
Ind Or
300-800
Rt, Fl,
Wp, Bk,
St.
Rubia cordifolia L.
Kasoos
Rubiaceae
400-2700
Rt, St
Cardiospermum
halicacabum L.
Smilax wightii DC.
Kanphuti,
Kakadni
Bhitura, Chhobchini
Sapindaceae
As Trop
Temp Afr
Trop
Reg. Trop.
400-1500
Smilacaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
300-1500
Rt, Lv,
Sd
Rt
Ampelocissus latifolia
(Vahl) Planch.
Bhimna,
Bhinura,
Bhiranya
Vitaceae
Ind Or.
300-1700
Rt, Bk,
Adiantum caudatum L.
Mayurshikha
Rhynchosia minima
DC.
Vigna vexillata Benth.
Adiantum incisum
Forsk.
Dryopteris cochleata
Menispermaceae
Adiantaceae
Adiantaceae
Hathajodi
Dryopteridaceae
FERNS
Africa et
Asia
tropica. Ins.
N.
Hebridae.
MexicoEcuador.
Galapagos.
Rheumatism, ulcer, cholera,
weakness
Skin diseases
Antidote to snake and scorpion bite,
constipation, gastric trouble, cough
and urinary troubles, abdominal
diseases, colic pain, diphtheria
Body swelling, wounds and joint
pain
Urinary troubles, general debility,
malaria, emitic, leprosy, fever
Pimples and eczema
Stomach ache, sores
Tonic, debility, headache,
inflamation, wounds, itching,
asthma, cold and cough
Eye diseases, skin diseases, blisters
Diarrhoea and spasmodic pain,
dandruf
Fever, night blind, cool, earache,
retention urine and faeces, headache,
rheumatism, spermat, dysuria, eye
diseases, abortificient, syphilis,
ulcer, stomachache,
Blood clotting agent, menorrhagia
Supressed mensturation, indigenous
and fever
Dysentery, amoebiasis, veneral
diseases, leucorrhoea, urinary
complaints, fever, spermatorrhoea,
antifertility, anaemia, rheumaticarthritis, veterinary amoebiasis,
gastric complaints
Inflmatory, dysentery, fever, boil,
bone fracture, pain in stomach,
pneumonia, skin diseases, wounds,
sores, snake bite
400-1800
Wp
Skin diseases, asthma, fever,
cough, bronchitis, burning
sensation inside body
300-1800
Wp
Skin diseases, diabetes, cough
300-2000
Rh,
Cholera
(Don.)Chr.
Equisetum
ramosissimumDesf.
Lygodium flexuosum
(L.) Sw.
Dambro
Equisetaceae
300-1300
Fronds
Wp
Kukri-bisi,
Maha-Jal
Lygodiaceae
300-1200
Rt
Cheilanthes farinosa
(Forst.)Kaulf.
Sonapali
Sinopteridaceae
300-1200
Rt,
Fronds
Cough, abdomin pain,
abortificient, cholera,
antifertility, constipation
rheumatism, eczema, jaundice,
cuts, fever, stomachache
Eczema, menstrual disorder,
stomach ache
Apluda mutica L.
Tachula, Ponai
Poaceae
300-2500
Wp
Veterinary mouth sores
Coix lacryma-jobi L.
Sankuru, Jargadi
Poaceae
GRASSES
As Trop
Polynes
Austr
As Trop
300-2100
Sd, Wp
Cymbopogon martinii
(Roxb.) Wats.
Cynodon dactylon (L.)
Pers.
Piriya-ghas,
Rohis, Rohsa
Dubla, Doob
Poaceae
Reg Trop
300-1400
Lv, oil
Poaceae
Cosmop.
250-1800
Rt, Lv,
Wp
Dactyloctenium
egypticum (L.) Beauv.
Makra-ghas
Poaceae
Cosmop
Trop et Sub
Trop
Madag
300-1000
Sd
Tonic, diarrhoea, fever,
dysentery, thirst
Skin disease, cold, rheumatism,
biliousness
Fever, internal injury, dysentery,
dropsy, cramps, piles, bleeding
piles, urinary complaints,
menstrual disorders, headache,
refrifuge, antifertility, carbuncle,
wounds, stomach ulcer, sores,
stops bleeding, Bleeding from
nose
Stomachache
300-800
Wp
Dysentery
300-1500
Wp
Fever
400-1000
Wp
Dyspepsia
Piles, Scorpion sting, rabbies,
dysentery, fever, muscular pain,
toothache, atrophy, emaciation,
asthma
Piles, fever, intestinal parasites,
spleen and liver complaints,
tonic, wounds, fermenting rice
beer
Veterinary convulsion, paralysis
due to fungus infected fodder
Antifertility, local drink, edible
Painful urination, eye diseases,
Cold and cough, sores, carbuncle
Paralysis
Desmostachya
bipinnata (L.) Stapf.
Eleusine indica (L.)
Gaertn.
Poaceae
Jharnpriyakodu, Mandla
Poaceae
Biksa
Poaceae
Cosmop
Trop et Sub
Trop
Reg Trop
Kumrya ghas,
Kher
Poaceae
Reg Trop
300-1500
Sd, Wp,
Rt, Awn
mperata cylindrica (L.)
Beauv.
Sauraun, Siru
Poaceae
Reg Calid
300-2000
Rt, Rh
Lolium temulentum L.
Mochni
Poaceae
400-2400
Wp
Oryza sativa L.
Paspalum
scorbiculatum L.
Phragmites karka Trin.
ex Steud.
accharum spontaneum
L.
Setaria verticillata
Beauv.
orghum halepense (L.)
Pers.
Dhan, Saatti
Paplya, Kodra
Poaceae
Poaceae
Europe As
Temp
Ind Or.
Geront Trop
300-1200
300-2200
Fl, Grain
Rt, Grain
Narkat
Poaceae
250-800
Lv
Munj, Kansh
Poaceae
As.; Afr;
Austr.
Geront Trop
300-1800
Lv, Wp
Latkaunya,
Laptuna
Chinna, Bharu
Poaceae
Cosmop.
250-1200
Sd
Poaceae
Reg Calid
300-1500
Sd, Wp,
Lv
Sitya
Poaceae
As. et
Austr. trop
300-1500
Lv
Hemarthria compressa
(L.f.) Br.
Heteropogon contortus
(L.) Beauv.
Sporobolus diander
Beauv
Swelling
Burns, cholera, urinary
complaints, cough, asthma
Constipation, local drink
Stomach disorders, fever,
antidote to snake poison, local
drink
Burns and pimples
Themeda arundinacea
Ridley
Themeda gigantea
Hack.
Kulpura, Kapurkhas
Thysanolaena maxima
Ktze.
Vetiveria zizanioides
(L.) Nash
300-900
Rt
Fever
Poaceae
Penins.;
Malaya
Ins Philip
300-1400
Wp
Naktura,
Nastura
Poaceae
As Trop
400-2000
Fl, Rt,
Sd
Khas, Veeranmool
Poaceae
As Trop
300-1600
Rt, Wp
300-1500
Rt, Lv,
Rh, Sd
250-1500
400-1200
Rt
Rt
Rheumatism
Tumor
Cyperaceae
Cosmop
Trop et Sub
Trop
SEDGES
Geront Trop
Amphig
Trop
Geront Trop
Spleen complaints, stomachache,
sores, impotance, gonorrhoea,
cholera, bronchitis, oedema,
asthma, anasarca,
spermatorrhoea
Abortifacient, eye complaints,
asthma, bronchitis, antifertility,
child birth, pulmonary
tuberculosis
Anthelmintic, fever, epilepsy,
boils, burns, mouth sores,
toothache, malaria, scorpion
sting, snakebite
Infertility, cough, fever, injuries,
tonic
600-1200
Rt
Cyperaceae
Geront Trop
300-1500
Wp, Rt,
Bb.
Geront.
trop.
HERBS
Ind Or.
Burma
300-1000
Rt
Atrophy, antidote to snake
poison
Astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic,
jaundice, wounds, sores, urinary
complaints, stomach disorders,
dysentery, bowel complaints,
masticatory, heat stroke, snake
bite
Liver complaints
250-1500
Wp, Rt,
Lv
Dendrocalamus strictus
Nees
Cyperus iria L.
Cyperus kyllingia Endl.
Cyperus pangorei
Rottb.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Poaceae
Poaceae
Agarmotha
Motha
Cyperus triceps Endl.
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Barleria cristata L.
Saundi, Kalabansa
Acanthaceae
Dicliptera bupleuroides
Nees
Hygrophila auriculata
(Schum.) Heine
Kulartore,
Kuthhi
Talimkhana
Acanthaceae
Ind Or.
500-2000
Lv, Wp
Acanthaceae
Ind Or.
250-600
Rt. Lv
Hygrophila polysperma
(Roxb.)T.Anders
Lepidagathis incurva
Don
Nelsonia canescens
(Lam.) Spr.
Minjonja
Acanthaceae
Ind Or.;
Malaya
As Trop
300-1000
Wp
Bronchitis, swelling on legs,
toothache, bodyache, anaemia,
pneumonia, wounds, antidote to
snake poison
Cough, gastroenteritis, checks
bleeding from wounds
Aphrodisiac, cancer, dropsy,
bodypain, jaundice, malaria,
tonic, tuberculosis, fistula,
impotance, urenogenital
complaints, liver complaints
Headache
400-1200
Fr
Ear complaints
Perilepta auriculata
Bremek.
Peristrophe paniculata
Burm
Rungia pectinata (L.)
Nees
Agave americana L.
Trianthema
portulacastrum L.
Acanthaceae
Daledirdu, Panjki jadi
Acanthaceae
Amphig
Trop
300-900
Rt, Fr,
Lv
Pandai
Acanthaceae
400-800
Lv
Kaknadi,
Chirchiri
Dabari, Hasaarak
Ram-bans
Santhi, Swetpunarnava
Acanthaceae
Ind Or.;
Burma
Ind Or.
Wounds, diarrhoea, syphilis,
gastric problems, blister, boils on
tongue
Febrifuge
250-1400
250-1200
Wp, Rt,
Fr, Lv
Wp
Wounds, gout, rheumatism, eye
diseases, bone fracture, sprain
Small pox
300-1800
600-1000
Lv
Rt
Paultice, fish poison
Asthma, amenorrhoea, liver
troubles, jaundice
Acanthaceae
Agavaceae
Aizoaceae
Ind Or.
Burma
As Trop
Am. trop.
Achyranthes aspera L.
Latjiri, Lichkuri
Amaranthaceae
Geront.
trop.
500-2200
Wp
Aerva sanguinolenta
(L.) Bl.
Alternanthera ficoides
(L.)R.Br. ex
Roem.andSchultz.
Alternanthera pungens
H.B.K.
Alternanthera sessilis
(L.) R.br ex DC.
Sufedphulia
Amaranthaceae
Java
500-1500
Wp
Malarial fever, dropsy, child
birth, bleeding, cold, colic,
cough, dysentery, headache, ear
complaints, hydrophobia, boils,
insect bite
Diuretic and demulcent
Amaranthaceae
Geront. trop
200-1000
Wp
Urinary complaints, abortifacient
Bharatiya kanti
Amaranthaceae
Bras.
250-1500
Lv
Tonic
Gaitewar
Amaranthaceae
Reg. trop
200-1500
Lv
maranthus spinosus L.
Kantelu-marsu
Amaranthaceae
Reg Trop
500-1200
Wp
Amaranthus viridis L.
Jangli-chaulai
Amaranthaceae
Reg Trop
500-1200
Wp
Celosia argentia L.
Gadrya
Amaranthaceae
Cosmop
Trop
500-1000
Sd, Lv
Centella asiatica (L.)
Urban
Brahmi-buti
Apiaceae
Reg Trop et
Sub Trop
300-2500
Wp
Arisaema tortuosum
(Wall.) Schott
Sauromatum venosum
(Ait.) Kunth
Scindapsus officinalis
(Roxb.) Schott.
Bag-Mungri
Araceae
Reg. Himal.
500-1500
Tu
Puerperal fever, malarial fever,
night blindness, post natal
treatment, rheumatism, bone
fracture, eye complaints,
diarrhoea, dysentery, bee
reppellent
Dismenorrhoea, antiemitic,
blood purifier, cough, cold,
eczema, Gonorrhoea
Vermifuge, centipede bite,
Scorpion bite
Blood purifier, bleeding
dysentery, Diarrhoea, Sore in
mouth, Purgative
Blood purifier, tonic, diuretic,
leprosy, syphilis, wounds, mental
disorders, cooling, brain
nourisher, improves memory
Veterinary diseases, edible
Bhasm-kant
Araceae
Ind Bor Occ
500-2500
Tu
Gaj-peepal,
Hathkaul
Araceae
Aethiopia
250-800
Fr, Wp.
Rt
Asclepias curassavica
L.
Lamla,
Kakatundi
Asclepiadaceae
Amer Austr
300-2000
La, Rt
Gokhru,
Gondhichedi
Gundrya,
Gandhela
Asteraceae
Bras.
300-1500
Wp
Asteraceae
Reg Trop
300-1500
Fl, Sd
Neelum
Asteraceae
Mexic
300-1200
Wp
Skin ailments, cuts, sores,
kindney stone, cancer, boils,
diarrhoea, head ache, colic,
leprosy, muscular pain, scabies,
sores, swell body, uterine
disorders, snake bite
Tonic, diarrhoea
Kumur, Kumra
Asteraceae
300-1500
Wp
Cough, bronchitis, leucoderma
Blumea lacera
(Burm.f.) DC.
Kakranda
Asteraceae
400-1000
Lv, Wp
Caesulia axillaris
Roxb.
Bhelwandi
Asteraceae
Ind. occ.
Am.; Austr.
Ind Or.
Malaya Ins
Mascar
Ind Or.
300-600
Lv, Wp
Vermifuge, piles, cuts and
wounds, burns, urinary
complaints, bronchitis and fever
Goitre, baldness, stomach
complaints
Acanthospermum
hispidum DC.
geratum conyzoides L.
Ageratum
houstonianum Mill.
Bidens pilosa L.
Skin disease, sores, tumors,
poultice
Cancer, cholera, bone fracture,
scabies, pneumonia,
stomachache, syphilis,
tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis,
stimulant, aphrodisiac
Gonorrhoea, ulcer, wounds,
anthelmintic, abdominal pain,
piles, flowers used in
psychomedicine
Skin diseases and fever
Centipeda minima (L.)
Br. and Asch.
Nakh-Chhikni
Asteraceae
Cirsium wallichii DC.
Kandeiya,
Kandra
Asteraceae
clipta prostrata (L.) L.
Bhangri,
Bhangru,
Bringraj
Asteraceae
lephantopus scaber L.
Adhomukha
Emilia sonchifolia (L.)
DC.
Enhydra fluctuans
Lour.
Eupatorium
adenophorum Sprengl.
As et Austr
Trop Ins
Pacif
Reg. Himal.
300-800
Lv, Wp
Headache, promote sneezing,
epilepsy, hydrocele, influenza
300-3000
Lv, Rt
Cosmop
Trop
200-1500
Wp
Asteraceae
Cosmop
Trop
300-1500
Wp
Hirankuri,
Dudhi
Asteraceae
Afr Trop
250-2000
Wp
Hingcha
Asteraceae
Cochinchin.
300-1800
Wp
Kharna, Bakura
Asteraceae
Jamaic.;
Mexic.
250-2000
Lv
Marchya
Asteraceae
Amer Austr
600-2000
Lv
Pondpadro
Asteraceae
Geront Trop
300-800
Wp
Hepatic and spleen trouble, skin
diseases, scorpion stings, chest
pain, dysentery, thirst
Liver complaints, asthma, fever,
constipation, bronchitis, throat
pain, conjuctivitis, antiseptic,
jaundice, itching, gastric
complaints, promote hair growth,
scorpion sting, malaria,
toothache, wounds, swelling,
used in the preparation of
bringraj thel
Intermitant fever, headache,
heart diseases, liver complaints,
pimples, rheumatism, swelling,
dysentery, cough, dropsy,
facilitate child birth, syphilis,
vomiting, urinary
Febrifuge, Diarrhoea, night
blindness, cattaract, bruises,
cooling, inflamatory, wounds,
eye diseases, boils, earache
Dropsy, bllod pressure, snake
bite, anasarca
Antiseptic, wounds,
stomachache, toothache, cuts,
haemostat
Antidote to nettle sting, stop
bleeding, snake bite
Gastric complaints
250-1500
Rt, Fl
Nasal block in cold
500-2000
Lv, Rt
Leucoderma, carminative, fever,
colic
Fever, colic, skin diseases
Galinsoga parviflora
Cav.
naphalium polycaulon
Per.
Parthenium
hysterophorus L.
Saussurea heteromalla
(D.Don) Hand.-Maz.
Senecio nudicaulis
Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
Siegesbeckia orientalis
L.
Gajar ghas,
Jhilmi
Murang
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Amer Bor et
Austr
Reg. Himal.
Neelkanthi,
Ratpati
Liskura,
Gobariya
Asteraceae
Reg. Himal.
400-900
Rt, Lv
Asteraceae
Cosmop
Trop
250-2000
Wp
onchus asper (L.) Hill.
Pili-dudhi
Asteraceae
Cosmop.
300-3000
Wp, Lv
Tridax procumbens L.
Kumra,
Kanphuli
Asteraceae
Amer Trop
250-1500
Wp, Lv
Vernonia cinerea (L.)
Less.
Kalgira, Kaljiri
Asteraceae
Amphig
Trop
300-1500
Lv, Wp,
Rt
Xanthium strumarium
L.
Gokhuriya,
Bhangra, Kurou
Asteraceae
Cosmop.
250-1800
Fr, Sd,
Lv, Rt
Diarrhoea, bowl complaints,
boils, ulcer, wounds, sores, skin
diseases, heart diseases
Cuts, blood purifier, wounds,
tonic
Antiseptic, cuts and wounds,
toothache, stomach pain, ulcer,
sores, stone in urinary bladder,
leprosy, diarrhoea, dysentery,
fever, haemostat, eczema,
blisters and boils, eye diseases,
scorpion bite
Dysentery, impotance, lactation,
cholera, constipation,
leucorrhoea, malaria, piles, night
blindness, skin diseases, wounds,
spleen complaints, insect bite
Refrifuge, malaria, headache,
eye diseases, cancer wounds,
piles, rheumatism, scrofula,
Youngia japonica (L.)
DC.
Cynoglossum
lanceolatum Forsk.
Cynoglossum
eylanicum Thumb. Ex
Lehm.
Trichodesma indicum
(L.) Br.
apsella bursa-pastoris
(L.) Medik.
Cardamine scutata
Thunb.
Coronopus didymus
(L.) Sm.
Cassia absus L.
Cassia occidentalis L.
Rumdum,
Rupjup
Lichkura,
Andhahuli
Andhahuli
As Trop
Austr
Arabia
300-1000
Rt, Wp
300-3200
Wp. Rt
Boraginaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
400-3000
Lv, Rt
Aundhi, ChhotaKulpha
Boraginaceae
Ind Or.
Afghan
Persia
250-1500
Rt, Fr,
Lv
Tuntkya, Botlya
Brassicaceae
Reg Temp
400-4500
Lv, Rt,
Wp
Brassicaceae
Japan
450-4000
Wp
Stomachache, vermifuge,
wounds, sores, boils, eczema,
pyrrohea swellings on joints,
brain tonic
Gonorrhoea, diarrhoea, dropsy,
blood pressure, cuts and wounds,
urinary troubles
Epilepsy, cold and cough
Jangli-alai
Brassicaceae
Cosmop.
400-2000
Sd
Headache
Chaaksee,
Cheaksu, Banar
Caesalpiniaceae
Cosmop
Trop
400-1000
Lv, Sd
Taror,
Chakunda,
Kasonda
Caesalpiniaceae
Cosmop
Trop
400-1400
Lv, Sd,
Fl
Caesalpiniaceae
Cosmop.
trop.
Cosmop
Trop
400-1800
wp
Ophthalmic, skin diseases,
wounds, eye infection, diarrhoea,
cough
Eczema, gastric trouble,
lactation, ringworm, skin
diseases, dysentery, bone
fracture, rheum and snake bite
Galact, piles
400-1300
Lv, Rt,
Sd, St.
Cassia pumila Lam.
Asteraceae
ringworm, Urinary complaitns,
ulcer, toothache,
Urinary complaints,
galactagogue
Muscular pain, cold and cough,
aphrodisiac
Asthma, bronchitis, vomiting,
cough and diarrhoea
Boraginaceae
Cassia tora L.
Chakunda,
Panvar,
Chakramarde
Caesalpiniaceae
Cannabis sativa L.
Bhang
Cannabinacaeae
As Centr
600-2800
Lv,Sd
Drymaria cordata (L.)
Willd. Ex R. and S.
Pithpapra
Caryophyllaceae
Cosmop
Trop
500-2000
Wp
Caryophyllaceae
300-2700
Wp
Night blindness, eczema,
antseptic, cuts, cold, stomach
ache, wounds, scabies, rhemetic,
jaundice, skin diseases, bone
fracture
Intoxication, narcotic, bronchitis,
convulsion, cramps, epilepsy,
dyspepsia, ear complaint,
gonorrhoea, paralysis of tongue,
skin disease, laxative, nervine
stimulant
Burns, boils, headache,
diarrhoea, dysentery, pneumonia,
skin diseases, mouth sores,
tongue sores, hay fever, food
poison, insect bite, asthma
Bone fracture
500-3000
Lv, Sd
Skin disease, urinary complaints
500-1200
Lv, Sd
500-1200
Lv
Typhoid, anthelum, pneumonia,
vermifuge, piles
Asthma
400-1800
Sd
tellaria media (L.)Vill.
Chenopodium
ambrosioides L.
Chenopodium murale
L.
Cleome viscosa L.
Jakhya, Hulhul
Cleomaceae
Reg Bor
Temp
Reg Temp
et Trop
Reg Temp
et Trop
Reg Bor et
Austr
Geront Trop
Commelina
benghalensis L.
Kankaua,
Kansura
Commelinaceae
Geront Trop
300-2000
Lv, Rt
Commelina diffusa
Kanshura
Commelinaceae
Reg. trop.
250-600
Rt
Chenopodium album L.
Bathua, Bathu
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Rheumatic, arthritis, otorrhoea
and wounds
Liver complaints, wounds,
scorpion bite, sores, fever,
laxative, diarrhoea, irritation by
catterpillar
Antidote to snake bite
Burm.f.
Commelina suffruticosa
Bl.
Murdania nudiflora (l.)
Brenan.
onvolvulus arvensis L.
Commelinaceae
Java
300-1500
Wp
Menorrhoea
Kansura
Commelinaceae
Ind Or.
300-2000
Wp, Rt
Heyranpatu,
Rajbala
Sankhpuspi
Convolvulaceae
Geront Trop
250-1500
Rt, Wp
Convolvulaceae
Amphig
Trop
300-1500
Wp, Lv
Evolvulus nummularius
L.
Ipomoea batatas Poir.
pomoea cairica Sweet.
Cgubuoata,
Sukrisure
Shakarkand
Neeli-bel
Convolvulaceae
250-1500
Wp
300-1000
300-1500
Tu
Fr, Sd
pomoea eriocarpa Br.
Kumpan-bel
Convolvulaceae
Amphig.
trop.
Reg. trop.
Amohig.
trop.;
Aegypt
Geront Trop
Leprosy, stomach complaints,
giddiness, astringent
Pergative, burns and bruises,
detergent
Fever, cough and cold, stomach
ache, ulcer, dysentery, asthma,
bronchitis and brain tonic
Wounds, cuts, burns, scorpion
sting, hysteria
Rich iron
Pugative, cough and cold
300-1500
Lv
pomoea muricata Jacq.
Michai
Convolvulaceae
300-1400
Sd
pomoea nil (L.) Roth.
Convolvulaceae
250-2000
Wp, Sd
pomoea pes-tigridis L.
Kaludanu,
Neelkalmi
Ghiabati
Reg.
Himal.;
Japan
Amphig
Trop
Geront Trop
250-1500
Rt,Lv,
Ipomoea quamoclit L.
Kamalata
Convolvulaceae
250-1200
Lv, Wp
Cucumis hardwickii
Royle
Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.
Elaroo
Cucurbitaceae
Amphig
Trop
Ind Or.
500-1400
Ghangra, Ghia
Cucurbitaceae
Geront Trop
300-1800
Rt, Fr,
Sd
Fr
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.
Akash-laguli,
Amar-bel
Cuscutaceae
Ind Or.
250-2500
Wp, St
Euphorbia hirta L.
Dudhi
Euphorbiaceae
300-2000
Wp
uphorbia hypericifolia
L.
Phyllanthus fraternus
Webstr.
Hazardana
Euphorbiaceae
400-1400
Lv
Bhui-amla
Euphorbiaceae
Amphig
Trop
Amphig
Trop
As. Trop.
300-1000
Wp
Phyllanthus urinaria L.
Hazarmani
Euphorbiaceae
Amphig.
trop
250-800
Wp
Phyllanthus virgatus
Forst.f.
Bhiuavate
Euphorbiaceae
As Trop
300-1800
Lv, Rt,
Fr
Fabaceae
Ind Or.
400-1200
Wp
Fabaceae
Ind Or.
250-1500
Rt, Wp
Evolvulus alsinoides
(L.) L.
Alysicarpus
upleurifolius (L.) DC.
Alysicarpus vaginalis
(L.)DC.
Davai, Sangue
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Rheumatsm, ulcer, leprosy, cuts
wounds headache
Fever and constipation
Purgative, tonic, fever and
constipation
Headache, fever, eye diseases,
antidote to snake bite, laxative
Bleeding piles , ulcer and pain in
breast
Fever, pneumonia, suppressed
urination
Diarrhoea, prickly heat, vet
dyspepsia
Skin diseases, eye diseases,
bodyache, cuts and wounds,
diphtheria, headache, itching,
oedema, anthelmintic,
carminative, cough, fever,
indigestion, liver complaints and
jaundice, nervine weakness
Warts, lactification, bronchial
infection and asthma
Dysentery, diarrhoea and
menorrhagia
Boils, allergy, abortifacient,
diarrhoea, dysentery, dropsy,
genito urinary diseases,
gonnorhoea, indigestion, gastric
problems, jaundice, ulcer,
swelling, sores
Dropsy, gonorrhoea,
sleepnesness, urinogenetic
disorder, kidney stone,
gallbladder stone, hepatitis, liver
complaints
Stomache ache, gonorrhoea,
cold, fever, itching, dysentery,
piles
Fever
Antifertility, bone fracture, pain
in joints, expectorant
Crotalaria albida
Heyne ex Roth.
rotalaria bialata Schr.
Fabaceae
As Trop
400-1800
Sd, Rt
Constipation and blood purifier
Fabaceae
As. trop.
400-2000
Wp
Fabaceae
Afr Trop
400-1200
Wp
Chunchhuni
Fabaceae
As. trop
450-2000
Wp
Salpalnu
Fabaceae
As Trop
Austr
400-1000
Rt
Sarivan
Fabaceae
500-1200
Rt, Wp
Kadakratru
Fabaceae
As Trop
Austr
As. trop.
Tonic, preganant women, urinary
problem, facilitate child birth,
snake bite etc
Syphilis, cholera, dysentery,
vener sores, haematuria and pain
Diarrhoea, antiemet and facilitate
the child birth
Astrigent, tonic, bronchitis,
asthma, dysentery, eye infection,
vomitting and fever
Fever, cough, tonic
400-2200
Rt
Sunsuni,
Chattomara
Fabaceae
As Trop
Austr
300-2300
Rt
Bhunakra, Oteatil
Jeetedari
Fabaceae
As Trop
400-1000
Fabaceae
As Trop
Austr
600-1300
Rt, Lv,
Fr
Rt, Fl, St
Kalabija
Fabaceae
As Trop
450-1400
Rt
Kudaliya
Fabaceae
Cosmop
Trop
500-2300
Wp
Salparni
Fabaceae
As Trop
500-1500
Wp
Sakena
Fabaceae
Reg. Himal.
450-2000
Lv
Masur
Thanthura,
Kulthi
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Oriens
Geront.
trop.
450-2000
400-1800
Sd
Sd, Lv,
Wp
Sesbania sesban (L.)
Merr.
Dhaincha
Fabaceae
Cosmop
Trop
300-600
Fl, Lv
Uraria picta (Jacq.)
Desv.
Zornia gibbosa Span
Dabra
Fabaceae
Geront Trop
800-1200
Rt
Dwipat
Fabaceae
500-2200
Rt
Pit-papra,
Khairua
Sankhawali
Fumariaceae
Reg Bor
Temp
Geront Trop
500-1400
Wp
Ind Or. Afr.
trop.
As Trop
400-2300
Wp
300-1800
Rh
Crotalaria calycina
Schr.
Crotalaria prostrata
Rootler ex Willd
esmodium gangeticum
(L.) DC.
Desmodium
heterocarpon (L.)DC.
Desmodium laxiflorum
DC.
Desmodium
microphyllum (Thunb.)
DC.
Desmodium motorium
(Houtt.) Merr.
Desmodium pulchellum
Backer
Desmodium triangulare
(Retz.) Merr.
Desmodium triflorum
DC.
Desmodium triquetrum
(L.) DC.
Indigofera cassioides
Rottb. ex DC.
Lens culinaris Med.
Macrotyloma uniflorum
(Lamk.)Verd.
umaria indica Pugsley
Canscora decussata
(Roxb.) Roem.
Curculigo orchioides
Gaertn.
Chunchuni,
Ban-Methi
Kali-Musli,
Musali
Gentianaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Vomiting, small pox and
unconcious
Abortion
Rheumetic, wounds
Burning sensation in stomach,
head ache, cavities in tooth,
repels bed bug
Stomachache, diarrhoea and eye
cataract
Breast pain, colic, body pain,
sores, spleen dysentery,
toothache and nail diseases
Dysentery, toothache, snake bite
Epilepsy, cough, swell face in
labour, urine
Small pox
Kidney stone, postnatal
treatment, menstrual complaints,
tooth ache, dysentery, burns,
leprosy, pneumonia, pleuricy,
dysuria, leucorrhoea, renal
calculi, bladder stone, blood
purifier
Antifertility, chronic eruptions,
ulcers, colic, pain, pleurisy,
pneumonia and urin trouble
Gonorrhoeal
Colic pain, sedative and
indigestion
Diuretic, Diaphoretic, aperient,
wounds, suppressed urination
Nerve tonic, blood purifier,
stomachache
Jaundice, piles, fever, ear
complaints, epilepsy, itching,
veneral diseases, leucorrhoea,
impotance, cuts, cough, asthma,
blindness, eye diseases, bleeding
nose, skin disease, diarrhoea,
gonorrhoea, unconsiousness in
children, tonic, galactagogue,
Hypoxis aurea Lour
Acrocephalus hispidus
(L.) Nicols.
Ajuga bracteosa Wall.
Ex Benth.
Golkya
Utkund
Hypoxidaceae
Lamiaceae
Neelkanthi,
Kadwipatti
Lamiaceae
Anisomeles indica (L.)
Ktze.
Goplya, Gobara,
Kalabangra
aphrodisiac, veterinary eye
diseases
Aphrodisiac, injuries, swelling
Cold, sore throat, expectorant
Cochinchin.
Ind Or.;
China
Afr Trop
Ind Or. As
300-2000
400-2000
500-2100
Rh
Wp, Rt,
Lv
Lv, Wp
Lamiaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
250-2000
Wp, Lv
Birchee
Lamiaceae
250-2000
Wp
Chhali
Lamiaceae
Ind Or. ;
Oriens
Europe
400-2000
Fl
Gumba,
Bishkapru
Lamiaceae
Ind Or.
250-1500
Wp, Lv,
Fl
Geeta-kushir
Lamiaceae
400-1000
Wp
Billilotan
Lamiaceae
400-800
Wp
Fever, gonorrhoea, cardiac tonic
Marua, Murya
Lamiaceae
Ind Or.;
China
Europe;
Oriens
As Occ et
Trop
Skin diseases, scabies, fever,
cough, cold, malaria, headache,
eye diseases, diarrhoea,
constipation, tooth and gum
troubles, wounds, diphoretic,
anthelmintic, anticeptic, antidote
to snake poison
Bone dislocation
300-1500
Lv, Wp,
Sd,
Ocimum sanctum L.
Tulsi, Shymatulsi
Lamiaceae
Geront Trop
250-1000
Lv, Wp
Orthosiphon
rubicundus Benth.
Perilla frutescens (L.)
Britt.
Ban-kikri
Lamiaceae
250-3000
Rt
Bhangjeera,
Bhangiri
Lamiaceae
Ind Or.;
Burma
Ind Or.
Cold, cough and fever, stomach
complaints, headache, earache,
dropsy, convulsion, epilepsy,
cholera, insecticide, wounds, to
remove alcoholic intoxication
Antiseptic, cold, cough and
fever, urinary troubles, vomiting,
bronchitis, chicken-pox, cholera,
constipation, headache,
diarrhoea, dropsy, ear
complaints, malaria, colitis,
gastric complaints, live
complaints, wounds,insect
repellent, antidote to poison,
leprosy
Wounds, rheumatism
250-3000
Wp, Lv
Sathi,
Samundarsok
Kumali,
Nagashya
Kalihari, Lakya
Lamiaceae
As Or Austr
600-1200
Sd
Leeaceae
Ind Or.
Burma
As Trop
250-1800
Rt, Fr,
Lv
Rt, Lv,
Rh
linopodium umbrosum
Koch.
Elsholtzia ciliata
(Thunb.) Hyland.
Leucas cephalotes
(Roth.) Spr.
Leucas mollissima
Wall. ex Benth.
Nepeta hindostana
Haines
Ocimum basilicum L.
Salvia plebeia Br.
Leea asiatica (L.) Rid.
Gloriosa superba L.
Liliaceae
400-2200
Blood purifier, burns, fever,
purgative, malarial fever,
astringent, febrifuge, tonic,
anthelmintic, cuts
Gastric troubles, blood purifier,
muscular pain, nervous
complaints, fever, wounds,
swelling on the neck, astringent,
carminative, antipyretic, chek
nocurnal emission
Blood purifier, gastric troubles,
astringent, carminative
Skin disease
Rheumatic arthritis, bronchitis,
cough, uterine complaints,
flavouring
Menorrhoea and gonorrhoea
Night-fever, cuts, wounds,
rheumatism, urine troubles
Intermittant fever, cholera,
infertility, gonorrhoea, skin
diseases, stomachache, sores,
syphilis, leprosy, spleen
complaints, piles, scabies,
scorpion bite, insect bite, asthma,
300-800
Sd
Linaceae
Europe
Oriens
Ind Or.
facilitate child birth,
abortifacient, anthelmintic,
tumors, suppressed urination,
veterinary smaall-pox
Wounds and cough
300-2400
Fl, Lv
Petals chewed as tongue wash
Jangli Bhindi
Malvaceae
Ind Or.
400-1500
Rt
Pneumonia
Kapur-kanda
Malvaceae
300-800
Sd
Veterinary medicine, perfume
Soncheli
Malvaceae
Geront.
trop.
Europe
400-2000
Sd, Lv,
Malvastrum
coromandelianum
Garcke
Sida acuta Burm.f.
Suchi
Malvaceae
Cosmop
Trop
400-1200
Lv, Rt
Bala
Malvaceae
Amer Centr.
250-2700
Lv, Fr,
Rt,
Sida cordata L.
Bhiyli, Kharenti
Malvaceae
Reg Trop
400-1800
Lv, Rt,
Wp
Sida cordifolia L.
Balu, Barialas
Malvaceae
Reg Trop
250-1200
Sd, Rt,
Wp
ida rhombifolia L. ssp
rhombifolia
Bhiunli
Malvaceae
Amphig
Trop
400-1200
Lv, Rt,
St,
Martynia annua L.
Bichhwa, Bichu
Martyniaceae
Brass Mexic
250-2000
Lv, Wp,
Fr
Mimosa pudica L.
Chu-mui
Mimosaceae
Brass
400-1200
Wp
Boerhavia diffusa L.
Pundera,
punarnava
Nyctaginaceae
Cosmop
Trop
500-2000
Rt, Lv
Ludwigia octovalvis
Raven.
Rhynchostylis retusa
(L.) Bl.
Aeginetia indica L.
Biophytum sensitivum
(L.) DC.
Bhuikura, Datiju
Onagraceae
300-600
Wp
Kopouphul
Orchidaceae
300-1500
Wp
Kandar
Chuimui,
Lajwanti,
Murphula
Orobanchaceae
Oxalidaceae
Amphig
trop.
Ind Or.
Malaya
As. trop.
Cosmop
Trop
400-1200
300-800
Sd
Lv, Wp
Oxalis corniculata L.
Khati-Buti,
Chukra
Oxalidaceae
300-1800
Lv, Wp
Gonorrhoea, throat irritation,
cuts and wounds
Dysentery, wounds, jaundice,
rheumatism, sprain, sores,
aphrodisiac
Gastric diseases, vermifuge,
stomachabe, gonorrhoea, burns,
abortifacient, antiemitic,
anthelmintic, tonic
Gonorrhoea, spermatorrhoea,
asthma, impotance, leucorrhoea,
piles, urinary complaints, cuts
and wounds, dysentery, tonic
Rheumatism, dysentery,
gonorrhoea, boils, sexual
weekness, dyspepsia,
stomachache, veneral disease,
wounds, spermatorrhoea,
leucorrhoea, diuretic, astringent,
tonic
Boils, joint pain, asthma, fever,
cuts, bruises, dysentery,
rheumatism, tuberculosis, heart
ailments, gum infections, tonic
Epilepsy, sores, tonsilitis,
wounds, scabies, eczema, hair
fall, carbuncle, inflamation,
itching
Dysentery, sores, boils, diruretic,
epilepsy, fever, head ache,
hydrocycle, kidney disease,
leucorrhoea
Tonic, eye complaints, asthma,
bronchitis and liver trouble,
jaundice
Eczema, skin diseases, fever and
wounds of toe
Inflamation of wounds,
centipede bite
Burns
Burn, decreases sexual vigour,
gidding, headache, diarrhoea,
malaria, muscular and rheum
pain and tonic, insect bite
Conjuctivitis, insect bites,
appetite, diarrhoea, dysentery,
inum usitatissimum L.
Alsi, Atasi
Linaceae
Reinwardtia indica
Dumort.
Abelmoschus manihot
(L.) Med.
ssp.tetraphyllusvar.
ungens (Roxb.) Hochr.
belmoschus moschatus
(L.)Medik.
Malva parviflora L.
Phiunli
Amphig
Temp et
Trop
Oxalis debilis
H.B.K.var. corymbosa
(DC.)Lour.
Argemone mexicana L.
epilepsy, piles, fever, jaundice,
skin diseases, stomachache,
Antidote to toxicity
Bhilmori,
Chukra
Oxalidaceae
N.Granat.
250-700
Wp, Lv
Pili Kateli
Papaveraceae
Mexic
Amer Bor
500-1200
Sd, Rt,
Sap
Peperomia pellucida
(L.)Kunth.
Plantago major L.
Luchipata
Piperaceae
250-1500
Wp
Kaneli
Plantaginaceae
600-3200
Lv
Gastric troubles, intestinal injury
Plumbago zeylanica L.
Chitrak
Plumbaginaceae
Am. et Afr.
trop.
Europe As
et Amer Bor
Geront Trop
Seeds emetic narcotic, Roots
vermicide, chewed in
leucorrhoea, sap rheumatic pain
Stomachache, headache, fever
500-2500
Rt
Polygala arvensis
Willd.
Nilkanta
Polygalaceae
China Ind
Or.
400-800
Rt, Lv,
Wp
Polygonaceae
Geront Trop
300-1500
Wp
Skin diseases, wounds, causes
abortion, eczema, diarrhoea,
antifertility, dyspepsia, headache,
leprosy, muscular pain, malaria,
fever, appetite, spleen
complaints, wounds
Cough, asthma, nervous
disorders, rheumatism, joint
swellings, bronchitis
Snake bite, fish poison
Polygonaceae
As Or
Malaya
Reg. Temp
Bor et Aust.
Geront Trop
et Temp
As Occ Ind
Or. Malaya
Afr Austr
300-2700
Wp
Tonic, antiscorbutic
250-1500
Wp
500-1300
Rt
Skin disease, ring worm, fish
poison
Baldness
500-3000
Lv
Polygonum barbatum
L.
Polygonum chinense L.
Polygonum hydropiper
L.
olygonum plebejum Br
Jiyanti
Rumex nepalensis Spr.
Khatura, Amlya
Polygonaceae
Monochoria vaginalis
(Burm.f.) Presl. Ex
Kunth
Portulaca grandiflora
L.
Nanka
Pontederiaceae
As et Afr
Trop
250-1000
Rh
Luaniya
Portulacaceae
Reg Calid
600-1500
Lv
Portulaca oleracea L.
Anagallis arvensis L.
Luniya
Jonkmari,
Jainghami
Portulacaceae
Primulaceae
Reg Calid
Europe
AsTemp
600-1500
400-2100
Lv
Wp
Ranunculus arvensis L.
Chambul
Ranunculaceae
500-2000
Wp
Ranunculus muricatus
L.
Ranunculus sceleratus
L.
Chingir
Ranunculaceae
300-1200
Fl
Tonsilites
Jaldhanya,
Aglaon
Ranunculaceae
Europe As
Bor
Europ;
Oriens
Reg Bor
Temp
Depurative, hepatitis, liver
cirrhosis, swelling and pain in
the pharynx, insect bites, burns,
scalds, eczema
Liver tonic
Leprosy, dropsy, Diphtheria and
cerebral affection and detach
leeches from the body
Fever, asthma, skin ailment
500-2000
Wp
Duchesnea indica
(Andr.) Focki
Bhiun-kaphal,
Kaphlya
Rosaceae
450-2200
Lv
Rosaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
China
Ind Or.
Vermifuge, anodyne, skin
disorders, considered as
poisonous
Diarrhoea and leucorrhoea, cut,
swelling
400-2500
Rt
Rubiaceae
Ind Or.
300-1000
Sd, Lv
Potentilla sundaica
Kuntze
Borreria articularis
(L.f.) Will.
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Guthari,
Sathgathia
Dysmenorrhoea, stomach ache,
colic, boils, cooling diuretic,
purgative, swelling of muscles,
scurvy
Liver complaints, asthma,
dysentery, rheumatism, anaemia
Applied externally on itches,
adscesses and snake bite
Dysentery, haemorrhoids and
diarrhoea, antifertility, body
ache, gum trouble, skin diseases,
stimul, ulcers, wounds, tooth
Galium aparine L.
Khuskusa, Kuri
Rubiaceae
Hedyotis corymbosa
(L.) Lamk.
Daman-papar
Bacopa monnieri (L.)
Penn.
Limnophila rugosa
(Roth.) Merr.
Lindenbergia indica
(L.) Ktze.
Mazus pumilus Van
Steen.
Scoparia dulcis L.
ache, eye diseases
Astrigent and skin diseases, cuts,
burns
300-2800
Lv
Rubiaceae
Reg. bor.
temp. et
Magell.
Ind Or.
300-2500
Wp, Rt
Pani-brahmi
Scrophulariaceae
Cosmop.
300-1200
Lv, Wp
Karpurya
Scrophulariaceae
300-1200
Lv
Scrophulariaceae
As Trop Ins
Pacif
Ind Or.
Fever, liver diseases, gastric,
irritation, jaundice, malariv
nervous depression, burning
sensation in palms, soles
Epilepsy, rheumatic pains,
memory, abdominal pain, cough,
cooling, headache, eczema,
fever, boils, ringworm, tonic,
blood purifier, laxative
Stomachache
300-2000
Lv
Bronchitis, cuts, wounds
Mastyar
Scrophulariaceae
Afr.; Austr.
250-2000
Lv
Burns, Colic pain
Atisirsa, Mithipatti
Scrophulariaceae
Reg Trop
300-1000
Wp, Rt,
Lv
Veronica anagallisaquatica L.
Physalis minima L.
Sada, Sadevi
Scrophulariaceae
250-2500
Wp
Damphu
Solanaceae
Reg Bor
Temp
Geront Trop
Ulcer of tongue, tonic, urinary
troubles, gonorrhoea, digenstion,
antiemethic, fever
Cuts, burns and sores
300-1500
Lv, Wp,
St
Physalis peruviana L.
Rashbhari
Solanaceae
Reg. Calid.
500-2200
Lv,Fr
Solanum nigrum L.
Makoi
Solanaceae
Venezeula
300-2800
Lv, Fr
Solanum surattense
Burm.f.
Bhuiakhanderi,
Barkatali
Solanaceae
Geront Trop
250-1500
Fr, Rt, Fl
olanum viarum Dunal.
Kacharia
Solanaceae
Brass
400-1500
Fr,Sd
Corchorus aestuans L.
Corchorus olitorius L.
Titpatti
Kosta
Tiliaceae
Tiliaceae
400-1000
500-1000
Sd
Lv
Triumfetta rhomboidea
Jacq.
Urtica dioica L.
Leswa-kura,
Chiryari
Kandali, Kagoos
Tiliaceae
Amer Trop
Cosmop
Trop
Reg Trop
500-1500
500-3600
Phyla nodiflora (L.) A.
Rich
Jal-butti, Jalpipali
Verbenaceae
Reg Bor
Temp
Amphig
Trop
Rt, Fr,
Lv
Lv, Rt
250-1400
Wp, Lv
Viola betonicifolia Sm.
Vanfsa, Phori
Violaceae
500-1800
Wp
Viola pilosa Bl.
Vanfsa, Kauru
Violaceae
Austr. Ins.;
Norflok
Ind Or.
500-3000
Wp
Urticaceae
Gastric troubles, ear ache,
stomach ache, abdominal
disorders, fever
Boils, dbdominal disorders in
pregnancy
Diarrhoea, fever, lever
complains, dysentery, piles, skin
diseases, stomach ache throat
trouble, cough, eye complains,
goiter, rheumatism, ulcer in
mouth, heart ailment, urinary
complains, inflamation of
kidney, bladder, scrotum and
testicles
Fever, cough, asthma, blisters
boils, chest pain, gonorrhoea,
gum trouble, paralysis, piles,
tooth ache tooth decay, migraine,
dropsy, eye complains, scropain
bites, urinary complains
Tooth ache worms teeth,
contraspetive, mensural
complains
Dyspepsia
Fever
Cuts, facilitate delivery,
dysentery, stomachache
Injury, Contrasceptic, ripening of
boils, internal injury
Cooling, Diuretic, fever, boils,
menstrual complaints, postnatal
fever
Fever, cough, diaphoretic, skin
diseases, blood diseases
Diaphoretic, body ache, emetic,
Costus speciosus Sm.
Keu, Keun
Zingiberaceae
Baisingu,
Basing
Acanthaceae
Karaunda,
Karamarda
Kura, Kuri,
Dudhi
Rauwolfia serpentina
(L.) Benth. Ex Kurz.
Malaya
China
Ind Or.;
Malaya
asthma, bronchitis, wounds and
cuts, lungs diseases
Fever, bronchitis, cough, cold,
constipation, cholera,
indigestion, giddiness, scabies,
wounds, vermifuge, headache,
jaundice
300-1500
Lv, Rh
As Trop
300-1500
Lv, Rt,
Fl
Apocynaceae
Ins Molucc
300-1200
Rt, Fr
Apocynaceae
As Trop
300-1200
Bk, Lv,
Sd
Sarpagandha
Apocynaceae
Ind Or. Java
300-1000
Rt
Tabernaemontana
divaricata (L.) Br.
Chandni, Janglichameli
Apocynaceae
Ind Or.
300-800
Rt, La,
Lv, Fl
Phoenix acaulis Buch.Ham. ex Roxb.
Calotropis procera Br.
Khajuri
Arecaceae
300-700
St, Rh
Aak, Madar
Asclepiadaceae
Ind Or.
Burma
Peruv Afr
Trop Ind
Or.
300-800
La, Rt,
Lv
Artemisia nilagirica
(Cl.) Pamp.
Kunjaa
Asteraceae
Reg Temp
Bor
300-1500
Lv, St,
Wp
Inula cappa (Ham. Ex
D.Don) DC.
Buddleia asiatica Lour
Athhu,
Tamagari
Bhati
Asteraceae
300-2500
Rt
Buddlejaceae
400-1500
Lv, Rt
Capparis zeylanica L.
Bauri
Capparaceae
Reg. Himal.
Java China
As. Trop.;
Malaya
Ind Or.
500-800
Fr, RtBk,
Lv,
Behaya
Convolvulaceae
Bras.
250-1000
Lv
Amli,
Sharschant and
Dhakki
Euphorbiaceae
400-1000
Lv,Rt, Fr
Blood Dysentery, muscular
pain,pneumonia, dropsy, vener
diseases and bite of rabid dog
Arand, Andi
Euphorbiaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
Austr Afr
Trop
Reg Trop
300-2500
Sd,Lv,
Rt
Skin diseases, sores, gum
trouble, cholera, boils,
constipation, dysentery,
dydrocle, joint pain, vermicide,
muscular pain, head ache, burns,
purgative
SHRUBS
Adhatoda zeylanica L.
Carissa opaca Stap.
Holarrhena
antidysenterica Wall.
Ipomoea carnea ssp.
fistulosa Austin
ntidesma acidum Retz.
Ricinus communis L.
Cough and cold, asthma,
brochitis, malaria, eczema,
rheumatism, antiseptic,
pulmonary infections,
antispasmodic, fever,
anthelmintic, joint dislocation,
swelling
Purgative, fever, cough,
diarrhoea
Dysentery, asthma, febrifuge,
apetite, colic, constipation,
cough
Epilepsy, intestinal disorders,
nervous disorders, malaria,
insomnia, blood pressure, fever,
anxiety, vomiting, anthelmintic
Toothache, skin diseases, sores,
fever, headache, boils, eye
diseases, anthelmintic
Masticatory, lactation, brochitis,
cough, fever
Asthma, cold and cough, cholera,
dropsy, eczema, leprosy,
rheumatism, spleen complaints,
skin diseases, stomach disorders
Stomach pain, intestinal worms,
antihelminthic, antiseptic,
antispasmodic, epilepsy,
headache, asthma, menstrual
complaints, nervous disorders,
peptic ulcer, skin diseases,
wounds, sores, tonic,
Suppressed urination, measles
Abortifacient, skin diseases,
inflamation
Diabetes, blisters, boils, cholera,
pleuricy, pneumonia, piles,
rheumatism, sores, swelling in
testicles, ulcer, anthelmintic
Cuts and wounds, sparain
Securingea virosa
Roxb. Ex Willd.) Pax.
and Hoffm.
Aeschynomene indica
L.
Flemingia macrophylla
(Willd.) Merr.
Athaina,Rithoul
Euphorbiaceae
China
300-1800
Rt
Laugauni
Fabaceae
Ind Or.
400-800
Wp
Bhanjabasa,
Charariaw
Fabaceae
As Trop
600-1800
Wp
Flemingia strobilifera
(L.) Ait.
Ajhar,
Chauranga
Fabaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
400-2300
Rt, Lv,
Fr
Fabaceae
Amphig
Trop
Ind Or.
Malaya
Madag
250-800
Lv
400-1600
Fr, Lv,
Bk,
Tephrosia candida
(Roxb.)D.C.
Flacourtia indica
(Burm.f.) Merr.
Kandai, Kangu
Flacourtiaceae
Colebrookia
oppositifolia Sm.
Binda, Bindu,
Bhirmoli
Lamiaceae
Ind Or.
Burma
300-1800
St, Rt,
Lv
Pogostemon
benghalense (Burm.f.)
Ktze.
Asparagus adscendens
Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.
Kala-basingu,
Lujrya
Lamiaceae
Ind Or.
300-2500
Lv, Wp,
Rt
Jhirni, Kairu
Liliaceae
Reg. Himal;
Afghan.
250-1800
Rt, Lv
Woodfordia fruticosa
(L.) Kurz.
Dhaula, Dhau
Lythraceae
As et Afr
Trop
400-1500
Lv, Bk,
Fl
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
L.
Gudhal
Malvaceae
Geront Trop
400-700
Bk, Fl,
Rt
Urena lobata L.
Chatkura, Unga
Malvaceae
Cosmop
Trop
400-1500
Lv, Fl,
Rt, Bk
Mimosa himalayana
Gamble
Ficus palmata Forsk.
Kingrei, Aila
Mimosaceae
Ind Or.
450-1500
Lv
Fagu
Moraceae
600-2000
La, Fr
Ardisia solanacea
Roxb.
Embelia robusta Roxb.
Gardagulanj
Myrsinaceae
400-1200
Rt, Bk
Gaia
Myrsinaceae
Afr Trop
Arab Ind
Or.
Ind Or.
Malaya
Ind Or.
250-800
ittosporum nepaulense
Reh. and Wilson
Tumri, Raini
Pittosporaceae
Ind.or.
(Himal;
Sikkim)
400-1200
Fr, Rt,
Lv
Bk
Purgative and aphrodisiac,
constipation, stomacache, bone
fracture
Impotency and fever
Cholera, blindness, cold,
dysentery, pain in body, muscles,
spleen problem, small pox and
stomachache
Epilepsy, gastric, hysteria,
leucorrhoea, skin diseases, tonic
and analagnic
Sores
Hepatitis, rabbies, burning
sensation in chest, diarrhoea,
wounds, eczema, rheumatism,
cholera, skin diseases, wet foot,
mouth diseases
Wounds, toothache, sores, eye
diseases, hysteria, epilepsy, cuts,
burns, cough, adulterant to
tobacco
Fever, colic, wounds, cuts,
haemorrhoea
Abortifacient, used in dysuria,
diabetes, dysentery, aphrodisiac,
galactagogue, tonic, veterinary
medicines
Haemorrhoides and tonic,
cooling, cough, dysentery, fever,
injuries, night blindness,
bleeidng in pregnancy, loss of
appetite in pregnancy, skin
diseases, sores, spleen
complaints, sprain, syphilis,
ulcer, veterenary sores and ulcers
Emolient, abortificient,
antifertility, bronchitis, child
birth, contraceptive, cough,
fever, gonorrhoea, kidney
diseases, menstrual complaints,
urinary complaints, to wash hair
Diarrhoea, Dysentery,
expectorant, body pain,
rheumatism, lumbago,
hyperacidity, hydrophobia
Cough, cold, bronchitis and
urinary complaints
Sores, constipation, stomachache
Postnatal treatment, headache,
snake bite
Cathartic, Anthelmintic,
especially to expel tapeworm
Bronchial and skin ailments
Rhamnus virgata Roxb.
Rhamnaceae
Nepal
500-2400
Bk
Rubus ellipticus Sm.
Chentuli,
Choudelu
Hinssar
Rosaceae
Ind Or.
500-2000
Fr,Rt
Rubus niveus Thunb.
Anchu
Rosaceae
Reg. Himal.
400-2500
Fr
Catunaregam spinosa
Trivengadum
Coffea benghalensis
Heyne ex Roem.
Pavetta indica L. ssp.
tomentosum Bennet
Murraya koenigii (L.)
Spr.
Maindul,
Mainfal
Akubfagee-rip
Rubiaceae
Geront Trop
300-1000
Fr, Bk
Rubiaceae
300-800
Fr, Lv
Angari, Kankra
Rubiaceae
300-1200
Lv, Rt
Dropsy and jaundice
Gandela, Gani
Rutaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
As et Austr
Trop
Ind Or.
Ringworm, emetic, purgative and
eczema
Dysentry, malaria, stomach ache
and worms
Taken in dismenorrhoea and
snake bite, stomachache
Dyspepsia, asthma, cough, and
anthelmintic
Fever
300-1500
Rt, Lv
Murraya paniculata
(L.) Jack.
Machula,
Kamini
Rutaceae
250-1400
Fl, Fr
Dodonaea viscosa
(L.)Jacq.
Santha, Vellari
Sapindaceae
250-2000
Lv, Fr
Cuts, wounds, intestinal worms,
cold
olanum khasianum Cl.
Charra
Solanaceae
As et Austr
Trop
Polynesia
Cosmop.
trop. et
subtrop.
Reg. Himal.
Anthelmintic, diarrhoea,
dysentery, eruptions, laxative,
malarial fever, stomach
complaints, good for hair,
piscicide and insecticide
Cough, cold
300-1500
Fr, Sd
Solanum torvum Sw.
Bhurat
Solanaceae
Cosmop
Trop
300-1000
Lv, Fr,Rt
Helicteres isora L.
Marorphali
Sterculiaceae
As et Austr
Trop
300-1500
Rt, Lv,
Fr
Daiya, Bhirmoli
Verbenaceae
Ind Or.
300-1400
Fr, Lv
Verbenaceae
Reg. Himal.
300-1000
Lv
Cold, cough, asthma, bronchitis,
headache, insect bite, toothache,
tooth decay
Wounds, tooth ache, skin
diseases, spleen enlargment,
stomach ache and malaria
Diarrhoea, spasmodic pain,
intestinal worms, stomach ache,
vomiting,
Oral aphthae, rheumatic pain,
blister, boils on toungue, cuts,
headache, indigestion, abdominal
troubles, ulcers and wounds
Abortifacient
Chingori,
Bharangi
Ban-bakri
Verbenaceae
250-1000
Rt, Lv
350-1500
Rt, Lv
Bhanua, Bhant
Verbenaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
Ind Or.
Burma
Malaya
250-1500
Lv
Verbenaceae
Amer Trop
250-1600
Lv, St
allicarpa macrophylla
Vahl.
Caryopteris odorata
(D.Don.)Robinson
Clerodendrum indicum
(L.) Ktze
lerodendrum serratum
(L.) Moon
lerodendrum viscosum
Vent
Duranta repens L.
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara L.
Kuri-ghas,
Laltenya
Verbenaceae
Amer Trop
250-2000
Lv
Vitex negundo L.
Shiwali, Siwain
Verbenaceae
As Trop et
Sub trop
250-2000
Lv, Fr,
Rt, Fl
Abortifacient, cholera and
bronchitis
Bronchitis and antidote to snake
bite
Fever, fits, headache, bodyache,
boils, gastric troubles, laxative,
vermifuge, skin diseases, chest
pain, ulcer, swelling, sores,
promotes hair growth,
rheumatism, tonic
Used as a stimulating wash for
ulcers,expectorant, form a
constituent of the well-known
Ayurvedic preparation Dasmula
Ringworm, itching, skin
diseases, malaria, rheumatism,
germicidal, insecticidal
Rheumatism, sprains, headache,
bone fracture, blisters, boil, cold,
bodyache, cough, diarrhoea,
dysentery, expectorant, leprosy,
gout, gum trouble, itching,
leprosy, paralysis, pneumonia,
postnatal treatment, toothache,
vermifuge, insect repelent,
syphilis, scabies, skin diseases,
eczema, diarrhoea, cold, diuretic,
piles, gout, reduce sex desire,
epilepsy, dropsy, arthritis,
anthelmintic, analgesic
Lannea coromandelica
(Houtt.) Merr.
Kalmina,
Jhinghan
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera indica L.
Aam, Amra
Anacardiaceae
Alstonia scholaris (L.)
R.br.
Chatiyan
Thevetia peruviana
Merrill
TREES
As et Afr
Trop
300-1500
Lv, Bk
Diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery,
stomach ache, sores, swell, ulcer
and wounds
Haemorrhage, diarrhoea
300-1000
Bk, Sd
Apocynaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
Geront Trop
300-800
Bk, La
Kaner
Apocynaceae
Am. trop.
300-1600
Rt, Bk
Oroxylum indicum (L.)
Vent.
Stereospermum
chelonoides DC.
Tantia, Arula
Bignoniaceae
As Trop
300-1500
Padeli, Paral
Bignoniaceae
Ind Or.
Burma
400-1200
Bk, Fr,
Lv, Rt
Rt, Bk,
Sd
Bombax ceiba L.
Semal, Salmali
Bombacaceae
Amer Austr
400-1600
Fl,Gum
Garuga pinnata Roxb.
Titmar, Kaikar
Burseraceae
Ind
Or.Malaya
300-600
Bk, Fr,
Bauhinia purpurea L.
Guiral, Kwiryal
Caesalpiniaceae
400-700
Bk, Lv,
St, Fl
Bauhinia racemosa
Lamk.
Jhinghora,
Kachnal
Caesalpiniaceae
500-1200
Bk, Fr
Dysenetry and diarrhoea
Bauhinia variegata L.
Guiral, Kuiral
Caesalpiniaceae
400-1900
Lv, Bk
Cassia fistula L.
Kirala, Amaltas
Caesalpiniaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
Burma
China
Ind Or.
Malaya
China
Ind Or.
Burma
China
As Trop
400-1500
Lv, Fr
erminalia alata Roxb.
Ashna, Sain
Combretaceae
Ind Or.
400-1500
Bk, Fr,
Sd
Terminalia bellirica
(Gaertn.)Roxb.
Bahera,
Bibhitak
Combretaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
400-1300
Fr,Sd,
Leprosy, pile (bleeding), ,a;aroa,
worms, dysentery, indigation,
fatness, syphilis
Blood purification, asthma,
antifertility, antiseptic, burn, dog
bite, cough, diarr, gastric,
leprosy, jaundice, liver problem,
ringworm, stomach ache, tooth
ache, swell of throat, pimples,
cancer, blindness, dysuria,
epilepsy indigation and syphil
Anaemia, antiemet, burns,
cholera dysentery, fever,
haematuria, loose motions, sores,
stomach ache and wounds
Cough, asthma, bronchitis,
diabetes, gastric, dysuria, cool,
leprosy, liver problem, piles,
stomach ache, muscular pain and
Fever, malaria, diarrhoea,
headache, sinusitis, leprosy,
wounds
Cough, bronchitis, bronchitasis,
leprosy, Can enhance the
musscles of heart and lungs
Stomachache, rheumatism,
malaria, liver complaints,
asthma, cholera, dysentery,
nervous diseases. Used in the
preparation of Dashamoolarist
Aphrodisiac, digestive
disorders,pimples, anaemia,
asthma, chicken pox, cholera,
gonorium, leprosy
Diabetes, asthma, astring,
dysentery, wounds, skin
diseases, vener diseases
Astring, wounds, stomach, bone
fracture, small-pox, rheumetic
and dropsy
prugative
Bronchitis, cold, constipation,
dysuria, eczema, dysentery,
measles, sore, pneumonia,
stomach and spleen problem
Dyspepsia, bronchitis, edible
Diarrhoea, dysentery,
gonorrhoea, loose motion
Dyspepsia and diarrhoea
Terminalia chebula
Retz.
Triphala', Haira,
Har, Harara
Combretaceae
As Trop
400-1200
Fr,Sd,
Dillenia indica L.
horea robusta Gaertn.
Chalta
Sal
Dilleniaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
As Trop
Ind Or.
250-1000
500-1000
Diospyros malabarica
(Descr.) Kost.
Diospyros montana
Roxb.
Gab, Kala-tendu
Ebenaceae
Afr Trop
450-700
Fr, Lv
Resin,
Bk, Sd
Fr, Bk
Pinna
Ebenaceae
As Trop
450-1000
Fr, Rt,
Bk
Cordia dichotoma
Forst.f.
Lasora, Lisora,
Koda
Ehretiaceae
As. trop.
300-1200
Sd, Lv,
Fr,
Ehretia acuminata Br.
Pudila, Nara
Ehretiaceae
300-2000
Fr, Bk
Ehretia laevis Roxb.
Chamror, Khoda
Ehretiaceae
250-1600
Lv
Bridelia retusa (L.)
Sprengel
Drypetes roxburghii
(Andr.) Focke
Emblica officinalis
Gaertn.
Gauli,
Ekadaniya
Juti, Pitmar
Euphorbiaceae
300-1000
Lv, Rt
Bodyache, muscular pain,
syphilis, diphtheria
Diarrhoea, used for gargle
400-1500
Lv
Paste used in skin allergy
Anwala, Aola,
Aonla
Euphorbiaceae
As et Austr
Trop
As et Austr
Trop
Ind Or.;
Malaya
Ind Or.
Malaya
As Trop
300-2000
Fr, Lv,
Bk
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Kharsani
Euphorbiaceae
Ind Or.;
Afr. or.
400-1500
La
Jatropha curcas L.
Pahari-arand,
safed-arand
Euphorbiaceae
Amphig
Trop
300-1200
Sd, La,
Mallotus philippensis
Muell.-Arg.
Rohni, Sindur,
Ruin
Euphorbiaceae
As et Austr
Trop
300-1800
Fr, Sd,
Rt
Sapium sebiferum
Roxb.
Butea monosperma
(Lamk.) Taub.
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
Pahari-Shisham
Euphorbiaceae
Reg. trop.
300-600
Fr
Bronchitis, asthma, cooling,
burns, constipation, headache,
stomach ache, dorpsy, madness,
liver problems, diabetes, revive
taste, dysentery
Bodyache, eczema, wounds,
toothache, earache, scabies,
rheumatism, warts
Anthelmintic, rheumatism, skin
diseases, purgative, pneumonia,
pleurisy, chest congestion,
cough, onflamation, burns,
cancer, abortifacient, syphilis,
toothbrush
Anthelmintic, blisters,
rheumatism, boils, dysentery,
skin diseases, snake bite, tonic
for pregnant women, ulcer,
vermifuge, constipation
Purgative and emetic
Dhak, Tesu
Fabaceae
400-1200
Fl,Sd
Sisham
Fabaceae
Ind Or.
Burma
Ind Or.
Afghan
350-1400
Lv, St
Ougeinia dalbergioides
(Roxb.) Hochr.
asearia elliptica Willd
Sandan,
Fabaceae
Ind Or.
400-1500
St, Lv
Chila, Chillak
Flacourtiaceae
As. trop.;
Austr.
400-1000
Lv, Bk,
Fr
Euphorbiaceae
Cracks in sole, Abortion,
dysuria, fever, facilitate
delirvery, jaundice, pneumonia,
vomiting, diarrhoea
Urticaria, ulcer, dyspepsia,
expectorant, stomach ache,
urinary complaints, jaundice,
cholera, cold, cough, chest
infection, lung diseases,
constipation
Sores on tongue, edible
Anthelmintic, antisepctic, blood
purifier, tonic and indigestion
Gonorrhoea, headache,
dysentery, leprosy and skin
diseases
Bronchitis, cholera, diarrhoea,
asthma and dysentery
Anthelmintic, wounds,
blisters,stomach ache, sprain,
head ache, enlarged scrotum,
tonic
Casearia graveolens
Dalzell
Xylosma longifolia
Clos.
Cinnamomum
camphora Nees
Chilla, Chillak
Flacourtiaceae
Ind Or.
400-1800
Liver complaint, stomachache
450-1200
Rt, Bk,
Sd
Bk
Khand-gair,
Sialu, Katrai
Kapoor
Flacourtiaceae
Reg. Himal.
Lauraceae
China,
Japan
400-1000
Gum, oil
Lauraceae
Reg. Himal.
600-2000
Bk, Lv
Fever, cough, chest pain,
diarrhoea, rheumatsm, cholera,
toothache
Bone fracture
itsea glutinosa (Lour.)
Robins.
Michelia champaca L.
Singrau
Champa
Magnoliaceae
Malaya
300-1000
Bk, Rt,
Fl
Kydia calycina Roxb.
Phuilau, Pulao
Malvaceae
Ind Or.
Burma
400-1000
Bk, Lv,
Rt
Azadirachta indica
Juss.
Melia azedarach L.
Neem, Nimba
Meliaceae
Ind Or.
300-1000
Fr, Lv
Dainkan, Bakain
Meliaceae
Reg. Himal.
250-1000
Lv, Fr
Tun, Toon,
Cedrla
Karah
Meliaceae
300-1000
Bk, Lv
Mimosaceae
400-800
Sd
Dhau, Barhar
Moraceae
Malaya
Austr
As Trop
Austr
India
Inflamatory, antifertlility,
asthma, cholera, bronchitis,
menstrual complaints, dysentery,
fever, mucus in urine,
menorrhoea, sores, ulcer, boils
Body swellings, body pain, boils,
diabetis, febrifuge, increases
saliva, inflamation, rheumatism
Antiseptic, skin diseases, kill
lice, diabetes and spermicide
Abortifacient, wormicides,
antiseptic, rheumatic pain, skin
diseases
Fever, gastric troubles, dysentery
and antiseptic
Powder used in gonorrhoea
500-1000
Sd
Conjuctivitis
Barhad,
Moraceae
Ind Or. Afr
Trop
500-1200
La, Arial
Rt.
Moraceae
As. et. ;
Austr. trop.
300-1500
Sd, Fr,
Bk, la
Dysentery, sores, boils, diruretic,
epilepsy, fever, head ache,
hydrocycle, kidney disease,
leucorrhoea
Purgative, emetic, galactagogue,
ulcer in mouth, facilitate calflaying
Skin ailment, bronchitis,
abortifacient, asthma, carbuncle,
cholera, rheumatism, sores in
mounth, toothache, small pox,
urinary complaints, whooping
cough, tonic, gonorrhoea,
haematostat, skin diseases
Leprosy
Toona ciliata Roem.
lbizia procera (Roxb.)
Benth.
Artocarpus lakoocha
Buch-Ham.
Ficus benghalensis L.
Ficus hispida L.f.
Ficus religiosa L.
Pipal
Moraceae
Ind Or.
500-1600
Fr, Bk
Ficus semicordata
Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
Morus alba L.
Khainu
Moraceae
Ins Selebes
300-1700
Fr, Bk
Shahtut, Tutri
Moraceae
As Temp
300-1200
Fr, Bk
Careya arborea Roxb.
Kumbhi
Myrtaceae
Ind Or.
400-1000
Lv, Bk,
Fl, Fr
Psidium guajava L.
Amrood,
Mansala
Jamun,
Phalenda
Myrtaceae
Amer Trop
400-1200
Bk, Lv
Myrtaceae
As et Austr
Trop
400-900
Lv,Sd,Fr,
Bk
Kura, Harsingar
Oleaceae
Ind Or.
300-1500
Lv, Bk,
Fr
Syzygium cumini (L.)
Skeels
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
L.
Stomachache
Vermicidal, purgative,
refrigerent, dyspepsia, sore throat
Swelling in face, fistula, ey
diseases, fistula, cold and cough,
amoebiasis, fish poison, seeds
said to be poisonous
Throat infections, diarrhoea
Anaemia, astringent, colic,
cancer, diarrhoea, diabetes, piles,
digestive problem
Bone fracture, cough, fever,
dysentery, indigestion, internal
injury, malaria, rheumatism,
scales on scalp, skin disease,
sores, ulcer, scitica, obescity
Zizyphus mauritiana
Lamk.
Ber, Ajapriya,
Badra
Rhamnaceae
Ind Or.
Malaya
300-1200
Fr, Lv,
Rt
Pyrus pashia Buch.Ham. Ex Don.
Anthocephalus
hinensis (Lamk.) Rich.
Ex Walp.
Garhmehan,
Soh-shur
Kadamb
Rosaceae
Reg. Himal.
400-2600
Lv
Rubiaceae
China
300-900
Bk, Fr
alix tetrasperma Roxb.
Gad-bhains,
Jalmalya
Kusum,
Koshamra
Salicaceae
Ind Or.;
Malaya
Ind Or.
Malaya
400-1400
Bk
300-1200
Sd, Bk,
Fr
As et Afr
Trop
Ind Or.; As.
temp.;
Europe
500-1200
Rt, Fr,
Bk, Lv
Bk
Schleichera oleosa
(Lour.) Oken.
Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl.
Tiliaceae
Celtis australis L.
Khairk
roussonetia papyrifera
Vent.
Premna mucronata Cl.
Sapindaceae
Ulmaceae
Urticaceae
Akond, Gauntia
Verbenaceae
Ind Or.
600-2000
250-1000
Fr, Lvs,
Bk, Sap,
St
300-1200
Bk, Fr,
St,
Dysentery, headache, digestion,
rheumatism, cough, wounds,
fever, eye diseases, diarrhoea,
cholera, colic, blood furification,
sore, spleen problem and ulcer
Eye problem and digestive
disorder
Skin diseases, pimples,
dysentery, sores, fever, cholera,
veterinary foot and mouth
diseases, snake bite
Fever
Hair tonic, pleurisy, pneumonia,
fever, itching, rhematism, skin
diseases, wounds, ulcer,
paralysis cool, cholera and burn
Syphilis
Pimples, contusions, sprains and
joint pains
Tonic for liver and kidneys,
blood defficiency, vertigo,
impotence, gonorrhoea,
dysentery, neurodermatitis,
eczema, bee-sting
Eczema, throat pain, boils,
febrifuge
athani, B.D. 1984. Flora of Chamoli Vol. I -II, Director, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, Culcutta, India.
autiyal, S. 1981. Some medicinal plants of Garhwal hills - A traditional use. J. Sci. Res. Pl. Med. 2: 12-18.
smaston, A.E. 1926. A Forest Flora of Kumaon. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.
anning Commission. 2000. Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants. Task Force Report, Planning
Commission, New Delhi.
sey, D.A. 1999. Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity - A Complementary Contribution to the Global Biodiversity
Assessment, UNEP.
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