Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Common Core State Standards GEOMETRY Congruence Experiment with transformations in the plane 1. Know precise definitions of angle, circle, perpendicular line, parallel line, and line segment, based on the undefined notions of point, line, distance along a line, and distance around a circular arc. 2. Represent transformations in the plane using, e.g., transparencies and geometry software; describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (e.g., translation versus horizontal stretch). 3. Given a rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, or regular polygon, describe the rotations and reflections that carry it onto itself. 4. Develop definitions of rotations, reflections, and translations in terms of angles, circles, perpendicular lines, parallel lines, and line segments. 5. Given a geometric figure and a rotation, reflection, or translation, draw the transformed figure using, e.g., graph paper, tracing paper, or geometry software. Specify a sequence of transformations that will carry a given figure onto another. Understand congruence in terms of rigid motions 6. Use geometric descriptions of rigid motions to transform figures and to predict the effect of a given rigid motion on a given figure; given two figures, use the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions to decide if they are congruent. 7. Use the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions to show that two triangles are congruent if and only if corresponding pairs of sides and corresponding pairs of angles are congruent. 8. Explain how the criteria for triangle congruence (ASA, SAS, and SSS) follow from the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions. Prove geometric theorems 9. Prove theorems about lines and angles. Theorems include: vertical angles are congruent; when a transversal crosses parallel lines, alternate interior 16 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) angles are congruent and corresponding angles are congruent; points on a perpendicular bisector of a line segment are exactly those equidistant from the segment’s endpoints. 10. Prove theorems about triangles. Theorems include: measures of interior angles of a triangle sum to 180°; base angles of isosceles triangles are congruent; the segment joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half the length; the medians of a triangle meet at a point. 11. Prove theorems about parallelograms. Theorems include: opposite sides are congruent, opposite angles are congruent, the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, and conversely, rectangles are parallelograms with congruent diagonals. Make geometric constructions 12. Make formal geometric constructions with a variety of tools and methods (compass and straightedge, string, reflective devices, paper folding, dynamic geometric software, etc.). Copying a segment; copying an angle; bisecting a segment; bisecting an angle; constructing perpendicular lines, including the perpendicular bisector of a line segment; and constructing a line parallel to a given line through a point not on the line. 13. Construct an equilateral triangle, a square, and a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle. Similarity, Right Triangles, & Trigonometry Understand similarity in terms of similarity transformations 1. Verify experimentally the properties of dilations given by a center and a scale factor: A dilation takes a line not passing through the center of the dilation to a parallel line, and leaves a line passing through the center unchanged. The dilation of a line segment is longer or shorter in the ratio given by the scale factor. 2. Given two figures, use the definition of similarity in terms of similarity transformations to decide if they are similar; explain using similarity transformations the meaning of similarity for triangles as the equality of all corresponding pairs of angles and the proportionality of all corresponding pairs of sides. 17 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) 3. Use the properties of similarity transformations to establish the AA criterion for two triangles to be similar. Prove theorems involving similarity 4. Prove theorems about triangles. Theorems include: a line parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two proportionally, and conversely; the Pythagorean Theorem proved using triangle similarity. 5. Use congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems and to prove relationships in geometric figures. Define trigonometric ratios and solve problems involving right triangles 6. Understand that by similarity, side ratios in right triangles are properties of the angles in the triangle, leading to definitions of trigonometric ratios for acute angles. 7. Explain and use the relationship between the sine and cosine of complementary angles. 8. Use trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean Theorem to solve right triangles in applied problems. Apply trigonometry to general triangles 9. (+) Derive the formula A = 1/2 ab sin(C) for the area of a triangle by drawing an auxiliary line from a vertex perpendicular to the opposite side. 10. (+) Prove the Laws of Sines and Cosines and use them to solve problems. 11. (+) Understand and apply the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines to find unknown measurements in right and non-right triangles (e.g., surveying problems, resultant forces). Circles Understand and apply theorems about circles 1. Prove that all circles are similar. 18 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) 2. Identify and describe relationships among inscribed angles, radii, and chords. Include the relationship between central, inscribed, and circumscribed angles; inscribed angles on a diameter are right angles; the radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent where the radius intersects the circle. 3. Construct the inscribed and circumscribed circles of a triangle, and prove properties of angles for a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle. 4. (+) Construct a tangent line from a point outside a given circle to the circle. Find arc lengths and areas of sectors of circles 5. Derive using similarity the fact that the length of the arc intercepted by an angle is proportional to the radius, and define the radian measure of the angle as the constant of proportionality; derive the formula for the area of a sector. Expressing Geometric Properties with Equations Translate between the geometric description and the equation for a conic section 1. Derive the equation of a circle of given center and radius using the Pythagorean Theorem; complete the square to find the center and radius of a circle given by an equation. 2. Derive the equation of a parabola given a focus and directrix. 3. (+) Derive the equations of ellipses and hyperbolas given the foci, using the fact that the sum or difference of distances from the foci is constant. Use coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically 4. Use coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically. For example, prove or disprove that a figure defined by four given points in the coordinate plane is a rectangle; prove or disprove that the point (1, √3) lies on the circle centered at the origin and containing the point (0, 2). 5. Prove the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines and use them to solve geometric problems (e.g., find the equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point). 19 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) 6. Find the point on a directed line segment between two given points that partitions the segment in a given ratio. 7. Use coordinates to compute perimeters of polygons and areas of triangles and rectangles, e.g., using the distance formula. Geometric Measurement & Dimension Explain volume formulas and use them to solve problems 1. Give an informal argument for the formulas for the circumference of a circle, area of a circle, volume of a cylinder, pyramid, and cone. Use dissection arguments, Cavalieri’s principle, and informal limit arguments. 2. (+) Give an informal argument using Cavalieri’s principle for the formulas for the volume of a sphere and other solid figures. 3. Use volume formulas for cylinders, pyramids, cones, and spheres to solve problems. Visualize relationships between two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects 4. Identify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of three-dimensional objects, and identify three-dimensional objects generated by rotations of two-dimensional objects. Modeling with Geometry Apply geometric concepts in modeling situations 1. Use geometric shapes, their measures, and their properties to describe objects (e.g., modeling a tree trunk or a human torso as a cylinder). 2. Apply concepts of density based on area and volume in modeling situations (e.g., persons per square mile, BTUs per cubic foot). 3. Apply geometric methods to solve design problems (e.g., designing an object or structure to satisfy physical constraints or minimize cost; working with typographic grid systems based on ratios). 20 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Name and sketch geometric figures Apply segment postulate to identify congruent segment Students will model points, lines, and planes using foam trays and uncooked spaghetti. They will explore intersections of lines, and planes. Find midpoint of segments in the coordinate plane Find lengths of segments in the coordinate plane ESSENTIALS OF GEOMETRY Identify Points, Lines, and Planes Use Segments and Congruence Use Midpoint and Distance Formulas FOLD A SEGMENT BISECTOR Geometry McDougal Littell P. 15 Students will draw a line segment AB on paper, fold the paper so that the two points fall on top of each other, label the point M and compare the segments AM and MB, and AB. MODIFICATIONS Using Geometer’s Sketch-pad students will: Construct Acute, Right, Obtuse, and Straight angles Explore Protractor Postulate Explore The Angle Addition Postulate Describe Angles Pair Relationship Classify Polygons Use special angle relationships to find angle measures. Classify polygons CONSTRUCT REGULAR POLYGONS Use the compass tool of the Geometer’s Sketchpad to construct a circle and an inscribed square. Using Geometer’s Sketch-pad students will: 1. Construct various polygons; triangle, square, pentagon, etc 2. Measure sum of interior angles 3. Develop a formula for sum of angles in a polygon of 21 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Perimeter, Circumference, and Area PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles Parallel Lines and Transversals Prove Lines are Parallel Find and Use Slopes of Lines Prove theorems about Perpendicular lines a given number of sides Students will be able to: Find dimensions of a polygon Find Perimeter Find Circumference Find Area Using a Graphing Calculator students will: 1. Construct different rectangles of area 36 square units but of different dimensions. 2. Plot the various dimensions that produces the same area and make observations. INVESTIGATE SLOPES Use Geometer’s Sketchpad to verify the equality of slopes of parallel lines Students will be able to: Identify angle pairs formed by three intersecting lines Use angles formed by parallel lines and transversals Using Geometer’s Sketch-pad, Students will draw two parallel lines and a transversal and explore the relationship among angles formed. Use angle relationships to prove that lines are parallel 22 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONGRUENT TRIANGLES Apply Congruence and Triangles Prove Triangles Congruent Use two more methods to prove congruence Congruent triangles Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Classify triangles by side and by angles Find measures of angles algebraically Understand congruence transformations Students will review key vocabulary and theorems Solve algebraic problems on geometry concepts Find and compare slopes of lines Find equations of lines Students will review key vocabulary and theorems Write equations of parallel lines and graph them Write equations of perpendicular lines and graph them Students will review key vocabulary and theorems Apply theorems learned in section to solve algebraic problems Students will be able to: Identify congruent figures Use side lengths to prove triangles are congruent Classify triangles by side and by angles Find measures of angles algebraically Classify triangles by side and by angles Find measures of angles algebraically DISCOVERING ASA CONGRUENCE Students will use tracing paper and straightedge to investigate congruence of triangles by Angle-Side-Angle COMPARING CONGRUENT TRIANGLES Students will use ruler and protractor to construct two congruent triangles and compare corresponding parts Students will be able to: Use theorems about isosceles and equilateral triangles Create an image congruent to a given triangle INVESTIGATE SLIDES AND FLIPS Students will investigate reflection and rotation on a 23 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) coordinate axis. RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN TRIANGLES Midsegment Theorem and Coordinate Proof Perpendicular Bisectors INVESTIGATE SEGMENTS IN TRIANGLES Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to investigate whether or not the midsegments of a triangle relates to the sides of a triangles Students will be able to: Use properties of midsegments and write coordinate proofs Use the midsegment theorem to find lengths Place figure in a coordinate plane Use perpendicular bisectors to solve problems Angle Bisectors of Triangles EXPLORING PERPENDICULAR BISECTORS Students will use tracing paper and straightedge to investigate the relationship between the points on a perpendicular bisector of a segment and the endpoint of that segment EXPLORING THE INCENTER Students will use tracing paper, straightedge, and compass to explore the relationship between the incenter and the sides of a triangle Medians and Altitudes Inequalities in a Triangle Students will be able to: Use angle bisectors to find distance relationships Use medians and altitudes of triangles Use the angle bisector theorem Use the concurrency of angle bisectors INVESTIGATING MEDIANS AND ALTITUDES Students will use Cardboards to investigate the relationship between segments formed by the medians of a triangle Students will be able to: 24 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS Inequalities in two Triangles and Indirect Proof SIMILARITY Ratios, Proportions, and the Geometric Mean Proportions to solve Geometry Problems Similar Polygons Prove Triangles Similar by AA Prove Triangles Similar by SSS and SAS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Use medians and altitudes of triangles Find possible side lengths of a triangle Use the centroid of a triangle Find centroid of a triangle DISCOVERING THE HINGE THEOREM Students will use tracing paper and straightedge to investigate triangles with two congruent sides Students will be able to: Use inequalities to make comparisons in two triangles Use the hinge theorem and its converse Write an indirect proof INVESTIGATING THE CROO PRODUCTS PROPERTY Students will investigate the cross product property by equating the products of means and extremes Students will be able to: Solve problems by writing and solving proportions Use the extended ratios and simplify ratios Find geometric means INVESTIGATE PROPERTIES OF PROPORTIONS Students will rearrange numbers to create proportions Students will be able to: Use proportions to solve geometry problems Use proportions to identify similar polygons Use properties of proportions Find the scale of a drawing SIMILAR POLYGONS 25 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to compare sides and angles of a figure and its reduced version Students will be able to: Use proportions to identify similar polygons Use the AA Similarity Postulate DISCOVERING TRIANGLE SIMILARITY SHORTCUTS Students will use straws and tape to show that corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional Use Proportionality Theorems Similarity Transformations RIGHT TRIANGLES AND TRIGONOMETRY Apply the Pythagorean Theorem Students will be able to: Use the SSS and SAS Similarity Theorems Use the similarity postulate Use indirect measurement INVESTIGATE TRIANGLES & CONGRUENCE Students will use a graphing calculator to compare segment lengths in triangles Students will be able to: Use proportions with a triangle or parallel lines Find the length of a segment Determine whether line segments are parallel PERFORM SIMILARITY TRANSFORMAIONS Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad perform transformations Draw a dilation Find a point on a dilation PYTHAGOREAN THOEREM Students will use graph paper to explore the relationship among sides of a right triangles Solve problems on side lengths in right triangles 26 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem Similar Right Triangles Similar Right Triangles Special Right Triangles Apply the Tangent Ratio Sine and Cosine Ratios Right Triangles CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) CONVERSE OF THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM Students will use graphing calculator to explore relationship between sides and angles of a triangle Students will be able to: Use the converse of the Pythagorean theorem to determine if a triangle is a right triangle Use properties of the altitude of a right triangle Solve problems on similar right triangles SIMILAR RIGHT TRIANGLES Students will explore how geometric means are related to the altitudes of a triangle Students will be able to: Use properties of the altitude of a right triangle Use the relationships among the sides in special right triangle RIGHT TRIANGLE RATIO Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad establish formulas for the trigonometric ratios Students will be able to: Use the relationships among the sides in special right triangle Use the tangent ratio for indirect measurement APPLY SINE AND COSINE RATIOS Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad explore the relationship between sides of a triangle Students will be able to: Use the sine and cosine ratios SOLVING REAL – WORLD PROBLEMS USING TRIGONOMETRY Students will use a calculator to find an angle measure in a right triangle given two sides 27 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS QUADRILATERALS Angle Measures in Polygons CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Students will be able to: Use inverse tangent, sine, and cosine ratios INVESTIGATE ANGLE SUMS IN POLYGONS Generator CD Activity 8.1 Students will derive a formula for the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex n-gon Ties of Parallelograms Show that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram Students will be able to: Find angle measures in polygons Find the sum of angle measures in a polygon Find the number of sides of a polygon INVESTIGATE PARALLELOGRAMS Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to investigate some of the properties of parallelograms Properties of rhombuses, rectangles, and squares Students will be able to: Find angle and side measures in parallelograms Use properties to identify parallelograms Use the properties of a parallelogram Find the intersection of diagonals EXPLORING PROPERTIES OF RHOMBUSES Students will explore the properties of a rhombus Properties of Trapezoids and Kites Special Quadrilaterals Students will be able to: Use properties of rhombuses, rectangles, and squares Use Properties of Trapezoids and Kites Use properties of special quadrilaterals Classify special quadrilaterals MIDSEGMENT OF A TRAPEZOID Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad explore the properties of the midsegment of a trapezoid 28 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Students will be able to: Use Properties of Trapezoids and Kites Identify special quadrilaterals Use a coordinate plane PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMATIONS Translate Figures and Use Vectors Properties of Matrices Perform reflections Perform Rotations COMPARING TRANSLATED POLYGONS Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to investigate what happens to a triangle when a constant is added to its x and y coordinates Students will be able to: Use a vector to translate a figure. Translate a figure in coordinate plane Write a rule for transformation INVESTIGATING MATRIX ADDITION & TRANSFORMATIONS Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to investigate the effect matrix addition has on the coordinates of a triangle Students will be able to: Perform translations using matrix operations Add and subtract matrices Represent a transformation using matrices REFLECTION IN THE PLANE Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to explore the relationship between the line of reflection and the segment connecting a point and its image Students will be able to: Reflect a figure in any given line Graph reflection in horizontal and vertical lines Use matrix multiplication to reflect polygons EXPLORING ROTATIONS ABOUT THE ORIGIN Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to explore rotations about origin 29 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS Compositions of Transformations Identify Symmetry Identify and Perform Dilations PROPERTIES OF CIRCLES Properties of Tangents Find Arc Measures Apply Properties of Chords CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Students will be able to: Rotate figures about a point Rotate a figure using the coordinate rules Use matrices to rotate a figure DOUBLE REFLECTION Students will use a graphing calculator to reflect a figure in two lines in a plane Students will be able to: Perform combinations of two or more transformations Find the image of a glide reflection Find image of a composition INVESTIGATE DILATIONS Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to construct dilation of a figure Students will be able to: Identify line and rotational symmetries of a figure Use drawing tools and matrices to draw dilations Identify line of symmetry Identify rotational symmetry EXPLORE TANGENT SEGMENTS Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to explore how the lengths of tangent segments are related Students will be able to: Use properties of a tangent to a circle Identify special segments and lines Find lengths in circles in a coordinate plane UNDERSTANDING CIRCLE VOCABULARY Students will play a geometry vocabulary game 30 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Students will be able to: Use angle measures to find arc measures Use relationships of arcs and chords in a circle Find measures of arcs Identify congruent arcs Use Inscribed Angles and Polygons Other Angle Relationships in Circles Segment Lengths in Circles Write and Graph Equations of Circles MEASURING LENGTH AND AREA Areas of Triangles and Parallelograms Areas of Trapezoids, Rhombuses, and Kites EXPLORE INSCRIBED ANGLES Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to explore how inscribed angles relate to central angles Students will be able to: Use inscribed angles of circles Use circumscribed circles Students will be able to: Find the measures of angles inside or outside a circle Find segment lengths in circles Find the angle and the arc measures Find the angle measure inside a circle DETERMINING EQUATIONS OF CIRCLES Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to derive the equation of a circle Students will be able to: Write equations of circles in the coordinate plane DETERMINE PRECISION AND ACCURACY Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to explore the measuring distances in precision Students will be able to: Find areas of triangles and parallelograms Find areas of other types of quadrilaterals 31 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS Perimeter and Area of Similar Figures CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) AREA OF TRAPEZOIDS AND KITES Students will use graph paper to explore the use of a parallelogram to find other areas Students will be able to: Find areas of other types of quadrilaterals Use ratios to find areas of similar figures Find the area of a quadrilateral Find an area in the coordinate plane Circumference and Arc Length Areas of Circles and Sectors Areas of Regular Polygons EXPLORE CIRCUMFERENCE Students will explore the ratio of circumference to diameter and establish a formula for finding the circumference of a circle when given diameter Students will be able to: Find arc lengths and other measures Use the formula for circumference Use arc length to find measures AREAS OF CIRCLES AND SECTORS Students will explore the area of circles and sectors Students will be able to: Find areas of circles and sectors of circles Use the formula for area of a circle Find the area of sectors FINDING THE AREA OF REGULAR POLYGONS Students will establish an equation for the area of a regular polygon Students will be able to: Find areas of regular polygons inscribed in circles Find angles measures in a regular polygon 32 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) Geometric Probability Find the perimeter and area of a regular polygon INVESTIGATE GEOMETRIC PROBABILITY Students explore how theoretical and experimental probabilities compare Students will be able to: Use lengths and areas to find geometric probabilities SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF SOLIDS Explore Solids Surface Area of Prism and Cylinders Surface Area of Pyramids and Cones INVESTIGATE SOLIDS Students will investigate what solids can be made using congruent regular polygons Students will be able to: Identify Solids Identify and name polyhedra Use euler’s theorem with platonic solids INVESTIGATE SURFACE AREA Students will explore how you can find the surface area of a polyhedron Students will be able to: Find the surface areas of prisms and cylinders Find the surface areas of pyramids and cones Volume of Prisms and Cylinders SURFACE AREAS OF PYRAMIDS AND CONES Students will use Geometer’s Sketchpad to prove triangles are congruent by Side-Side-Angle Students will be able to: Find the surface areas of pyramids and cones Find the volume of prisms and cylinders Find the area of a lateral face of a pyramid 33 Mathematics - Geometry 2010 KEY ELEMENTS Volume of Pyramids and Cones Volume of Pyramids and Cones Surface Area and Volume of Spheres CONTENT PERFORMANCE TARGETS (What Students should know) (What Students should be able to do) VOLUME OF PRISMS AND CYLINDERS Students will derive a formula for finding the volume of Prisms and Cylinders Students will be able to: Find the volume of prisms and cylinders Find the volume of pyramids and cones Use volume of prism INVESTIGATE TRIANGLES & CONGRUENCE Students will explore the surface area of a pyramid Students will be able to: Find the volume of pyramids and cones Find the surface area and volume of spheres Find the volume of a solid Use trigonometry to find the volume of a cone Explore Similar Solids Surface Area and Volume of Spheres Students will play a game on surface area and volume of spheres Students will be able to: Find the surface area and volume of spheres Use properties of similar solids 34