DRAFT (30 March 2006)
D. Overview of emissions
1. Introduction
The Protocol on Heavy Metals (HMs) to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary
Air Pollution (CLRTAP) was signed in 1998 by 35 countries and the European Community.
The Protocol entered into force in December 2003. As of 5 September 2005, 26 countries
and the European Community (EC), i.e. 27 of 49 Parties to the CLRTAP ratified the Protocol.
The objective of the Protocol is “to control emissions of heavy metals caused by
anthropogenic activities that are subject to long-range transboundary atmospheric transport
and are likely to have significant adverse effects on human health or the environment” (Article
2).
The Protocol targets three metals – lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg).
Parties to the Protocol assumed obligations (Article 3.1) to reduce their total annual
emissions into the atmosphere of lead, cadmium and mercury from the level of the emission
in the reference year. Parties are also obliged (Article 3.5) to develop and maintain emission
inventories for these metals.
In accordance with Article 7.1, Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP annually report
through the UNECE Secretariat to EMEP information on the levels of emissions of lead,
cadmium and mercury. Parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP make
available similar information to the Executive Body (EB) if requested to do it so. In addition,
many Parties voluntarily collect and report information on their emissions of several other
heavy metals, taking into account the guidance on the methodologies and the temporal and
spatial resolution of the Steering Body to EMEP and the Executive Body. EB decision
2002/10 on emission data reporting under the Convention and the Protocols in force
[ECE/EB.AIR/77/Add.1, Annex XI] identifies 6 other metals - arsenic [As], chromium [Cr],
copper [Cu], nickel [Ni], selenium [Se], zinc [Zn]) - to be included voluntarily, if a party
considers this appropriate.
Official submissions of emission data
Parties to the CLRTAP annually report to the UNECE Secretariat data on emissions of
pollutants, including heavy metals, following the Guidelines for estimation and reporting
emission data [EB.AIR/GE.1/2002/7], approved by the 20th session of the Executive Body
[ECE.EB.AIR/87/Add1, Annex I). In 2005 and in previous years data on emissions of lead,
cadmium and mercury at least for one year in the period of 1990-2003 were reported as
follows: lead 39 (80%) of 49 Parties to the CLRTAP; cadmium – 36 (73%) Parties; mercury –
37 (76%) Parties. Data for each year in the period under consideration were reported by 18
countries (for lead) and 17 countries (for cadmium and mercury) (Fig. 1).
1
Voluntary data on emissions of other metals at least for one year in the period of 1990-2003
were reported by the following numbers of Parties to the CLRTAP as follows: arsenic and
zinc – 30 (61%), chromium and copper – 31 (63%), nickel – 29 (59%) and selenium – 24
(49%) (Fig. 1).
50
number of Parties
Data at least for one year (1990-2003)
Data for every year (1990-2003)
40
30
20
10
0
All
Parties to
the
CLRTAP
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Fig. 1. Official submissions of national HM emission totals
Most of the European countries and Canada reported national emissions by sectors of
sources in SNAP (Selected Nomenclature for sources of Air Pollution) codes or in NFR
(Nomenclature for Reporting) codes.
Data on the spatial distribution of Pb, Cd and Hg emissions over the 50х50 km cells of the
EMEP grid were reported by 18 countries: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
The officially reported emission data (total national emissions, sector emissions, and gridded
emissions) are located in the EMEP database (http://webdab.emep.int/).
The review on emissions of lead, cadmium and mercury is available in the EMEP/MSC-West
report [Vestreng et al., 2005]. Timeliness of reporting, data completeness, emission
uncertainties and key emission sources are analyzed in the report.
2. Heavy metals included in the HMs Protocol (Pb, Cd, Hg)
Emission trends
For the EMEP region, the changes in Pb, Cd and Hg emissions for the period of 1990-2003
were estimated on the basis of the total emissions of 24 countries, which reported their
national emission data for each of the metals at least for both 1990 and 2003. These
countries are Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Monaco, the Netherlands,
Norway, Republic of Moldova, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
2
United Kingdom (Fig. 2). Data for each year of the period were reported by 17 of these 24
countries. Data that were not reported by 7 countries for some years of the considered period
were assessed by linear interpolation between the official data.
Fig. 2. Countries (highlighted) that reported data on emissions of lead,
cadmium and mercury at least for both 1990 and 2003
As shown in Figure 3, the total emissions from the 24 countries between 1990 and 2003 have
significantly decreased for all the three metals. Emissions of lead have decreased by about
92% (or 13 times). Such significant reductions of lead emissions occurred mainly due to
restrictions and bans of the usage of leaded gasoline in many countries. Emissions of
cadmium have decreased by about 51% (or twice). Emissions of mercury have decreased by
about 57% (or 2.3 times). A summary of major source categories where emission
reductions have occurred is included in the section “Key sources of emissions” of this chapter
and Annex B.
2002
2003
2000
2001
1998
1999
1996
1997
1994
1995
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990
1991
tonnes
2002
2003
2000
2001
1998
1999
2003
2001
2002
2000
1998
1999
1995
1996
1997
1994
1991
1992
1993
1990
0
1996
1997
5000
1994
1995
10000
1992
1993
15000
1990
1991
tonnes
20000
tonnes
Hg emissions, t/y
Cd emissions, t/y
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1992
1993
Pb emissions, t/y
25000
Fig. 3. Reported emissions of lead, cadmium and mercury in the EMEP region (24 countries)
As for the Parties to the CLRTAP located outside the geographical scope of EMEP, Canada
reported data on Pb, Cd and Hg emissions for each year of the 1990-2003 period (Fig. 4).
The United States of America (U.S.A.) reported emissions estimates for some years (Fig. 5).
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.) has generally developed inventories for
metals periodically, (e.g., 1990, 1996, 1999, and 2002). Therefore, inventory data are
generally not available for the other years. The 1999 estimates shown in Figure 5 are
3
undergoing review by U.S. E.P.A. for possible error correction (such as possibly errors due to
missing data, incorrect reporting or incorrect calculations). In addition, the emissions
estimates for 1990 are being reviewed as part of ongoing improvements to make estimation
methods for this base year more consistent with that utilized for subsequent year inventories,
specifically the 2002. The 2002 data include some new source categories and revisions to
other categories that may not be represented in the 1990 inventory. Until this review is
completed, the emissions for these metals (especially cadmium) for 1990 (shown in Fig. 5)
are considered underestimates. Upon completion of this review and subsequent corrections,
data updates may be provided in future reports, as appropriate.
Pb emissions, t/y
Cd emissions, t/y
40
35
80
40
10
20
5
2002
2003
2001
2000
1998
1999
1997
1996
1995
2002
2003
2001
2000
1998
1999
1997
1996
1994
1995
1993
1992
0
1990
1991
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
0
20
15
400
200
25
1993
1994
600
30
60
1990
800
tonnes
tonnes
1000
1992
1200
tonnes
Hg emissions, t/y
100
1991
1400
Fig. 4. Emissions of lead, cadmium and mercury in Canada
Pb emissions, t/y
Hg and Cd emissions, t/y
3500
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
3000
2500
2000
Mercury
Lead
1500
Cadmium
1000
500
0
1990
1999
2002
1990
1999
2002
Fig. 5. Emissions estimates for mercury, cadmium, and lead in the U.S.A.
With regard to lead in the U.S.A., emissions decreased sharply during the 1980s and early
1990s due to the phase out of lead in gasoline and reductions from industrial sources (Fig.
6). Emissions continued to decline to a lesser extent in the mid-1990s to 2002. Overall
emissions of lead decreased about 95 percent over the 21-year period 1982–2002 [U.S.
EPA, 2003].
4
Fig.6. Lead Emissions in U.S.A. from 1982 to 2002
With regard to mercury in the U.S.A, significant reductions in emissions were achieved since
1990 (Fig. 7). In 1990, more than two-thirds of U.S. anthropogenic mercury emissions came
from three categories: coal fired power plants (utilities), municipal waste combustors (MWCs)
and medical waste incinerators (MWIs). Mercury emissions from MWCs and MWIs were
reduced by more than 90% from 1990 to 2002 largely due to regulations in the 1990s to
control emissions from these facilities as well as actions to limit the use of mercury in
products (e.g., batteries and paints), thereby reducing the mercury content of waste. Recent
actions, including a 2003 regulation for chlor-alkali production, 2005 rules that affect coalfired electric power plants (i.e., the Clean Air Interstate Rule and the Clean Air Mercury Rule),
and a 2005 rule for Hazardous Waste Incinerators (HWIs) will reduce mercury emissions
further in the coming years [U.S. EPA, 2005; U.S. EPA, 2006; and U.S. EPA, 1999].
1990
1999
2002
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MWCs
MWIs Utilities Chlor-al HWIs
Other
Fig.7. Mercury Emissions Estimates in U.S.A. for various source categories in Metric Tonnes in 1990, 1999,
2002 (U.S. EPA)
With regard to cadmium emissions in the U.S.A., significant reductions were achieved
between 1990 to 2002 from non-ferrous metals production and waste incineration. However,
the trends in emissions of total cadmium emissions in the U.S.A. from 1990 to 2002 is less
clear, at this time, due to uncertainties and gaps with the inventories, as described above.
5
Emission reductions from 1990 to 2003
The extent of emission reductions varies significantly from country to country. The relative
reduction of emissions [100*(E1990-E2003)/E1990 (%), where E1990 and E2003 equal emissions in
1990 and 2003, respectively] was assessed for the countries that reported official data for
both 1990 and 2003.
Figures 8-10 show the relative and absolute reductions of lead, cadmium and mercury
emissions for the period of 1990-2003 in the 24 countries of the EMEP region and Canada
based on reported data. Emissions data for 2003 are not available for the U.S.A., therefore
U.S.A. is not presented in Figures 8-10. Emissions of lead have decreased in all the
countries varying from about 31% (Latvia) to 99% (Monaco). The lowest reduction of
cadmium is seen in Slovenia (4%), the highest – in Republic of Moldova (96%). In Spain and
Cyprus emissions of cadmium have increased by 29% and 345% respectively based on
reported data. The reductions of mercury emissions vary from about 17% (Slovenia) to 92%
(Republic of Moldova). In Spain and Belarus, mercury emissions have increased by about
9% and 26% respectively. In Cyprus, emissions of mercury have increased almost 5 times,
and in Lithuania – almost 20 times based on the reported data.
Pb emission reductions, %
100
80
%
60
40
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Cyprus
Latvia
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Cyprus
Latvia
Canada
Lithuania
Canada
Lithuania
Estonia
Switzerland
Estonia
Switzerland
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Spain
Belgium
Austria
Finland
Italy
Belarus
Hungary
United Kingdom
Norway
France
Denmark
Sweden
Slovenia
Monaco
0
Republic_of_Moldova
20
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Spain
Belgium
Finland
Austria
Belarus
Italy
Hungary
United Kingdom
France
Republic_of_Moldova
Norway
Denmark
Slovenia
Sweden
Monaco
tonnes
Pb emission reductions, tonnes
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Fig. 8. Reductions of lead emissions in the 24 countries of the EMEP region and Canada for the period of 19902003 based on official data reported for both 1990 and 2003
6
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
7
Lithuania
Cyprus
Lithuania
Cyprus
Spain
Slovenia
Italy
Austria
Slovakia
Netherlands
Bulgaria
Hungary
Czech Republic
Denmark
France
Norway
Belgium
Estonia
Switzerland
Canada
Latvia
Lithuania
Belarus
Sweden
United Kingdom
Finland
Monaco
Republic_of_Moldova
Cyprus
Spain
Slovenia
Italy
Austria
Slovakia
Netherlands
Bulgaria
Hungary
Czech Republic
Denmark
France
Norway
Belgium
Estonia
Switzerland
Canada
Latvia
Lithuania
Belarus
Sweden
United Kingdom
Finland
Monaco
Republic_of_Moldova
0
Cyprus
Belarus
Spain
Slovenia
Italy
Finland
Hungary
Monaco
Austria
Estonia
Norway
Bulgaria
Denmark
Belgium
Switzerland
France
Canada
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Latvia
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Sweden
20
Belarus
Spain
Slovenia
Italy
Finland
Hungary
Monaco
Austria
Estonia
Norway
Bulgaria
Denmark
Belgium
Switzerland
France
Canada
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Latvia
United Kingdom
Netherlands
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
Republic_of_Moldova
tonnes
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
Republic_of_Moldova
%
-20
Sweden
tonnes
%
100
Cd emission reductions, %
80
60
40
-29% -345%
Cd emission reductions, tonnes
Fig. 9. Reductions of cadmium emissions in the 24 countries of the EMEP region and Canada for the period of
1990-2003 based on official data reported for both 1990 and 2003
Hg emission reductions, %
-363% -1856%
Hg emission reductions, tonnes
Fig. 10. Reductions of mercury emissions in the 24 countries of the EMEP region and Canada for the period of
1990-2003 based on official data reported for both 1990 and 2003
Data on the reductions on heavy metal emissions for each country that reported data for both
1990 and 2003 are given in Annex A.
Key sources of emissions
The identification of key emission sources in terms of their estimated contribution to the total
current emissions is important for the development of potential future strategies to further
reduce emissions both in individual countries and in the EMEP region as a whole.
The most complete data on Pb, Cd and Hg emissions by source sectors in NFR 1 codes for
both 1990 and 2003 were reported by 8 European countries (Austria, Belgium, France, the
Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom).
Several source sectors were included so that their contribution to the total emissions of the
considered countries would be greater than 90% both in 1990 and 2003.
Figure 11 shows estimates of lead emissions in the nine main source sectors in 1990 as well
as emission estimates in the same sectors in 2003. Their contribution to the total emission of
8 countries is about 99% in 1990 and 93% in 2003.
In 1990 the maximum contribution to the total lead emission was from the sector “Road
Transportation” (about 85%). In 2003 its contribution to the total emissions dropped to about
6%. In 2003 the sector “Metal Production” became a leading source (about 28%).
1990
2003
6 C Waste
Incineration
339 t/y
2 C Metal
Production
355 t/y
1A4b
Residential
41 t/y
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity
and Heat
Production
203 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
1 A 2 f Other,
184 t/y
Manufacturing
1 A 2 a Iron
and Steel
229 t/y
1A3b
Road
Transportation
9996 t/y
1A4b
Residential
Other
93 t/y
sectors
160 t/y
2 B Chemical
Industry
98 t/y
1A3b
Other
Road
sectors Transportation
49 t/y
47 t/y
2 B Chemical
Industry
14 t/y
2 C Metal
Production
207 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
137 t/y
Industries and
Construction
138 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
88 t/y
6 C Waste
Incineration
6 t/y
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity
and Heat
Production
39 t/y
1A2a
Iron and Steel
120 t/y
Fig. 11. Changes of lead emissions in source sectors for the period of 1990-2003 (8 countries)
Figure 12 shows estimates of cadmium emissions in the nine main source sectors in 1990 as
well as emission estimates in the same sectors in 2003. Their contribution to the total
emission of 8 countries is about 91% in 1990 and in 2003.
1
Nomenclature for Reporting (Guidelines for estimating and reporting emission data (EB.AIR/GE.1/2002/7))
8
In 1990 the maximum contribution to the total cadmium emission was from the sector “Waste
Incineration” (about 20%). In 2003 the sector “Metal Production” gained the lead (about
26%).
1990
1A4b
Residential
1A3b
1.6 t/y
Road
Transportation
1A1b
3.4 t/y
Petroleum
refining
3.7 t/y
2003
Other
sectors
6.6 t/y
6 C Waste
Incineration
14.5 t/y
Other 6 C Waste
sectors Incineration
0.8 t/y
3.4 t/y
2 C Metal
Production
10 t/y
1A3b
Road
Transportation
4.1 t/y
1 A 2 a Iron
and Steel
4 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
4.9 t/y
1A4b
Residential
1.4 t/y
1A1b
Petroleum
refining
3.8 t/y
2 C Metal
Production
12.3 t/y
1 A 2 a Iron
and Steel
1.4 t/y
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity
and Heat
Production
11.9 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
10.1 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
3.3 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
4.6 t/y
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity
and Heat
Production
5.8 t/y
Fig. 12. Changes of cadmium emissions in source sectors for the period of 1990-2003 (8 countries)
Figure 13 shows estimates of mercury emissions in the nine largest source sectors in 1990
as well as emission estimates in the same sectors in 2003. Their contribution to the total
emissions of 8 countries is about 92% in 1990 and 91% in 2003.
In 1990 the maximum contribution to the total mercury emissions was from the sector “Public
Electricity and Heat Production” (about 29%). In 2003 the sector “Other, Manufacturing
Industries and Construction” became the largest source of emissions (about 31%). The
sector “Public Electricity and Heat Production” became the second largest source (about
29%).
1990
1A4b
6 A Solid Residential
Waste Disposal 2.2 t/y
on land
2 C Metal
2.4 t/y
Production
3.7 t/y
Other
sectors
8.2 t/y
2003
1A4b
6 A Solid
Residential Other
Waste Disposal
0.9 t/y
sectors
on land
4.1 t/y
2 C Metal
0.4 t/y
Production
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity
and Heat
Production
29.5 t/y
3.6 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
0.4 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
5.4 t/y
1A2a
Iron and Steel
1 t/y
1 A 2 a Iron
and Steel
5.9 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
12.6 t/y
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity
and Heat
Production
12.9 t/y
6 C Waste
Incineration
16.1 t/y
6 C Waste
Incineration
2.7 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
13.9 t/y
2 B Chemical
Industry
16 t/y
2 B Chemical
Industry
4.4 t/y
Fig. 13. Changes of mercury emissions in source sectors for the period of 1990-2003 (8 countries)
9
Key sources of heavy metal emissions were identified only for a small group of countries.
With this in view, the outcome cannot be projected on the whole EMEP region and should be
treated only as approximate.
Data on lead, cadmium and mercury emissions by source sectors are given in Annex B.
Recalculations of official emission data
Recalculations were done by various countries following the Guidelines for estimating and
reporting emission data [EB.AIR/GE.1/2002/7], which states “recalculations of previously
submitted estimates of emissions as a result of changes in methodologies, changes in the
manner in which emission factors and activity data are obtained or used, or the inclusion of
new sources which have existed since the base year but were not previously reported should
be reported for the base year and all subsequent years, up to the year in which the
recalculations are made and cover all inventory data” (para 28). In 2005, 15 countries
recalculated previously reported data on Pb, Cd and Hg for all or for selected years in the
period of 1990-2002. Tables 1-3 illustrate the changes (in percentage terms) in the total
national emissions of Hg, Cd, and Pb after the recalculations [100*(Ecurrent – Eprevious)/Eprevious
(%), where Ecurrent and Eprevious are current and previous emissions in the specific year,
respectively]. Negative values in the tables indicate a decrease in emissions after the
recalculations, while positive values illustrate an increase in emissions.
The maximum changes in emissions of lead that resulted from the recalculation are noted in
Latvia (Table 1). The changes in emissions of lead in Latvia for the period of 1990-2002 vary
from minus 91% (1993) to plus 56% (2000). For example, the previous value of lead
emission in Latvia in 1990 amounted to 108 tonnes. After recalculation, the emission value
dropped down to 10 tonnes, i.e. 11 times.
The highest increase in cadmium emissions due to the recalculation is estimated to be 44%
(United Kingdom, 2002). The maximum reduction after-recalculation is 31% (Switzerland,
2000).
As for mercury, the highest decrease of the emission estimate is 28% (Norway, 2002). The
maximum increase after-recalculation is 13% (the Netherlands, 1990).
As shown in these tables, the recalculated value of emissions can vary significantly. In some
cases the previous emission values can differ from the current recalculated values by an
order of magnitude.
10
Table 1. Changes in the official emissions of lead after the recalculations, %
Country
1990
Austria
1
Belgium
Canada
0.5
Denmark
-1
France
1
Hungary
Italy
0.5
Latvia
-90
Netherlands
0.5
Norway
1
Slovakia
-1
Spain
-1
Sweden
0.5
Switzerland
United Kingdom
4
1991
2
1992
2
1993
2
1994
1
1995
0.5
1996
0.5
1997
-1
1998
0.5
1999
1
0.5
-1
1
0.5
-1
1
0.5
-1
1
0.5
-17
2
-1
-11
2
0.5
-6
2
-1
-4
2
-1
-2
3
-1
0.5
3
0.5
-85
0.5
-88
0.5
-91
0.5
-89
-1
-86
-1
-77
0.5
-74
0.5
-19
1
1
-1
0.5
1
0.5
-1
0.5
-1
0.5
5
0.5
-1
0.5
-1
-90
0.5
5
0.5
1
0.5
13
0.5
-1
-4
14
0.5
-2
0.5
14
0.5
-2
0.5
16
0.5
-3
0.5
4
4
2
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
-3
-5
2000
1
-1
-1
-1
12
2001
-4
-1
56
0.5
19
0.5
-4
0.5
-11
-11
-1
-20
0.5
24
0.5
-26
1
2002
-2
-36
-1
0.5
8
1
-2
-19
0.5
20
10
-7
-1
-13
-11
2002
-4
26
-10
-7
-5
1
0.5
-1
-1
11
Table 2. Changes in the official emissions of cadmium after the recalculations, %
Country
1990
Austria
-2
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
-2
France
9
Hungary
Italy
0.5
Latvia
0.5
Netherlands
8
Norway
0.5
Slovakia
-1
Spain
-2
Sweden
0.5
Switzerland
United Kingdom 27
1991
-2
1992
-1
1993
0.5
1994
0.5
1995
0.5
1996
0.5
1997
0.5
1998
-1
1999
2
2000
0.5
-1
2001
-4
-3
7
-2
5
-2
4
-17
3
-16
3
-13
3
-14
2
-7
1
-5
0.5
-6
-1
-4
-4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
0.5
-2
-1
-1
0.5
-1
0.5
-1
-2
-2
0.5
0.5
8
-1
0.5
-2
-1
-1
0.5
-2
-1
-1
0.5
-4
-1
0.5
0.5
0.5
-4
0.5
-4
0.5
30
30
26
23
19
29
42
39
39
0.5
0.5
0.5
-2
0.5
-4
2
-31
24
37
44
2000
1
0.5
1
-2
-13
2001
1
-6
-9
-25
0.5
0.5
1
-5
-8
-5
-1
-27
0.5
0.5
-1
2002
0.5
-9
-17
-2
-16
0.5
-5
-2
-28
15
0.5
0.5
-8
-11
0.5
-5
10
-2
0.5
Table 3. Changes in the official emissions of mercury after the recalculations, %
Country
1990
Austria
0.5
Belgium
Canada
1
Denmark
-4
France
-4
Hungary
Italy
7
Netherlands
13
Norway
-12
Slovakia
0.5
Spain
0.5
Sweden
-1
Switzerland
United Kingdom
3
1991
0.5
1992
0.5
1993
0.5
1994
0.5
1995
0.5
1996
0.5
1997
0.5
1998
0.5
1999
2
1
-4
-3
1
-4
-5
2
-3
-4
3
-26
-6
3
-16
-6
2
-13
-5
1
-12
-8
1
-10
-8
1
-7
-10
7
4
0.5
0.5
-2
-7
-6
-6
-12
-14
-18
0.5
0.5
0.5
-1
0.5
-1
-20
0.5
0.5
0.5
-21
0.5
0.5
0.5
-22
0.5
0.5
1
-22
0.5
-5
-19
0.5
0.5
-1
0.5
8
-21
0.5
0.5
3
3
-7
-9
-8
-10
-11
-7
-9
11
1
-2
-15
Uncertainties
All reported emissions estimates have some uncertainties. The degree of uncertainty varies
depending on various factors, including the frequency and duration of data collection, quality
of the available data, how well the available data represent a particular source and/or other
sources within an industry, variability in measurement techniques, reliability of extrapolation
methods and assumptions that may have been used calculate emissions estimates, and
variability in control techniques, processes, and input materials for a given industry.
Depending on the purpose of the emissions estimates, and what type of decisions may be
made based on the estimates, it can be important to include some qualitative and/or
quantitative assessment of uncertainties, to the extent feasible.
The Guidelines for estimating and reporting emissions by the EB [EB.AIR/GE.1/2002/7]
encouraged Parties report quantitative information on uncertainties where this is available
(para 32). The uncertainty estimates are based on emission data and on uncertainties of
activity data and emission factors for each of the main emission sectors [EMEP/CORINAIR
Emission Inventory Guidebook, 2004]. At present, however, quantitative estimates of
uncertainties of national emissions are limited – currently assessed only by Denmark. The
uncertainty of Pb, Cd and Hg emissions in 2003 amounted to 261%, 263% and 229%
respectively [Illerup et al., 2005].
Considerable difference between the official data and the expert estimates [Berdowski et al.,
1997; Denier van der Gon et al., 2005] points at necessity of more careful analysis of the
data from viewpoint of uncertainties. For countries, where both official data and expert
estimates are available, the ratio between the official data and the expert estimates is shown
in Figs. 14-16. For some countries the ratio exceeds an order of magnitude.
89
3.5
21 5
4
times
3
2.5
2
a
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Spain
26
3.5
Sweden
Slovenia
Slovakia
Russian Federation
Poland
Portugal
Norway
Netherlands
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Italy
Latvia
Hungary
Germany
Finland
France
Estonia
Denmark
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Croatia
Bulgaria
Belgium
Austria
Belarus
1
Republic_of_Moldova
1.5
29
times
3
2.5
2
12
United Kingdom
Switzerland
TFYRof_Macedonia
Sweden
Slovenia
Spain
Slovakia
Romania
Russian Federation
Portugal
Norway
Poland
Netherlands
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Latvia
Hungary
Italy
France
Finland
Denmark
Estonia
Czech Republic
Croatia
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Austria
b
Belarus
Belgium
1
Republic_of_Moldova
1.5
Austria
1
Romania
13
United Kingdom
7
TFYRof_Macedonia
Switzerland
Sweden
4
Spain
a
Slovenia
1
Slovakia
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovenia
Slovakia
6
Russian Federation
United Kingdom
TFYRof_Macedonia
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovenia
Slovakia
Russian Federation
Romania
Republic_of_Moldova
Portugal
Poland
Norway
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Italy
Hungary
France
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Croatia
Bulgaria
Belgium
Austria
Portugal
Poland
Norway
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Italy
Hungary
France
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Croatia
Bulgaria
Belgium
Belarus
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Slovenia
Slovakia
Russian Federation
Republic_of_Moldova
a
Republic_of_Moldova
Portugal
Poland
Norway
Netherlands
Austria
Belarus
times
1
Russian Federation
Lithuania
Luxembourg
b
Portugal
Poland
Norway
Netherlands
Latvia
Italy
Hungary
France
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Croatia
Bulgaria
Belgium
5
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Italy
Hungary
France
Finland
Estonia
3.5
Denmark
Czech Republic
Croatia
Bulgaria
Belgium
Austria
1
Republic_of_Moldova
b
Belarus
times
3.5
Belarus
times
times
Fig. 14. Differences between the official data and the expert estimates of lead emissions for 1990 (a) and 2000
(b), expressed as ratio of the larger value to the smaller one. Countries, where the official data exceed the expert
estimates, are colored
3.5
6
2.5
3
1.5
2
3.5
58
2.5
3
1.5
2
Fig. 15. Differences between the official data and the expert estimates of cadmium emissions for 1990 (a) and
2000 (b), expressed as ratio of the larger value to the smaller one. Countries, where the official data exceed the
expert estimates, are colored
3
4
2.5
1.5
2
38
2.5
3
1.5
2
Fig. 16. Differences between the official data and the expert estimates of mercury emissions for 1990 (a) and
2000 (b), expressed as ratio of the larger value to the smaller one. Countries, where the official data exceed the
expert estimates, are colored
2. Other Metals (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn)
Emission trends
The changes in As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn emissions in the EMEP region for the period of 19902003 were estimated on the basis of total emissions of the 17 countries. For the considered
period they reported their national emission data, on a voluntary basis, for each of the above
metals. These countries are Belarus, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Republic of Moldova, Slovakia, Spain,
Sweden and the United Kingdom. The change in Se emissions in the EMEP region for the
period of 1990-2003 was assessed on the basis of total emissions of the 13 countries
(Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, Republic of
Moldova, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom).
Figure 17 shows that the total reported emissions of other metals in the considered countries
have decreased between 1990 and 2003. Chromium ranks first (emission decreased by
about 70%). It is followed by arsenic (64%), nickel (54%), zinc (31%) and copper (24%).
Emissions of selenium have decreased only by 7%.
Cr emissions, t/y
Cu emissions, t/y
1200
1000
350
1000
800
400
400
100
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Zn emissions, t/y
8000
2500
7000
Se emissions, t/y
tonnes
1500
tonnes
6000
2000
5000
4000
3000
1000
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1000
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2000
500
14
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2002
2003
3000
2000
2001
2002
2003
0
2000
2001
0
1997
1998
1999
0
1995
1996
200
1992
1993
1994
200
1990
1991
50
Ni emissions, t/y
tonnes
600
1997
1998
1999
150
600
1995
1996
200
1990
1991
250
800
tonnes
tonnes
tonnes
300
1992
1993
1994
As emissions, t/y
400
Fig. 17. Reported emissions of arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc (17 countries) and selenium (13
countries) in the EMEP region
Emission reductions
Figures 18-23 show the reductions of emissions of other heavy metals in the countries that
submitted emission data for both 1990 and 2003.
The reductions of arsenic emissions (Fig. 18) vary from 13% (the Netherlands) to 92%
(Slovakia). In Italy, Estonia and Spain the reported emissions of arsenic have increased by
14%, 25% and 33% respectively.
15
As emission reductions, %
100
80
%
60
40
20
0
-20
Spain
Estonia
Italy
Netherlands
Cyprus
France
Denmark
Belgium
Hungary
Latvia
United
Kingdom
Lithuania
Sweden
Finland
Republic of
Moldova
Belarus
Slovakia
-40
Spain
Estonia
Italy
Netherlands
Cyprus
France
Denmark
Belgium
Hungary
Latvia
United
Kingdom
Lithuania
Sweden
Republic of
Moldova
Finland
Belarus
60
40
20
0
-20
Slovakia
tonnes
As emission reductions, tonnes
140
120
100
80
Fig. 18. Reductions of arsenic emissions in the 17 countries of the EMEP region for the period
of 1990-2003 based on official data reported for both 1990 and 2003
The reductions of chromium emissions (Fig. 19) vary from 13% (Finland) to 91% (Slovakia).
In Estonia, Spain and Cyprus emissions of chromium have increased by 15%, 32% and 51%
respectively.
Italy
Latvia
Finland
Estonia
Spain
Cyprus
Italy
Latvia
Finland
Estonia
Spain
Cyprus
Netherlands
Hungary
Belgium
Sweden
United
Kingdom
Lithuania
Belarus
Denmark
France
Republic of
Moldova
Slovakia
%
Cr emission reductions, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
Netherlands
Hungary
Belgium
Sweden
United
Kingdom
Lithuania
Belarus
Denmark
Republic of
Moldova
France
150
100
50
0
-50
Slovakia
tonnes
Cr emission reductions, tonnes
350
300
250
200
Fig. 19. Reductions of chromium emissions in the 17 countries of the EMEP region for the period
of 1990-2003 based on official data reported for both 1990 and 2003
16
The reductions of copper emissions (Fig. 20) vary from 12% (Italy) to 79% (Republic of
Moldova). In France, the Netherlands, Cyprus, Spain and Estonia emissions of chromium
have increased by 3%, 11%, 54%, 67 and 101% respectively.
Netherlands
Cyprus
Spain
Estonia
Netherlands
Cyprus
Spain
Estonia
Italy
Italy
France
Denmark
Denmark
Latvia
Belgium
Hungary
Sweden
United
Kingdom
Belarus
Lithuania
Slovakia
Finland
-101%
Republic of
Moldova
%
Cu emission reductions, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
Cu emission reductions
100
tonnes
60
20
-20
-60
France
Latvia
Belgium
Hungary
Sweden
United
Kingdom
Belarus
Lithuania
Slovakia
Finland
Republic of
Moldova
-100
Fig. 20. Reductions of copper emissions in the 17 countries of the EMEP region for the period
of 1990-2003 based on official data reported for both 1990 and 2003
The reductions of nickel emissions (Fig. 21) vary from 17% (Sweden) to 98% (Republic of
Moldova). In Italy, Spain and Estonia emissions of nickel have increased by 2%, 5%, and
54% respectively. In Cyprus emission of nickel has grown 18 times.
17
Ni emission reductions, %
100
80
%
60
40
20
-54% -1730%
0
Cyprus
Estonia
Spain
Italy
Sweden
Hungary
Belgium
Netherlands
France
Finland
United
Kingdom
Denmark
Slovakia
Lithuania
Latvia
Belarus
Republic of
Moldova
-20
Ni emission reductions, tonnes
600
500
tonnes
400
300
200
100
0
Cyprus
Estonia
Spain
Italy
Sweden
Hungary
Belgium
Netherlands
France
Finland
United
Kingdom
Denmark
Slovakia
Lithuania
Latvia
Belarus
Republic of
Moldova
-100
Fig. 21. Reductions of nickel emissions in the 17 countries of the EMEP region for the period
of 1990-2003 based on official data reported for both 1990 and 2003
The reductions of zinc emissions (Fig. 22) vary from 6% (Italy) to 89% (Finland). In Belarus,
Cyprus, Spain and Estonia emissions of nickel have increased by 2%, 11%, 62 and 73%
respectively.
Italy
Belarus
Cyprus
Spain
Estonia
Italy
Belarus
Cyprus
Spain
Estonia
Latvia
Hungary
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden
Lithuania
Slovakia
Netherlands
France
Republic of
Moldova
United
Kingdom
Finland
%
Zn emission reductions, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
Zn emission reductions, tonnes
2000
1500
tonnes
1000
500
0
-500
Latvia
Hungary
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden
Lithuania
Slovakia
Netherlands
Republic of
Moldova
United
Kingdom
France
Finland
-1000
Fig. 22. Reductions of zinc emissions in the 17 countries of the EMEP region for the period
of 1990-2003 based on official data reported for both 1990 and 2003
18
The reductions of selenium emissions (Fig. 23) vary from 4% (Italy) to 95% (Estonia). In
Belgium, Sweden, Italy and Spain emissions of selenium have increased by 6%, 19%, 22
and 68% respectively.
Spain
Italy
Sweden
Belgium
France
Slovakia
United
Kingdom
Denmark
Hungary
Latvia
Netherlands
Republic of
Moldova
Estonia
%
Se emission reductions, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
Se emission reductions, tonnes
50
40
tonnes
30
20
10
-41 t
0
Spain
Italy
Sweden
Belgium
France
Slovakia
United
Kingdom
Denmark
Hungary
Latvia
Netherlands
Republic of
Moldova
Estonia
-10
Fig. 23. Reductions of selenium emissions in the 13 countries of the EMEP region for the period
of 1990-2003 based on official data reported for both 1990 and 2003
Data on the reductions of heavy metal emissions for each country that reported data for both
1990 and 2003 are given in Annex A.
Key sources of emissions
Key emission sources of other heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn) were assessed for 2003 on
the basis of data reported by 9 countries (Belgium, Finland, France, Hungary, the
Netherlands, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom). Sources of selenium emissions
were assessed for the same countries with the exception of Finland. Several key sources
were included so that their contribution to the total emission of the considered countries
would be at least 90%.
Figure 24 shows seven largest sources of arsenic emissions in 2003. Their contribution to the
total emission of the 9 countries is 90%. Almost 51% of arsenic emission is caused by two
sectors: “Other, Manufacturing Industries and Construction” (29%) and “Non-ferrous Metals”
(22%).
19
As sector emissions in 2003
Total emission - 75 t
1A1b
Petroleum
refining
3 t/y
1 A 2 a Iron
and Steel
3 t/y
Other sectors
7 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
21 t/y
2 C Metal
Production
6 t/y
1A4b
Residential
8 t/y
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity
and Heat
Production
11 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
17 t/y
Fig. 24. Sources of arsenic emissions in 2003 (9 countries)
Figure 25 shows eight largest source sectors of chromium emissions in 2003. Their
contribution to the total emission of the 9 countries is 91%. About 45% of chromium emission
is accounted for by two sectors with almost similar contributions to total emission, namely:
“Metal Production” (23%) and “Other, Manufacturing Industries and Construction” (22%).
Cr sector emissions in 2003
Total emission - 217 t
2 B Chemical
Industry
1 A 1 b 11 t/y
Petroleum
refining
12 t/y
Other sectors
20 t/y
2 C Metal
Production
51 t/y
1A2a
Iron and Steel
12 t/y
1 A 3 b Road
Transportation
17 t/y
1A4b
Residential
22 t/y
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity and
Heat Production
24 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
48 t/y
Fig. 25. Sources of chromium emissions in 2003 (9 countries)
Figure 26 shows eight largest source sectors of copper emissions in 2003. Their contribution
to the total emission of the 9 countries is 92%. The maximum contribution to the total copper
emission is caused by the sector “Road Transportation” (45%).
20
Cu sector emissions in 2003
Total emission - 585 t
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
21 t/y
Other
1 A 4 b sectors
Residential 48 t/y
20 t/y
1 A 2 a Iron
and Steel
1 A 1 a Public 22 t/y
Electricity and
Heat Production
28 t/y
2 C Metal
Production
34 t/y
1A3c
Railw ays
60 t/y
1 A 3 b Road
Transportation
262 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
89 t/y
Fig. 26. Sources of copper emissions in 2003 (9 countries)
Figure 27 shows ten largest source sectors of nickel emissions in 2003. Their contribution to
the total emission of the 9 countries is 92%. Almost 70% of nickel emission is made by 3
sectors: “Petroleum refining” (33%), “Public Electricity and Heat Production” (22%) and
“Other, Manufacturing Industries and Construction” (14%).
Ni sector emissions in 2003
1 A 2 e Food
Total emission - 842 t
Processing,
Beverages and
1 A 2 d Pulp,
Other
Tobacco
Paper and
sectors
23 t/y
Print
71 t/y
1 A 3 d ii
20 t/y
National
Navigation
1 A 3 b Road
23 t/y
Transportation
25 t/y 1 A 2 c
1A1b
Petroleum
refining
275 t/y
Chemicals
26 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
27 t/y
2 C Metal
Production
44 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
122 t/y
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity and
Heat Production
185 t/y
Fig. 27. Sources of nickel emissions in 2003 (9 countries)
Figure 28 shows six largest source sectors of zinc emissions in 2003. Their contribution to
the total emission of the 9 countries is 94%. The maximum contribution to zinc emission is
made by the sector “Road Transportation” (42%). The second largest source is the sector
“Metal Production” (21%)
21
Zn sector emissions in 2003
Total emission - 3699 t
1 A 2 a Iron Other sectors
238 t/y
and Steel
1 A 1 a Public
164 t/y
Electricity and
Heat Production
315 t/y
1A2b
Non-ferrous
Metals
327 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
327 t/y
1 A 3 b Road
Transportation
1542 t/y
2 C Metal
Production
786 t/y
Fig. 28. Sources of zinc emissions in 2003 (9 countries)
Figure 29 shows five largest source sectors of selenium emissions in 2003. Their contribution
to the total emission of the 8 countries is 93%. The greatest contribution to the total selenium
emission is made by the sector “Other, Manufacturing Industries and Construction” (67%).
Se sector emissions in 2003
Total emission - 170 t/y
1A4b
Residential
4 t/y
Other
sectors
13 t/y
1 A 3 b Road
Transportation
11 t/y
2 A Mineral
Products
12 t/y
1 A 2 f Other,
Manufacturing
Industries and
Construction
115 t/y
1 A 1 a Public
Electricity and
Heat Production
17 t/y
Fig. 29. Sources of selenium emissions in 2003 (8 countries)
22
References
Berdowski J.J.M., Baas J., Bloos J.PJ., Visschedijk A.J.H. and Zandveld P.Y.J. [1997]. The European
Emission Inventory of Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants for 1990. TNO Institute of
Environmental Sciences, Energy Research and Process Innovation, UBA-FB report 104 02
672/03, Apeldoorn, 266 p.
Denier van der Gon H.A.C., van het Bolscher M., Visschedijk A.J.H. and Zandveld P.Y.J. [2005]. Study
to the effectiveness of the UNECE Heavy Metals Protocol and costs of possible additional
measures. Phase I: Estimation of emission reduction resulting from the implementation of the
HM Protocol. TNO-report B&O-A R 2005/193.
EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook [2004]
http://reports.eea.eu.int/EMEPCORINAIR4/en/BGPG.pdf.
llerup J.B., Nielsen M., Winther M., Mikkelsen M.H., Hoffman L., Gyldenkærne S. and Fauser P. [2005]
Annual Danish Emissions Inventory Report to UNECE. Inventories from the base year of the
protocols to year 2003. Ministry of Environment. National Environmental Research Institute.
Available at http://cdr.eionet.eu.int/dk/Air_Emission_Inventories/Submission_EMEP_UNECE.
U.S. EPA [2003] National air quality and emissions trends report, and lead air quality trends data
(1980 – 2001). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/lead2.html.
U.S. EPA [2005a] Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/CAIR/ .
U.S. EPA [2005b] Clean Air Mercury Rule. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/air/mercuryrule/.
U.S. EPA [2006] National Emissions Inventory (NEI) for year 2002. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Available at:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html.
Vestreng V., Breivik K., Adams M., Wagner A., Goodwin J., Rozovskaya O. and Pacyna J.M. [2005].
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review for HMs and POPs. EMEP MSC-W Technical Report 1/2005.
23
Annex A
REDUCTIONS OF HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS IN COUNTRIES FOR
THE PERIOD OF 1990-2003 BASED ON OFFICIAL DATA
Austria
94%
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
100
80
54%
60
32%
40
Austria
194 t
2
1.5
1.2 t
1
0.5 t
0.5
20
0
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Cd
Hg
24
95%
91%
76%
80
77%
88%
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
100
67%
60
40
20
-2%
0
-26%
Pb
Cd
Hg
Zn
529 t
22 t
16
12 t
12
8
5.8 t
-0.1
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
66%
61% 63%
51%
60
40%
40
27%
24%
20
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
60 t
33 t
30 t
30
25
20
15
8.6 t
10
4.7 t 4.2 t
2.9 t
5
0
Cr
Belgium
501 t
35
88%
80
-3.3 t
-4
As
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
Se
20
Belgium
-0.3 t
0
-6%
-20
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
-5
Zn
Pb
Bulgaria
60
reduction, tonnes
66%
Cd
Hg
62%
47%
40
20
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Bulgaria
288 t
15
100
reduction, %
Ni
0
-40
80
Cu
24 t
754 t
4
-20
100
Cr
Belarus
Belarus
120
As
13.4 t
12
8.2 t
9
6
3
0
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
24
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Canada
70
70%
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
100
80
Canada
854 t
75%
66%
60
40
61 t
60
50
40
26 t
30
20
20
10
0
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
23%
-11%
0.5
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Cd
Hg
Cr
Cu
Ni
-1.1 t
Se
Zn
Pb
Cd
reduction, tonnes
76%
48%
40
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Se
Zn
Czech Republic
230 t
86%
60
-29 t
-1.5
5.7 t
6
80
-0.8 t -0.7 t
-0.7 t
-1
-1730%
As
-0.2 t
-0.5
-51% -54%
-345% -363%
0.1 t
0
Czech Republic
reduction, %
Cr
Cyprus
31 t
38%
Pb
100
As
1
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
Cyprus
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
Hg
Cd
Pb
Zn
4
2.1 t
2
20
0
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Denmark
96%
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
As
Cr
Cu
Denmark
Ni
15 t
15
81%
80
63%
60
58%
50%
49%
54%
35%
40
14%
20
12 t
12
9
5.1 t
6
2.1 t
3
2.4 t
1.5 t
0.8 t
0.6 t
0
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Estonia
reduction, tonnes
62% 55%
40
0
-40
-25%
Hg
-15%
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
0.2 t
0
-1
-1.2 t
-1.7 t
-2.4 t
-21 t
-3
Ni
Se
Zn
-2.0 t
-101
Pb
Cu
Estonia
-73%
-120
Cr
-2
-54%
-80
As
0.7 t
1
95%
83%
80
Cd
193 t 1.0 t
120
reduction, %
Hg
118 t
120
100
Cd
Zn
Pb
25
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Finland
90%
90%
81%
reduction, %
80
89%
reduction, tonnes
100
77%
80
60
50%
40
29%
60
40
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
France
87%
80
74%
68%
54%
60
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
96%
47%
46%
40
Pb
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
France
1502 t
150 t
346 t
16.5 t
15
11.8 t
9.3 t
10
5
0.5 t
0
-5.4 t
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
-10
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Hungary
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
reduction, tonnes
60%
52%
48%
36%
40
57%
30%
35%
14%
Se
Zn
15 t
14 t
12
10 t
9
8.6 t 8.5 t
6
2.7 t 2.3 t
3
0
Ni
Hungary
15
80
60
Cd
647 t
95%
20
1.9 t
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Italy
Hg
As
Italy
Cr
reduction, tonnes
44%
29%
22%
12%
20
6%
0
Cu
Ni
Se
38 t
8
60
40
Cd
4126 t
95%
80
Zn
55 t
6.4 t
6
4
2.9 t 2.5 t
2
0
-2
-2%
-20
-14%
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
-2.2 t
-4
-22%
-40
Se
-2.8 t
-6
Zn
Pb
Cd
Hg
reduction, tonnes
79%
70%
70%
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
61%
60
38%
31%
22%
20
4
Zn
59 t
6
87%
80
-5.4 t
As
Latvia
Latvia
100
reduction, %
Cr
-5
-3%
-20
40
As
4%
0
reduction, %
Hg
4124 t
20
reduction, %
Cd
20
120
100
4.2 t
0.3 t
0
Pb
100
33 t
30 t
5.1 t
0
100
508 t
73 t
20
13%
20
Finland
293 t
5.2 t
3.6 t
3.2 t
2
1.4 t
1.3 t
1.3 t
1.2 t
0.6 t
8%
0
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
26
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Lithuania
Lithuania
35
80
68%
76%
75% 74% 74%
80%
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
100
60
41%
40
20
76 t
32 t
30
24 t
25
20
15
8.6 t
10
2.9 t
5
0
-1856%
Pb
Cd
Hg
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
89%
41%
40
22%
0
Cu
Ni
Se
10
Zn
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
Cd
Hg
53%
43%
40
13%
Cr
Cu
-11%
Pb
Zn
116 t
33 t
20
15
10
1.0 t
2.9 t
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
5.6 t
0.2 t
0.3 t
-5
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
180 t
96%
reduction, tonnes
76%
59%
60
55%
48%
40
20
-2.2 t
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Ni
Se
Zn
9.4 t
10
80
Cr
Norway
Norway
8
6
4
2
9%
0
1.0 t 0.8 t
2.0 t
1.5 t
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Republic of Moldova
Republic of Moldova
243 t
98 t
10
120
96% 96% 92%
98%
86% 85%
80
79%
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
Se
0
-20
100
Ni
25
0
reduction, %
As
30
5
100
-5.5 kg
Netherlands
291 t
50%
45%
20
-0.08 kg
-8.4 kg
Pb
69%
60
0.2 kg
35
80
Zn
44 kg
-20
84%
Se
20
Netherlands
87%
Ni
60 kg
-10
-55%
-80
Cr
Cu
0
-47%
As
Cr
30
-40
Hg
As
40
-9%
Cd
Hg
Monaco
50
80
Pb
Cd
3901 kg
60
reduction, kg
reduction, %
99%
-0.3 t
-5
As
Monaco
100
2.5 t
0
-20
120
5.5 t
71%
62%
60
40
7.8 t 7.9 t
8
7.8 t
6
3.9 t
4
20
2
0
0
4.4 t
3.0 t
0.4 t
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
27
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Slovakia
Slovakia
92% 91%
77%
80
150
75%
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
100
68%
59%
60
46%
38%
40
136 t
120
89 t
90
73 t
70 t
49 t
60
46 t
21%
20
30
10 t
3.6 t
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Slovenia
Cd
Hg
As
0.15
80
60
40
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Slovenia
444 t
97%
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
100
1.8 t
0
0.13 t
0.1
0.07 t
0.05
17%
20
4%
0
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
Cd
Hg
10
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
2517 t
90%
60
20
-20
-5%
-9%
-29%
-33% -32%
-60
0
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
-13 t
Cd
Hg
As
84% 84%
71%
53%
60
40%
40
17%
20
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Sweden
460 t
-842 t
Zn
72 t
18 t
20
78%
-41 t
-97 t
Pb
97%
80
-15 t
-30
Zn
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
-4.8 t
-20
Sweden
16 t
15
10
5.4 t
3.9 t 4.6 t
5
2.0 t
-0.1 t
0
0
-20
-19%
-40
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
-5
Zn
Pb
Switzerland
Cd
reduction, tonnes
82%
65% 64%
60
40
20
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Switzerland
5
80
Hg
425 t
100
reduction, %
-1.9 t
-50
Pb
100
-4.3 t
-10
-40
-68% -62%
-67%
-100
120
Cr
Spain
Spain
100
As
4.3 t
4
2.7 t
3
2
1
0
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
28
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
United Kingdom
79% 81%
80
118 t
120
73%
66%
reduction, tonnes
reduction, %
100
United Kingdom
2781 t
95%
67%
57%
60
53%
57%
40
100
238 t
535 t
83 t
80
60
47 t
40
30 t
31 t
Hg
As
20 t
20
20
0
0
Pb
Cd
Hg
As
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Pb
29
Cd
Cr
Cu
Ni
Se
Zn
Annex B
HEAVY METALS SECTOR EMISSIONS
Table B1. Pb sector emissions
NFR sectors
1 A 3 b Road Transportation
2 C Metal Production
6 C Waste Incineration
1 A 2 a Iron and Steel
1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production
1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals
1 A 2 f Other, Manufacturing Industries and
Construction
2 B Chemical Industry
1 A 4 b Residential
Other sectors
Total emission (8 countries*)
1990
tonnes
9996.172
355.198
338.775
228.964
203.490
184.347
%
84.7
3.0
2.9
1.9
1.7
1.6
2003
tonnes
47.005
207.240
5.680
120.253
39.466
88.353
%
6.3
27.7
0.8
16.1
5.3
11.8
Reduction
tonnes
%
9949.168
99.5
147.958
41.7
333.095
98.3
108.711
47.5
164.025
80.6
95.995
52.1
137.517
1.2
137.128
18.3
0.388
0.3
98.461
92.652
160.397
11796
0.8
0.8
1.4
100
13.688
41.403
48.967
749
1.8
5.5
6.5
100
84.774
51.249
111.430
11047
86.1
55.3
69.5
94
Table B2. Cd sector emissions
NFR sectors
6 C Waste Incineration
2 C Metal Production
1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production
1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals
1 A 2 f Other, Manufacturing Industries and
Construction
1 A 2 a Iron and Steel
1 A 1 b Petroleum refining
1 A 3 b Road Transportation
1 A 4 b Residential
Other sectors
Total emission (8 countries*)
1990
tonnes
14.501
12.277
11.894
10.103
%
19.9
16.8
16.3
13.8
2003
tonnes
0.775
9.999
5.847
4.595
%
2.0
25.9
15.1
11.9
Reduction
tonnes
%
13.726
94.7
2.278
18.6
6.047
50.8
5.508
54.5
4.906
6.7
3.348
8.7
1.558
31.8
4.028
3.748
3.351
1.646
6.584
73
5.5
5.1
4.6
2.3
9.0
100
1.435
3.801
4.106
1.396
3.361
39
3.7
9.8
10.6
3.6
8.7
100
2.593
-0.053
-0.755
0.249
3.223
34
64.4
-1.4
-22.5
15.2
49.0
47
1990
tonnes
29.502
16.137
15.981
%
28.9
15.8
15.7
2003
tonnes
12.858
2.729
4.364
%
29.0
6.2
9.8
Reduction
tonnes
%
16.645
56.4
13.409
83.1
11.618
72.7
12.635
12.4
13.923
31.4
-1.288
-10.2
5.866
5.443
3.684
2.386
2.202
8.161
102
5.8
5.3
3.6
2.3
2.2
8.0
100
1.017
0.375
3.608
0.412
0.910
4.147
44
2.3
0.8
8.1
0.9
2.1
9.4
100
4.849
5.068
0.077
1.974
1.293
4.014
58
82.7
93.1
2.1
82.7
58.7
49.2
57
Table B3. Hg sector emissions
NFR sectors
1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production
6 C Waste Incineration
2 B Chemical Industry
1 A 2 f Other, Manufacturing Industries and
Construction
1 A 2 a Iron and Steel
1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals
2 C Metal Production
6 A Solid Waste Disposal on land
1 A 4 b Residential
Other sectors
Total emission (8 countries*)
* Austria, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom
30