Agnes Scott College Water Action Plan:
Reducing Agnes Scott’s Water Footprint
Spring 2012
Agnes Scott College Water Action Plan
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Sustainability Mission Statement
As part of our college mission to live honorably, we accept the challenge of environmental
stewardship, commit to education and leadership in sustainability and seek to balance what the
college takes from and returns to the world’s natural resources.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
Sustainability at ASC….........................................................................................................3
ASC Water Plan...................................................................................................................3
Financing and Next Steps....................................................................................................4
Water Footprint..............................................................................................................................4
ASC Water Footprint...........................................................................................................4
ASC Water Consumption per building…………………………………………………………………………….6
Potable Water Use - Benchmarking with Other Universities ...........................................11
Strategies for Achieving Water Sustainability...............................................................................11
Strategies in Focus........................................................................................................................11
Potable Water.…...............................................................................................................12
Wastewater......................................................................................................................14
Bottled Water...................................................................................................................15
Financing…....................................................................................................................................16
Green Revolving Fund.......................................................................................................16
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................17
Suggestions for the Future….………………………………………………………………………….…………….17
Current Projects Underway………………………………………………………………………………………….17
Appendix A: ASC Meter Map……………………………………………………………………………………………………19
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Executive Summary
Sustainability at Agnes Scott College
Agnes Scott College’s (ASC) mission is to educate women to think deeply and live
honorably. This community has become a living laboratory of campus-wide commitment to
justice, courage, respect and responsibility through policies and practices designed to model
these values. These practices have provided the campus community with ongoing opportunities
for reflection, deliberation and action. As part of ASC’s mission, we build the pathways to help
equip students with the knowledge and skills to contribute to a sustainable future. We are
committed to education and leadership in our curriculum as well as in the community. Agnes
Scott College seeks to balance what our campus takes from and returns to the world’s natural
resources.
Sustainability has been an initiative at Agnes Scott College since 2007, when President
Elizabeth Kiss signed the American College & University Presidents’ Climate Commitment
(ACUPCC) as a charter member and joined the American Association for Sustainability in
Higher Education (AASHE). After creating an official Climate Action Plan, the college has
made a commitment to be climate neutral by the year 2037. In additional to incorporating a
Sustainability & Environmental Studies minor into the curriculum, with the help of the Jesse Ball
DuPont foundation, a sustainability fellow was hired beginning in 2008. Beginning in 2010, the
college joined the Billion Dollar Challenge with the creation of a green revolving fund.
In 2011, the university expanded its focus to energy and water conservation and this ASC
Water Plan is part of that sustainable vision.
ASC Water Plan
The ASC Water Plan addresses water conservation through phases of Agnes Scott’s campus
water infrastructure, as well as through research and behavioral education of students1.
This broad based plan for water sustainability extends over three major focus areas: potable
water, wastewater and bottled water. The plan is structured to be approached in a phases through
retrofitting and renovations, behavioral change and innovative projects. This plan is structured
with the intent of Agnes Scott being a responsible member and preserving the community
watershed. Ultimately, the purpose of this plan is to reduce ASC’s water footprint in the
Chattahoochee River and any other watersheds that may be affected indirectly. From this point
forward, Agnes Scott College has a goal to reduce total potable water consumption by 15 percent
from the original 2009 baseline. We hope to reach this goal in the next five years, checking
This water action plan was created with the help of George Washington University’s GWater Plan as a guideline
for potential framing of our plan.
1
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annually to track changes. In addition, the campus will strive towards reducing the water
pollution in runoff and reduce the use of bottled water on campus.
This plan summarizes the strategy Agnes Scott will follow to achieve the water conservation
goal; the water audit data, specific projects that will unfold on campus and the policies on
campus that will reflect this plan. The College will need to occasionally need to update and
revise the ASC water plan to help with reduction with changing technologies, students or college
policies. This policy will reflect similar approaches as the ASC Climate Action Plan.
Financing
To achieve the water conservation goals as well as the other climate action plan steps, Agnes
Scott has begun a green revolving fund2. Once initial startup funds have been collected, this
fund will allow for investments in water reduction through renovations or fixture retrofitting
projects across campus. The college also expects to use grants, donor opportunities and rebate
programs to gain a budget for water efficiency projects.
Water Footprint
In order to set a precise strategy for water conservation, the college conducted a water audit
assessment of the campus in 2009. A first year seminar class measured the flow rates of water
fixtures in campus buildings as a class project. The results collected by the class acted as
baseline for data which would further be examined more closely beginning in 2011.
To best examine the water use on campus, the idea of using a water footprint, can best illustrate
the water consumption on campus. The Office of Sustainability uses potable water data as a way
to determine the consumption amount for the campus.
ASC’s Water Footprint
Water usage data was obtained from the available Dekalb County Water bills and the campus
water meters3. These data were analyzed by total usage by building and cost per building from
the year 2009. Throughout the collection of data, problems arose in terms of the location of
certain water meters or missing water bills. The consumption data shown on the water bills is an
important factor in being able to distinguish the most accurate number of consumption for our
water footprint. The missing data caused a setback in the completion of the collection of our
campus’ water consumption data; however, knowing some information from previous months for
2
Green revolving funds involve an initial investment which is used to fund sustainability-related projects. As these
projects save the college in costs associated with energy consumption, water and other operations, the funds saved
are then put back into the fund to be used to pay for future sustainability projects, thereby lowering operating costs
on college and university campuses.
3
Water meters across campus are marked on a meter map. The meters were found during a campus community day
when faculty and staff surveyed the campus for water meter. A few meters were no determined which has caused
missing data for two of the residential buildings on campus. These residential buildings’ water consumption were
estimated so they could accurately be inputted into our data collection.
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in the data has allowed us to make the most accurate estimate for the buildings needing
consumption data.
Figure 1: ASC Water Consumption FY09
Total Annual Water Consumption (in gal)
12,898,693
Total Annual Cost for Campus Water Use
Total Annual Water Consumption per ASC member (per Academic year4/
gallons)
Total Annual Cost per student (per Academic year/gallons)
$104,524
6,037
Total Annual Cost per ASC faculty/staff (per Academic year/gallons)
In 2009, ASC’s total annual water consumption was 12,898,693 gallons (gal), which amounted
to a total cost of $104, 524 per year for the campus. The annual water consumption per ASC
member is approximately 6, 037 gal per academic year. This was determined by accounting for
934 students, 244 staff members and 137 faculty members totaling to 1315 ASC members; and
academic year of approximately 227 days annually. Agnes Scott is a full residential campus
meaning all students reside on campus throughout an academic year. This information can help
better understand the large amount of consumption coming from the residence halls. This
indicator helps identify the areas of large water use on Agnes Scott’s campus. The water usage
data were categorized by the usage of each building. The two biggest water users on campus are
the residence halls and academic/office buildings (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: ASC Water Consumption
4
An academic year consists of 227 days annually in which all residents and employees of the college are on campus.
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The water footprint also provides a detailed snapshot of water consumption in different buildings
across campus (see Figure 3). It allows ASC to identify trends in water consumption across
campus, and identify target buildings in which to prioritize potential projects for water
conservation. It is known that the residence halls on campus use almost half of the total water
consumption on campus. The buildings with the highest amount of consumption such as
Winship and Walters Halls would be considered target buildings in which we might choose to
retrofit fixtures first among the residence halls on campus. The Woodruff Athletic building is
also a large consumer of water. With an Olympic size pool in the facility this building can be
considered a target building, however, innovative ideas will be needed for this building in order
to combat the seasonal usage of the building as well as the swimming pool as a major factor in
the consumption. Although the water consumption data for certain building still remains
incomplete resulting in formulating an estimate, the consumption numbers for all buildings on
campus still give us a greater idea of which buildings to focus on when the retrofits and
renovations take place.
Figure 3: ASC Building Consumption
Looking at individual buildings will not only help us determine target buildings but also identify
patterns of water use during summer and academic months of the year. Below are a series of
charts representing the average water consumption from 2007-2010 of target buildings on
campus and possible assumptions as to the pattern identified in the graph. The first series of
graphs are academic building and the second series is of residential halls.
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In the above two graph, both Bullock and the Dana Fine Arts Building have similar patterns of
water consumption. Both of these buildings are strictly classroom buildings, therefore, water
consumption in these buildings should be lower than other campus buildings. After noticing this
issue of higher consumption during the summer months, we contacted our facilities department.
In the summer, water is consumed to keep the cooling towers full so that they can absorb heat
from the chillers and disperse it to the atmosphere. The cooling is done by evaporation of the
water, so there is a fairly large demand of water. This clarification explains why the water
consumption is higher during the summer months in order to help cool the buildings during the
hot weather.
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In the above graph, Alston, the student center, and McCain, our campus library, are both on one
water meter resulting in the water consumption data for these buildings to be shared. With an
alternative dining option in the student center, it can be understood that a higher usage of water
would be used for food preparation during the months in which students are on campus.
February in particular, is one of the few months during an academic year in which students are
on campus during the entire month.
One of the largest consuming buildings on campus, Woodruff, is the athletic facility for all sports
and student athletics on campus. An assumption can be made for this high consumption which
could result from the maintenance of the Olympic size swimming pool inside this building.
There is also a large women’s and men’s locker rooms for all visitors and athletes. These
activities taking place can explain a steady consumption across the entire year; however, the
spike in consumption in September cannot be explained.
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The following three buildings have similar patterns because of the primary student usage of these
buildings.
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Evans Dining hall and the two first year halls, Winship and Walters, have similar patterns
throughout the year. Summer months (including July to mid August and mid May until June) as
well as during winter break in December are lower consumption numbers because of the absence
of students on campus. During the fall and spring semester, the water consumption rises. Both
Winship and Walters have high water consumption, therefore, we hope to use these buildings as
targets to reduce water using retrofitting and behavioral change.
The last graph is of the three theme houses located across the street from the main campus.
These houses are treated as another form of residence halls, each house holding approximately
six to eight people. These houses share the same pattern as the other residence halls above which
results in higher consumption during the academic year and lower consumption during summer
months. The consumption in these houses is still considered to be high which is why one of
these houses was chosen for the Eco House project, described later in this plan.
Water Footprint- Benchmarking with Other Universities
There are very few comparable schools to Agnes Scott College (in terms of location and resident
population) that also publish up-to-date water consumption data. As shown in Figure 45, ASC is
among the lower total annual water consumption users. The chart of schools below represents
schools as close in size to ASC as we have found, this includes residential students and nonresidential part-time and fulltime faculty, staff and campus community. Although many of these
schools listed have shown water conservation initiatives on their school webpage, none of these
schools have published target goals or action plans.
Looking further at larger universities and colleges in which are different in size and location,
Agnes Scott’s water consumption still remains relatively low considering the status as an all
5
Research of water consumption data from the above schools are reported on AASHE’s STARS
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residential campus. The Agnes Scott Water Plan will lay out clear goals and tactics to reach a
reduction in water consumption.
Figure 4: School Water Usage Benchmark
Strategies for Achieving a Reduction in Water Consumption
Water scarcity has become a global issue that is increasing every year. In the state of Georgia, in
particular, droughts have been a major issue over the last decade causing much of the state to be
put on water restriction. Agnes Scott’s campus is located in Dekalb County which receives water
from the Chattahoochee River. In order to help conserve as much water for the rivers and lakes,
universities need to make a framework to allow for innovative ideas and research to reduce as
much water use as possible.
The ASC water footprint focuses on not only water consumption but
the quality of water that returns to the local watershed. As mentioned
previously, ASC’s water plan takes on three components to reduce
the college’s negative impact on the local watershed.—Renovate,
Reduce, and Innovate. Renovations in the campus buildings will be
the initial component that will always be an ongoing project to help
each building be updated with new fixtures such as low flow or dual flush bath fixtures. Next,
reducing the amount water consumption on campus will implemented through education and
behavioral changes with students, staff and faculty. Lastly, innovative ideas to help reduce water
consumption and improve water quality will become possible with additional funding in the
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college’s future plans. These components will continue over time as a cycle such as with new
technology advances or financing.
Below is an overview of ASC’s potential water plan goals and targets to help reduce water
consumption and improve water quality in Dekalb County’s watershed.
Figure 5: ASC Water Consumption Goals
Potable Water
Retrofit
Goal: Retrofit all fixtures on
campus, where needed, to low
flow fixtures and dual flush
Goal: Reduce potable water
consumption
Reduce
Innovate
Wastewater
Target: Reduce 15% water
consumption over the next 5
years
Goal: With new financing,
campus should implement new
technologies for reducing water
consumption
Target: Future plans should
include greywater systems and
improving retention pond
irrigation
Bottled Water
Goal: Update existing
water coolers and install
new hydration stations
Overall Goal: To
reduce the amount of
contaminants coming
from campus entering
the watershed through
ASC water system
Goal: To reduce the
amount of bottled water use
on campus
Target: Reduce bottled
water use by 50% in 5 years
Goal: Allow for new
technologies for drinking
water systems
Target: Have 100% use of
water/hydration coolers
without the use of bottles
Potable Water
Potable water can be defined as all water that is safe for human consumption that comes through
pipes to all fixtures such as faucets, water coolers, toilets, etc. In many cases, any source that
publishes their water footprint typically focuses on potable water consumed, as this type has the
greatest potential for reduction and cost savings. Potable water, in most cases, will have the
most understanding when educating the community and result in the most impact in water
consumption.
Retrofit, Reduce & Innovate
Agnes Scott’s goal is to reduce its potable water footprint by an overall reduction of 15 percent
in total annual water consumption (in gallons) over five years from FY09 baseline. The indicator
for our target is total annual water consumption because it will provide an overview of the total
water used on campus per year during this time frame.
In order to reach our target goal, the college has performed an audit of the campus buildings and
the consumption to identify potential water savings with retrofits of fixtures to improve overall
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water efficiency. Many of the fixtures on campus are out of date and are not within the
standardized flow rates. For instance, many of the faucets around campus are higher than the
average 2.5 gallon per minute (gpm) flow rate. This issue can be resolved through retrofitting
fixtures to a lower gpm flow rate. After consideration, the residential buildings will take priority
because they were found to make the largest impact on water consumption on campus. The chart
in Figure 6 shows a possible calculation of cost savings with the installation of low flow
showerheads and faucets. The cost savings for replacing all showerheads on campus could be
approximately $28,221. With financial consideration, the first year dorm halls will be retrofitted
in the first round of renovations in order to begin the behavioral changes among the first year
students when they first arrive on campus. The first year halls will have retrofits of showerheads,
faucets and potentially toilets and hopefully the payback period for these projects should be
within a year’s time.
Building
Alston
Buttrick
Dana
Evans
Hopkins
Inman
Main
Presser
Rebekah
Science
Walters
Winship
Woodruff
Total
Price of low flow
shower head
Figure 6: Cost savings for low flow fixtures 6
No. of Shower fixtures
Cost Savings
Consumption
(2.5 gpm to 1.6 gpm)
Savings
5
$255.28
20,531
7
16
16
4
16
10
21
18
34
147
$882.25
$3,087.87
$6,126.72
70,956
248,346
492,750
$3,676.03
295,650
$6,739.39
$7,045.42
$408.45
$28,221.41
542,025
566,662.50
32,850
2,269,771
$20 (per showerhead)
x 147= $2,9587*
No. of Faucets (2.5 gpm to
1.5 gpm)
33
18
37
26
21
38
41
8
42
237
56
49
21
627
Ex. price of aerator: $2.98
x 627 fixtures = $1,868
*Avg. Savings during first year estimated to be about $25,000
This target goal of 15 percent was calculated after consideration of the possible reduction in
consumption by installing low flow fixtures in buildings across campus. In addition to
renovations, we have also included the possible behavioral changes made by students.
6
Calculations made by using a typical water savings calculator. The calculator takes the average number of showers
taken per day, average length of each shower (in minutes), the flow rate of shower head of original shower head and
lastly, the flow rate of the new low flow fixture. http://www.waterpik.com/shower-head/ecoflow.html#watersavings-calculator-and-tips-tab
7
Total cost is not including labor
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Sample strategies to complete this goal will include:
1. Install low flow fixtures during renovation of buildings using green revolving fund;
investments in water reduction can be made by installing fixtures such as front loading
washers, dual flush toilets and insulating hot water pipes across campus.
2. During any repairs or future renovations, facilities will prioritize all fixtures to be
LEED standard or WaterSense products, an Environmental Protection Agency affiliate.
3. Buildings will participate in Consumption Challenges to make water reduction a
competition among residents.
4. An educational campaign will take place to help students learn about the impacts of their
water consumption and help students reduce the amount they use.
5. With any new installation of a water reduction fixture, residential assistants in the chosen
building will inform all residents of the building and properly educate the users so there
is the largest impact of water reduction possible.
6. Continue the leak hotline available across campus while potentially creating new
advances in email notifications, etc. to help reduce any leaks students see in buildings.
Many of the issues surrounding water reduction have already begun to be taken care of by ASC
facilities department. One particular issue was the response time for hot water to the showers
located in the upper floors of Main Hall. Facilities took care of this issue resolving the time it
took to receive hot water for a shower and now, students have been able to reduce their time
taken in the showers. In addition, with any financial assistance, innovative projects can be
implemented to help reduce the overall consumption of potable water. Rainfall capture and the
use of grey water should be considered as some of the next steps to help Agnes Scott reduce their
water footprint. The potential for capturing rainfall on the roofs of buildings could help save
more water for landscaping purposes in addition to the retention pond which currently exists as
the sole source for irrigation on campus.
Wastewater
Wastewater is water that has been used and contains dissolved or composed waste materials.
Sources of wastewater can include sewage from labs, cleaning products, as well as stormwater
runoff. The contaminants include chemicals from various sources, organic matter, litter, and
pharmaceuticals that have detrimental effects on the local watershed.
ASC’s wastewater goal is to reduce the overall amount of contaminants coming from our campus
and entering the water system. The amount of wastewater our campus can reduce will help our
local watershed remain clean.
The college should identify two main sources that impact the local watershed; litter and chemical
pollutants. Litter is a major issue of concern for not only the campus but the surrounding
community. Students, faculty, staff and the college community should care for the college
grounds and take responsibility for litter on campus. Litter can cause drainage problems and
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ultimately pollutes the stormwater. Chemical pollutants can also have a serious impact on the
local watershed from improper disposal of cleaning products and chemical contaminants from
science laboratories. In order to protect the quality of drinking water in our community, the
school should prioritize cleanups both with litter cleanup and responsible chemical disposals.
Students could also participate in “community days” in which cleanups around campus take
place.
Bottled Water
Bottled water refers to the drinking water packaged in recyclable plastic bottles, whether it is in
individual size bottles or large bottles used for water coolers. These bottles should be considered
very unsustainable because of the large carbon footprint related to the manufacturing process,
transportation and the disposal of water bottles. In many cases, bottle water has a negative effect
on the community and the quantity of drinking water available within the community.
Although in many cases bottled water has been argued not to have as large of an impact on the
watershed or environment as waste or recycling but ASC believes bottled water should be
considered in this action plan due to the ideas associated with tap water as well as impact made
from the negative end result of bottled water.
Campus Drinking Water Inspection
During the month of September in 2011, the routine sampling of the campus water supply, by the
Dekalb County Department of Watershed Management, reported that the campus water was
found to meet the requirements for potability as prescribed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). The sampling reported as followed:
Figure 7: ASC Drinking Water Sample 8
pH
EPA standard
7.0-9.0
ASC Water
9.0
(ppm): parts per million
Chlorine
0.89 ppm
Iron
0.3mg/l
0.02 ppm
Colilert
Absence
Retrofit & Reduce
Tap water has been reported to be more economical and sustainable compared to bottled water.
ASC’s goal is to reduce the use of bottled water on campus, with a target of over 50 percent
reduction in 5 years. The college will encourage the use of reusable water bottles through making
reusable water bottles for sale in dining services. Students will be encouraged to purchase the
bottles with an incentive through discounts and ability to use their declining balance from their
meal plan to purchase the bottles. If an overall reduction takes place, the financial spending made
should reduce because the demand for the bottled products will decrease. An argument can be
88
http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm#SecondaryList
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made that campus consumption will increase with more tap water use but the impact will be
minimal when comparing to the overall impact bottled water makes on the watershed.
Another consideration made on many campuses has been to ban bottled water but ASC plans to
reduce the amount of bottles on campus and not fully ban students from using them. Instead, the
college plans to encourage students to use renewable containers will be a high priority as well as
the making sure any bottles being used are eventually recycled.
To achieve this target goal, the college will consider these strategies:
1. Repair and improve quality of existing water fountains on campus in order to promote the
use of water fountains instead of bottled water.
2. In areas of student dining where bottles are sold, install a hydration station or bottle
filling stations and make available reusable bottles for students to purchase
3. Increase signage and communication to encourage the campus community to drink tap
water. Publishing the results of the drinking quality report will help advertise
4. Partner with the dining hall and other dining service to apply discounts for people using
reusable products
5. Using water pitchers and cups when hosting an event or meeting instead of providing
bottles for all attendees
Innovate
Part of the innovation within this goal is the educational factor that will take place in order for
students to understand the impact bottled water has on a community. Educating the community
on the impacts made during the manufacturing process on a community as well as the impact on
the environment from the bottles not recycled. Although the campus has the option to eliminate
all bottled waters available, ASC is hopeful that students and the community will choice to help
reduce the amount of bottle use while on campus as well as recycle when possible.
Financing
The college will have a goal to invest in water saving technologies in the next 10 years to reach
future sustainability goals. The savings that will result from these technologies will help the
college create even more savings as ASC reduces its water use. Any future renovations on
campus will also include installing only water-efficient technology which will allow for funds to
return to the college’s green revolving fund.
Green Revolving Fund
Agnes Scott College’s green revolving fund involves an initial investment which is used to fund
sustainability-related projects. As these projects save the college in costs associated with energy
consumption, water and other operations, the funds saved are then put back into the fund to be
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used to pay for future sustainability projects, thereby lowering operating costs on college and
university campuses9.
Suggestions for the Future
The ASC Water Action Plan will act as a guide for water reduction on campus and ultimately
help reflect the progress in water reduction Agnes Scott has made in the future. The first phase of
target goals this plan has made hopes to be achieved in the near future, at that time the plan will
be updated and new goals will be created.
Throughout the process suggestions for the college to help with improvement have been
collected:
1. Updated mapping of water meters on campus- In order to better assess the water
consumption data, an update of the location of meters on campus is needed. It has
become unclear as to certain buildings meter locations. These issues must be resolved in
order to help collect data as well as allow the facilities department be prepared when a
pipe leaks and causes a building to flood.
2. Promotion of Water Consumption Plan- In the next year, promotion of these
commitments to reducing the campus’ water footprint is crucial. Ideas and projects to
help introduce campus to a new way of thinking is needed. For instance, during
orientation for new students every Fall, promoting the use of reusable water bottles/no
water bottles from staff and students could help start a new trend for the academic year
Current Projects Underway:
Beginning in the fall 2012 semester, Agnes Scott will open the college’s first Eco House on
campus. Taking one of the three Victorian style houses located across the street from the main
campus, the Office of Sustainability and Residence Life have worked together to allow selected
students to live in a house with a goal of more sustainable living.
The Eco House will serve as an educational opportunity for students as well as community
members by showing the efforts made by the residents to reduce their energy and water
consumption, to reduce their waste, and to participate in other activities that they may choose,
such as gardening. Although the residents of the house will be students, their efforts made while
living in the house will help the community to learn how they can reduce their dependency on
consumption of the Earth’s resources.
The Office of Sustainability will also benefit greatly from this new project by also collecting data
from the utilities of the house. We plan to monitor the house in both energy and water
9
Agnes Scott College joined the Green Billion Dollar Challenge in 2011, a challenge with colleges and universities
around the nation to raise one billion dollars to launch their own green revolving funds.
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consumption in order to see the reduction made by retrofits to the house and behavioral change
efforts made by students. The students, upon being selected to live in the house, commit to a
more sustainable lifestyle and create goals for the house to live by. In addition to collecting data,
the Eco House will also help spread awareness about environmental concerns and educate the rest
of the campus about ways to live more efficiently and become more conscious about how their
choices affect the world. This house will embody the ideas of sustainability on campus through
example. With the success of the Eco House in cost savings and consumption reduction, there is
potential to expand the concept and lifestyle of this house to the additional two Theme houses.
Agnes Scott College Water Action Plan
Appendix A: ASC Campus Water Meter Map
* stars on map indicate identified water meter
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