REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA
GHANZI DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT
PLAN 6 : 2003 – 2009
#
#
Ghanzi
“Towards Realisation of Vision 2016: Sustainable and Diversified Development Through
Competitiveness in Global Markets”
GHANZI DISTRICT COUNCIL
GHANZI DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
FOREWORD
Ghanzi District Development Plan 6 (DDP 6) is a framework of goals and objectives as well
as strategies to achieve the district economic and social development. The main goal of the
plan is economic growth and poverty alleviation. The District Development Plan 6 was
prepared concurrently with the National Development Plan 9 and they are both aligned to the
National Vision 2016. The theme of NDP9 is "Towards Realisation of Vision 2016
sustainable and diversified Development Through competitiveness in the Global Market". It
is therefore anticipated that achievement of both the district and the national plan goals and
objectives will contribute greatly to the national aspirations as espoused by the Vision.
DDP6 prepared through bottom up planning approach. The preparation entailed extensive
community consultation, whereby the communities submitted prioritized list of development
projects requests for the next 6 years. The bottom-up planning approach raises communities
participation levels in the planning process, exposes them to more information as well as
helps them own up the developments.
In preparation of the plan several issues were considered including the status of economic
and social development. Thus the plan proposals were set to address the status quo and
basing on the district's uniqueness and its developmental needs. It is therefore necessary to
note that, the Ghanzi district is one of the remotest in the country because of its isolation
from other developed centres in the eastern part of the country. For some time the district has
lagged behind in infrastructure, social and overall economic development. Communication
linkages were poor especially roads and telecommunications. However over the years
especially during District Development Plan 5 the situation improved with construction of the
Ghanzi-Sehitwa and the Trans Kalahari Roads which link the district to the two nearest urban
centres of Maun at 280 kilometres and Jwaneng at 519 kilometres respectively. Some tertiary
roads worked improved from earth to gravel roads, Botswana Telecommunications installed
telephones in 7 villages and 5 locations out of 20 have the Mascom, Orange or both of the
cellular networks. Consequent to the developments, the last lap of the DDP 5 witnessed an
influx of private investment in the form of shopping complexes and 2 lodges as well as
expansion to other complementary infrastructural developments and services such as
Botswana Power Corporation, schools and health facilities. The district has a potential for
tourism development especially at the CKGR and some of the RADs settlements.
The climate is semi arid with extreme temperatures in cold and hot seasons, sandy and rocky
soils in some places and unreliable and often late rainfall. These climatic conditions do not
favour arable farming. On the contrary livestock or pastoral farming is sustainable and forms
one of the major economic activities in the district.
Remote Area Dwellers population composes approximately 45% of the district total
population. The RADs communities are characterised by high illiteracy and poverty levels as
well as poor social development. There are few economic opportunities and thus most people
are unemployed.
Most of the areas are still accessed by gravel and earth roads and have no
telecommunications, electrical power and office accommodation. As a result private
investment has been concentrated mainly in the township and low at other locations.
The above factors have posed as constraints to the development of the district in the past and
DDP 6 is attempting to address. It should be noted however that, the extent of achievement
and success of the plan will depend on availability of funds, human resources implementation
ii
capacity as well as availability of other resources. In other words this calls for among other
things efficient use of resources by all the stakeholders being the District Communities and
Civil Service.
This District Development Plan 6 is a reference material available to Government officials, as
well as to a wide range of users who may be interested in development of the district
including the Private Sector. Hopefully it will benefit all.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Table of Contents
Appendices
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Maps
List of Acronyms
ii
iv
xiii
xiii
xv
xv
xvi
1
DISTRICT AND PEOPLE
1
1.1
DISTRICT GEOGRAPHIC SETTING
1
1.1.1
Location and Size
1
1.2
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
1
1.2.1
Communications and Linkages
1
1.3
DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES
3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
Climate
Topography
Geology
Hydrology
Natural Resources
3
3
3
4
4
1.4
DISTRICT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
5
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.4.6
1.4.7
Population Characteristics, Density And Distribution
Migration
Socio-Cultural Characteristics
Settlement Hierarchy
Settlement Growth and Decline
Employment and Unemployment
District HIV/AIDS Status
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
1.5
DISTRICT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
9
1.5.1
Major Economic Activities
9
2
REVIEW OF DDP 5 AND
DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL
2.1
2.2
INTRODUCTION
ACHIEVEMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES – DDP5
12
13
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8
Production
Physical Infrastructure
Public Services
NGOs, Community Based and Voluntary Organisations
District Institutions
Constraints/ Challenges in DDP 5
Long Term Potential Developments
Link with NDP 9
13
18
23
36
36
39
40
40
LONG
TERM
12
iv
3
DDP 6 DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 41
3.1
THE PLANNING FRAMEWORK
41
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
Vision 2016
National Key Environmental Issues
Ministry of Local Government Strategic Plan
District Key Issues
Long Term District Plans
41
44
46
48
49
3.2
DDP 6 OVERALL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
51
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
Summary of the District Key Issues
Development Goals
Environmental Goals and objectives
Specific Development Objectives
Framework for Monitoring the Sector Goals and Objectives.
Framework for Monitoring Environmental Goals and Objectives.
51
52
53
53
54
54
3.3
FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
54
4
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
57
4.1
INTRODUCTION
57
4.1.1
4.1.2
Institutional Framework
Environmental Priorities
57
60
4.2
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION:
62
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7
4.2.8
The National Conservation Policy: (1990)
Waste Management Act (1998)
Environmental Impact Assessment Act (draft)
Community Based Natural Resource Management Policy (Draft).
Climate Change Convention (1992)
Waste Management Policy/strategy1999
National Wastewater and Sanitation Policy (2000)
Environmental Health Policy (Draft)
63
63
63
63
63
64
64
64
4.3
4.4
OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
65
67
4.4.1
4.4.2
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues With Sector Goals and Objectives
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes
67
68
4.5
4.6
PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT DISTRICT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMMES.
69
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6
69
4.6.1
Plan Monitoring Programme
5
LAND USE PLANNINGERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.1
INTRODUCTION
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
The Institutional Framework
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Land Use Planning Consultation Priorities:
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5.2
LAND USE POLICIES AND LEGISLATION:ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.2.1
National Settlement Policy (1998):
71
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5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
District Settlement Plans:
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National Policy on Agricultural Development (1991)Error! Bookmark not defined.
Wildlife Management Area Plans:
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5.3
LAND USE AND LAND RESOURCES ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.3.1
5.3.2
District Land Use Zones
Land Use Resource Assessment
5.4
5.5
LAND USE PLANNING SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:ERROR! BOOKMARK NO
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5.5.1
5.5.2
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5.6
5.7
PROPOSED STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LAND USE SECTOR GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES FOR DDP6:
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5.7.1
5.7.2
Issues and Strengths in Land Use Planning:
Performance Targets for DDP6:
6
SETTLEMENT AND HOUSINGERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEF
6.1
INTRODUCTION
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
Institutional Framework
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Private sector, Parastatals, NGOs and CBOs
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Settlement and Housing Consultation Priorities Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
National Settlement Policy
Physical Development Plans
Town and Country Planning Act
Tribal Land Act
Self Help Housing Agency
6.3
SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
Settlement Patterns and Morphology
Physical Development Growth
Housing Demand
Housing Supply
General Infrastructure and Services
6.4
6.5
SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVESERROR! BOOKMA
FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTERROR! BOOKMA
6.5.1
6.5.2
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6.6
STRATEGIES
OBJECTIVES
6.6.1
Proposed Projects
6.7
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
6.7.1
Plan Monitoring
7
AGRICULTURE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.1
INTRODUCTION
TO
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ACHIEVE SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING GOALS AND
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7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
Institutional Framework
Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries
Agriculture Consultation Priorities
7.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
Community Based Strategy for Rural Development (1997)Error! Bookmark not defined.
Convention on Combating Desertification (CCD) Error! Bookmark not defined.
National Policy on Agricultural Development (1991)Error! Bookmark not defined.
Botswana Range Inventory and Monitoring Project (BRIMP)Error! Bookmark not defined.
Agricultural Resources Conservation and Sub Herbage ActError! Bookmark not defined.
7.3
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ACTIVITIESERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
Arable Sub Sector
Livestock Sub Sector
Cooperative Sub Sector
Combating Desertification
BRIMP
7.4
7.5
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVESERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFI
FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTERROR! BOOKMA
7.5.1
7.5.2
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7.6
STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE AGRICULTURE GOALS AND OBJECTIVESERROR! BOOK
7.6.1
7.6.2
Proposed Projects
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7.7
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
7.7.1
Plan Monitoring Programme
8
TRADE, INDUSTRY, WILDLIFE AND TOURISM
(MTIWAT)
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8.1
INTRODUCTION
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
Institutional Framework
Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries
The Role of the Private Sector
Consultation Priorities
8.2
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8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
National Licensing Act
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Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency(CEDA)Error! Bookmark not defined.
Tourism Policy
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8.3
TRADE AND INDUSTRY
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
Industrial and Commercial Development
CEDA
Tourism
Department of Wildlife and National Parks
8.4
8.5
TRADE, INDUSTRY, WILDLIFE AND TOURISM SECTOR GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES
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8.5.1
8.5.2
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8.6
STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE TRADE, INDUSTRY, TOURISM AND
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8.6.1
8.6.2
8.6.3
8.6.4
8.6.5
8.6.6
8.6.7
8.6.8
8.6.9
Proposed Projects
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Research
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Parks
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Management and Utilization
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Community/Private Sector Support - CI 203
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Local Enterprise Development – CI 504
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Tourism Development – CI 701
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Development of Trade and Consumer Affairs
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8.7
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP6ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.7.1
Plan Monitoring Programme
9
EDUCATION AND TRAININGERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFI
9.1
INTRODUCTION
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
Institutional Framework
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Education and Training Consultation Priorities Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION:ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
9.2.1
9.2.2
The Revised National Policy on Education 1994 Error! Bookmark not defined.
Policy on Tertiary Education
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9.3
EDUCATION
9.3.1
9.3.2
Schools
Training
9.4
9.5
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9.5.1
9.5.2
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9.6
STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE EDUCATION AND TRAINING GOALS AND
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9.6.1
9.6.2
Proposed Projects
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9.7
RESOURCE REQUIREMENT.
9.7.1
Plan Monitoring Program
10
HEALTH
10.1
INTRODUCTION
10.1.1
10.1.2
10.1.3
10.1.4
Institutional Framework
Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries
Role of the Private Sector
Health Consultation Priorities
10.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
10.2.4
National Health Policy
National Policy on HIV/AIDS
Waste Management Act
Health Strategy and Plans
10.3
HEALTH
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viii
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
10.3.4
Environmental Health
Hospital Services
District Health System
Control of Pandemic Disease
10.4
10.5
HEALTH SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVESERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTERROR! BOOKMA
10.5.1
10.5.2
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes
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10.6
STRATEGIES
OBJECTIVES
10.6.1
10.6.2
Proposed Projects
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10.7
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
10.7.1
Plan Monitoring Program
11
LABOUR AND HOME AFFAIRSERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DE
11.1
INTRODUCTION
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
Institutional Framework
Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries
Culture and Social Consultation Priorities
11.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.2.4
11.2.5
Women in Development
Youth
Disability Policy
Botswana National Library Service Act
Social Welfare
11.3
LABOUR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICESERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
11.3.4
11.3.5
11.3.6
Gender and Development
Culture and Youth
Social Welfare
Information and Broadcasting
National and Civil registration
Sports and Recreation
11.4
11.5
LABOUR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICE SECTOR GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES
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11.5.1
11.5.2
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11.6
STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE LABOUR, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL
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11.6.1
11.6.2
Proposed Projects
Potential Impact of Proposed Projects
11.7
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
11.7.1
Plan Monitoring Program
12
MINERALS, ENERGY AND WATERERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
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ACHIEVE
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THE
HEALTH SECTOR GOALS AND
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12.1
INTRODUCTION
12.1.1
12.1.2
12.1.3
12.1.4
Institutional Framework
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Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries on Minerals Energy and WaterError! Bookmark no
The Role of the Private Sector
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Minerals, Energy and Water Consultation PrioritiesError! Bookmark not defined.
12.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
Minerals
Energy
Water
12.3
MINING, ENERGY AND WATER
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
Energy Sector
Water Sector
Mineral Sources
12.4
FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENTERROR! BOOKMARK
12.4.1
12.4.2
Evaluation of Environment Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark n
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes
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12.5
STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE MINERALS, ENERGY AND WATER GOALS
AND OBJECTIVES
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12.5.1
12.5.2
Proposed Projects
Plan Monitoring
13
WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
(MWTC)
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13.1
INTRODUCTION
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.1.3
13.1.4
Institutional Framework
Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries
The Role of the Private Sector
Works and Transport Consultation Priorities
13.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
13.2.1
13.2.2
13.2.3
13.2.4
13.2.5
13.2.6
Road Transport Policy (--)/Public Roads Act (1977)Error! Bookmark not defined.
National Road Safety Policy
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Road Traffic Act (1975)
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Civil Aviation Policy (1977)
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Telecommunications Policy (Revised - 1995)
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Postal Service Act (1980)
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13.3
WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
Roads
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Postal Services
13.4
13.5
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS GOALS AND OBJECTIVESERROR! BOOKMAR
FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTERROR! BOOKMA
13.5.1
13.5.2
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes
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13.6
STRATEGIES
TO
COMMUNICATION
13.6.1
13.6.2
Proposed Projects
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ACHIEVE
WORKS,
TRANSPORT
AND
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13.7
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
13.7.1
Plan Monitoring Program
14
LAW, JUSTICE AND SECURITYERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DE
14.1
INTRODUCTION
14.1.1
14.1.2
14.1.3
14.1.4
Institutional Framework
Strategic Plans for Respective Ministries
The Role of the Private Sector
Consultation Priorities
14.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
14.2.1
14.2.2
Botswana Police Act
Prisons Act
14.3
LAW, JUSTICE AND SECURITY
14.3.1
14.3.2
14.3.3
14.3.4
Law and Justice Sector
Customary Law and Courts
Prisons
Police
14.4
14.5
LAW, JUSTICE AND SECURITY GOALS AND OBJECTIVESERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFI
14.5.1
14.5.2
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programs
Error! Bookmark not defined.
14.6
STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LAW, JUSTICE AND SECURITY SECTOR
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
14.6.1
14.6.2
Proposed Projects
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Potential Impact of Proposed Projects and Mitigation MeasuresError! Bookmark not defined
14.7
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
14.7.1
Plan Monitoring Program
15
LOCAL GOVERNMENTERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.1
INTRODUCTION
15.1.1
15.1.2
15.1.3
15.1.4
Institutional Framework.
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Strategic Goals Objectives and Key Performance Indicators.Error! Bookmark not defined.
Role of the Private Sector,
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Local Government Consultation Priorities
Error! Bookmark not defined.
15.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.2.3
15.2.4
15.2.5
District Administration
The Township and District Act.
Tribal Land Act
Social Welfare
Waste Management Act
15.3
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
15.3.1
15.3.2
15.3.3
15.3.4
15.3.5
Sanitation and Waste Management
Social Welfare
Infrastructure Provision
Water Supply
Law and Order
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xi
15.3.6
Tribal Administration
15.4
15.5
LOCAL GOVERNMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVESERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINE
FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTERROR! BOOKMA
15.5.1
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Objectives
15.6
STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR GOALS
AND OBJECTIVES
ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.6.1
Proposed Projects, Potential Impacts of Proposed Projects and Mitigation
Measures
Error! Bookmark not defined.
15.7
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
15.7.1
15.7.2
15.7.3
15.7.4
Issues and Strengths
Performance Targets
Development Budget For DDP 6
Plan Monitoring
16
CONTINGENCY PLANNINGERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFIN
16.1
INTRODUCTION
16.1.1
16.1.2
Institutional Framework
Disaster Relief Sector Priorities
16.2
NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
16.2.1
National Disaster Master Plan
16.3
CONTIGENCY PLANS
16.3.1
16.3.2
Drought and Food Relief Management System
Disaster Relief
16.4
16.5
PROPOSED PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
16.5.1
16.5.2
Performance Targets
Budget
17
PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATIONERROR! BOOKM
17.1
INTRODUCTION
17.1.1
17.1.2
17.1.3
17.1.4
17.1.5
Institutional Framework
Plan Management
Implementation
Monitoring
Evaluation
17.2
17.3
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING ACTIVITIESERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
FINANCIAL AND PERSONNEL CONSTRAINTSERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
17.3.1
17.3.2
Mid Term Review
Private Sector Human Resource Development
17.4
PROPOSAL FOR PLAN MONITORING ACTIVITIES FOR DDP6ERROR! BOOKMARK
17.4.1
17.4.2
17.4.3
17.4.4
17.4.5
Annual Plans and Project Reviews
Empowerment of Implementing Bodies
Performance Management System
Financial Monitoring
Public Education
Error! Bookmark not defined.
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xii
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Village Projects
Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 1.4
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 2.4
Table 2.5
Table 2.6
Table 2.7
Table 2.8
Table 2.9
Table 2.10
Table 2.11
Table 2.12
Table 2.13
Table 2.14
Table 2.15
Table 2.16
Table 2.17
Table 2.18
Table 2.19
Table 2.20
Table 2.21
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Table 5.4
Table 5.5
Table 5.6
Table 5.7
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Table 6.4
Table 6.5
Table 6.6
Economically Active Population – 12 years and over ................................................. 8
Economically Inactive Population – 12 years and over ............................................... 8
Total Area Ploughed/Planted and the Number of Farmers .......................................... 9
Employment by Sector ............................................................................................... 10
Animal Stock Census ................................................................................................. 13
Animal Breeding at Artificial Insemination............................................................... 14
Arable Agriculture Productions ................................................................................. 15
Commercial Activities ............................................................................................... 16
Industrial Projects Approved in 1997/98 to 2001/02 ................................................. 16
District Roads Communication .................................................................................. 18
Telecommunications Infrastructure in the District .................................................... 20
Postal Services in the District and Mail Volume March 2003 ................................... 21
Village Water Supply ................................................................................................. 22
Primary School Facilities.......................................................................................... 23
Education: Primary - other Facilities and Teachers................................................. 24
Secondary Facilities .................................................................................................. 25
Ghanzi Brigade ......................................................................................................... 25
Non-Formal Education ............................................................................................. 26
Health Statistics ........................................................................................................ 27
Health Infrastructure ................................................................................................. 28
Environmental Health Facilities ............................................................................... 29
Number of Destitutes and Orphans 1997-2002 ........................................................ 30
Youth Projects. ......................................................................................................... 34
Land Board Facilities................................................................................................ 38
Tribal Administration ............................................................................................... 39
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues With Overall Goals and Objectives.......... 55
Evaluation of Policies and Programmes Against Overall Goals and Objectives ....... 55
Evaluation of Policies and Programmes Against Overall Goals and Objectives ....... 56
Environmental Goals and Objectives ......................................................................... 65
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues Against Sector Goals and Objectives ...... 67
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programs .............................................................. 68
Proposed Projects, Potential Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures. ........ 69
Performance Targets .................................................................................................. 70
Land Use Zones In Ghanzi District............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cattle Distribution in 2002......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Proposed Projects, Potential Impacts and Counter MeasuresError! Bookmark not defined.
Performance Targets for DDP6: ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Plan Monitoring Programme...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Settlement Hierarchy ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sector Goals and Objectives ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Self Help Housing Agency ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Poverty Alleviation .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Proposed Housing Projects ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
xiii
Table 6.7
Table 6.8
Table 6.9
Table 7.1
Table 7.2
Table 7.3
Table 7.4
Table 7.5
Table 7.6
Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5
Table 8.6
Table 9.1
Table 9.2
Table 9.3
Table 9.4
Table 9.5
Table 10.1
Table 10.2
Table 10.3
Table 10.4
Table 10.5
Table 10.6
Table 10.7
Table 11.1
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
Table 11.4
Table 11.5
Table 11.6
Table 12.1
Table 12.2
Table 12.3
Table 12.4
Table 12.5
Table 12.6
Table 12.7
Table 12.8
Table 12.9
Table 13.1
Table 13.2
Table 13.3
Table 13.4
Table 13.5
Table 13.6
Table 14.1
Table 14.2
Table 14.3
Table 14.4
Potential Impacts of the Proposed Projects and Mitigation MeasuresError! Bookmark not de
Performance Targets .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Development Budget ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Goals and Objectives ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programs .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Impact Assessment of Proposed Projects and Action Error! Bookmark not defined.
Performance Targets .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Development Budget ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Goals and Objectives ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programs .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Potential Impacts of Proposed Projects and Mitigation MeasuresError! Bookmark not defin
Performance Targets .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Development Budget ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Education Sector Goals and Objectives ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Policies and Programmes Against Overall Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookm
Impact Assessment of Proposed Projects and Action Error! Bookmark not defined.
Performance Targets .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Admission, Length of Stay and Bed Occupancy Rate of Ghanzi HospitalError! Bookmark n
Goals and Objectives ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programs ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Impact Assessment of Proposed Projects and ActionError! Bookmark not defined.
Performance Targets ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Development Budget ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Goals and Objectives ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Impact Assessment of Poposed Pojects and Actions Error! Bookmark not defined.
Performance Targets ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Development Budget ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Township Brehole Output and Pumping Hours ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Water Demand and Supply in the District ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sector Goals and Objectives ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark not defined.
Proposed Power Projects .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Proposed Water Projects ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Potential Impacts of the Proposed Projects and Mitigation MeasuresError! Bookmark not d
Performance Targets ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Development Budget ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Goals and Objectives ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programs ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Impact Assessment of Proposed Projects and ActionError! Bookmark not defined.
Performance Targets ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Development Budget ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Reported Cases by Type of Crime in Ghanzi DistrictError! Bookmark not defined.
Goals and Objectives ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programs ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
xiv
Table 14.5
Table 14.6
Table 14.7
Table 15.1
Table 15.2
Table 15.3
Table 15.4
Table 15.5
Table 15.6
Table 16.1
Table 16.2
Impact Assessment of proposed projects and ActionError! Bookmark not defined.
Performance Targets ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Development Budget ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues with Sector Goals and ObjectivesError! Bookmark
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programs............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Proposed Projects, Potential Impact and Mitigation MeasuresError! Bookmark not defined
Performance Targets ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Projects Development Budget .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
DDC and Full Council Monitoring Sub CommitteesError! Bookmark not defined.
Contingency Plan for Veld Fires .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Proposed Projects ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Age Sex Pyramid............................................................................................................ 6
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1.1
Map 5.1
Location of Ghanzi within Botswana ........................................................................... 2
Land Use ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
xv
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AD
AEBC
AI
ALDEP
AIDS
AMA
AOJ
ARADP
ARAP
ARB
ARV
ATTS
Agricultural Demonstrator
Adult Education Basic Course
Artificial Insemination
Arable Lands Development Programme
Accelerated Lands Servicing Programme
Agricultural Management Association
Administration of Justice
Accelerated Remote Area Development Programme
Accelerated Rainfed Arable Programme
Agricultural Resources Board
Antiretroviral Therapy
Automotive Trades Training School
BAS
BAMB
BBS
BDC
BDF
BEDIA
BHC
BLDC
BMC
BML
BNPC
BOCA
BOCCIM
BOCODOL
BPC
BPS
BR
BRIDEC
BRIMP
BTA
BTC
BTC
BVI
Business Advisory Services
Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board
Botswana Building Society
Botswana Development Corporation
Botswana Defence Force
Botswana Export Development and Investment Authority
Botswana Housing Corporation
Botswana Livestock Development Corporation
Botswana Meat Commission
Botswana National Library Services
Botswana National Productivity Centre
Botswana Cooperative Association
Botswana Confederation of Commerce, Industry and Manpower
Botswana College of Distant and Open Learning
Botswana Power Corporation
Botswana Postal Services
Botswana Railways
Brigades Development Centre
Botswana Range Inventory and Monitoring Project
Botswana Telecommunications Authority
Botswana Telecommunications Corporation
Botswana Technology Centre
Botswana Vaccine Institute
CAA
CBD
CBO
CBPP
CBRNM
CBS
CCD
CEDA
CEWP
CFC
CHA
CHBC
Civil Aviation Authority
Convention on Biological Diversity
Community Based Organisation
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Community Based Natural Resources Management
Community Based Strategy
Convention to Combat Desertification
Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency
Consolidated Emergency Water Programme
Chloro-fluorocarbon
Controlled Hunting Area
Community Home Based Care
xvi
CITES
CJSS
CKGR
CMS
CS
CSO
CTB
CTO
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
Community Junior Secondary School
Central Kalahari Game Reserve
Central Medical Stores
Council Secretary
Central Statistics Office
Central Tender Board
Central Transport Organisation
DA
DABS
DAC
DAFS
DAHP
DAO
DAR
DC
DCA
DCC
DCP&F
DDC
DDP
DDRC
DEA
DEPC
DHPC
DET
DEMS
DFA
DHT
DLUPU
DLGSM
DMSAC
DNFE
DNTC
DO(D)
DO(L)
DPE
DPSM
DRP
DSM
DTRP
DWA
DWNP
District Administration
Department of Architecture and Building Services
District AIDS Coordinator
Department of Agricultural Field Services
Department of Animal Health and Production
District Agricultural Officer
Department of Agricultural Research
District Commissioner
Department of Civil Aviation
Day Care Center
Department of Crop Production and Forestry
District Development Committee
District Development Plan
District Drought Relief Committee
Division of Economic Affairs
District Education Planning Committee
District Health Planning Committee
District Extension Team
Department of Electrical and Mechanical Services
Division of Financial Affairs
District Health Team
District Land Use Planning Unit
Department of Local Government Service Management
District Multisectoral AIDS Committee
Department of Non-Formal Education
Department of National Transport and Communications
District Officer (Development)
District Officer (Lands)
Department of Primary Education
Directorate of Public Service Management
Drought Relief and Recovery Programme
Department of Surveys and Mapping
Department of Town and Regional Planning
Department of Water Affairs
Department of Wildlife and National Parks
EE
EP
EPF
EA
ECC
EIA
EOC
Environmental Education
Economic Planner
Economic Promotion Fund
External Affairs
Economic Committee of Cabinet
Environmental Impact Assessment
Emergency Operations Center
xvii
EU
EWTC
European Union
Early Warning Technical Committee
FAB
FAP
FMD
Forestry Association of Botswana
Financial Assistance Policy
Foot and Mouth Disease
GCB
GDP
GoB
Government Computer Bureau
Gross National Product
Government of Botswana
HIV
HATAB
HBC
HIES
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Hotel and Tourism Association of Botswana
Home Based Care
Household Income and Expenditure Survey
ICT
IDM
IEC
IFS
IEC
IHS
IMDC
IT
Information Communication Technology
Institute of Development Management
Independent Electoral Commission
Integrated Field Services
Information, Education and Communication
Institute of Health Sciences
Inter-Ministerial Drought Committee
Information Technology
JC
Junior certificate
KGR
KRA
Khutse Game Reserve
Key Result Area
LA
LAC
LACOM
LB
LBRP
LGL
LITS
LUO
Local Authority
Livestock Advisory Centre
Local Advisory Committee
Land Board
Labour Based Relief Programme
Literacy Group Leader
Livestock Identity and Trace-back System
Land Use Officer
MAP
MCH/FP
MCI
MEMBOT
MFDP
MLHA
MLHE
MLG
MMEWA
MOA
MOE
MOH
MoU
Matlho-a-Phuduhudu
Maternal and Child Health/Family Planning
Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Macro-Economic Model of Botswana
Ministry of Finance and Development Planning
Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs
Ministry of Lands Housing and Environment
Ministry of Local Government
Ministry of Minerals Energy and Water Affairs
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Health
Memorandum of Understanding
xviii
MSP
MTIWAT
MTR
MVIF
MWTC
Ministry of State President
Ministry of Trade Industry Wildlife and Tourism
Mid-Term Review
Motor Vehicle Insurance Fund
Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications
NACA
National AIDS Coordinating Agency
NAMPAADD National Master Plan for Arable Agriculture and Dairy Development
NAP
National Action Programme
NCS
National Conservation Strategy
NCSA
National Conservation Strategy Coordinating Agency
NDB
National Development Bank
NDDC
National District Development Conference
NDMO
National Disaster Management Office
NDP
National Development Plan
NEMIC
National Employment Manpower and Incomes Council
NFS
National Food Strategy
NGO
Non-Government Organisation
NHI
National Health Institute
NLP
National Literacy Programme
NLS
National Library Service
NPA
National Plan of Action for Children
NPAD
National Policy on Agricultural Development
NSP
National Settlement Policy
NWMP
National Water Master Plan
O&M
OECD
OP
OPV
Organisation and Methods
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
Office of the President
Oral Polio Vaccine
PAC
PCEO
PDC
PDSF
PLWAS
PMS
PMTCT
PSLC
PSLE
PTA
Public Accounts Committee
Presidential Commission on Economic Opportunities
Production Development Committee
Primary Health Care
People Living With HIV/AIDS
Performance Management Systems
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission
Primary School Leaving Certificate
Primary School Leaving Examination
Parent Teachers Association
RAD
RADO
RADP
RADS
RDC
RDCD
RECC
RIIC
RNPE
Remote Area Dweller
Remote Area Development Officer
Remote Area Development Programme
Remote Area Dwellers Settlement
Rural Development Council
Rural Development Coordination Division
Rural Extension Coordinating Committee
Rural Industries Innovation Centre
Revised National Policy on Education
xix
SADC
S&CD
SEA
SGL
SHHA
SLB
SLOCA
SMME
SMT
SPRDP
STD
STI
Southern Africa Development Community
Social And Community Development
Strategic Environmental Assessment
Special Game License
Self-Help Housing Agency
Subordinate Land Board
Services to Livestock in Communal Areas
Small Micro and Medium Enterprises
School Management Team
Selebi-Phikwe Regional Development Programme
Sexually Transmitted Disease
Sexually Transmitted Infections
TA
TB
TCB
TCM
TEC
TGLP
TIPA
TKH
TLW
TS
TSM
Tribal Administration
Tuberculosis
Teacher Capacity Building
Total Community Mobilization
Total Estimated Cost
Tribal Grazing Land Policy
Trade and Investment Promotion Agency
Trans-Kalahari Highway
True Love Waits
Tirelo Sechaba
Teaching Service Management
UB
UDC
UDP
UNCCD
UNDP
UNFCCC
University of Botswana
Urban Development Committee
Urban Development Plan
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VA
VDC
VET
VHT
VTC
Veterinary Assistant
Village Development Committee
Village Extension Team
Village Health Team
Vocational Training Centre
WDC
WMA
WUC
Ward Development Committee
Wildlife Management Area
Water Utilities Corporation
xx
CHAPTER ONE
1
1.1
1.1.1
DISTRICT AND PEOPLE
DISTRICT GEOGRAPHIC SETTING
Location and Size
Ghanzi District is situated in the western part of Botswana. It measures 117 910 sq. kms. The
District is bordered by Ngamiland District to the north, Central District in the east and
Kgalagadi and Kweneng Districts to the south. To the west, it is bordered by Namibia.
Charleshill measures only 9600 sq kms and it is the only sub–district.
Tribal Land accounts for 40.49% (47 744 sq. kms) of the total area, state land for 50.63% (59
686 sq. kms) and freehold land for 8.88% (10 480 sq. kms). The Central Kalahari Game
Reserve comprises 44.36% (52 313 sq. kms) of the total area. Together with the Khutse
Game Reserve, it forms the largest Game Reserve complex in Botswana and the third largest
in the world.
The most striking topographical feature in the district is the Ghanzi Ridge. The ridge is
composed mainly of quarzites. The ridge crosses the district from the north (Kuke) to the
west (Mamuno), over a distance of approximately 300 kms.
The ridge contains the most productive land in the district, due to its high water potential and
moderate quality soils. The bulk of the land along the ridge is freehold land. A large number
of commercial farming enterprises (ranches) are found along the ridge. The majority of the
population of the district is located along the ridge, with major population centres being the
Ghanzi Township and the villages of Charles Hill, Karakubis, Kalkfontein, and Dekar.
Approximately 45% of the district's population is composed of Remote Area Dwellers
(RADs). In the absence of economically viable arable and industrial potential the majority of
the RADs live on marginal benefits from a combination of activities: subsistence hunting and
gathering, government handouts, casual labour, craft production, and small stock production.
1.2
1.2.1
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
Communications and Linkages
At the end of DDP 4, communication to Ghanzi from the main centres of population was
restrictive. The road from Kang to Ghanzi and from Ghanzi to Mamuno was being upgraded
under the Trans Kalahari Road Project. During DDP 5 the Ghanzi-Sehithwa road was
upgraded to tarmac thus linking Ghanzi to northern Botswana. Gravel roads exist between
Charles Hill and Ncojane, Karakubis-New Xanagas, New Xade Junction- New Xade,
Kacqae-Trans-Kalahari road, Old Mamuno road, Grootlaagte-Grootlaagte and NcojaneMetsimantsho.All other roads are double spoor sandy roads. Telecommunication links have
been provided to Ghanzi Township, Tsootsha, Charleshill, Karakubis and Dekar.
The geographical isolation of the district has for a long time limited its economic relationship
with the rest of Botswana, particularly the eastern part of the country. The district relies
heavily on three outlets, in the form of surface communication.
1
The Trans- Kalahari Highway is the district's key road link. It is along this route that the
livestock sector transports or treks its cattle to the Botswana Meat Commission in Lobatse;
and the district as a whole is supplied with goods from Lobatse, Gaborone, and South Africa.
The second outlet is the Ghanzi-Maun road, which links Ghanzi with the northern part of the
country, including Francistown. The third outlet is the Ghanzi-Mamuno road, which links
Ghanzi with Namibia.
The tarmacked Trans- Kalahari Highway and the Ghanzi-Maun roads have improved
communication considerably, both with the eastern and northern part of the country as well
as with Namibia and South Africa. Both roads hold the key to the future development of the
District and its integration into the country's economic mainstream.
Map 1.1
Location of Ghanzi within Botswana
2
1.3
1.3.1
DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES
Climate
The climate of the district is classified as semi-arid, of the low altitude, hot steppe type with
summer rainfall. A characteristic of the climate is the unpredictability of rainfall and the
extreme temperature variations that can occur between day and night in winter.
Mean maximum daily temperatures are 30-33°C in January and 22°C in July. Minimum
temperatures are 4-5°C during winter. Winds are mainly easterly in the summer and northerly
during the winter. The average wind speed is 43 km/h.
The long-term mean annual rainfall is around 375 mm, although departures from these
average values may be extreme with up to 58% variation from year to year. Precipitation is
characterized by high intensity, highly localized storm events between October and April.
Evaporation exceeds precipitation by approximately 93%. Average relative humidity is
around 61%.
1.3.2
Topography
The district's land surface, mainly consisting of gently undulating sandveld, lies between 1
100 and 1 230 metres above sea level.
The Ghanzi Ridge consists mainly of fractured quartzites, shales, sandstones and limestones
covered by shallow deposits of sand and calcrete. These rocks have moderate ground-water
potential. Soils derived from them are slightly better quality for plant growth than elsewhere.
Apart from the Ghanzi Ridge, the other striking topographical feature is the valley systems.
The Okwa fossil river system as well as the fossil rivers, or valleys, of Hanahai, Deception,
Rooibrak and Groot Laagte are ancient drainage lines. These drainage lines run across the
district's surface. They consist of sandy expanses with frequent out-crops of calcrete which
form bluffs on the edges.
The district is also dotted with a number of pans. These pans are flat-floored depressions,
which sometimes stretch over several kilometres. During the wet season, with good rainfall
conditions, the pans' surface can remain covered with shallow water for a few months.
Kalahari beds cover the remainder of the district. These beds consist of variable consolidated
and thick sand, calcretes and silcretes. Most of the beds (cainozoic deposits) are flat and
featureless. The sand varies in thickness from as little as 5 metres to as thick as 200 metres.
Most of these areas are uninhabited due to the scarcity of water resources.
1.3.3
Geology
Rocks of the Ghanzi Group underlie the northwestern part of the District. These rocks
comprise metamorphosed sandstone, siltstones, mudstones, and limestones. Three folds
dominate the structure of the Ghanzi group: the Mamuno Anticline, the Onjonja Syncline and
the Nwaxke Anticline.
The Ghanzi Group is in juxtaposition with the Karoo rocks both to the north and to the south.
The Karoo Group comprises basaltic lavas underlain by white fine-grained aeolian
sandstones. The basal Karoo group in the district consists of arkoses, mudstones, coal, shales
and tillite.
3
Both the Ghanzi and Karoo Groups are overlain by Kalahari beds, which are mainly recent
deposits of cretes and fine windblown sands. Dune valleys form fossil drainage zones in
some parts of the district. Riverine calcretes occur in dry valleys. Silcretes, clays and marls
tend to be restricted to pans and some dry valleys.
1.3.4
Hydrology
Perennial river and/or surface water flow in the district is non-existent, with seasonal flow in
the fossil river valley or channels very rare because nearly all rainfall is absorbed into the
Kalahari sands. Though exploratory drilling for minerals and water over the years has
contributed to the understanding of the sub-surface geology and hydrogeology of the district,
the information obtained by the end of DDP 4 remains very sparse and did not give a
comprehensive picture. The Ghanzi/Makunda groundwater survey represented the first major
attempt to elucidate the sub-surface hydrology or hydrogeology of the aquifers within the
district.
1.3.5
Natural Resources
1.3.5.1 Soils
The soils of the district consist of brown, reddish brown, grey and white sands. These are
generally structured and mildly acidic, of low fertility and moisture retaining capacity.
Usually the soils are poor in trace elements. There is a difference in the vicinity of the Ghanzi
Ridge where erosion of quartzite and limestone offers a higher mineral content. The thickness
and capillarity of these alluvial sands presents a great constraint in trying to make these soils
more productive.
1.3.5.2 Vegetation
In terms of vegetation, the district is generally classified as a transitional zone. On a more
micro level, the District is divided into the Northern Kgalagadi tree and bush savanna and the
Ghanzi bush savannah. Most of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve can be broadly classified
as semi-arid tree and bush savannah, though it comprises a mosaic of several habitat units
and types. Generally, the vegetation may be characterized by an abundance of low growing
shrubs and varying densities of good to poor quality grasses.
1.3.5.3 Wildlife
Botswana has been divided into two relatively distinct "functional systems". The Kuke
Veterinary Fence and the fence along the eastern boundary of the Central Kalahari Game
Reserve restrict animal movement between the two systems. The districts of Kgalagadi,
Ghanzi and Kweneng comprise the southwestern system. Ngamiland, Chobe, and the Central
District make up the northeastern system.
The total number of wildlife in the southwestern system dropped dramatically between
independence and the end of DDP 4. The number of hartebeest, wildebeest and eland can
best illustrate this and are the three major migratory species, inhabiting the southwestern
system. The current estimate of wildebeest numbers in the south-western system is
approximately 15 000 animals being 6% of the 1979 estimate of 250 000 animals. The
hartebeest population declined from 270 000 in 1979 to 46 000 in 1995. An estimated 13 000
eland inhabited the southwestern system.
4
However, most species have substantially recovered although the numbers are far below the
1979 estimates. Wildebeest and hartebeest have stabilized but they have not shown any
significant increase. The stabilization in wildlife numbers of these species might have been
encouraged by the reductions of the hunting quotas and to some extent the hunting ban in
Ghanzi and Kgalagadi district. It should be noted that Ghanzi District wildlife is not isolated
from that of the Kgalagadi district as animals move in between the two districts. Most of the
wildlife biomass in Ghanzi district is concentrated in CKGR with significant populations in
game farms and wildlife management areas
1.3.5.4 Water
Water is one of the most limiting resources in the District. Most of the permanent water
sources (boreholes) are located on or near the Ghanzi Ridge, which seems to be recharged
from rainfall. Many boreholes have been drilled around pans and fossil valleys. Almost all
major settlements in the District are situated in the vicinity of these pans and valleys. The
depth of water differs significantly from 28.5 metres (Ncojane), to 115 meters (Lonetree and
Rooibrak), to as much as 210 metres in Charles Hill. The water quality varies from soft to
extremely hard with differing amounts of total dissolved solids. Potable water is a major
concern.
1.3.5.5 Minerals
The possible mineral deposits in the Kalahari beds and pre-Cainozoic bedrock exposures
could significantly affect the development of the district. So far, prospecting has been mainly
limited to the southern Central Kalahari Game Reserve and Okwa Basement. In the southern
Central Kalahari Game Reserve, where underlying basalt formations of the Karoo system are
most likely to include diamondiferous kimberlites and molalities deposits, prospecting seems
to be more promising. During DDP 4, one such deposit was discovered at Gope in the south
of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve.
1.4
1.4.1
DISTRICT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Population Characteristics, Density And Distribution
The total estimated population in the district as per 2001 population census is 32 481. The
population is skewed towards males i.e. 16 564 males and 15 917 females as relected in fig
1.1.Population growth in Ghanzi is largely a result of natural increase and migration. The
estimated number of people living in the villages Charleshill, Makunda, Kole, Kalkfontein,
Karakubis, Ncojane and surrounding cattle posts totals 9 185 i.e. 28%. The remaining 41%
(13 362) constitutes the Remote Area Dwellers.
During the 2001 population census exercise, 689 RADS lived in Central Kalahari Game
Reserve. The Ghanzi District farms had about 5 377 people. Other RAD settlements have an
estimated population of 7 296. It must be noted that most of these residents are highly
mobile. As a result the population figures fluctuate in farms and settlements, which make it
difficult to estimate the Remote Area Dwellers population in any one place. The District
population is concentrated in three areas. The first being Ghanzi Township, it includes Kuke
and D’Kar farms. Ghanzi Township is the primary center of the district. Besides being the
district headquarters, it provides the highest order of goods and services to the whole district.
This area has a population of approximately 10 877 i.e. 33%.
The second concentration of population is the Charleshill area. The area incudes Karakubis,
Xanagas and Makunda and its population is 4 485 (14%). The third concentration is the Kole5
Ncojane area, which includes Ncojane farms. It contains an estimated population of 3054
people i.e. 9%. The population concentrations are greatly influenced by the three groups of
farms. This is because cattle ranching are the major employment sectors in the District.
Figure 1.1
Age Sex Pyramid
Source CSO,2001
1.4.2
Migration
There is in and out migration in the district. Statistics for 2001 census indicate that there were
2030 people who moved in and out of the district during the past five years and 850 during
the previous year. The in-migration is attributed to those who seek employment and out
migration is due to low employment opportunities in the district. There is also some internal
migration within the district. As already indicated, there is also some internal migration
within the district due to the seasonal movement of the Remote Area Dwellers.
1.4.3
Socio-Cultural Characteristics
Several ethnic groups, with different origins, languages and cultures, populate the district.
The San (also known as Basarwa or Bushmen) are thought to have inhabited the Kalahari for
several thousand years. Until recently they practised nomadic hunting and gathering.
However, their traditional economy has been eroded for many decades by loss of land and
access to important natural resources. The drought of the 1980s and the dramatic fall of
wildlife numbers seem to have largely put an end to hunting and gathering as a full-time way
of life, and virtually all Basarwa are now more or less sedentary on farms, on the periphery of
villages, or in RAD settlements.
6
The rights of the Basarwa to land are, in general, rather tenuous. Some keep a few livestock,
a few cultivate crops, they hunt and gather, they work for drought relief; but few, or any,
approach economic self-sufficiency. Employment apathy and alcoholism are prevalent.
Groups such as the Bakgalagadi entered the district several centuries ago. They are the main
occupants of the established villages (Kalkfontein, Karakubis, Kule, Ncojane) in the western
part of the district. These villages were invariably sited adjacent to pans where water was
found in hand-dug wells. The Bakgalagadi are principally cattle and goat keepers, but also
raise crops when the rains permit, and they hunt and gather. Although many of the wells are
still in use, the main source of water is now boreholes.
The Herero came to Botswana at the beginning of the present century, from German SouthWest Africa, as refugees, and settled at Makunda and nearby. They are noted cattle keepers
and some have built up large herds. Over the past decade or more they have moved to
Charleshill, and Makunda is today largely deserted. The Herero maintain strong ties with
their kinsfolk in Namibia.
A small Coloured (people of mixed race) community occupies the leasehold farms of the
Xanagas block and neighbouring settlements. They are farmers, traders and artisans.
The first Ghanzi farmers came, mainly from the Cape Province, about the turn of the present
century. They settled along the Ghanzi Ridge, which has long been known for its strong,
reliable and shallow groundwater. The original commercial farmers were of European origin,
and many of their descendants are still farming there; but other Botswana citizens now own
some farms.
People, originally from the east of the country, have been present in small numbers in the
district for centuries. With the development of the administration and public services they
have moved to the district's urban centres in increasing numbers, mostly as civil servants.
1.4.4
Settlement Hierarchy
Ghanzi Township is the district centre and administrative capital. The township is a primary
centre with all basic services and businesses of a higher order. Because of the high level of
services and employment offered, the township experiences an influx of young people
seeking employment and educational opportunities. The demand for plots and services in
Ghanzi Township is very high. The lack of plots combined with an increase in population is
leading to an increase in self- allocation (squatting) and in the number of people per plot.
Three villages (Charleshill, Kalkfontein, and Ncojane) rank second, as sub-centres, with
smaller settlements in their catchment area (Karakubis, Makunda, Kole, Metsimantle, and
Metsimantsho). All three villages, but especially Kalkfontein and Charles Hill, are expected
to have an increase in investment (and development) as access has been improved with
completion of the Trans Kalahari Road and the Maun-Ghanzi Road, linking the district with
Namibia, Maun and the eastern part of the country, and once services like the telephone are
fully connected.
The district has several RAD Settlements: Xade, Grootlaagte, Qabo, New Xanagas, West
Hanahai, East Hanahai, Bere, Kacgae, and Chobokwane.
7
1.4.5
Settlement Growth and Decline
Except for Ghanzi Township and Charleshill, most villages in the district lost population
between the two last censuses, especially Kalkfontein, Karakubis, and Kole. This was
probably due to the lack of economic opportunities and consequent out-migration to Ghanzi
Township and elsewhere.
During DDP 6, the Trans Kalahari Road is expected to stimulate the economy of the villages
in its vicinity, and will lead to an improvement in the level of public services. The forecast
for Charleshill, Karakubis, Kalkfontein, and Ghanzi Township is one of modest growth. This
growth will probably be at the expense of other villages and settlements in the district.
1.4.6
Employment and Unemployment
It is estimated that not more than 42% of the population (12 years and older) are employed,
of which 75% are male and 25% are female. Within the formal employment sectors, 42.5%
are engaged in agriculture, while Central and Local Government together employ 20.7%. In
1991 the district's total labour force was 7 864 persons of which 16.5% were actively seeking
work. Tables 1.1 and 1.2 provide information on population aged 12 years and over by sex
and usual economic activity in Ghanzi and CKGR
Table 1.1
Economically Active Population – 12 years and over
Economically Active Population
District
and Sex
Seasonal Work
Non-Seasonal Work
Paid
Unpaid
Paid
Unpaid
Job seeker
Sub-Total
549
101
2247
138
1029
4072
Females
Ghanzi
CKGR
7
1
Males
Ghanzi
771
140
4369
CKGR
4
5
39
Total
1324
246
6662
693
1270
7296
5
831
2305
11368
Source CSO, 2001
Table 1.2
Economically Inactive Population – 12 years and over
Economically Inactive Population
District
Home
and Sex
Maker
Student
Retired
Sick
Prisoner
NonResident
Unknown
Sub
Total
4
11300
5
4565
9
11793
Females
Ghanzi
4275
2178
CKGR
170
39
Ghanzi
1641
2030
CKGR
115
65
Total
6201
4312
149
398
5
2
6
5
2
319
187
24
Males
174
1
323
724
4
192
32
Source CSO,2001
8
1.4.7
District HIV/AIDS Status
The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Ghanzi District continued to increase over the last plan
period. The current prevalence of HIV in the district is 27 % according to the sentinel
surveillance report of 2001. The district has registered a total of 804 reported cases since the
first case in 1987.The age group 20-29 years continues to be the most affected in the
community and more females than males in almost all the age groups are affected. Deaths
due to HIV/AIDS also continue to rise resulting in the increase in orphans. The total
HIV/AIDS related deaths recorded in the district from 1999 to 2001 is 287 made up of 116
males and 171 females.
1.5
1.5.1
DISTRICT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Major Economic Activities
1.5.1.1 Agriculture
The livestock sector continues to be the main economic activity in the district. It provides the
most important source of income for Ghanzi residents, ranging from profitable cattle sales to
marginal casual labour. With the newly demarcated Matlhoaphuduhudu commercial ranches,
this sector is expected to grow even bigger.
The district cattle herd has grown over the last 40 years. In 1955 the herd accounted for
55 397; in 1965 it was 79 432; while in 1973 it was 145 000. The numbers continued to
increase such that there were 136 336 and 165 000 cattle in 1985 and 1995 respectively. Most
of these additions were in the communal area. Only a minority of the household’s own cattle,
but small stock ownership is more widespread.
Although the district has deep to very deep sandy soils, which are excessively drained with a
course surface texture and climatic conditions are very unfavourable for arable farming,
farmers continue to plough and plant different crops like sorghum, maize, millet and
cowpeas. The table 1.3 below indicates the total area ploughed /planted and the number of
farmers who have ploughed/planted.
Table 1.3
Total Area Ploughed/Planted and the Number of Farmers
PLOGHING SEASON
AREA PLOUGHED/PLANTED (HA)
TOTAL NO. OF FARMERS
1997/98
245.51
246
1998/99
482.93
367
1999/2000
586.93
334
2000/01
147.91
104
2001/2002
336.40
192
1.5.1.2 Commerce and Industry
Commercial and industrial activity in the district is limited. The major problem is lack of raw
materials and markets. The remoteness of the district and paucity of resources upon which
industrial development can be based, leaves the district with a negligible industrial sector,
especially in medium and large-scale projects. Small-scale industrial projects are limited to
brick moulding, skin tanning, leather production and dress making.
9
Except for some tourism activities in game farms and in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve,
there is hardly any commercial tourism activity within the district. Some private operators do
include the district in their tour itinerary but no infrastructure exists for this purpose. The
only places that attract tourists are the Kalahari Arms Hotel, Ghanzi Craft and the Kuru
Development Trust project at Dekar, Tautona Lodge, Thakadu Camp, Khawa Lodge, and the
Ghanzi Grand Guest House. It is believed that the increase in the number of tourism
attraction areas has been attributed to the completion of the Ghanzi-Sehithwa road and the
Trans-Kalahari highway during DDP 5.
1.5.1.3 Service Industries
All the major villages are served by one or more general dealers and a few by restaurants.
Co-operative shops serve most Remote Area Dweller Settlements. Bar and bottle stores are
flourishing throughout the district and the demand for these commercial enterprises is still on
the increase.
Ghanzi Township contains the highest order of services and caters for the entire district as
well as the commercial farm areas. With the completion of the Trans Kalahari Road and the
Maun-Ghanzi Road, the demand for both commercial and industrial land (in Ghanzi
Township and other villages along these roads) increased highly during DDP 5.This has also
been indicated by a lot of changes of land use from agriculture to commercial landf use in
farms along these roads.
1.5.1.4 Hunting and Gathering
Despite the prevailing livestock economy providing the main source of cash income and
occupying vast areas, a substantial percentage of the Ghanzi population still relies on
gathering and hunting. The opportunities for exploiting wildlife and veld products have been
adversely affected by the increase of the livestock population, establishment of settlements
within the migration routes, fencing, and drought.
Although Government is trying to provide alternative economic activities for this group,
mainly RADs, there is still a long way to go. Despite drought relief labour intensive
employment, food handouts, handicrafts sales, casual labour, and small stock production, for
a large portion of the population there are no other economic opportunities than hunting and
gathering. Table 1.4 shows employment by sector in the district.
Table 1.4
Employment by Sector
Major Industry
Population
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry
2 407
Fishing
0
Mining and Quarrying
4
Manufacturing (includes Repair of machinery and Equipment)
279
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply
26
Construction
1 316
Wholesale and Retail Trade (includes retail of motor vehicles and personal
household Goods
850
Hotels and Restaurants
231
Transport, storage and Communications
119
10
Major Industry
Population
Financial Intermediaries
26
Real Estates, Renting and Business Activities
189
Public Adminstration
2 212
Education
580
Health and Social Work
297
Other community, Social and Personal Service Activities
172
Private Household with Employed Persons9for household survey only)
227
Foreign Missions, International Organisations
2
Unknown
24
Total
8 961
Source: Population and Housing Census 2001
11
CHAPTER TWO
2
REVIEW OF DDP 5 AND LONG TERM DEVELOPMENT
POTENTIAL
2.1
INTRODUCTION
The Ghanzi district is one of the remotest in the country in terms of distance from other
developed centres or the eastern part of the country. The nearest peri urban and urban centres
with better economic opportunities and services are Maun at 280 kilometres and Jwaneng at
519 kilometres. The district is located in the semi arid area of the country where temperatures
are very high, the soils are sandy and rocky in some places and rainfall is unreliable and if it
rains the amounts are low. This result in poor yield in agricultural production especially
arable farming. Pastoral farming on the other hand is performing better and is one of the
districts’ main sources of livelihood.
Out of twenty settlements including the township, nine are occupied by the Remote Area
Dwellers who compose of approximately 45% of the district total population. Literacy levels
are low. There are few economic opportunities and thus most people are unemployed.
Communication linkages are poor especially roads and telecommunications. Only seven
villages have Botswana Telecommunications telephone lines and reception from both the
Mascom and Orange cellular networks. The rest of the locations are linked by either gravel or
earth roads. The only tarred roads into the district are the Trans Kalahari and the GhanziSehitwa.
The above negative factors have made the district unattractive for private investment and
consequently the district economy has remained inadequate to sustain its population hence
poverty prevails.
The major goal of DDP 5 was economic growth and poverty alleviation. The objectives to
support these goals aimed at encouraging production in the livestock sector and creating
income generating activities and conducive environment for private investment. The general
objectives were;







Promote agricultural production
Promote commercial and industrial development
Promote tourism development
Enhance living conditions for RADs
Expand the district communication links
Provide adequate social services and
Strengthen extension services
Government played a major role in meeting most of the above objectives through provision
of infrastructure in the form of roads, offices as well as housing accommodation, expansion
of water sources, education and health facilities and other social amenities. On the other hand
private sector participation increased slightly compared to DDP 5, it was still low. Hence in
line with NDP 8 theme of Sustainable Economic Diversification the district has not
performed well to achieve the goal. On this basis therefore the district will have to continue
12
efforts to pursue its objectives along with the NDP 9 theme to drive towards economic
diversification and growth and thus improvement of the communities’ standard of living.
ACHIEVEMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES – DDP5
2.2
In general terms DDP 5 has performed better than the previous plans. Manpower status
improved in numbers and training and infrastructure expanded as already alluded to above.
The district will continue to pursue the goal of economic growth and poverty alleviation
through opportunities available to the district. In DDP 6, the district intends to focus more on
tourism development. This will be done through the provision of tourists facilities at the
CKGR and in selected settlements and supporting the private sector in hotel facilities,
encouraging communities to engage in income generating projects through government
financial assistance programs and continuing to strengthen the livestock sector. By the end of
DDP 5, more private investors established businesses in the district because of the advantages
offered by infrastructure available. It is anticipated that expansion of the same in the
forthcoming plan period will offer even more opportunities to the district.
2.2.1
Production
2.2.1.1 Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry
Agriculture continues to be the major economic activity and hence remains the main source
of livelihood in the district. However the type of farming is mostly at subsistence level of
production dominated by livestock rearing. Livestock distribution especially cattle is skewed
towards a few farmers owning large herds of cattle in vast areas of land and the majority
owning few or no cattle at all.
The DDP5 objective on agricultural production was to promote livestock and arable
agriculture development by providing farmer assistance services and programs like artificial
insemination and vaccinations, engaging farmers in horticultural production and dry land
farming methods and strengthening extension services.
During DDP5 the livestock sector performance improved. The number of cattle increased
(Table 2.1) more farmers sold livestock to the BMC as the Trans Kalahari Road facilitated
easy access to BMC. In addition the BMC extended their services to buy livestock at the
district marketing centres. As such the livestock off take increased from 16 % to 18% during
the plan period. Furthermore the Department of Animal Health and Production recruited
more farmers to utilise the Artificial Insemination Centres to improve their livestock breed.
Table 2.1
Animal Stock Census
Extension Area
Bulls
Females
Males
Calves
Sheep
Goats
Metsimantsho
221
8 241
1 660
3 003
1 351
4 634
Ncojane
114
4 115
1 182
2 036
468
3 916
Kole
132
4 401
783
2 063
572
1 985
Makunda
162
5 617
775
2 164
1 192
6 031
Charleshill
116
3 067
515
1 365
908
4 029
Karakubis
182
5 880
823
2 996
1 582
6 095
Kalkfontein
185
5 854
1 063
2 644
798
5 916
Hanahai
294
20 062
2 062
4 681
1 119
6 001
13
Extension Area
Bulls
Females
Males
Calves
Sheep
Goats
New Xade
24
1 575
106
72
53
1 142
Ghanzi south
1 050
21 974
6 279
8 542
2 910
4 329
Ghanzi North
2 528
25 552
6 305
5 727
2 472
3 532
Total
5 008
96 338
21 554
32 293
13 425
47 610
Source: Department of Animal Health and Production- Ghanzi District 2003
Statistics show an increased use of the centres although farmers in some areas complain of
long distances to the AI camps. Engaging in “on-the –farm” artificial insemination whereby
farmers are serviced at their farms has augmented the services. A sample of farmers was
drawn for experiment of the programme. Out of the sample, on average 70% of the farmers
are actively participating. This is proving to work better and should be practiced on more
farms to improve livestock breeds.
Table 2.2
Animal Breeding at Artificial Insemination
Year
No. of cattle in AI Camps
On-farm AI Projects
Actively Participating
1997
362
6
4
1998
804
8
7
1999
836
8
6
2000
1019
10
7
2001
981
13
7
Source: Department of Animal Health and Production- Ghanzi District 2003
Livestock marketing facilities constructed in the district are expected to further improve
management techniques and hence quality of livestock. This will be enhanced by
implementation of the Fencing Policy of which 42 ranches have been demarcated and
allocated at Matlho-a-Phuduhudu area.
Poultry projects were undertaken mostly through the Financial Assistance Policy. There is
significant improvement in production of both broilers and layers resulting from improved
management skills and training of both farmers and officers. The market for the poultry
products is above average in comparison with the rest of the country.
Arable agriculture on the other hand has not been favourable in the district mainly due to low
and often late rainfall and hence dry weather conditions most of the time, high temperatures
and poor soils, which result in low yields. The soils along the Ghanzi ridge are better for
some crops but poor rains hinder production. The common crops are cowpeas, beans, millet
and maize.
During the ploughing season varieties suitable for the climate and soils are usually issued to
farmers but the yields are often low due to low rainfall or at times lack of commitment from
farmers.
14
Table 2.3
Arable Agriculture Productions
Area Ploughed/planted (ha)
Estimated Yield (kg/ha)
1995/96
2001/02
2002/03
1995/
96
2001/
1140
98
Maize 39.6
50
50
Estimated Total Production (mt)
2002/03
1995/96
Maize 25
75.81
02
2001/
2002/03
02
4.9
Maize 0.99
Millet 15.8
Millet 25
Millet 0.44
Cowpeas 79.2
Cowpeas 70
Cowpeas 5.5
Sorghum 23.7
Sorghum 25
Sorghum 0.59
Source: Department of Crop production and Forestry 2003
There is high demand for horticultural products but the production is not adequate to meet the
demand. The Department of Crop Production and Forestry together with Permaculture
Development Trust (NGO) engaged in campaigns to educate, encourage and help
communities to keep back yard gardens and plant citrus trees to help meet the demand. A
small percentage of families were able to undertake the projects at subsistence level. The
response is encouraging given the climatic conditions and the poor soils in the district.
Individuals will be encouraged to use available financial assistance programs like CEDA to
venture into this area at a higher commercial scale.
The district has experienced frequent outbreaks of veld fires especially the last two years of
the plan period. Causes of the fires are attributed to carelessness in handling fire. The fires
damaged vast areas of grazing land. Construction of firebreaks will be continued around
designated areas to try and combat the problem.
The district will continue education on agricultural programmes and implement policies
during DDP6 to enhance agriculture production.
2.2.1.2 Industrial and Commercial Development
The objective of this sector for DDP 5 was to promote commercial and industrial activities in
the district to help reduce too much dependency on agricultural production. This was in line
with the NDP 8 theme of economic diversification. The district intended to encourage private
investment by making available and accelerating development of industrial and commercial
sites including support services and encouraging utilization of government subsidies and
progams. However the sector has not done very well due to unavailability of serviced land in
some areas and product market in others e.g. Banks. Furthermore, the district development
communication linkages in the form of telecommunications, and roads as well as utilities like
electricity still lagged behind to attract private investors. A few commercial enterprises in the
district are furniture and food shops (table 2.4). However since the completion of the Trans
Kalahari Road and the
Maun-Sehitwa Road, the situation has been improving gradually as indicated by the
establishment of commercial enterprises like shopping complexes for clothing, food and
furniture chain shops. These include large supermarkets like Score and Spar. The hotel
industry has also expanded with construction of two lodges and a guesthouse in Ghanzi
Township. Four (4) other lodges are located in private farms in the vicinity of the township.
Currently most of the business enterprises are located in the township and it is hoped that in
future industrial and commercial activities will expand even to other villages in the rest of the
district.
15
Table 2.4
Commercial Activities
Type of Activity
No. Of Businesses
General Dealer
24
Fresh produce
24
Bars
6
Bottle stores
12
Liquor Restaurant
5
Restaurant/take away
15
Speciality
50
Supermarkets
7
Motor dealers
3
Garage/workshop
11
Petrol filling station
4
Hair dressing salon
4
Wholesale
2
Pharmacy
2
Special
1
Hawkers
293
Street vendors
843
Total
1 311
Source: Commercial Affairs Unit Ghanzi District Council 2003
There are a few small-scale industrial activities most of which were financed through the
Financial Assistance Policy. Only 48% of the projects are operating, some projects stopped
operating due to several factors such as poor management skills, market saturation as in the
case of sewing and small market such as the leather and carpentry products (table 2.5).
Table 2.5
Industrial Projects Approved in 1997/98 to 2001/02
Project
Approved
Operating
Actual Jobs
Estimated No. of Jobs
Sewing
43
29
87
113
Bakery
13
6
39
48
Bricks
20
7
38
114
Welding
21
9
45
104
Knitting
2
1
2
4
Carpentry
6
4
15
22
Leatherwork
7
3
15
24
Others
12
1
5
25
Others
124
60 (48%)
247 (54%)
454
Source: IFS Ghanzi 2003
16
The district will continue to encourage the public to engage in commercial and industrial
activities through government assistance programs like CEDA during DDP 6.
2.2.1.3 Wildlife and Tourism
District Development Plan 5 aimed at promoting tourism development and sustainable
utilization of natural resources. The strategies employed to meet the objective included
drawing up of the district tourism development strategy, public education on wildlife
conservation and game farming, provision of tourism infrastructure and implementation of
CBNRM projects at CKGR, Grootlaagte, Okwa. Qabo and Matlho-a-Phuduhudu areas.
Wildlife and tourism activities are mainly concentrated at the Central Kalahari Game Reserve
where there is a considerable number of animal and plant species. In During DDP 5 the total
revenue earned from the CKGR tourism activities amounted to P361 401 017. A management
plan for the area has been drawn. Infrastructure towards implementation of the plan is already
being put up. This project was delayed partly by habitation of the reserve by the Basarwa.
The communities have since been relocated outside the reserve. Development and expansion
of the existing tourist facilities include tourist route networks to increase the carrying
capacity while reducing disturbance, tracks to link Tsetseng and Old Xade Camp and to link
Tsau and the Piper pans, new camps and an airstrip development at Tsau Hills and Tsetseng,
upgrading and rehabilitation of existing tourist track, fifteen (15) artificial water points to
water animals as well as increasing tourists points to view animals and establishment of
Local Advisory Committee (LACOMS) in settlements on the periphery of CKGR to advise
the department on the management of CKGR.
Part of the management plan includes introduction and facilitation of Community Based
Natural Resource Management. This program will help communities to use natural resources
like animal and veld products to generate income. In as much as the communities will be
earning income from the products they will be trained in management skills that will help
them to conserve the resources and thus the environment. Communities relocated from the
CKGR will benefit from this program.
Three other Community Based Organisations (CBOs) have been established for Qabo and
Grootlaagte communities (Huiku), Chobokwane community and East/West Hanahai
communities (Xusikurusa) for Wildlife and Tourism related activities. The CBOs have not
fully exploited their production capacity/potential due to some logistical problems. However
the private sector has been engaged to help the communities to run their plans. This will set
the organisations in motion to start functioning and serving their purpose. Since the areas do
not have a lot of attractive animals like lions, the communities will engage in game farming,
hunting and veld product preservation. By the end of 2002 the CBOs had earned a total of
P170 000 by selling their products. The CBNRM project will employ (30) people
permanently while other community members will be engaged occasionally during animal
cropping and hunting expeditions.
During DDP6 more community trusts will be initiated for the New Xade Community, CKGR
residents and those communities residing on the periphery of GH11 (Matho-a-phuduhudu
Wildlife Management Area). Some community zones have been established in the CKGR to
cater for those communities who relocated to its periphery (New Xade and Kaodwane). In
these areas non-consumptive activities such as horse back riding, traditional ways of hunting
etc will be conducted.
17
Other tourism related activities are hotel accommodation and vehicles fuelling points. During
DDP5, two lodges were built and are operational and the hotel facilities have been expanded.
These will provide accommodation to tourists visiting the district and on transit to other
districts and across the borders. They have also created employment for the local
communities. In DDP 6 proposals have been made to set up cultural tourism activities.
The department through its Community Education and Outreach division will continue
facilitating and explaining community utilization concepts to officials and communities in the
district. This initiative is undertaken to educate communities on the periphery of protected
areas on wildlife conservation and to benefit those who bear the bulk of the negative impacts
of wildlife.
2.2.2
Physical Infrastructure
2.2.2.1 Telecommunications and Transport
The objective of the sector was to expand communication links by extending
telecommunications services to secondary settlements, upgrading postal services and
improving the status of roads in the district.
Road communications is one of the areas that received a substantial Government expenditure
during DDP5. Two major roads through the district were constructed being the GhanziSehitwa and the Trans Kalahari Roads. The two roads facilitate communication linkages and
have enhanced tourism related and other activities in the Districts.
The TKR especially poses a potential for more income generating and economic activities. A
report has been prepared on assessment of commercial activities that can be undertaken along
the road- most of, which are tourists related. The activities will start in DDP6.
Transport modes in the form of public transport have since been established with the
completion of the roads. There are buses running between Ghanzi and Gaborone, Charleshill
and Maun at different times of the day throughout the week and the year. The only primary
road that is still not tarred is the Charleshill-Ncojane road. A proposal was made for
bituminisation of the road but the project was not funded, and will therefore be carried over
to NDP 9.
Tertiary roads have also been improved from sand to gravel road e.g. Ghanzi-Grootlaagte,
Ghanzi New Xade, Ncojane-Metsimantsho, Ghanzi-Qabo, Bere and Kacgae roads as
indicated in table 2.6. Through the village infrastructure program Ghanzi Township internal
roads were bituminised and provided with street lighting. This program and that of tertiary
road construction will be continued in DDP6.
Table 2.6
District Roads Communication
Road Name
From
Type
Route
Number
Distance
km
To
A) Secondary Roads :
Ghanzi
Palamaokue
T
A2
206
Ghanzi
Mamuno
T
A2
199
Ghanzi
Kuke
T
A3
116
Charleshill
Ncojane
G
B 214
103
18
Road Name
Type
From
To
Route
Number
Total Length of Secondary roads
Distance
km
624
B) Teritiary Roads :
Ncojane
Metsimantho
G
8017
58
Metsimantho
Farm 21
S
8018
21
Farm 21
Matlhoaphuduhudu
S
8019
75
Matlhoaphuduhudu
Lokalane
S
8020
38
Kacgae
TKH
G
8021
12
Bere
TKH(Takatshwane)
S
8023
20
Bere
Matlhoaphuduhudu
S
8024
32
East Hanahai
East Hanahai Jn.
G
8026
7
West Hanahai
West Hanahai Jn.
S
8027
4
New Xade Jn.
New Xade
G
8028
73
Ghanzi
Qabo
S
8029
69
Groote Laagte
Groote Laagte Jn.
G
8029
46
Chobokwane
Kalkfontein
S
8030
40
Metsimantho
Nxogodimo
S
8031
88
Karakubis
New Xanagas
G
8032
39
New Xanagas
Tjiwarongo
S
8033
37
Charleshill
Tjiwarongo
S
8034
32
Makunda
Tjiwarongo
S
8035
21
Farm 21
Nawamasisi(upto Dist.border)
S
8037
24
Matlhoaphuduhudu
Tjawane (upto Dist.border)
S
8038
32
Kalkfontein
Nxogodimo
S
8039
30
New Xanagas
Nxogopimo
S
8040
13
Chobokwane
Okwa
S
8041
85
Bere
TKH(Kacgae)
S
9022
28
West Hanahai
Trans Kalahari Highway
S
27
Bere
TKH ( Approach Road)
G
15
Qabo
Groote Laagte
S
65
Qabo
Kuke
S
78
Ncojane
Metsimantle( Up to Dist.border)
S
25
Ghanzi
Takatshwane(Old Lobaste Rd.)
G
102
Ghanzi
Kalkfontein(Old Mamuno Rd.)
G
107
Chobokwane
TKH (Approach Road)
T
6
Kalkfontein
TKH (Approach Road)
T
2
D'kar
TKH (Approach Road)
T
1.1
Karakubis
TKH (Approach Road)
T
1
19
Road Name
Type
Route
Number
Distance
km
From
To
Kuke
TKH (Approach Road)
T
0.7
Xanagas
TKH (Approach Road)
T
0.2
Total Length of Teritiary roads
1354
C) Access Roads:
New xade
CKGR Border
8028
45
Kuke
CKGR Border
8025
32
Total Length of Access roads
77
Total Length of Roads
2055
Key: Road Types T- Tar G- Gravel and S - Sand
Source: Ghanzi District Council 2002
Telecommunications networks have also improved significantly in villages except Ncojane,
Kole and RADs settlements. The Botswana Telecommunications Corporation had not been
able to connect these areas due to financial constraints and the project will be undertaken in
DDP 6. Otherwise more public phones have been provided as well as telephones in
residential areas (Table 2.7). Mascom and Orange Cellular phone networks cover Ghanzi,
Dekar, Kuke, Charleshill, Kalkfontein, Karakubis, Makunda and Kanagas.
Table 2.7
Telecommunications Infrastructure in the District
Location
Capacity
Working telephones
Ghanzi
1 792
1 328
Charleshill
480
235
Kalkfontein
120
110
Karakubis
64
33
Xanagas
32
18
Dekar
64
43
Kuke
32
21
Lonetree
32
2
Source: BTC Ghanzi 2003
In DDP5 only the extension of the Ghanzi Post Office was planned and has been done.
Additional postal agencies in settlements were not established due to financial constraints and
in some cases low population statistics, which serve as indicators for the services
consumption. At present the district has 4 post offices in Ghanzi Township, Ncojane,
Kalkfontein and Charleshill and 2 postal agencies at Kole and Karakubis.The volume of mail
for the post offices ranges from 2143 to 83,456 per year (table 2.8)
20
Table 2.8
Settlement
Postal Services in the District and Mail Volume March 2003
Class of office
Volume of mail (item)
Surface
Air
Total
Charleshill
MOT
11 391
1 025
12 416
Ghanzi
Township
MOT
83 456
0
83 456
Ncojane
MOT
2 737
0
2 737
Kalkfontein
MOT
2 143
0
2 143
Source : Botswana Postal Services Ghanzi 2003
Key: MOT-1
Money order, savings Bank and Telegraphic office
The overall picture of communication in the DDP 5 period was impressive
Ghanzi district has got one airfield run by the Department of Civil Aviation. The airfield has
the capacity to handle both domestic and international traffic. However air transport was
sparingly used during DDP 5. Most of the time it was used by flying missions for
transporting patients and a few times by government aircrafts. Private sector participation
was low because of low demand for the service.
The district had planned to relocate the airfield during the plan period. The reasons for
relocation include inappropriate location as it is surrounded by developments (built-up area),
noise pollution and safety and drainage problems. A new site was allocated and an
Environmental Impact Assessment made. The relocation was not undertaken because of
unavailability of funds and hence the project will be carried over to DDP
2.2.2.2 Water Supply
Water supply is the responsibility of District Councils in villages and settlements. In total the
council provides water to 21 villages and settlements. In the Township the Department of
Water Affairs is responsible for supply of water.
The main objective of DDP 5 was to ensure provision of adequate and potable water in the
whole district as well as ensuring its conservation.
During DDP4 the district had inadequate supplies of water. The major achievements of
DDP5 have been to source more water supplies by drilling of boreholes to supplement the
existing ones, upgrading of water supply systems and providing new supplies in other areas.
Statistics show that most of the villages have adequate supply and the quality of water is
acceptable for human and livestock consumption (table 2.9). The two settlements of
Grootlaagte and West Hanahai were exceptions in that the water quality was not fit for
consumption and inadequate supply respectively. During the plan period West Hanahai was
connected to a source in East Hanahai and is now receiving adequate potable water supply.
Grootlaagte is in the process of being interconnected to Qabo supply. The project will be
carried over to DDP 6. Otherwise the settlement has been receiving supply by bowsing 30
cubic metres a day to meet basic demand only (Table2.9).
It has been difficult to cater for all private water connections applications in the district
because of limited funds under the recurrent budget. Individuals pay P620.00 for private
water connection while council spends P3 756. This means private connections are
21
subsidized 6 folds. This means cost recovery is zero. It will be economic to share the costs at
50 - 50% between the consumers and the government.
The Department of Water Affairs has also upgraded the water supply scheme in the
township. The upgrading included drilling of 3 additional boreholes operated by electricity
and a chlorination plant. Consumption has increased but is adequately met by supply. It is
anticipated that given the rate of population growth and infrastructure developments, the
supply will still sustain demand for the next plan period up to the year 2010 even though
consumption is likely to rise steeply. There are 3 backups in case of excess demand
especially at the end of the DDP 6 period.
Table 2.9
Village
Village Water Supply
Pop.
water
BH output
Daily
No. of
No. of Private
Water
Projection
source
(M3/day)
demand
Standpipes
Connections
Quality
(M3/day)
Ghanzi
6560
BH
1231
848
38
1281
acceptable
Metsimantsho
152
BH
32
30
2
21
acceptable
Ncojane
1439
BH
192
200
16
228
acceptable
Kole
741
BH
88.8
100
13
119
acceptable
Makunda
331
BH
C/Hill
50
3
27
acceptable
Charleshill
1859
BH
273.6
300
20
483
acceptable
New Kanagas
540
BH
82.4
40.2
6
37
acceptable
Karakubis
785
BH
160
67.2
7
147
acceptable
Kalkfontein
1397
BH
108
200
24
126
acceptable
Kacgae
282
BH
48
38
6
27
acceptable
Bere
385
BH
60
48
5
21
acceptable
East Hanahai
405
BH
120
50
5
24
acceptable
West Hanahai
560
BH
52*
*52
7
37
acceptable
K’goesakeni
920
BH
160
130
10
39
acceptable
Qabo
401
BH
48
43
7
28
acceptable
Grootlaagte
483
BH
*30
*49
7
19
acceptable
Chobokwane
484
BH
84
40
6
35
acceptable
Total
17724
182
2699
Source: Department of Water Affairs and Ghanzi District Council, 2002.
* West Hanahai is supplied through an interconnection from East Hanahai while Grootlaagte is supplied by
bowsing.
2.2.2.3 Power
The Botswana Power Corporation is the sole supplier of electricity in the whole district. It
aimed at providing accessible and affordable electrical power to promote industrial,
commercial, residential and other services. At present the BPC services are mainly provided
in main villages and the township. During DDP5 the corporation through the government
Village Power Supply Scheme supplied the villages of Ncojane, Charleshill, Karakubis and
Kalkfontein with power. The scheme will be continued in the DDP 6. Charleshill is also
supplied by a cross border connection from Namibia.
22
Power consumption is mainly by government sector and it increased during DDP5 due to
expansion of offices, workshops and storage buildings, schools and the provision of staff
accommodation. Where there is no BPC supply some government institutions use solar
power.
Plans to use coal for heating and cooking in government institutions were not achieved as the
Ministry of Minerals Energy and Water Affairs was still undertaking a study on the quality of
coal for such purpose. Hence the idea will be continued in DDP 6.
2.2.3
Public Services
2.2.3.1 Education and Training
The district objectives on education were to provide adequate infrastuctural facilities within
access of all school-going age, to integrate special education into the mainstream formal
education, to establish pre-schools, to provide vocational and technical training to improve
the productivity of labour force, to raise the level of education in both the professional and
administrative cadres and overall to reduce the level of illiteracy in the district.
Like other government institutions and as per population growth, the education sector has
expanded during DDP 5 in terms of school enrolment, infrastructure building and training.
But the district continues to perform poorly in national examinations as compared to other
districts. Education specialist will conduct a research to find the source of this problem.
Primary Education
During the plan period, one primary school was built in Ghanzi Township to relieve
congestion in the existing schools and as part of implementation of RNPE recommendation
to reduce class sizes to 40 and gradually to 30 children per teacher (table 2.10). Still in line
with RNPE recommendations the district has cleared the backlog of teachers’ houses,
classrooms, toilets and administration blocks. An exception is the Dekar Primary School
where construction was pending relocation of children to New Xade hostel and expansion of
the school premises. A new hostel of 216 beds has been built at K’goesakeni to accommodate
Remote Area Dwellers children especially from the farms and to relieve congestion at the
existing hostels. The Metsimantsho hostel has also been extended.
Table 2.10 Primary School Facilities
School
Enrolment
Number
No. of
Classrooms
Teacher
Pupil/ratio
Classroom/pupil
\Teachers
ratio
Gantsi
757
24
22
1:34
1:34
Kabake
590
20
22
1:30
1:27
Kgaphamadi
390
14
12
1:30
1:33
Bere
78
7
7
1:11
1:11
Kacgae
137
8
7
1:19
1:19
East Hanahai
126
7
7
1:18
1:18
West Hanahai
99
7
7
1:14
1:14
New Xade
273
11
10
1:27
1:27
Dekar
533
16
9
1:35
1:59
Kuke
358
12
12
1:33
1:33
Choblkwane
96
8
8
1:12
1:12
Kalkfontein
269
11
14
1:24
1:19
23
School
Enrolment
Number
No. of
Classrooms
Teacher
Pupil/ratio
Classroom/pupil
\Teachers
ratio
Karakubis
196
8
9
1:26
1:22
Xanagas
329
12
10
1:27
1:32
New Xanagas
138
7
7
1:20
1:20
Boipelo
370
18
17
1:22
1:22
Makunda
191
8
8
1:27
1:24
Kole
167
8
8
1:24
1:24
Ncojane
365
15
14
1:26
1:24
Metsimantsho
129
9
8
1:16
1:16
Grootlaagte
177
8
7
1:25
1:25
Qabo
150
7
7
1:21
1:21
Totals
5918
245
232
Source: Ghanzi District Council 2002
Table 2.11 Education: Primary - other Facilities and Teachers
Village/School
TQ
Lat
Ad
Kit
St
Bere
7
9
1
1
1
Charleshill
16
12
1
1
1
Chobokwane
8
10
1
1
1
Dekar
7
14
1
1
1
East Hanahai
7
10
1
1
1
Gantsi
17
35
1
1
1
Kgapphamadi
12
18
1
1
1
Kabakae
24
22
1
1
1
Grootlaagte
7
12
1
1
1
Kacgae
7
9
1
1
1
Kalkfontein
11
11
1
1
1
Karakubis
9
7
1
1
1
Kole
8
10
1
1
1
Kuke
13
12
1
1
1
Makunda
8
9
1
1
1
Metsimantsho
8
6
1
1
1
Ncojane
15
22
1
1
1
New Kanagas
9
10
1
1
1
West Hanahai
7
7
1
1
1
New Xade
10
20
1
1
1
Xanagas
11
8
1
1
1
Total
221
273
21
21
21
Source:Ghanzi District Council (1996)
Key: TQ - Teachers’ Quarters
Lat - Latrines
St-Storeroom
Kit-Kitchens Ad-Administration
24
Secondary Education
The number of secondary schools (4 CJSS and a senior secondary school) has not increased
in the plan period but this has not resulted in congestion, as the enrolments are still low in
some schools (table 2.12). The senior secondary school by far is the only one that has reached
its capacity as it admits children from other districts as well.
Table 2.12 Secondary Facilities
School
Enrolment
Classrooms
No.
of
teachers
Teacher
/pupil ratio
Classroom
/pupil ratio
Itekeng CJSS
822
18
47
1:18
1:46
Tshimologo
199
8
19
1:10
1:24
Rethuseng
350
6
25
1:14
1:58
Marakanelo
260
8
19
1:13
1:32
Ghanzi senior
1 249
24
77
1:16
1:52
Source:Education Department 2003
Vocational Training
A brigade was established in Ghanzi Township and has been operational since 1991.
Necessary infrastructure is in place including boarding facilities. The brigade is providing
training in bricklaying/plastering, computer training, secondary school evening classes and
auto mechanics (table 2.13). The brigade has a construction company which helps to finance
its running costs as well as offering practical experience to some of the students.
Table 2.13 Ghanzi Brigade
Subject
Male
Female
Total
Building
27
12
39
Auto Mechanic
37
9
46
Electrical
36
7
43
Business
19
21
40
Instructor
13
2
15
source: Ghanzi Brigade. 1996
No. of Classrooms 7
Workshops
4
Library
1
Dormitories
96 beds
Kitchen & Dinning hall 1
Non-formal Education
The goal of the Non-Formal Education Programme is to increase educational opportunities
and to reduce inequality of access to education. During the plan period, the Department of
Non-Formal Education continued to have problems like shortage of staff and lack of
transport. In addition, communication in settlements was a problem, as many people in the
25
district speak neither Setswana nor English. The total enrolment has increased during the
plan period but there is still a problem of low turn up to classes especially for the enrolment
of males (table 2.14).
During DDP 5 the district continued to implement the policy of ‘out of school’ education in
line with the report of the National Commission on Education of 1993. One of the
department’s endeavours was to implement recommendation number 82.b which calls for the
introduction of Adult Education Basic Course (ABEC) meant to provide adults with an
equivalent of standard seven schooling. A pilot project was run for about sixteen (16)
months. The project had a total of nineteen (19) learners. Through out the district the project
was only successful in Ghanzi Township. The department has secured funds to start ABEC
classes throughout the district.
Table 2.14 Non-Formal Education
Village
Las
LGLs
Groups
Learners
Male
Female
Total
Charleshill
1
4
4
29
37
66
Makunda
0
6
6
40
50
90
Karakubis
1
0
0
3
10
13
Kalkfontein
0
1
1
3
9
12
Chobokwane
0
2
2
8
8
16
Ghanzi Township
0
0
4
32
12
44
Dekar
0
0
1
5
18
23
Grootlaagte
0
1
1
6
1
7
Xade
0
1
1
14
15
29
Ncojane
1
2
1
51
54
105
Kole
0
0
8
1
13
14
Metsimantsho
1
2
14
15
29
44
Total
4
19
43
207
256
463
Source: Department of Non-Formal Education-Ghanzi (2003)
Key: LAs - Literacy Assistants LGLs - Literacy Group Leaders
2.2.3.2 Health
The district objectives for DDP 5 was to provide adequate health facilities including a minor
theatre at Charleshill and a primary hospital in Ghanzi Township, to educate communities on
safe waste disposal methods and to ensure a clean environment and to continue provision of
health care services through education on primary health programs. The health services were
rendered through a network of 4 clinics, 17 health posts and 357 mobile clinic stops.
The health sector continues to experience problem of manpower shortage in particular health
officers. Most of the health facilities in the district were under-staffed and some run by
Family Welfare Educators. This made it difficult to effectively implement policies and
programmes. Attempts were made to fill vacant posts but without success because people
declined transfers and even new appointments to the district (probably because of its
remoteness) as well as the low output from the training institutions.
26
Primary Health
DDP5 had inherited a backlog of health facilities from DDP4. There was shortage of nurses’
accommodation, congestion in the health facilities and shortage of transport. Hence, the
major achievements in DDP5 had been clearing of the backlog. A health post in the
township, a minor theatre at the sub district and a clinic with maternity ward at K’goesakeni
have been built during the plan period.
The primary hospital is being upgraded from a 50-bed to a 70-bed capacity with associated
facilities and 26 houses. The project was carried over from DDP 4. Implementation has been
delayed due to shortage of manpower in the technical unit of the Department of Architecture
and Buildings. Thus the project will be completed in DDP 6.
HIV/AIDS/STD poses as a life-threatening scourge. The district supported by the Ministry of
Health has managed to put measures in place aimed at minimizing and controlling HIV
infection. These include among other things, treatment to those affected with Sexually
Transmitted Diseases and their partners to minimise the chances of infection, training of
health personnel in counselling skills and home-based care for terminally ill patients,
community mobilization and training in AIDS prevention and control at schools, religious
groups, community leaders and volunteers and training of District Aids Committee members
to ensure a multi-sectoral approach in the AIDS programme.
During the plan period government introduced Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission
(PMTC) as one of ways to reduce infection in unborn babies. The uptake is at 30%. The
figure is below the target because of ignorance and or low awareness among the
communities, low participation of males in the program and in some cases low-level of
understanding. The target was an uptake of 80% by end of 2002. The district envisages
achieving this by increasing awareness among the communities and reaching out the entire
district.
Other programs introduced are Isonizid Preventive Therapy and Anti Retroviral Therapy.
They are not yet established in the district because of limited manpower and hospital
capacity. The district will seize an opportunity as soon as resources permit.
Table 2.15 Health Statistics
Indicator
Score
Crude Death Rate (per 1,000)
11.4
Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000)
36.4
Total Fertility Rate (births)
5.2
Population within 15km. of a Health Facility (%)
60%
Population per Doctor * (number)
7 079
Population per Nurse (number)
616
*Excludes doctors in private practice.
Source: District Health Team Ghanzi (2002)
27
Table 2.16 Health Infrastructure
Village
Health
Post
Clinic
without
Maternity
Ward
Ghanzi Township
1
1
Kalkfontein
Clinic with
Maternity
Ward
Primary
Hospital
1
1
District
Hospital
Staff
Housing
10
4
Karakubis
1
New Xanagas
1
1
New Xade
1
3
Dekar
1
1
Kuke
1
1
Chobokwane
1
2
East Hanahai
1
1
Qabo
1
2
Grootlaagte
1
2
Kacgae
1
1
Bere
1
1
Charleshill
1
3
Makunda
1
3
Xanagas
1
2
Ncojane
1
4
Metsimantsho
1
1
Kole
1
1
West Hanahai
1
1
Total
17
1
3
1
44
Source: District Health Team - Ghanzi
Environmental Health
The unit managed to clear the backlog of construction of sub structures through the National
Rural Sanitation Programme (table 2.17). A problem associated with this program is that in
settlements, beneficiaries do not complete toilet superstructures mainly because they do not
have funds to buy materials and also do not enough personnel to follow up and educate them
on alternatives.
Consultants have been engaged for the design of a landfill, which will be followed by
construction. The project will overlap into the DDP6. The delay in implementation of this
project has disadvantaged the district in practicing proper waste management.
28
Table 2.17 Environmental Health Facilities
Village
Water-borne
Sewage
VIP Latrines
Ghanzi Township
121
Charleshill
218
Kalkfontein
68
Ncojane
85
Karakubis
47
Kole
38
Qabo
30
New Xade
40
Chobokwane
35
Makunda
40
West Hanahai
31
New Kanagas
26
Total
649
Developed Refuse
Site
1
1
2
Source: Ghanzi District Council, Ghanzi 2003
The department did not implement the entire planned projects because of shortage of funds.
The projects were:

Landfill construction

Refuse disposal site at Kalkfontein, Karakubis, New Xangas, Grootlagte, Qabo
and Bere.

Heavy Duty Truck

Tractor, Universal Load carrier, 6 universal containers

Landfill compactor, front-end loader

Light duty vehicle
All required landfill plant and equipment has been included in the cost of the landfill
construction and it is planned that the plant will be procured during the construction of the
landfill.
Waste management
Solid waste management has continued to be a major problem in the district especially in the
township. This has been compounded by the lack of refuse receptacles in the households,
lack of a well-constructed landfill and inadequate refuse collection personnel and vehicles.
However concerted efforts have been made through kgotla meetings, workshops, and
seminars to address the problem of indiscriminate disposal of solid waste. Monthly clean-up
campaigns have been mounted with a view to improving the standard of sanitation in the
district.
In small villages small contractors are engaged on yearly contracts to collect and dispose
refuse. Health posts and clinics supervise the contractors. The arrangement has been
successful so far.
29
Littering
Littering has been a serious problem in the entire district. A series of health education
campaigns have been mounted to encourage the communities to clean the surroundings and
their households. The acquisition of refuse vehicles has also assisted in reducing littering in
the district because solid waste is collected, transported and disposed of at the waste disposal
site. The Environmental Health Unit has planned to provide each household with a refuse bin
especially in the township during the NDP 9. This will help alleviate the problem of littering.
The mushrooming of squatters in the township has also contributed to a deplorable sanitation
. However, the council has continued to service the shanty areas in the interest of public
health and environmental protection.
Lack of Sanitary Facilities
A large number of the households in the district still do not have basic sanitary facilities. It
has been established that about 80% of the households in the district do not have toilets and
refuse drums. This means that other forms of waste disposal methods are used such as using
the bush and throwing litter haphazardly. Efforts have been made by the council to provide
the households with toilets through the National Rural Sanitation Programme and due to
limited funding only a few households have been covered.
2.2.3.3 Social and Community Development
The department rendered social and community development services through the Destitute
policy of 1980 (revised in 2002), Children’s act of 1981, Day Care Centre Policy, Short term
plan of action for orphans and Guidelines on the implementation of LG 1109 - community
projects.
Over all, the department has performed above average in implementation of the policies.
Majority of destitutes were supplied with full packages of food rations, orphans were
registered and are being assisted throughout the district and at the end of DDP 5 there were 1
893 destitutes including needy children 1 050 orphans (Table 2.18) and 88 home based care
patients receiving food basket.
Table 2.18 Number of Destitutes and Orphans 1997-2002
Year
Permanent
Destitutes
Temporary
Destitutes
Needy
Children
1997/98
734
1998/99
723
1999/00
743
2000/01
1510
618
205
2001/02
1572
142
292
2002/03
1488
189
405
Opharns
1 050
Source: S&CD Ghanzi (2002)
30
There are 11 Day Care Centres in the district 9 of which are run by either VDCs or private
owners and only two run by council. The day care centres have played a major role especially
in RADs settlements in facilitating pre primary school education to children.
Although the community projects programme- LG 1109 had been under review since the
second year of the plan to the end of DDP 5, the communities managed to do a number of
their projects through the Drought Relief Programme.
In spite of the achievements however, the services were hampered by policies running for a
long time without being reviewed, for example, the Destitute Policy took 21 years and its
review took over two years, National Policy on Day Care Centres was adopted 1980 and is
no longer adequate for the present educational needs.
Policies should be reviewed every other development plan and in line with other government
programmes such as the population census, which does not only account for population sizes
but also notes population characteristics and can help in development forecast.
Poverty in the district seems to be increasing as indicated by the rising number of destitutes.
This is due to a number of factors such as unemployment due to low economic base of the
district and few commercial and industrial activities, low rainfall and poor soils for arable
farming which results in shortage of food even at subsistence level and low level of education
among the communities. The majority of the people are Remote Area Dwellers either living
in private farms or still living a nomadic life where they cannot benefit from government
programmes such as RADP livestock schemes and FAP. This has led to increased
dependency on government’s handouts.
During DDP5 the unit experienced increased workload due to introduction of HIV/AIDS
related programmes like orphan and the home based care programmes. In addition to the
already short manpower some officers were assigned more responsibilities. Therefore there is
need to increase manpower and other resources like vehicles to cater for the new
programmes. The District is vast and serviced by heavy-sand roads.
2.2.3.4 Remote Area Development
The Remote Area Development program is aimed at improving the living conditions of
Remote Area Dwellers through strategies to integrate them into the mainstream society. The
programme activities include among others things education, income-generating projects,
employment creation and cooperation between government departments and nongovernmental organisations to combat poverty among RADs whose population is close to
45% of the total district population.
During the DDP5 period the department achieved most of its planned projects i.e. over 70%
the projects were covered. These include cattle and goats schemes, training; FAP and
ALDEP funded projects and the 3 RAD farms developments.
One of the major activities in the program was the relocation of the residents of CKGR from
the reserve to K’goesakeni. The exercise was successful and most of the residents were
supplied with livestock and those who qualified were allocated plots. They will be
encouraged to engage in other economic and income generating activities apart from
livestock rearing.
31
Since the program inception the Remote Area Dwellers standard of living has no significant
improvement in spite of government support programs. The communities are still too
dependent on Government handouts and services e.g. they expect council to look for their
stray animals and most of them are illiterate. It is hoped that this state will improve with
generations. TheRADs do not appreciate education, do not seek permanent employment and
are ignorant of leadership and land rights. Education, counselling and training need to be
intensified in the future.
2.2.3.5 Police, Justice and Prisons
These social services deal with security of the nation by deterring criminal activities, solving
disputes and administering justice as well as rehabilitation of offenders detained under the
law.
A modern type police station was constructed at Charleshill. The expansion of Ghanzi station
was planned for the last lap of the plan period and hence will continue into the DDP 6. The
effort was made to relief address lack of office accommodation and service provision. The
project was supposed to include a housing component but the budget could allow only a few
houses.
An improvement of the magistrate’s court in Ghanzi was carried over from DDP4 and
implemented at the end of DDP5 and will overlap into DDP6. The implementation of the
project was delayed by manpower capacity constraints. The department was using a
residential house as their offices. This arrangement was not satisfactory because of
insufficient space where the court could discharges its functions efficiently.
The Prisons department suffered a shortage of officers’ housing accommodation. A few
houses constructed during the plan period still left officers sharing small houses. This
problem may even recur in the DDP 6 due to limited funds.
The district has got one magistrate court, one prison and 4 police stations located at Ncojane,
Charleshill, Kalkfontein and Ghanzi Township. Expansion of facilities at Ncojane and
Kalkfontein police stations was not funded due to financial constraints. The projects will be
undertaken in DDP 6. Other settlements are manned by Local Police of the Tribal
Administration.
2.2.3.6 Immigration, Customs and Excise and National Registration
The Department of Immigration controls movement of people in and out of the country by
issuing passports to deserving citizens, preventing entrance of illegal immigrants and
allowing passage of genuine travellers. The Ghanzi Department of Immigration and
Citizenship falls under the Ghanzi/ Kgalagadi region whose head office is in Tsabong.
The Department of civil and national registration is responsible for registration of national
identity, deaths and births. During DDP 5 the Omang section was sharing offices with the
Department of Immigration while the Civil Registration section was housed at the district’s
Rural Administration Centre and later at the Land Board offices for lack of office
accommodation at the RAC.
The Immigration Department offices, which were planned for construction at Mamuno
Border Post were completed and are operational. Customs and Excise was provided with
offices in the same structure. The expansion of immigration and construction of National
32
Registration offices including the housing component in Ghanzi Township started in DDP 5
and will overlap into DDP 6.
Registration services reach out to people even those in farms through regular visits issuing
identity cards and correcting some.
2.2.3.7 Museums Libraries and Cultural Activities
Library services are important not only in the promotion of literacy, but in bringing a wide
range of information within reach of the population. It was intended that library facilities
would be provided throughout the district. This was not achieved except for provision of a
book box service at Chobokwane and installation of a security system at the main entrance.
The installation of a security system has reduced a number of books stolen from the library as
all books have been sensitised.
A book box service is an outreach service at which books in boxes are exchanged at primary
schools on rotational basis. Although Ghanzi district has 22 primary schools only seventeen
(17) primary schools are covered by this service. This is because where there is a library or
Village Reading Room the students are expected to utilise them and the book box service is
not used.
The department planned to establish a Village Reading Room at Kalkfontein, Kole and
Karakubis. In Kalkfontein it was successfully established and it is now operating. Due to high
demand of Reading Rooms nationally and shortage of funds the service was not established
as planned. Therefore, Kole and Karakubis will be considered when BNLS proposes for more
Reading Rooms for Ghanzi district during DDP 6.
Constraints to service delivery are mainly high ignorance, lack of interest and scattered
population which contribute to low readership,
2.2.3.8 Youth Development
The Department of Social and Community Development was responsible for youth
development until the section was transferred to the Department of Culture and Youth in the
ministry of Labour and Home Affairs in 1999. The department is now charged with the
responsibility of effectively implementing the Botswana National Youth Policy, which is a
framework for youth development in Botswana.
Youth Programmes
DDP5 outlines a number of activities that were planned for the plan period. Some of these
have been successfully carried out, while others were not because of some constraints. The
planned activities were: recreational activities, out of school youth projects, video shows,
work camps, seminars and workshops. It has been possible to conduct youth rallies, out of
school youth projects, work camps, and educational workshops and seminars.
However, it has not been possible to ensure the success of indoor and outdoor sports as well
as the implementation of educational and entertainment video show programmes. This was
largely attributed to the fact that facilities for such activities were either not available or not
ready. In addition funds were not adequate to meet all the youth development needs.
Non Governmental Organisation also played an important role in this area. There is the True
Love Waits club. The club is mainly focused on religious morals and encourages the youth to
33
pledge to abstain from sex before marriage. The club membership consists of secondary and
out-of-school youth. They advocate for the “AIDs Against Youth” concept. In addition, there
is another NGO involved with the and has formed a traditional dance club. The purpose of
this organisation is to help curb youth delinquency.
Youth empowerment programs were established whereby grants were given to youth to
engage in income generating activities. The youth throughout the district responded
positively to the programs but the performance is not very satisfactory (table 2.10) except for
a few cases of abuse here and there. Project monitoring was seriously crippled by shortage of
manpower. Hopefully the situation will improve as the beneficiaries gain experience in
project management.
Table 2.19 Youth Projects.
Nature
Project
of
Place
Individual/
Group
Year
of
Funding
Funding
Amount
Project Status
Vegetable
Production
Gantsi
Individual
2000/01
P4 956.70
The project never took off
and several attempts have
been made to encourage the
owner to start the project.
The owner has also
attended two workshops
intended to provide youth
with business skills. No
progress report has been
given
despite
several
follows ups. It is strongly
suspected that the youth
has misused the fund since
he has also failed to
produce documents to
support his claims that he
has bought equipment. The
owner has now disappeared
in
Gantsi
and
his
whereabouts are difficult to
trace.
Cooking
and Home
Laundry
Gantsi
Individual
2000/01
P4 996.00
This also never took off
and the owner has been
staying away around Maun
farms. She has recently
come back to Gantsi and
has indicated to the office
that she is preparing to start
the business. She has also
failed to submit required
project progress reports or
documents to support her
claims
of
purchasing
equipment.
Gym Health
Club
Nojane
Group
2001/02
P3 133.25
Kick starting of the project
has been hampered by
several problems including
unavailability of office
space
and
lack
of
commitment
by some
group members. The group
has also failed to submit
34
Nature
Project
of
Place
Individual/
Group
Year
of
Funding
Funding
Amount
Project Status
their progress reports.
However,
there
are
indications that the project
will soon start after the
group has been able to
secure the use village
community hall.
Vegetable
Production
Makunda
Group
2001/02
P4 957.00
The group started well after
they were allocated a VDC
garden plot. But they
started to give up at the
first sight of a problem,
despite several attempts to
advice them to consult the
area Agricultural Officer. A
meeting was convened in
August 2002 between
Kgosi, Area Councilor, the
group and the office in an
attempt to address the
problem.
The
group
indicated in that meeting
that they were moving their
project to somewhere in the
village where they hoped
their crops will grow better.
But no further reports to
that effect and the group
seem
not
committed
enough.
Down
payment to
FAP funded
Small
Livestock
project
Tsootsha
Individual
2001/02
P7 917.00
The youth was able to buy
100 goats and construct
kraal structure as a way of
starting. He also hired two
other youth. However, the
project is not doing well in
that some of the goats and
wild animals have eaten
their kids. The owner has
also failed to submit
progress reports and has
even moved the project to
another
place
without
informing relevant offices.
A meeting was held with
mother in the last follow up
and she was also advised to
encourage her son to show
some commitment to the
project. This youth has also
attended a business skill
workshop organized by the
department.
Down
payment to
FAP funded
Broiler/Poul
try
Charles
Hill
Individual
2001/02
P14
968.50
Construction of a farm
structure is being done and
is at an advanced stage.
The plot has also been
erected with water pipe.
The youth however, is
35
Nature of
Project
Production
Place
Photo
Developme
nt
and
Graphic
studio
Gantsi
2.2.4
Individual/
Group
Year
of
Funding
Funding
Amount
Project Status
failing to produce progress
reports.
Individual
2002/03
P22
310.00
The project has just started
off and is doing well. The
only problem is that the
owner is still operating
from home after a deal to
secure office space failed.
NGOs, Community Based and Voluntary Organisations
2.2.4.1 Permaculture Development Trust
Since its establishment Permaculture has been helping the District Council with management
and technical skill training in RAD Settlements. Some of the projects are geared towards the
improvement of nutrition in the settlements, water conservation, backyard horticulture,
poultry, dry land farming, veld product research and construction of houses.
2.2.4.2 Ghanzi Craft
The Ghanzi Craft shop has been a centre of craft production and marketing in Ghanzi for
several years. Many RADs produce crafts and it has become an important source of income
them. Ghanzi Craft is selling directly to tourists who travel through Ghanzi, as well as to
tourist shops in Maun, Gaborone and internationally.
2.2.4.3 Kuru Development Trust
Most activities of the Kuru Development Trust are based in Dekar. Projects undertaken in
Dekar are tannery, leather workshop, sewing group, art project, and training centre. In RAD
settlements the VDC’s in co-operation with Kuru and the Ghanzi District Council, have
established pre-schools, which help prepare RADs children for primary education.
Kuru started the Cochineal Project in several settlements. Cochineal is an insect that is
valued for its carmine dye, which is a natural red colorant, used in food. The insect is carried
on the drought resistant Prickly Pear plant, which can also produce fruit and cattle feed.
2.2.4.4 Habitat for Humanity
Habitat for Humanity was helping communities in the construction of low cost houses in
Ghanzi Township. The simple design of the Habitat house is to utilise as much local material
as possible. The chosen building procedures include family participation in order to keep
construction cost low (estimated from P6 000 to P8 000). The organisation built 26 houses
and had planned to build 42 more houses in DDP 5. However due to financial constraints the
organization closed their district office in Ghanzi.
2.2.5
District Institutions
2.2.5.1 District Administration
The District Administration is responsible for coordination, supervision and monitoring of
developments within the district as well as provision of office and residential accommodation
for central government departments’ personnel.
36
There have not been many major developments in the District Administration over the plan
period. Development of significant level has been provision of 17offices in Charleshill sub
district at the RAC and reduction of housing accommodation backlog. The district had
planned to build 85 houses but managed to complete only 30 houses and 40 houses were
started in March 2003 and will be completed in DDP 6.
Ever since the district housing programme was transferred from DABS to council there has
been a significant improvement. However, the shortage of houses in the district still remains.
Ninety -nine (99) houses are planned for DDP 6.
2.2.5.2 District Council
The District Council constructed some offices in DDP 5. The main ones are Rural
Administration Centres at Charleshill and the township and mechanical and water workshops
in the township. These have significantly reduced the shortage of offices. But as the civil
service expands the RACs may have to be extended to accommodate more officers.
A council chamber was not constructed due to lack of funding. The chamber will be
constructed in DDP 6 together with a mayor’s house. The council has been using the RAC
conference room to hold its meetings.
At the beginning of the plan the council staff suffered shortage of housing accommodation.
The problem has however been alleviated during the last two years of the plan with
construction 17 houses at the sub district and 14 houses in the headquarters. Six (6) and seven
(7) of the houses in the sub district and headquarters respectively were started at the end of
the plan period and hence will continue into DDP 6. Nonetheless the backlog has not been
completely eradicated as more posts are being created. The Council has proposed for 51
houses in DDP 6.
Lack of trained manpower continued to be a major constraint in service delivery and
development experienced by the District Council. During DDP 6, there were delays in filling
up posts of personnel adequately qualified to execute duties. Furthermore, replacement of
officers transferred out of the district tended to take an unduly long time. On the other hand
staff training has improved as compared to DDP 4.
The district has been allocated 28 new posts per year for the six years of DDP 6 and
recruitment of personnel up to C3 scale has been decentralised to council. Hopefully this will
ease up the constraint of manpower shortage.
2.2.5.3 Land Board
The Land Board witnessed a number of infrastructural developments, which left it better off
than in DDP 4. A block of 44 offices and 27 houses and a block of 11 offices and 7 houses
were built in Ghanzi Township and the Charleshill sub district respectively during DDP 5.
(Table 2.20). Three houses started at the end of the plan will be completed in DDP 6.
Furthermore during the plan period most staff vacancies were filled.
37
Table 2.20 Land Board Facilities
LAND
BOARD
ESTABLISHMENT
OFFICES
VEHICLES
STAFF
HOUSES
Ghanzi
46
1 block of 44 offices,
chamber, and storeroom.
8
27
Charleshill
13
1 block of11 offices,
conference room, 3 old
offices and storeroom
3
7
Total
59
11
34
Source:Ghanzi Land Board
2.2.5.4 Tribal Administration
Tribal Administration is responsible for settling disputes. It deals with cases and issues
concerning traditional and tribal affairs of the whole district. It also encourages and supports
rural developments initiatives especially at the Kgotla level.
Many projects were planned and developments were undertaken during the plan period.
Seven (7) customary court offices were built at Makunda, Chobokwane, Grootlagte, Qabo,
New Xade, Bere and East Hanahai. A type III, customary office was built in Ghanzi
Township and this has improved the provision of accommodation.
Fifty-eight (58) staff houses were built within DDP 5, and distributed to various
stations/places whilst there is still a shortage of housing but it is not as much as during the
past plan period. Eight (8) houses started at the end of the plan period will be completed in
DDP 6 while 80 more houses have been propoded for DDP 6.
The following upgraded from arbitration to warranted customary courts headman of record:i.e. New Xade, Chobokwane, Bere and Qabo.
Twenty-three vehicles were purchased and allocated as follows (6) Ghanzi, (1) Kalkfontein,
(3) Charleshill, (1) Grootlagte, (1) Kacgae, (1) Karakubis, (1) East Hanahai, Makunda (1),
New Xade (1), Ncojane (1), Qabo (1), Bere (1), West Hanahai (1), Kole (1), New Kanagas
(1).
Eight (8) two-way communication radios were installed at Qabo, Ghanzi, Ncojane, Makunda,
grootlagte, Bere, Kacgae, West Hanahai, except one at New Kanagas though funds are
available. Six (6) walkie-talkies for local police were supplied in Ghanzi.
38
Table 2.21 Tribal Administration
Villages
EST
Level
Court
Gantsi
51
Chobokwane
of
Office
Type
Office
Radio
Vehicle
Staff
Houses
CP
III
1
5
5
9
HR
I
-
1
-
Kalfontein
11
HR
I
-
1
2
New Kanagas
10
S/C
I
1
-
1
Karakubis
10
S/C
I
-
-
1
Makunda
7
HR
I
1
1
1
Kole
11
S/C
I
-
-
2
Ncojane
13
S/C
I
1
1
1
East Hanahai
9
H/R
I
-
1
1
West Hanahai
8
H/R
I
1
-
1
Bere
8
H/R
I
1
-
-
Kacgae
8
H/R
I
1
1
1
New Xade
12
H/R
I
-
1
2
Grootlagte
8
H/R
I
1
1
-
Qabo
8
H/R
I
1
-
-
Charleshill
20
S/C
-
1
1
4
D’ Kar
1
H/A
-
-
-
-
Metsimantle
1
H/A
-
-
-
-
Source: Tribal Administration – Ghanzi
Key: Level of court; Key: Office Type;
HR – Headman of RecordI – Type 1 court office
CP – Court President III – Type III court office
HA – Headmen of arbitration
SC – Sub chief
DPC - Deputy Court President
2.2.6
Constraints/ Challenges in DDP 5
During DDP 5 the economic status of the district has not changed much from the previous
plans except for a few infrastructure developments. The district remained remote and behind
in economic development. Therefore the district faced challenges of unemployment, poverty,
illiteracy and poor standard of living among households.
In DDP 5 although environmental conservation was taken into consideration, there were no
strict measures to ensure policy and program implementation to achieve the objectives. The
district held clean up campaigns every year to ensure a clean environment but littering is still
a problem in most villages. Refuse including rubble from construction is indiscriminately
disposed off outside designated disposal sites. Individual families were encouraged to build
toilets and even assisted through the Rural Sanitation Program. Some families in settlements
do not own toilets and hence, any such waste disposal method is hazardous to the
39
environment as it may contaminate ground water. In some areas contractors left burrow pits
not fully rehabilitated after extraction of gravel, some cattle owners keep large numbers of
livestock that exceeded the carrying capacity of their areas, which result in overgrazing and
veld fires are common. As a result the environment continued to be degraded and thus calling
for use of more resources to correct the condition.
HIV/AIDS has posed a major challenge in the plan as its effects cut across all sectors.
Resources have had to be diverted to confront the situation and thus hampering planned
developments.
In the civil service shortage of manpower and funds to undertake development projects
emerged as major constraints to implementation of projects. The district has been running
with a number of vacant posts. One of the causes being the remoteness of the district
whereby officers decline offers to the district. To a certain extent these constraints led to slow
development in settlements.
The district is still isolated in terms of communications and the distance from other
developed areas of the country. A combination of sparse population, the vastness of the
district and unavailability of supporting services disadvantages the district private
investment. Costs of production are high and the market small. The lack of large production
industrial and commercial activities also means that forward and backward linkages are either
very weak or non-existent. The district has also suffered underdevelopment because of
unavailability of serviced land especially in the township due to manpower and shortage of
funds. In 2001 plot allocation in the township was suspended pending unavailability of plots
and the Ghanzi Development plan. At the end of DDP 5 the list of commercial and industrial
plot applications stood at 500. The district council created a post for a surveyor who will be
responsible for council plots. Otherwise private surveyors may be engaged to try and speed
up plot allocation and developments
2.2.7
Long Term Potential Developments
Since DDP 5 the districts remoteness has been reduced by construction of the TKR and
Ghanzi/Sehitwa road. The development has improved access to the district, which may attract
private investment in future. Already two lodges have been built since the completion of the
road.
The tourism sector is one area that should be vigorously explored in future as a source of
income, employment and an engine for economic diversification for the district. This will be
supported by the development of the CKGR and the implementation of CBNRM program.
2.2.8
Link with NDP 9
The District Development Plan 6 (DDP6) is a step further from DDP 5 in that its theme reemphasizes the need for sustainable economic development through economic
diversification. This time the key areas to realize the theme are Vision 2016, diversified
development and the ability to compete in the global market. Furthermore, unlike in the past,
the plan endeavors to pay more attention to environmental issues and employ a combination
of bottom-up planning and strategic plans to enhance implementation processes. In the light
of the foregoing, the DDP 6 development goals and objectives are closely related to those of
DDP 5. They take account of the most critical planning issues that arose during the
implementation of DDP 5 and aim at achieving the NDP 9 theme goals and objectives.
40
CHAPTER THREE
3
3.1
DDP 6 DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
THE PLANNING FRAMEWORK
The District Development Plan framework is set in line with the National Development Plan
goals and objectives, Vision 2016, the economic development status of the district in terms of
opportunities, constraints and challenges, the state of environment and the environmental
conservation, the long term plans and the Ministry of Local Government and other ministries
Strategic Plans.
3.1.1
Vision 2016
The National Development Plan 9 theme is Towards Realisation of Vision 2016: Sustainable
and Diversified Development through competitiveness in the Global Markets. Consistent with
the theme, the Ghanzi District Development Plan 6 takes cognisance of development as
envisaged by the vision. The Vision outlines areas of challenges and opportunities to consider
and explore during the planning process in order to meet the international standards of the
global market. Vision 2016 says that in the fiftieth year of the country’s independence, the
nation should be well vested in the areas of: education and information, prosperity,
productivity and innovation, compassion, justice and care, safety and security, democracy,
transparency and accountability, morality and tolerance and unity and pride. In order to
comply with the vision strategies will be devised to increase production, acquire skills,
cultivate a sense of self-motivation and get the nation’s commitment to the vision. The
district development plan objectives are therefore targeted to address social and economic
development of the communities to fit into the vision.
3.1.1.1 An Educated and Informed Nation
The plan views education not only in terms of classroom learning, but in other forms as well
including culture, environment, business skills and traditional methods of production. These
will be undertaken by different sectors through various projects. The government is mostly
responsible for basic education that prepares Batswana to be able to adopt new ideas for
development and innovation. Concerning this area the district has suffered poor performance
at national examinations, high levels of school dropouts and poor or no access to facilities
such as science equipment (especially in primary schools). However during DDP 5 the
district managed to clear the backlog of primary education facilities. In DDP 6 the district
will continue the effort to provide more facilities as recommended in the Revised National
Policy on Education of 1994. These will include construction of science rooms, resource
centres and libraries in primary schools. Furthermore there are plans to expand secondary
schools by providing additional facilities and equipment.
The district has got one tertiary institution that is the Ghanzi Brigade. This situation presents
limited opportunities for tertiary and technical education. DDP 6 has proposed a technical
college to support technical education. The training will cover a wide range of skills
including crafts and will take account of traditional production skills found in the district.
In the case of cultural education, the development plan acknowledges and takes advantage of
a variety of the rich culture offered by the different ethnic groups. Cultural villages and
41
museums are included in the development plan to take care of this aspect. Elderly people will
be involved to run the facilities as well as making presentations at cultural day celebrations.
In DDP 6 projects have been proposed to improve communication linkages and provision of
information through the media such as television in schools, radio and television coverage
expansion and print media in the district.
All implementing bodies will hold kgotla meetings, seminars and workshops to inform and
educate the public on government policies and programs. The District Extension Team and
individual departments will facilitate the public education.
3.1.1.2 Productive, Prosperous and Innovate Nation
Ghanzi district does not have many economic opportunities. The main constraint of
development has been poor communications and infrastructure, which have disadvantaged
the district in private investment. Further, the district’s climatic conditions of high
temperatures and low rainfall, and poor soils do not favour arable agricultural production.
The public sector performance, like in the rest of the country has been rated low. The results
of these factors are few opportunities for economic diversification, unemployment and
poverty. In an effort to meet the objective of a productive, prosperous and innovative
community by 2016, the district has set objectives to capitalise in areas where the district has
a comparative advantage. Objectives are set to improve the livestock sector, communications
and provision of infrastructure to attract private investors to the district.
During the next six years the development plan has taken account of environmental
preservation in development. Public education will be intensified and policies implemented
on proper waste disposal and natural resource management and conservation. The objective
will be met through construction of engineered waste disposal sites. Communities at
settlements and in wildlife management areas are encouraged to embark on Community
Based Natural Resource Management projects. The projects entail the use of natural
resources to generate income without depleting the resources. Other community-based
organisations undertake projects such as knitting and weaving, bakery and sewing. Most of
these projects involve women, which adds to the vision’s aspect of prosperity. In general the
community projects will help revive self-reliance and in the long run promote economic
diversification as well as employment creation.
As indicated in chapter 1 the district population comprises of about 43% Remote Area
Dwellers. The Remote Area Development Programme’s objective is to incorporate the RADs
into the mainstream social and economic development. The RADs benefit from projects and
programmes including income generation, education, health, land and leadership rights as
well as promotion of their culture.
In villages and RADs settlements, the majorities of families live in mud and rid huts. In DDP
6 the Self Help Housing Agency (SHHA), Poverty Alleviation Program and the Permaculture
Development Trust (NGO) have proposed projects to provide housing accommodation at
costs affordable by most low-income families.
3.1.1.3 A Compassionate Just and Caring Nation
The district implements policies on social safety nets through the Social and Community
Development unit of council and various other government institutions. In the previous
development plans, the Destitute Policy did not provide for pocket money in the ratio
package, and the issues of shelter and rehabilitation were not given much emphasis. The
42
policy was revised in DDP 5 to provide pocket money to destitutes, and income-generating
projects have been proposed in DDP 6 to support the rehabilitation process. Where feasible
council will build blocks of houses for destitutes.
Ghanzi District has one primary hospital, four clinics and 15 health posts. These facilities
provide preventive and curative services. DDP 6 has made provision for expansion of the 8
health posts to improve access to quality health. Services are also rendered through mobile
clinics to farms and cattle posts areas.
In an effort to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS the district offers voluntary testing services.
The district will also hold workshops and seminars for various population groups and will
ensure incorporation of HIV/AIDS programmes in development projects. The programmes
will include behavioural change, help eliminate stigmatisation and discrimination against
people living with the disease and educate community members on home-based care
voluntary services.
3.1.1.4 A Safe and Secure Nation
National safety and security services are provided through the Botswana Police, the Tribal
Administration and the Botswana Prisons Services. Criminal cases common in the district
include livestock theft and a few murder cases, whereas civil cases include abuse of women
and children. To address crime prevention problems law enforcement facilities will be
improved throughout the district through expansion of customary courts and the Botswana
Policy offices, prisons services and the immigration services. During DDP 6 the Botswana
Defence Force may establish a battalion camp in the Ghanzi Township, and this will enhance
security in the district.
Although the district does not receive high amounts of rainfall, floods and malaria outbreak
do occur at times while drought is recurrent. Measures are in place in preparedness of the
disasters. The budget is administered from the Office of the President and funds availed
whenever a need arises.
3.1.1.5 An Open, Democratic and Accountable Nation
An open democratic and accountable nation is one that knows and recognises its political and
leadership responsibilities. Records show that the district, like the rest of the country does not
participate to expectations in political responsibilities. There is low turn up during political
leaders’ elections, kgotla meetings and other fora of decision-making and in fact, few people
know government policies and their role in formulation and implementation of policies. The
Independent Electoral Committee will ensure public education on voting rights and
responsibility to choose leaders. With the help of the Directorate of Corruption and Economic
Crime, the communities will also be educated on principles of accountability and sanctions
against those who violate them in leadership.
The district has planned workshops and seminars for leadership, general public and Village
Development Committees to sensitise and inform them on existing government policies.
These will be done through the District Extension Teams.
3.1.1.6 A United and Proud Nation
Botswana takes pride in the state of peace and tranquillity. These are values born from the
cultural and moral being of the nation as a whole. During the plan preparation invitations
were made to all associations and organisations in the private and government sector to
43
contribute ideas towards development of the district. This supports unity towards national
development.
One of the key values of the nation is a strong family unit. This will be promoted through
education and preservation of tradition.
3.1.1.7 A Moral and Tolerant Nation
The Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs has established Women’s Affairs, Youth and
Culture Departments in the district. The department formulated programmes and projects to
empower women and the youth economically and to educate them on their rights. These will
help eliminate violence against these vulnerable groups and hence cultivate a spirit of
tolerance among the rest of the community members.
The district has a variety of ethnic groups rich in cultural values and beliefs. Cultural Villages
have been planned for whereby traditions, history and evolution of the different ethnic groups
will be displayed and taught. Cultural days will also be celebrated in schools and villages.
Consultations will continue to be made with religious groups to promote moral ethics among
community members. Pastors of churches are involved in the fight against HIV/AIDS
through the District Multi Sectoral Committee. In addition there is a religious youth group
called True Love Waits, which encourages the youth to pledge abstinence from sex until
marriage.
3.1.2
National Key Environmental Issues
Environmental conservation was not fully addressed in development plans in the past.
Mostly, environmental planning was based on conservation of natural resources such as
wildlife, land resources and land degradation, but in a rather broad perspective. The planning
process paid little attention to the environmental impact of development projects and
programmes, including for example pollution of underground water due to use of pit latrines,
indiscriminate waste disposal and sand and gravel extraction.
During DDP 6 commitment is made to integrate environmental conservation in all
development projects by ensuring that every sectors’ development projects and programs
undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment or Strategic Environmental Assessment.
Thereafter mitigation measures will be put in place to monitor the state of the environment
and conserve the existing resources.
3.1.2.1 Water
The district’s sources of water are the underground acquifers. There are no rivers or dams and
hence no surface water sources to augment the underground sources.
Water supply and management is the responsibility of the Water Affairs Department only in
Ghanzi Township and the Council Water and Waste Water Unit in settlements and villages.
Both authorities have reported wastage of water by the public especially at public standpipes.
This has not only a cost implication but is a health hazard as stagnant water is a breeding
place for mosquitoes that cause malaria.
The district water table is high (6m-60m). This factor alone makes ground water prone to
pollution. The main sources of pollution are pit- latrines and wastewater. The disposal of
wastewater is through soak ways, which allow some waste to seep through and hence
44
contaminate the aquifers. There is no sewerage trunk system of disposal in the whole district
except in the township.
3.1.2.2 Land
The problem of land degradation is common in the district, due to poor management
practices. These include inequitable distribution, overgrazing, poor methods of cultivation
encroachment, squatting and self-allocation. DDP 6 will ensure monitoring through land use
plans guided by the Revised Land Policy and other land management instruments.
3.1.2.3 Natural Resource Utilisation
The Natural Resources owned by the District are mainly land-related and are wildlife and
veld products. Environmental issues concerning these are illegal hunting of wild animals and
over-harvesting of veld products. Although hunting licences are issued to control hunting
there is general abuse in that beneficiaries tend to hunt and kill more animals than the number
permitted by the licence and at times in unlicensed areas. This causes a decline in population
of certain species except the protected ones. Veld products are over harvested to the extent of
depletion and never replaced. Some species end up extinct. One other cause of damage to
veld product species is veld fires.
In some areas contractors do not rehabilitate the burrow pits left after extraction of gravel and
some even extract gravel without permission. In some cases the gravel is over extracted and
during the process the contractors reach the water table. Such areas are difficult to backfill
and become breeding places for mosquitoes and dangerous to the lives of human beings and
animal. So far the best that has been done was to fence off the areas.
3.1.2.4 Biodiversity
Like in the rest of the country there is a likelihood of natural biodiversity loss. The area
affected would be in agriculture, wildlife and veld products. Although the district does not
have much data to support the extent of loss or the impact to environment, there is evidence
that some species types both in plant and animals do not exist anymore in the district. As a
result of recurrent drought some animal species like wildebeest and hartebeest died in large
numbers in the prolonged drought of 1980’s In 1979 drought year the population of
wildebeest declined from 261 758 to 15 000.
It is anticipated that the forthcoming National Biodiversity Strategy and Action plan will help
establish facts on this issue.
3.1.2.5 Air Pollution and Waste Management
The waste disposal method in the district is through collection from refuse receptacles to a
waste-dumping site. Waste management has been difficult due to constraints in manpower
and transport resources. Consequently collection of waste has been irregular and hence
wastes from business enterprises and construction projects haphazardly disposed at the
dumping site and some near point of generation. In addition in settlements and villages there
is littering. Another problem associated with disposal is domestic waste or human excreta.
This waste is disposed in pit-latrines most of which are not designed or constructed to
appropriate standards.
45
Air pollution at present is not much of a threat to the environment. The main sources of
pollution would be wind particles in winter and spring and emissions from car exhausts.
There are not much industrial activity emissions in the district.
The problem of medical waste is reduced through provision of incinerators in health facilities
and will be even more closely monitored once the landfill is in place.
3.1.2.6 Energy
In the villages firewood is the main source of energy in many households. As a result, people
continue to fetch wood. However the problem of cutting trees for firewood is not so
predominant. In NDP9, institutions will be encouraged to use coal for cooking and use solar
power as an alternative source of energy. This alternative however is expensive for many
households and may not be adapted in the short term.
3.1.2.7 Climate and Global Warming
The district climate is that of a semi desert. Temperatures are high, low rainfall, sands and
mostly savanna (low growing) bush. The high temperatures result in 93 % excess evaporation
over precipitation. Given these factors the global warming effect can be expected to be more
detrimental.
3.1.2.8 Socio-Economic Issues
The state of environment may be influenced by changing values, population growth and
culture of the society as a result of the system of production, modern technology and general
lifestyles. These can set more pressure on land resources and cause damage to the
environment.
3.1.3
Ministry of Local Government Strategic Plan
The Ministry of Local Government has set up a Strategic Plan to enhance the goals and
objectives of the National Development Plan and the District Development Plan. As a service
provider, the ministry pledges to improve efficiency in execution of its duties through focus
on customer needs and manpower development. The ministries’ responsibilities include
education, health, social welfare and community development, construction of roads and
supply of water in rural areas. The ministries’ goals to achieve efficiency in service delivery
are:


To promote quality of education through provision of basic infrastructure and
clearing backlogs in primary schools.
The district managed to clear the backlog of facilities in DDP 5. Through DDP
6, more infrastructure developments will be done to accommodate an increase
in enrolment. More importantly the district has proposed to construct libraries,
resource centres, health activity rooms, science rooms and recreational
facilities as supporting infrastructure for improvement of education quality.
RADs hostels will also be extended to create a conducive environment for
retaining the children in hostels. This will help reduce absconding from
schools by the children.
To enhance infrastructure provision through hiving off of maintenance and
construction projects and outsourcing of refuse collection and management
beginning in 2005.
46





The district council has had a problem of inadequate implementation capacity
due to shortage of manpower, equipment and transport. As a result
construction and maintenance of infrastructure was delayed and at times poor
and waste management practices were not efficient. With the privatisation
policy implementation, some large construction and maintenance projects, and
refuse collection will be hived off to the private sector.
To provide access to potable water and sewerage facilities to communities
through conservation, expansion of sources and adoption of new technologies.
Most of the locations in the district have adequate water supply at least to
meet household consumption purposes. In DDP 6 more boreholes will be
drilled and some facilities rehabilitated and expanded to improve access and
increase the supply. In addition the Council Water Unit and the Department of
Water Affairs will embark on public education to conserve water. Rain water
harvesting techniques will also be employed to supplement the existing
sources.
To enhance service delivery through provision of offices, municipal
infrastructure storage facilities and development of a comprehensive
decentralisation policy by 2006.
The district has proposed for construction of a council chamber, food
distribution warehouse at Charleshill and extension of customary courts at
Charleshill, Ncojane, Ghanzi and Kalkfontein in DDP 6. The intension is to
increase office space as there is shortage due to expansion of the civil service,
decentralisation and introduction of new programmes.
To provide efficient social security and safety net coverage in partnership with
NGOs to deserving groups in line with Vision 2016.
The council through the Social and Community Development section is
responsible for the administration of the Destitute Policy. The policy
components entail food rationing to the destitute people, provision of shelter,
supply of clothes to needy children and ehabilitation of able bodied destitutes.
The rehabilitation component will be done in partnership with the NGOs to
undertake income-generating projects.
To improve the socio economic status of the communities through economic
empowerment and rehabilitation and implementation of labour intensive
programmes.
The Remote Area Development Program will be continued to uplift the socio
economic status of the Remote Area Dwellers through support of income
generating projects, livestock supply, education and health facilities and
conservation projects. The S and CD also engages community members in
home economics activities where they learn about home management and
production skills and then advises on establishing small businesses through
financial assistance programs. These promote economic empowerment and
encourage self-reliance among the beneficiaries.
To provide an enabling environment for enhanced participatory development
through community consultation and social mobilisation.
Communities will be consulted time and again on matters of development and
social welfare. During plan preparation the bottom up planning process will be
to obtain development projects from the communities and they will be
consulted during project implementation evaluation for monitoring purposes
and policy reviews and implementation.
47






3.1.4
To enhance Local Authorities financial capacity through improved revenue
generation and collection methods.
To ensure policy guidance through IEC Strategy and research and ensure
policy relevance through regular reviews, Integration of HIV/AIDS,
environment and gender issues into development
Increase employee productivity and motivation through skill development,
reward and creation of enabling environment.
To enhance productivity and organisational effectiveness through PMS
implementation reforms and appropriate technology advances.
To improve overall communication within the ministry and with stakeholders
through feedback mechanisms.
To ensure customer satisfaction through quality service delivery and
continuous improvement initiatives.
District Key Issues
3.1.4.1 Lack of Economic Opportunities
The other aspect of the theme emphasises on sustainable and diversified development
through competitiveness in the global markets. Ghanzi district is lacking in economic
opportunities due to few production activities, few tertiary, technical and commercial
institutions, low development in terms of infrastructure and communications, poverty and
climatic conditions. These factors do not present a conducive environment for economic
diversification. Nonetheless the district is better off in livestock farming, has a potential for
tourism activities at the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, and has adequate labour force and
land. Coupled with improvement in communications these resources can be harnessed to
improve the economic status of the district towards achieving the theme’s objective.
3.1.4.2 Climatic Conditions and Agricultural Production
Ghanzi is one of the remotest districts in the country. It is located in the western region of the
country where the climatic conditions are not favourable for arable agriculture. Temperatures
are extreme, being very hot in summer and very cold in winter, the rainfall is unreliable and
low, the soils range from fine sands to hard calcrete types that have low retention capacity of
manure and water. As such many crops cannot survive these conditions. A few of the
varieties of crop suitable for the climate have been issued to farmers but then the yields
remain very low even below subsistence level because of the poor rainfall. The district does
not have rivers that can be dammed to provide an alternative form of irrigation. Boreholes are
the only sources of water supply and in most of the settlements water is just enough to meet
household consumption demand. In DDP 6 water-harvesting techniques such as rainwater
tanks in buildings and collection of storm water in ponds will be employed to supplement the
water sources.
Pastoral farming on the other hand performs well. The district has vast areas of commercial
farms specialising in good quality breeds. With the completion of the TKR sales to the BMC
have increased because of the improved access and the BMC also makes regular visits to buy
cattle from marketing facilities in the district.
3.1.4.3 Infrastructure Development
The district is remote in that it is far from other developed areas. Since there are no
manufacturing industries and materials are hauled over long distances pushing the cost of
48
production high. Infrastructure development is still low especially in the area of telephone
and road communications and electricity. Only seven areas have telephones. The rest are
linked by either gravel or sandy earth roads, and electricity is also supplied in only seven
areas. These factors have contributed to low private investment, leading to few economic
activities resulting in unemployment and poverty. The district is vast with a total population
of close to 33 000. The population size presents a small market and this might be one of the
factors discouraging private investment. However a study on opportunities along the Trans
Kalahari road has recommended commercial activities that might offer employment
opportunities as well as contribute to improvement of the district economic status.
In NDP 9 the Botswana Telecommunications Corporation will extend its services to the rest
of the areas, the remaining sand and earth roads will be upgraded to gravel standard and BPC
will extend electricity supply but only where economically viable.
3.1.4.4 Remote Area Development
The extent of poverty is exaggerated by the fact that the majority of the population is the
Remote Area Dwellers. The RADs are still on transition of culture transformation from
hunting and gathering. The programmes aimed at uplifting the economic status of the
communities have not accomplished the purpose. Income generating projects are either
dormant or running at a loss because of poor commitment, unavailability of product markets
or poor management of funds. These communities are still characterised by high levels of
illiteracy especially among the elderly people. The Remote Area Development Programme in
conjunction with the Department of Wildlife and National Parks will continue developing the
people through economic activities like the CBNRM and the income generating projects.
3.1.4.5 Education
The district has few educational facilities and high dropouts at all levels of school education.
This coupled with low participation of parents in children’s education, has contributed to
poor performance in examinations. The Ghanzi Brigade is the only tertiary institution;
otherwise there are no commercial, vocational or post secondary school learning institutions.
The majority of school leavers who do not find places in tertiary institutions outside the
district therefore remain idle given the few employment opportunities. The Department of
Culture and Youth offers youth empowerment projects but only a few have shown the
interest. The effort will be made through NDP 9 to continue encouraging the youth to seize
the opportunity.
3.1.5
Long Term District Plans
One of the resources the district has in abundance is land. The land is available in different
forms of uses being communal, commercial, Wildlife Management Areas and the Central
Kalahari Game Reserve. As a result long-term development plans are put in place to take
account of management of the resource and to preserve it for the future. The three major
developments are the Land Use plans that address land zoning according to the use, the
Settlement Development Plan that set regulations for development control in an area and the
Western Region Master Plan, which identifies the land resources, and economic opportunities
that presented by the resources.
49
Land Use Plans
The Ghanzi District Land Use Zoning Plan of 1988 divided the District into 4 categories of :




Communal areas
Commercial areas
Wildlife Management areas
Central Kalahari Game Reserve
The main goal of the plan was to divide the land into manageable zones for ease of land
management, control land degradation, and reduce land disputes and general control and
coordination of developments.
The Zoning was based upon the land uses in the District namely: livestock rearing and
utilisation, veld products collection, and arable farming and wildlife utilisation. Livestock
utilisation ranks high followed by wildlife, veld products collection and finally crop
production.
In terms of development the plan is meant to coordinate land use by way of availing the land
to communities in different forms of use. This prevents haphazard allocation and thus
conservation of the land resource.
Western Region Master Plan
The Western Region Master Plan is a physical and economic development plan for Ghanzi
and Kgalagadi districts for the next 20 years. It is meant to implements part of the National
Settlement Policy (1988) recommendation of facilitating effective planning, administration
and equitable provision and maintenance of infrastructure, development and services.
(Western Region Master Plan Report of survey 1999).
The main purpose of the plan is to identify and take inventory of the districts’ natural and
human resources that can be harnessed to boost the region’s economy, and make project
proposals.
Ghanzi Development Plan
Ghanzi Township was declared a planning area in 1980 under the Town and Country
Planning Order. Until then the township development were not controlled and were
haphazard. Following the declaration the district started preparation of the Ghanzi
Development Plan in 2001.
The Ghanzi Development Plan is a document meant to guide and shape physical
developments within Ghanzi Township as well as planning for future expansion of the
township. On the basis of existing information and assessment of future trends, the plan sets
out policy statements and proposals dealing with major issues of population, employment,
land use, transportation and infrastructure development over the next 23 years. The statutory
provision of the plan is contained in the Town and Country Planning Act of 1977.
Community Consultations
The District Development Plan was prepared based on community consultation using a
bottom-up planning approach and within the framework of existing policies and programs.
The purpose of community consultation was to educate communities and encourage them to
50
be self-reliant in planning their own developments. This was the second time the approach
was applied; the first one being during DDP 5. The community approach of “shop listing”
projects was still evident and despite encouragement to come up with long-term, sustainable
income-generating projects they still insisted on infrastructure building. However the
communities appreciated the approach of bottom-up planning, as they felt involved and
participated actively. If continued with more education it may be one of the best tools of
district planning in future.
3.2
3.2.1
DDP 6 OVERALL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Summary of the District Key Issues
Social and Economic Issues.
The District is one of the less developed and remote areas in the country. Being of a semi arid
climate, with fine sandy soils in some areas and rocky soils in others, commercial arable
farming has not been feasible while pastoral farming has formed a high percentage of the
source of living for the communities, even though the livestock ownership is skewed towards
a few people. A majority of the population live on formal and informal employment in the
sector.
The unemployment rate is high due to few economic activities like super markets, furniture
and textile shops. Industrial activities are petrol stations, some few small-scale industrial
activities e.g. brick moulding and welding and two wholesalers. Otherwise government is the
main employer.
The district is also hard hit with poverty. The DDP5 review cited above shows an increase in
the number of destitute people. This situation may have been worsened to some extent by the
impact of HIV/AIDS that claims the lives of young people who are also breadwinners and
most probably due to lack of employment opportunities. The youth is roaming the streets
either looking for jobs or waiting for further education opportunities. The Department of
Youth and Culture has proposed projects targeted towards youth reform, career guidance and
employment.
Environmental Issues
Although the district is not worse-off in terms of environmental degradation, precaution must
be taken to monitor certain problem areas posing a threat to contaminate the environment.
Such areas include waste management, ground water pollution and waste of water, land
degradation and air pollution.
Policies and programmes that address environmental issues such as desertification, water
pollution and environmental degradation have been taken on board.
Cross cutting Issues
The district has been hit hard by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Although the sentinel surveillance
among pregnant women of 2002 showed a prevalence of 18.8%, it is estimated that the
general population prevalence rate is 40%. This is high for a population consisting mainly of
children, who are now left as orphans as evidenced by the highly increasing figures registered
since 2001. The disease has also affected productivity across all sectors as indicated by
absenteeism on long sick leaves and deaths.
During the past development plans the district has suffered shortage of manpower, housing
and office accommodation. The constraints have contributed to slow developments and
51
implementation of government policies and programmes. However at the end of NDP 8 a
substantial infrastructure development took place and hence the problems have been
alleviated. In Mid term review of NDP 8, manpower shortage and development was
identified as one of the critical areas and hence in NDP 9 the district has made provision to
train and increase the number of qualified personnel in order to improve productivity.
It has been generally observed also that the level of productivity in the civil service and the
community as a whole has dropped. Service delivery has been slow and inefficient,
communities have quit the spirit of self reliance, wastage of resources have been reported in
many government departments, implementation of projects have been delayed leading to cost
overruns and in construction there has been poor supervision of projects. The majority of
Drought Relief Projects could not be finished in time because of laxity among the workers,
and shortage of unskilled labour whereas on the other hand unemployment and poverty have
been reported as some of the district’s major problems. The performance management
system was introduced (awareness) in the civil service to address the problem of low
productivity. It is envisaged that the implementation of this concept will improve efficiency
in service delivery to the communities. Programs such as community based organisations and
community development projects have been proposed in DDP 6 and NDP 9 to try and revive
self-reliance and productivity among the communities.
One of the problems experienced in the district across all sectors is high costs of service
delivery due to the vastness of the district and poor roads. Out of 1 385 kilometres of the
district road network, 947km are double spoor heavy sand roads. This has led to frequent
vehicle breakdowns and high rates of wear and tear, frequent maintenance and repair of
vehicles and high expenditure on subsistence allowances because of long distances between
service areas.
Although infrastructure development has increased over the years, maintenance of the same
has not been regular due to shortage of funds under the recurrent budget. As a result most of
the buildings are either long overdue for renovation or dilapidated and hence need
refurbishment. Given poor quality of gravel used for construction, the roads are also worn out
such that their maintenance costs as much as construction of a new road. The Ministry of
Local Government has however allocated funds to clear the backlog of the infrastructure
maintenance. The programme started in DDP 5 and will finish in DDP 6. Some maintenance
has been undertaken through the Drought Relief Program.
3.2.2
Development Goals
Ghanzi district lags behind in terms of developmental achievements because of its
remoteness and lack of income opportunities.
The district’s main goals are economic growth and poverty alleviation. In line with the
National Development 8 theme of Sustainable Economic diversification and NDP 9 theme of
Towards Realisation of Vision 2016: Sustainable and Diversified Development through
Competitiveness in the Global Market”, the goals have been formulated to address to a large
extent, the Vision 2016 pillar of productivity, innovation and prosperity by way of enhancing
income generating opportunities, employment creation and improve livelihood of people in
the district. Other pillars are addressed automatically by the services rendered through
different government institutions and sectors.
52
3.2.3
Environmental Goals and objectives
The aim of NDP9 and DDP6 is to ensure sustainable development with incorporation of
environmental issues into planning. In this regard effort was made to integrate environmental
concerns in development projects across all sectors.
Goals

To ensure environmental conservation through integration of environmental
concerns/issues into development planning.
To intensify public education on environmental conservation.

Objectives
The objectives to fulfil the goal of environmental conservation are derived from sector
objectives.







3.2.4
To undertake strategic environmental assessment for all development projects.
Carry out and intensify public education campaigns on environmental
awareness through Kgotla meetings and schools.
Protect ground water sources through appropriate waste disposal methods.
Promote sustainable agriculture.
Revive conservation committees in villages and settlements.
Promote sustainable use of natural resources.
Enforcement of Conservation Act, policies and legislations.
Specific Development Objectives
The two major goals of economic growth and poverty alleviation will be achieved through
separate but complementary objectives, as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Promotion of livestock and arable development through strengthening of the
livestock sector by providing vaccinations, artificial insemination and farmer
education programs every year
Promoting dry land farming by provision of farm implements and promoting
horticulture, poultry, small stock, and dairy projects.
Promotion of commercial and industrial development through accelerated
development of industrial and commercial sites, community education and
training to meet the needs of the labour market and encouragement of societies
and individuals to use government subsidies financial assistance programs.
Promotion of tourism and sustainable natural resources utilization through
implementation of Tourism Development Strategy, wildlife education at the
village levels and development of tourism infrastructure at CKGR.
Introduction and support of game farming and veld product utilization and
implementation of Community Based Natural Resources Management projects.
Improve living conditions of Remote Area Dwellers through continued pursuit of
the RADP objectives of integration of RADs into the mainstream society,
providing assistance programmes regarding education, income generating
activities, and employment creation
To foster cooperation between government departments and none governmental
organisations to combat poverty among RADs.
53
8.
Reducing the effects of remoteness on the development of the district through
improvement to communications in the areas of district road network, telephones
postal services.
Provide adequate social services through provision of adequate potable water in
all settlements, upgrading the quality of health facilities, expansion of educational
facilities and ensure that they are within the reach of all children of school-going
age, integration of special education into the mainstream formal education system
and promotion of vocational and technical training to improve the productivity of
the labour force
Strengthen extension services through revival and training of District, Village and
Settlement Extension Teams and fostering interaction between extension officers........
9.
10.
3.2.5
Framework for Monitoring the Sector Goals and Objectives.
The past experience shows that failure to realize the goals and objectives of the plan was
owing to capacity constraints in implementation. Some of the major problems arose from
lack of information among communities on existing programmes, procedures and policies to
enhance economic development. Other problems arose from shortage of manpower and
transport in the civil service to deliver services adequately and in time. In DDP6 the district
will use available mechanisms such as the District Extension Teams, local committees and
regular community consultations to educate and advice communities on policies and
programmes on proposed economic activities that enhance improvement in overall standard
of living.
3.2.6
Framework for Monitoring Environmental Goals and Objectives.
To ensure achievement of environmental goals and objectives the district management and
the private sector will facilitate community education on environmental awareness and make
use of policies, legistation and regulatory measures in place some of which are are;







National Conservation Policy
Waste Management Act
Environmental Impact assessment Act
CBNRM
Wetlands Policy
Biodiversity
Climate change
In addition advice will continually be sought from NCS and similar conservation bodies on
how to address environmental issues.
3.3
FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
This time around development projects will be implemented with environmental awareness
in mind. However in spite of thorough assessment to ensure environmental conservation
there might still be possibilities to overlook some factors. As such all the necessary steps will
be taken to continually assess the state of the environment and appropriate action taken.
In formulating the overall goals and objectives consideration was made to ensure that they do
not conflict with policies and programs for environmental conservation as illustrated below.
54
Table 3.1
Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues With Overall Goals and
Objectives.
Goals and Objectives
Environmental Key Issue
Strategy
1)
Promote
livestock and arable development
Land degradation through
overstocking,
crop
production, overgrazing and
increased demand for water
Adherence to land use plans,
water conservation, farmers
education, rainwater harvesting
by
reservoirs,
promote
horticultural.
Promote
commercial
industrial development
Waste disposal
Air pollution
Ground water contamination
Enforcement
of
Waste
management
Act,
public
education, use of proper waste
disposal method e.g. landfill,
sewerage system
Promo
promote
tourism
development and sustainable
natural resources utilisation
Poaching, depletion of veld
production land degradation
due to increased stock of
animals
Draw district tourism strategy,
CBNRM, adherence to tourism
and conservation acts
Improve living conditions of
Remote Area Dwellers
land degradation due to
increased stock of animals,
increased demand for water
Farmers education, rain water
harvesting
by
reservoirs,
fencing of stand pipes
Reduce the effects of remoteness
on the development of the
District through
Improvement of the district roads
telecommunication,
postal
services.
Land degradation through
digging of concrete and sand
harvesting, cutting down of
trees.
Rehabilitation of barrow pits,
tree planting along the sides of
roads
Table 3.2
and
Evaluation of Policies and Programmes Against Overall Goals and
Objectives
Environmental Policies and
Programs
Goals and objectives
National Conservation policy
National settlement policy
Tribal Grazing Land Policy
National Policy on Agricultural
Development
National Forest Policy
Promote livestock
arable development
Environmental Issues
and
Over grazing
Dual grazing rights
Pressure on water sources
Decline in indigenous forests and
woodlands
Lack of knowledge and skills on
appropriate farming practices
Soil erosion
55
Table 3.3
Evaluation of Policies and Programmes Against Overall Goals and
Objectives
Environmental Policies and
Programs
Goals and objectives
Environmental Issues
National Conservation policy
National settlement policy
Tribal Grazing Land Policy
National Policy on Agricultural
Development
National Forest Policy
Promote livestock and
arable development
Over grazing
Dual grazing rights
Pressure on water sources
Decline in indigenous forests and
woodlands
Lack of knowledge and skills on
appropriate farming practices
Soil erosion
National Water Master Plan
Botswana Strategy of Waste
Management
Environment
Impact
Assessment Act
Convention on Climate Change
Promote commercial and
industrial development
Poor waste management practices
Inadequate
resources
for
waste
management
Air pollution from industrial emissions
Increased waste from commercial centers
and industries
Expansion in communications
Community Based Natural
Resources Management
Tourism Act
Biodiversity
Promo promote tourism
development
and
sustainable
natural
resources utilisation
under utilization of natural resources
depletion of veld products and reduction
in numbers of animal species
lack of benefits from game reserves
reduction in biodiversity
National Settlement Policy
CBNRM
National Master Plan
Environmental
Impact
Assessment Policy
Botswana Strategy of Waste
Management
Environment
Impact
Assessment Act
Improve living conditions
of Remote Area Dwellers
Poor waste management practices
Pressure on water sources
Overgrazing
Biased investment in large settlement
Haphazard settlements
56
CHAPTER FOUR
4
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The National Vision of 2016 aims at optimal and sustainable use of resources. This is the use
of resources to obtain high yield without depletion of the original sources. It also means that
care should be exercised to make sure that maximum use of one resource is not at the
expense of the others. Therefore the vision advocates that developments should be
coordinated to safeguard the environment for future generations. This will entail maximum
and efficient use of both renewable and non-renewable resources, equitable distribution of
natural resources between future and present generations through community involvement
and use of appropriate waste management processes to maintain a clean environment of no
pollution.
In the previous Development Plans including NDP 8 and DDP 5 Environmental Conservation
was not given considerable attention. Many developments especially infrastructure were
undertaken without thorough assessment of their potential impact on the environment. Thus
environmental conservation was only addressed to a small extent in a few areas like land
degradation, ground water contamination and depletion of natural resources. Even so, some
of the environmental degradation issues such as desertification were addressed late when
much damage had already been done, and hence it will cost Government a lot of money to
mitigate such impacts. In NDP9/DDP6 however, the Government of Botswana has taken a
deliberate step to preserve the environment by raising awareness among all sectors. As such,
a multi-sectoral approach will be adopted to incorporate environmental concerns into
development. Thus all Ministries will ensure that their institutions integrate environmental
concerns into their planned activities.
4.1.1 Institutional Framework
The coordination of the Environmental Conservation programmes in the district is not well
defined currently. In NDP 8 a suggestion was made to establish a post of Environmental
Liaison Officer or to co-opt Lands Officers to take the responsibility of environmental
conservation, but a conclusion was never reached. However Lands Officers as line ministry
representatives, continued to do the environmental conservation activities falling under their
portfolio responsibility. Other ministries that implement environmental conservation
activities are the Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Mineral Resources and Water
Affairs and Environment Wildlife and Tourism. The district goals and objectives are
therefore derived from the strategic goals of the ministries as indicated below.
Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Plan
The Ministry of Agriculture is one of the major users of land and water, and therefore should
accord a greater degree of conservation to the resource. The ministry undertakes conservation
activities through the forestry section, crop production and the Resource Board. Every year
the district, through the Forestry Department commemorates a National Tree planting Day
whereby members of the community are issued with trees for shade and fruit as part of
conservation. Tree planting helps to conserve the soils and prevent deforestation in the
district. The Agricultural Resource Board undertakes conservation activities such as control
of veld fires through construction of firebreaks and establishment as well as supervision of
57
Conservation Committees. Although arable farming is not to a large scale in the district,
farmers are encouraged to practice soil conservation when they till the soil. Due to large
herds of cattle and poor rainfall in the district, signs of desertification are beginning to show.
As part of mitigation measures farmers are being educated to control the quantities of
livestock. In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture is implementing the Fencing Component of
the National Policy for Agricultural Development, which encourages farmers to keep
livestock in fenced farms either in groups or individuals. This does not only help improve
livestock productivity but helps in optimal use of the land resource as well.
The ministry’s goals are:





To conserve Agricultural resources through provision of appropriate
knowledge and skills on their sustainable use.
To promote livestock management practices through the Fencing Component
of the National Policy on Agricultural Development.
To promote conservation and use generic resources through public education
on environmental conservation.
To promote agricultural resources conservation through enforcement of
conservation legislation.
To develop skill and competencies in human resources to implement
conservation policies
Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs Strategic Plan
The strategic goals are:





To increase the net economic benefits from mineral exploitation by effective
implementation of policies and administration of licenses.
To promote quality of life of the nation through a sustainable supply of safe
water
To meet the needs of stakeholders by facilitating consumer choice in the use of
various forms of energy
To contribute towards s sustainable environment by minimizing damage and
harmful side effects from the exploitation of energy, minerals and water
resources
To protect the environment by enforcing the environmental protection
legislation in areas of air pollution, water pollution and land degradation.
The Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs is responsible for conservation of
water, land in terms of borehole drilling, issuing of mining licenses, energy resources, and
extraction of gravel and sand. Therefore measures have been put in place at national level to
prevent contamination of water sources, over harvesting of gravel and river sand, depletion of
forest resources by using alternative sources of energy to firewood and firm control and
monitoring of mining activities. Conservation of these resources is done through
implementation of legislative tools such as the National Water Master Plan, National Water
Conservation Policy and Strategy Framework, Mines and Mineral Act and other land related
policies.
In line with the National Water Master Plan, The district will engage on public education to
preserve water and ensure that buildings are provided with water tanks to harvest rainwater.
58
Standpipes will be fenced to eliminate waste of water while boreholes will also be fenced and
water frequently sampled for contamination control. As much as funds will permit, the water
unit of Council and the Department of Water Affairs will connect water to households to
promote commitment among families to conserve the resource.
The only mineral activities in the district are quarrying and extraction of gravel. In both cases
conservation is ensured through close monitoring of licenses and rehabilitation of sites at the
end of their lifetime. Heavy penalties are charged on those who extract without permit.
The district also adheres to national energy conservation strategies. In the villages and
settlements communities the major source of fuel energy is firewood. While communities are
encouraged to use coal and electricity as alternatives, most households cannot afford them
because of low incomes and as such, the depletion of forest resources may continue way into
the future. However, government institutions like Prisons Department will be encouraged to
use coal, gas or electricity in NDP 9. Primary schools have been provided with kitchens and
equipment that will be using gas while the Rural Electrification Scheme will provide
electricity to households who can afford. Solar power will be provided in buildings for
heating and lighting in settlements where BPC’s services are not available.
Ministry of Local Government Strategic Plan
The Ministry of Local Government environmental conservation goals are


To enhance infrastructure provision through hiving off of maintenance and
construction projects and outsourcing of refuse collection and management
beginning in 2005.
The district council has had a problem of inadequate implementation capacity
due to shortage of manpower, equipment and transport. As a result waste
management practices were not efficient. With the privatisation policy
implementation, refuse collection will be hived off to the private sector.
To provide access to potable water and sewerage facilities to communities
through conservation, expansion of sources and adoption of new technologies.
Most of the locations in the district have adequate water supply at least to
meet household consumption purposes. In DDP 6 more boreholes will be
drilled and some facilities rehabilitated and expanded to improve access and
increase the supply. In addition the Council Water Unit and the Department of
Water Affairs will embark on public education to conserve water. Rain water
harvesting techniques will also be employed to supplement the existing
sources.
The Environmental Health and Water Supply Units of Council play a leading role in
conservation of ground water. The Environmental Health unit is responsible for provision of
toilets to rural communities and waste management. In the past the households were using
septic tanks for wastewater and unlined pit latrines, but this was posing a problem of ground
water contamination. In DDP 6 the unit will ensure that pit latrines are lined and water
closets dispose effluent either into the sewerage system or conservancy tanks in areas where
there is no sewer line. In addition, an engineered landfill will be constructed in the township
and Charleshill, and in other areas disposal sites will be fenced and monitored. Refuse
receptacles will be provided at strategic points to control littering and the unit will launch
public education in settlements and schools on waste management practices.
59
Ministry of Lands and Housing Strategic Plan
Goals


To promote rational and sustainable use of land through implementation of
appropriate policies, programs and legislation.
To facilitate reclamation of wasteland
The Ministry of Lands and Housing is responsible for land allocation and conservation. The
ministry ensures optimal use of the resource through implementation of policies and
legislation in conjunction with other ministries. Land conservation legislation and policies
such as The National Settlement Policy and National Policy on Agricultural Development are
used to promote optimal use of land, increase its productivity as well as preserving the
resource. These entail designation of land into various uses, drawing up land use plans as
well as addressing the problems of self allocation, squatting and land speculation.
At the district level the Land Board is the authority responsible for land allocation.
Concerning conservation, the board makes sure that allocation of boreholes is within the
specified distances apart to prevent over grazing and soil erosion. Before allocation the Land
Board seeks professional advice from the District Land Use Planning Unit (DLUPU)
committee. The committee advices on areas of land use according to designated purposes and
to eliminate chances of encroachment and depletion of natural resources.
Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism.
Goals




Sustained wildlife Populations and Habitat
To reduce major human and wildlife conflicts
To sustain the quality and extent of wildlife habitat.
Promote CBNRM projects and activities
Conservation under this ministry involves mainly waste management and conservation of
wildlife and other natural resources. The activities include among others, the Community
Based Natural Resources Management (CBRNM), proper disposal of solid and liquid waste
and control of environmental pollution through industrial chemical emissions. It is
anticipated that the ministry will establish posts of environmental liaisons officers to
coordinate environmental conservation activities in the district. Otherwise the Department of
Wildlife and National Parks will continue implementation of the CBNRM projects at the
Central Kalahari Game Reserve and among communities in other settlements, the Council
will monitor waste management activities such as construction of landfills, management of
waste disposal sites and control of litter, while public education on environmental
conservation will continue in schools and conservation committees.
4.1.2 Environmental Priorities
Environmental issues have become not only a national concern, but the concern for the local
community as well. During consultations for preparation of the development plan,
communities and other stakeholders raised concern on environmental conservation. Most of
the issues concerned land, water, wildlife and waste management. These were therefore taken
on board as priority areas for conservation in DDP 6 by all sectors.
60
4.1.2.1 Land
Land is one of the scarce and non-renewable resources in the sense that the volume remains
fixed while the demand increases creating pressure on the resource. Therefore land must be
preserved in order to increase its productivity and use it to the optimum even for future
generation. The management of land resources in the district has been constrained by absence
of a coherent land policy which resulted in land degradation, speculative land acquisition,
self -allocation, non development, non compliance with land use plans, encroachment,
squatting and an increasing number of land disputes. Dual grazing rights add to a growing
trend towards sub-optimal land management. Guided by the Land Policy review, DDP 6 will
seek to improve the overall land management.
The concentration of settlements in the eastern part of the district has resulted in
encroachment and reduced area for arable land. In future caution must be exercised to avoid
further encroachment and to reserve areas for arable farming. Arable farming in the district is
performing very poorly and so this action may help encourage communities to get involved
in the field.
4.1.2.2 Water
Water has become an increasingly scarce resource. Whilst consumption is growing,
boreholes and wells are drying up and aquifers become polluted. Ground water stocks are
largely unknown. Therefore there is need to carry out surveys on the groundwater situation
especially in settlements within the district. Some boreholes in Charleshill have dried up and
this has compelled the council to look for other alternatives. Some boreholes have been
abandoned as a result of water pollution and contamination. Of more importance is the fact
that the district water table is shallow in most areas. This further poses a threat to
groundwater contamination. In DDP 6 the district recommends the use of conservancy tanks
in place of septic tanks or connection to sewer lines for waste water disposal, and lining of
pitlatrines as well as fencing of boreholes to protect ground water from pollution.
4.1.2.3 Natural Resources Utilisation:
Natural resources utilisation and conservation need to be pursued simultaneously. Natural
resources need to be used more sustainably. Wildlife populations indicate a decline in
species. With the advent of the implementation of the National Policy on Agricultural
Development, wildlife populations will even be more displaced. Community Based Natural
Resources Management activities will be encouraged to balance utilisation and management.
Opportunities do exist to expand the scope of CBNRM to include veld products and forestry.
A CBNRM Plan for the Central Kalahari Game Reserve was completed in 2002 and its
implementation will start in DDP 6.
The district notes that there is conflict of land use at Okwa valley and Matlho-a-Phuduhudu
areas. The areas targeted for implementation of the fencing component of the National Policy
on Agricultural Development are also habitats for wildlife. This obvious conflict will lead to
wildlife disturbance, depletion and possible extinction. Big antelopes especially are becoming
more and more scarce. However, careful planning will be done through CBNRM to venture
into game farming to try and mitigate the condition.
Natural biodiversity loss is eminent. The areas affected are agriculture, wildlife and veld
products. Although the district does not have much data to support the extent of loss or the
impact to environment, there is evidence that some species types both in plant and animals do
not exist anymore in the district. As a result of recurrent drought some animal species like
61
wildebeest and hartebeest died in large numbers in the prolonged drought of 1980’s. In 1979
drought year the population of wildebeest declined from 261 758 to 15 000.
4.1.2.4 Waste Management
Waste management has been a neglected issue in villages and has now been recognised as a
critical health and environmental concern. The correct management of waste can help
minimise or avoid associated risks.
Littering and uncontrolled dumping of refuse causes land and ground water pollution through
effluent discharge especially in major villages such as Ghanzi. Medical waste production is
also on the increase and there are currently no comprehensive collection and disposal
systems. The home-based care programme contributes to a significant increase in amounts of
medical waste. The indiscriminate dumping of waste especially from the construction
industry has a negative bearing on the environment. The construction industry especially
roads construction is putting more pressure on natural resources such as gravel. There is
indiscriminate harvesting as well as a likelihood of over harvesting which impact negatively
on the physical environment. Burrow pits are hardly reclaimed as such are being filled up
with waste dumped in undesignated places. There is need therefore for the Land Board to
enforce the law (Mines and Mineral Act) to ensure that burrow pits are reclaimed.
4.1.2.5 Energy
Firewood remains the main source of energy in the district’s rural areas. This poses a
problem of over harvesting of forest resources. Therefore use of alternative sources of energy
notably solar energy, which has enormous potential in the district, .as well as coal and
electricity, will be encouraged. Institutions such as schools and prisons need to shift from
intensive use of fuel wood as an energy source. The Ministry of Mineral Resources and
Water Affairs is currently conducting research on optimal use of coal as a source of fuel in
schools and households.
4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION:
Environmental law enforcement, compliance, implementation and monitoring issues require
strengthening. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) legislation will be promulgated
soon. An umbrella Environmental Management Act is in preparation. The environmental
quality, emission and design standards critical to law enforcement and environmental
management need urgent action by the NCSA in close co-operation with technical
departments and the Botswana Bureau of Standards. These environmental policies are made
with the intension to prevent and mitigate environmental damage and degradation from
anthropogenic activities. Environmental policies and legislation will be fully implemented
within the Ghanzi district by making sure that development projects and programmes of all
sectors adheres to environmental legislation. The implementation of environmental policies
and law enforcement will be preceded by environmental education among members of the
communities and schools. Public education will be coupled with adoption of environmental
management systems (organizational structure, planning activities, procedures, processes and
resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining
environmental policies).
Botswana is party to most of the United Nations multilateral environmental agreements.
These include the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Montreal
Protocol on the ozone layer, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, the Ramsar Convention (Wetlands) the
62
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the Basel Convention on
hazardous Wastes and the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage. Botswana is further more a signatory to the African Convention on the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Algiers, 1968) and to various SADC regional
protocols (notably on shared water sources and wildlife. These international agreements
beckon Botswana to participate in the global action for environmental conservation.
4.2.1 The National Conservation Policy: (1990)
The national Policy on Natural Resources Conservation and Development (National
Conservation Strategy, 1990) focuses on key environmental issues and solution packages. It
establishes the NCS Co-coordinating Agency together with its advisory body, the NCS Board
and proposes environmental legislation. The NCS action plan, which captures on going and
new projects, was drafted in 1997. The policy will facilitate and guide integration of
environmental issues in the development planning process at national and district level.
4.2.2 Waste Management Act (1998)
The Waste Management Act (CAP.40.01 of 1998), deals with the management of controlled
and hazardous waste to prevent harm to human, animal and plant life, it also aims to
minimise pollution of the environment and conserves natural resources. It places duties on
Local Authorities to prepare waste management plans and identify possible sources of water
pollution. The Ghanzi District has prepared a waste management plan in accordance the
provisions of this Act.
4.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act (draft)
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) legislation and its umbrella Environmental
Management Act have been drafted and will start operating in NDP 9. These pieces of
legislations are the pillars of sustainable environmental protection. The local Authorities must
be empowered to effectively enforce these pieces of legislation. The legislation will commit
sectors to prepare environmental impact assessment of projects before they are approved for
implementation.
4.2.4 Community Based Natural Resource Management Policy (Draft).
The Community based Natural Resources Management refers to a situation where natural
resources are managed and utilised by the local community, with proceeds accrued from
utilisation going back to the community. This way, the community has a sense of ownership;
hence the incentive to manage the resources in a sustainable manner .The community
participation in natural resources management will continue in CBNRM implementation with
additional opportunities in eco-tourism, forestry and catchment management. The CBNRM
policy is still at a draft level. The community of Ghanzi District will be encouraged to
effectively participate in Community Based Natural Resources Projects. There are already
three Community Based Organisations carrying out CBNRM projects. They are Huikwi
formed by the Qabo and Grootlaagte and Xwiskurusa for communities of East and West
Hanahai. Preparations are under way to establish another one for the New Xade and Kole
communities. The CBOs projects are game farming and processing of veld projects.
4.2.5 Climate Change Convention (1992)
This convention seeks to control those environmental factors that contribute significantly to
climate change. They include ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs. The use of ozone
63
depleting substances must be greatly reduced in the country. The atmosphere must be
protected from all forms of air pollution that drastically affect the climate. All companies and
individuals using CFC containing materials will be encouraged to minimize their uses.
Although there is not much evidence of air pollution in the district stringent air quality
legislation must be enforced in the district to prevent the atmosphere from adverse effects.
4.2.6 Waste Management Policy/strategy1999
This policy aims at ensuring sustainable and environmentally friendly sound management of
waste, which would guarantee to a significant extent the following:





Preservation, protection and improvement of the quality of the environment
Protection of human and animal health
Minimizing and reducing waste in industry, commerce and private households.
Maximizing environmentally sound waste re-use and recycling.
Promoting environmentally sound waste collection, treatment and disposal.
The Ghanzi district has prepared a waste plan for 2001 to 2005. The plan outlines activities
that will be carried out to manage waste. They cover proper disposal of medical waste
through incinerators, minimization of waste through recycling and re use, engineered landfill
and construction and management of disposal sites, waste water disposal and safe methods of
collection and transportation of waste to disposal sites. Two landfills will be constructed in
Ghanzi Township and Charleshill 2004/05 and 2006/07 respectively.
4.2.7 National Wastewater and Sanitation Policy (2000)
The overall purpose of this policy is to promote the health and well-being of the people of
Botswana through the provision of appropriate and sustainable wastewater/sanitation
management and to introduce mechanisms for protecting sand conserving water resources.
This policy relates to the integrated management of meagre water resources in a sustainable
manner ensuring wastewater re-use and continual supply of potable water for future
generation. This policy treats wastewater as a resource that can be re-used in many ways
from irrigation of fodder crops for animals to potable water for human consumption. The
Environmental Health and the Water Unit of the Council in conjunction with the Department
of Water Affairs ensure protection of ground water sources through regular testing and
monitoring. In the township sewer lines are used as the main method or waste water disposal
whereas in other areas wastewater is disposed into septic tanks. However during DDP 6
households will be advised to use conservancy tanks in order to enhance pollution control.
4.2.8 Environmental Health Policy (Draft)
This policy seeks to protect the environment, the public, flora, and fauna air, water soil from
all forms of environmental adverse effects of pollution arising from human activities as well
as from natural disasters such as fire, floods, earth quakes and soil erosion. This policy will
form a cornerstone of total environmental protection and conservation in the district. The
Ministry of Health takes the leading role in implementation of this policy, but in the district
the policy addresses similar issues as Waste Management Policy and hence implementation
lies with the Environmental Health Unit of Council in conjunction with all sectors
responsible for natural resources.
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4.3 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The 1990 National Policy on Natural Resource Conservation and Development is founded on
the notion of sustainable development, more ably defined by Go Harlem Brandlant’s ‘Our
Common Future’, which defines sustainable development as ‘the development that meets the
needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs’. Development planning programmes should strive to meet the socio
economic needs of the present generation through such programmes as poverty alleviation.
This however should not be at the expense of future generations.
While the environment performs vital economic functions, life support services and provides
inputs for production and consumption, it should be noted also that the environment almost
inevitably changes during the process of economic development. This raises questions that
need attention as part of development planning. The questions that arise are, which
environmental changes have occurred that are expected in future? Are there any irreversible
changes that require prevention? Are there unacceptable changes that require mitigation or
prevention? What are the costs of environmental changes and are natural resources currently
utilised to their fullest potential? The answers to these questions need to be reflected in the
development plan.
Having noted the importance of environment in the development process, environmental
conservation should be one of the priorities in development planning. Development
objectives will be formulated in such a way as to promote economic growth and efficiency, to
diversify the economy in order to reduce economic vulnerability, to promote social justice
and meet people’s basic need and to promote sustainable environmental management. The
National Policy on Natural Resources Conservation and Development focuses on key
environmental issues and solution packages such as the National Agenda 21, poverty
alleviation, social equity measures and combating HIV/AIDS.
Table 4.1
Environmental Goals and Objectives
Sector Goals
1.To
environmental
Conservation
Proposed
Objectives
promote
Sector
Water conservation
Sub-Objectives
Promotion of water harvesting
techniques
by providing rainwater tank for buildings
underground water protection through use of
sanitary and solid waste disposal facilities
.
fencing of all boreholes and public stand
pipes by the end of the plan period
Promote
agriculture
sustainable
Construction of soil conservation structures in
all settlements every year.
Improve soil quality by training of farmers in
all extension areas on proper farming
practices every financial year.
Issuing of at least 1200 trees every year for
shades and fruits to the members of the
community.
65
Sector Goals
Proposed
Objectives
Sector
Wildlife
conservation
and sustainable use of
natural resources.
Sub-Objectives
Introduction of community based natural
resources management projects in all the
settlements by the end of the plan period
Monitoring of activities of licensed hunters
Conservation of sources
of energy
Reduction in the use of fuel wood as a source
of energy.
use of gas and electricity in all primary
schools and Prisons Department by end of
2004.
Introduction of an EIA
in
all
development
projects
Subject all development projects to an EIA or
strategic environmental assessment through
out the plan period.
Solid
management
Construct landfills for Ghanzi Township and
Charleshill catchment areas in by 2006
waste
Provide refuse receptacles in designated areas
every year to reduce littering.
incineration of medical waste at the landfills
enforcement of Act, policies and legislation
Raise public awareness on
environmental conservation
Public education on
environmental policies
and legislation
Hold seminars and workshops for all
settlements
every
year
and
revive
conservation committees in villages and
settlements.
Hold yearly clean up campaigns and public
education on water conservation.
Assist school conservation clubs and
committees to undertake conservation
projects throughout the plan period.
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4.4 FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
4.4.1 Evaluation of Environmental Key Issues With Sector Goals and Objectives
Table 4.2
Evaluation of Environmental
Objectives
Key Issues Against Sector Goals and
Sector Goals
Sector Objectives
Environmental Key Issues
To
promote
environmental
conservation
Water conservation through
Promotion of water harvesting techniques
by providing
rainwater
tank for
buildings,
underground water protection through use
of sanitary and solid
waste disposal
facilities and
fencing of all boreholes and public stand
pipes by the end of the plan period
Underground water
against pollution
Promote sustainable agriculture through
construction of soil conservation structures
in all settlements,
training of farmers in all extension areas
on proper farming practices and
issuing of at least 1200 trees in a year for
shades and fruits to the members of the
community.
Prevention of land degradation by
increasing soil fertility, and
reducing soil erosion
Wildlife conservation
by introduction of community based natural
resources management projects in all the
settlements and
monitoring activities of licensed hunter.
Conservation of natural resources
against over harvesting and
depletion.
Conservation of sources of energy through
reduction in the use of fuel wood as a
source of energy and
use of gas and electricity in all government
institutions .
Prevention of depletion of forest
resource.
Proper solid waste management practices
by
construction of landfills for Ghanzi
Township, Charleshill catchment areas and
provision of refuse receptacles in
designated areas reduce littering and
incineration of medical waste at the
landfills
Protection of underground water
sources,
prevention
of
air
pollution and maintain clean
surroundings.
Environmental auditing of DDP 6
Enhence
conservation
Raise public awareness
on
environmental
conservation
Public education on environmental policies
and legislation through
seminars and workshops in all settlements,
clean up campaigns and
assisting school conservation clubs and
committees to undertake conservation
projects.
Revival of village and settlement
conservation committees
protection
environmental
Environmental conservation
67
4.4.2 Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programmes
The policies and programmes in this section are geared towards environmental conservation
and hence implementation of the same will achieve a positive impact on the environment.
However some of the policy projects may have a negative impact on the environment. For
such strategic environmental assessment will be done and great care exercised to ensure
environmental protection.
Table 4.3
Policies
Programs
Evaluation of Sector Policies and Programs
and
Goals and objectives
Environmental issues
Water conservation through Promotion of
water harvesting techniques by providing
rainwater tank for buildings, underground
water protection through use of sanitary and
solid waste disposal facilities and fencing of
all boreholes and public stand pipes by the
end of the plan period .
Ground water pollution,
water
wastage
and
shortage.
Soil conservation through construction of soil
conservation structures in all settlements,
training of farmers in all extension areas on
proper farming practices and issuing of at
least 1200 trees in a year for shades and
fruits to the members of the community.
Land
degradation,
deforestation,
desertification
biodiversity loss.
Community
Based
Natural
Resource
Management Policy
Wildlife conservation by introduction of
community
based
natural
resources
management projects in all the settlements
and monitoring activities of licensed hunter.
Depletion of natural
resources,
wildlife
species extinction, over
harvesting
of
veld
products
Environmental Impact
Assessment Act
Subject all development projects to EIA or
SEA
Environmental
degradation
Climate Change Policy
Planting of trees for shades and fruits by
members of the community, use of alternative
sources of energy to fire wood
Air
pollution,
deforestation,
and
desertification.
Waste
Management
Policy/strategy
Waste
Management
Act
National Wastewater
and Sanitation Policy
Proper solid waste management practices by
construction of landfills for Ghanzi
Township, Charleshill catchment areas and
provision of refuse receptacles in designated
areas reduce littering and incineration of
medical waste at the landfills
Littering, environmental
pollution, contamination
of water sources.
Environmental Health
Policy
underground water protection through use of
sanitary and solid waste disposal facilities
and fencing of all boreholes and public stand
pipes by the end of the plan period
Littering,
management
The
National
Conservation Policy:
waste
68
4.5 PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT DISTRICT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMMES.
Most of the projects undertaken in this sector are targeted at conserving the environment.
However caution will be exercised to further control environmental degradation through
subjecting the projects to EIA or SEA, more especially construction projects. Table 4.4
indicates the proposed projects, possible environmental impacts and mitigation measures.
Table 4.4
Proposed Projects, Potential Environmental Impact and Mitigation
Measures.
Proposed Projects
Potential Environmental Impacts of the
Projects
Provision of
water
tanks
buildings
Relief boreholes of pressure due to shortage
and demand of water
rain
for
Mitigating measures
Construction of storm
water
collection
ponds
Breeding areas for mosquitoes
Rain water harvesting
EIA,
SEA,pest
measures.
Fencing of boreholes
Biodiversity loss through vegetation clearing
Underground
Water
protection
and
onservation.
Minimize
clearance
vegetation
Construction of soil
conservation
structures
Soil conservation
Disturbance of the habitat
SEA,,controlled
clearing.
vegetation
Environmental Audit
of Development plan
Environmental conservation monitoring
Community
Based
Natural
Resource
projects
land degradation due to construction of tourist
facilities
Mushrooming of settlements
Opening access to fragile and sensitive
ecosystems
littering
disturbance of wildlife habitat
Depletion of natural flora due to introduction
of exotic species
Production
of
waste
management plans
Balancing of
eco-systems
Following game ranching
policy
Subject projects to EIA and
SEA
Construction
landfill
Ground water pollution due to Leachate and
Landfill gas
EIA
of
control
Airs and soil pollution
Clean up campaigns
through
cleanest
village competitions
Public
education
conservation
on
environmental
4.6 RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DDP 6
The Ghanzi District has a number of environmental protection and conservation structures.
These include the environmental conservation committee, environmental technical
committee, environmental education committee, wildlife clubs, school conservation clubs,
and village health committees. These committees will be strengthened and empowered during
the plan period to allow them to effectively and efficiently execute their duties of protecting
and conserving the environment.
69
There are other non-governmental organisations in the district that play a vital role in
environmental conservation, these include the Lions clubs, Kuru Development Trust and
Permaculture Trust of Botswana.
The posts of environmental officers and environmental scientist will be created during the
plan period under current the Environmental Health Unit of council to effectively implement
and enforce environmental policies and legislation. In addition the Ministry of Environment,
Wildlife and Tourism must establish Environmental Officers at district level to coordinate
environmental conservation activities.
Table 4.5
Performance Targets
Objective
Project
Water
conservation
through Promotion of
water
harvesting
techniques
and
underground
water
protection through use
of sanitary and solid
waste disposal facilities
and fencing of all
boreholes and public
stand pipes by the end of
the plan period.
Provision of
water
tanks
buildings
Performance
rain
for
Provide
at
least
20
classrooms and 50 houses
with rain water tanks every
year,
Construction
of
storm
water
collection ponds
Construct 1 storm water
collection ponds in the
township in 2004/05 and
one in Charleshill by 2007
Fencing of boreholes
and
public
standpipes
Promotion of sustainable
agriculture
through
construction of soil
conservation structures
in
all
settlements,
training of farmers in all
extension
areas
on
proper farming practices
Target
Construction
and
maintenance
of
firebreaks
and
planting of trees.
Fencing of all boreholes by
2004 and 10 stand pipes a
year
issuing of at least 1200
trees in a year for shades
and fruits to the members of
the
community
and
firebreaks construction
DDP 6 Budget (P)
350 000.00
P1 000 000.00
800 000.00
4 000 000.00
Wildlife
conservation
and sustainable use of
natural resources by
introduction
of
community
based
natural
resources
management projects in
9 RADs settlements and
monitoring activities of
licensed hunter.
Community Based
Natural
Resource
projects
in
9
settlements through
the plan period.
Establish at least one CBO
per settlement to undertake
CBRNM projects by the
end of DDP 6
5 000 000.00
Proper
solid
waste
management practices
by
construction
of
landfills for Ghanzi
Township, Charleshill
catchment areas and
provision of refuse
receptacles in designated
areas reduce littering
Construction
landfills,
of
1 Landfill for township by
2005
and
one
for
Charleshill by 2007
30 000 000.00
provision of refuse
receptacles and
provide skips in major
refuse generating areas by
300 000.00
70
Objective
and
incineration of
medical waste at the
landfills
Project
Target
DDP 6 Budget (P)
60 000.00
village clean up
campaigns through
cleanest
village
competitions
Raise public awareness
on
environmental
conservation
Performance
2003
Seminars
and
workshops
on
environmental
conservation policies
and legislation
cleanest
village
competitions every year
4 seminars per year
180 000.00
4.6.1 Plan Monitoring Programme
The Ministry of Environment Wildlife and Tourism will play a leading role in coordination
of conservation activities, implementation of related policies and monitoring of the plan. At
district level, committees will be set up
where possible by concerned sectors. It is
anticipated that two audits of both the district and national development plans will be
conducted at mid term and end of the plan to monitor and evaluate performance of the
conservation activities and the objectives.
71