QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE COSTS AND IMPACT ON EMISSIONS OF TECHNICAL MEASURES
ON EXISTING HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES AND URBAN CAPTIVE FLEETS
1.
KEY POINTS
This project looks at what the EU Commission can do to support and encourage the use
of after-treatments, fuels, oils and tyres to reduce emissions from in-use heavy duty and
urban captive fleet vehicles.
If the EU Commission is to assist cities and member states to introduce these
technologies, which can bring significant emissions and therefore pollution reductions, it
needs to know what is available, and for that, we need your help.
This work concentrates on heavy duty vehicles, and also urban captive fleets – so taxis,
buses, refuse vehicles, as well as lorries.
2.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Road vehicles are among the most important sources of air pollution leading. The
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution has identified as a major follow-up measure the
introduction of more ambitious emission standards for new vehicles. However, it takes a
long time for new vehicles to penetrate into the fleet, and older vehicles would still
contribute to a large share of pollutant emissions in the medium term.
There are a wide set of technical options for emissions performance enhancement, in
order to speed up the reduction of pollutant emissions: Improved Maintenance, retrofitting of vehicles with after treatment equipments, gear shift indicators, the use of
alternative fuels or additives, low viscosity oil and low rolling resistance tyres, etc.
In the context of the revision of the National Emissions Ceilings Directive and of the
assessment of Air Quality Directives, it is necessary to perform a detailed evaluation of
the potential costs and benefits associated with each option, as well as matching the right
vehicle categories with the appropriate enhancement technology. On that basis, a concrete
agenda for further policy actions – both at Community and Member States level - can be
defined.
3.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of the present questionnaire is to collect technical evidence from the
relevant industries on the available technologies for the reduction of air pollutant
emissions from existing vehicles, namely on the cost and impact on emissions of the
retrofitting of exhaust emission control technologies, the introduction of alternative fuels
or additives, low viscosity oil and low friction tyres, focusing on heavy-duty vehicles and
captive fleets.
The replies to the questionnaire will be analysed, together with a literature survey, by an
external consultant (Sadler Consultants, appointed 1st June 2006). On that basis, a first
screening of the most relevant options to be further assessed will be performed, and the
preliminary findings will be discussed in a workshop organised by DG Environment, to
be held in Brussels on the 11th September 2006. In that workshop, representatives of the
industry and experts will discuss the preliminary findings and present additional
information.
The objective of that workshop and of the final report is double:
 To perform with the model TREMOVE1 an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the
scenarios and the analysis of the impact on pollutant emissions, in the context of the
forthcoming revision of National Emissions Ceilings Directive.
 To define concrete policy proposals at EU level, which could help to support the most
promising technological options. In particular, the feasibility of a common system at
EU level for vehicle certification that takes on board improvements of existing
vehicles will be thoroughly assessed, in the context of Low Emission Zones, charging
systems, economic incentives, public procurement policies, etc.
4.
TECHNICAL OPTIONS COVERED BY THE QUESTIONNAIRE
The questionnaire focuses on the implementation of technologies which require no
modifications or only minor ones to existing HDV diesel engines.
 For retrofitting, the installation of diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), diesel particle
filters (DPFs) / Continuous Regenerating Traps (CRT), selective catalytic reduction
(SCR) systems, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or combinations (e.g. DPF+SCR,
DPF+EGR)
 For fuels, the use of emulsified diesel, biodiesel blends or synthetic diesel
 Low viscosity oil
 Low rolling resistance tyres
5.
EU-WIDE MEASURES THAT WOULD HELP SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION
We would like to hear from you about any EU-wide measures that, in your experience or
view, would help support the use of the technology options covered in this questionnaire,
and cities/countries you have worked with that could give us more information on this
topic.
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See details on the TREMOVE model on www.tremove.org
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6.
HOW TO PROCEED
You will find below a list of open questions referring to a specific technology or
application. Please use the template for any technology on which you would like to
report.
Please send your reply by e-mail to Lucy Sadler through the website
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk as soon as possible, together with any report, presentation,
background information that could be useful for the further assessment (Reviews, case
studies, measurements, etc.). If you need more time to reply, please let me know.
Please do not hesitate to send requests for clarification by e-mail, or telephone, +49
(0)7641 9375 335.
If you need any of the response to be in confidence, then please let us know. While we
would prefer information to be able to be fully available, we want you to be able to tell us
confidential information that would be relevant, safe in the knowledge that it will be
treated in confidence.
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Questionnaire
(please copy the template for each technology on
which you want to report)
1.
NAME AND DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNOLOGY
2.
VEHICLE TYPE
2.1.
category, type of use
2.2.
emission class before aftertreatment used
2.3.
any other relevant information of the original vehicle(s)
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3.
IMPACTS ON EMISSIONS
3.1.
emission values with aftertreatment (all regulated pollutants, specifying
the test conditions)
3.1.1. NOX exhaust emissions: please provide if available additional
information on the share of NO and NO2
3.1.2. PM exhaust emissions: please provide if available additional
information on the size distribution of PM (PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0,
ultrafine)
3.1.3. Impact on CO2 and other greenhouse gases (eg N2O, CH4…)
3.1.4. Other exhaust emissions
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3.2.
Has there been a re-certification to a higher emission class?2
3.3.
Impact on fuel consumption
3.4.
Impact on non-exhaust emissions (ie tyre and break wear, re-suspended
road dust)
3.5.
Impact on noise
Please note that the questionnaire also considers retrofit technology that does not permit an upgrade to a
higher emission class (e.g. fitting a DPF that leaves NOx unchanged). The revised Eurovignette
directive opens the possibility of rewarding vehicles by their certified emission values and not just their
emission class -precisely in order to be able to reward retrofit, which is not expected to lead to
upgrades.
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4.
COSTS
4.1.
Please indicate implementation costs, operating costs e.g. impact on fuel
consumption, cost of additives, and maintenance and management costs,
where available
4.2.
Please indicate how the above costs would evolve depending of the production
volume / fleet size
4.3.
Please add any other information, such as durability, maintenance
requirements, influence on warranty or operating costs
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5.
OTHER
5.1.
Observations and additional information (e.g. availability, reliability,
degradation of the performance over the lifetime, etc.)
5.2.
references, if published or available
5.3.
any associated literature and presentations
5.4.
Any information on technology that is being developed. If available,
likely costs, emissions information (as above), introduction date etc.
5.5.
Whether any of this information is commercial in confidence, and if so,
which information
5.6.
Contact details for any queries
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