Sadler
Consultants
Specialists in air quality policy
29th June 2006
PRESS RELEASE
Research on how the EU can help cities and member states to
meet the EU Limit Values
– EU research project into tackling pollution for existing heavy duty
vehicles.
Sadler Consultants1 is leading a consortium conducting a research project for
the European Commission on how the EU can support the greater use of
technical measures, such as after-treatments, fuels, oils and tyres, that can
help reduce the emissions from existing heavy duty and captive fleets.
The consortium consists of Sadler Consultants together with other members
of Sustainable Transport Solutions2 – Steve Bell, Jonathan Murray and Guy
Hitchcock, Wolfram Knörr from the German Institute for Energy &
Environment Research, IFEU3, and the independent expert, David Lemon.
Air pollution helps kill around 288 000 people a year – and takes an average
of 8.6 months off the life of every EU citizen. The EU has introduced healthbased air quality targets, and measures are being implemented all over
Europe to help meet these targets. Road vehicles are among the most
important sources of air pollution. Whilst newer vehicles are cleaner due to
EU legislation, it takes a long time for new vehicles to penetrate into the fleet,
and older vehicles would still contribute to a large share of pollutant emissions
in the medium term. This work focuses on how to help support the action
around Europe, and will be particularly relevant for cities such as London or
Berlin with measures such as their planned Low Emission Zones.
There is a wide set of technical measures for emissions performance
enhancement, which can accelerate the reduction of pollutant emissions.
This project focuses on technical interventions that that lead to lower pollutant
emissions per vehicle km under comparable operating conditions. These
include retro-fitting of vehicles with after-treatment equipments, the use of
alternative fuels or additives, low viscosity oil and low rolling resistance tyres,
and other technical measures.
The project will identify what technical measures are available, assess their
cost effectiveness at reducing pollution, identify barriers to their up-take and
make concrete policy recommendations to the EU to encourage greater use
of these measures.
1
2
3
Contact: Lucy Sadler via www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk or telephone +49 (0) 7641 9375 335
Website: www.sustainable-transport.net
Website:www.ifeu.org – see top left of homepage for English version
Sadler Consultants
Lucy.Sadler@airqualitypolicy.co.uk
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk Tel : (+49) (0)7641 9375 335
Information from stakeholders, collected through questionnaires will be
presented at a workshop in September 2006, pulling experts together from
across the EU.
Lucy Sadler, the project leader commented “If you are involved with
implementing air quality measures or are a fleet operator, and there are things
that the EU could do to help you reduce emissions from these vehicles – then
we need your comments”. She went on to say “All companies supplying
equipment, fuel, oil or other products that reduce pollution from heavy duty
vehicles should contribute to this important policy development”.
Anyone interested in participating should contact the project manager, Lucy
Sadler, through the telephone number below, or through the website:
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk.
……………………………………………………………………………………
NOTES TO EDITORS
1. The EU has set binding health-based air quality targets, and many member states need
to implement further measures to achieve the targets.
2. New vehicles within the EU have to meet increasingly stringent emissions standards,
commonly known as Euro standards.
3. The diesel and petrol generally available from filling stations have also been becoming
cleaner over recent years through EU Directives.
4. There are many measures that can be implemented on existing vehicles. Those included
in this project are those that leads to lower pollutant emissions per vehicle km under
comparable operating conditions. This includes those such as:
4.1. Retrofit technology to fit to the existing exhaust systems (diesel particulate filters,
oxidation catalysts, selective catalytic reduction, and exhaust gas recirculation
4.2. Cleaner fuels either alternative fuels or diesel with additives or as emulsions
4.3. Lower viscosity lubricating oils
4.4. Lower rolling resistance tyres
5. The two questionnaires that are being used to help facilitate responses are attached for
information.
Sadler Consultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Lucy.Sadler@airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Tel : (+49) (0)7641 9375 335
POLICY ISSUES
HOW CAN THE EU HELP TO ENCOURAGE TECHNICAL MEASURES ON EXISTING HEAVY
DUTY VEHICLES?
Key Points
This project looks at what the EU Commission can do to support and
encourage the use of technical measures such as: after-treatments, fuels, oils
and tyres, which are able to reduce emissions from in-use heavy duty and
urban captive fleet vehicles.
If the EU Commission is to assist cities and member states to introduce these
technical measures, which can bring significant emissions and therefore
pollution reductions, it needs to understand the experience of those who have
introduced such technical measures, and get their advice on how they could
be encouraged.
Key issues mechanisms that can be used to increase techincal measures
include low emission zones, road user charging and tax incentives, many of
which may be able to be assisted by the EU. Some of the issues that are
coming out of the work so far include: EU-wide certification and
‘homologation/validation’ of technical measures, a technical measures
register, EU guidance for subsiduarity issues, state aid rules.
Background information
Road vehicles are among the most important sources of air pollution. The EU
is developing further Euro standards for new vehicles, however, it takes a long
time for new vehicles to penetrate into the fleet, and older vehicles will still
contribute to a large share of pollutant emissions in the medium term.
There are a wide set of technical measures for emissions performance
enhancement, which can accelerate the reduction of pollutant emissions. For
the purpose of this project a technical measure is defined as any measure
relating to a vehicle, its fuel, lubricants and other consumables, that leads to
lower pollutant emissions per vehicle km under comparable operating
conditions from in service heavy duty vehicles.
The project will identify what technical measures are available, assess their
cost effectiveness at reducing pollution, identify barriers to their up-take and
make concrete policy recommendations to the EU to encourage greater use
of these measures.
Objectives
The objective of this questionnaire is to collect information on what the EU
can do to help those implementing schemes and policies to encourage the
use of technical measures on existing vehicles, from those who are involved
with implementing these measures.
For example, what is preventing schemes being implemented, what could
help increase the use of technical measures, what has worked well?
Low Emission Zones, charging systems, economic incentives, public
procurement policies, may be some of the most relevant schemes.
Sadler Consultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Lucy.Sadler@airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Tel : (+49) (0)7641 9375 335
The replies to the questionnaire will be analysed by our team. On that basis,
we will present the most relevant options to be further investigated, and the
preliminary findings will be discussed in a workshop organised by DG
Environment, to be held in Brussels on the 11th September 2006. The
objective of that workshop and of the final report is double:
 To perform with the model TREMOVE4 an analysis of the costeffectiveness of the scenarios and the analysis of the impact on pollutant
emissions, in the context of the forthcoming revision of National Emissions
Ceilings Directive.
 To define concrete policy proposals at EU level, which could help to
support the most promising technological options. In particular, the
feasibility of a common system at EU level for vehicle certification that
takes on board improvements of existing vehicles will be thoroughly
assessed, in the context of Low Emission Zones, charging systems,
economic incentives, public procurement policies, etc.
How to proceed
Any information that you are able to provide would greatly assist us. The
most important question is what could the EU do to help increase the
use of technical measures to reduce emissions.
Please send your reply by e-mail to Lucy Sadler through the website
(www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk) as soon as possible, together with any report,
presentation, background information that you think might be useful. If you
need more time to reply, please let me know.
Please do not hesitate to send requests for clarification by e-mail, or
telephone, +49 (0)7641 9375 335.
4
See details on the TREMOVE model on www.tremove.org
Sadler Consultants
Lucy.Sadler@airqualitypolicy.co.uk
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk Tel : (+49) (0)7641 9375 335
TECHNICAL QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE COSTS AND IMPACT ON EMISSIONS OF
TECHNICAL MEASURES ON EXISTING HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES AND URBAN CAPTIVE
FLEETS
1. Key Points
This project looks at what the EU Commission can do to support and
encourage the use of after-treatments, fuels, oils and tyres to reduce
emissions from in-use heavy duty and urban captive fleet vehicles.
If the EU Commission is to assist cities and member states to introduce these
technologies, which can bring significant emissions and therefore pollution
reductions, it needs to know what is available, and for that, we need your
help.
This work concentrates on heavy duty vehicles, and also urban captive fleets
– so taxis, buses, refuse vehicles, as well as lorries.
2. Background information
Road vehicles are among the most important sources of air pollution leading.
The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution has identified as a major follow-up
measure the introduction of more ambitious emission standards for new
vehicles. However, it takes a long time for new vehicles to penetrate into the
fleet, and older vehicles would still contribute to a large share of pollutant
emissions in the medium term.
There are a wide set of technical options for emissions performance
enhancement, in order to speed up the reduction of pollutant emissions:
Improved Maintenance, retro-fitting of vehicles with after treatment
equipments, gear shift indicators, the use of alternative fuels or additives, low
viscosity oil and low rolling resistance tyres, etc.
In the context of the revision of the National Emissions Ceilings Directive and
of the assessment of Air Quality Directives, it is necessary to perform a
detailed evaluation of the potential costs and benefits associated with each
option, as well as matching the right vehicle categories with the appropriate
enhancement technology. On that basis, a concrete agenda for further policy
actions – both at Community and Member States level - can be defined.
3. Objectives
The objective of the present questionnaire is to collect technical evidence
from the relevant industries on the available technologies for the reduction of
air pollutant emissions from existing vehicles, namely on the cost and impact
on emissions of the retrofitting of exhaust emission control technologies, the
introduction of alternative fuels or additives, low viscosity oil and low friction
tyres, focusing on heavy-duty vehicles and captive fleets.
The replies to the questionnaire will be analysed, together with a literature
survey, by an external consultant (Sadler Consultants, appointed 1st June
2006). On that basis, a first screening of the most relevant options to be
further assessed will be performed, and the preliminary findings will be
discussed in a workshop organised by DG Environment, to be held in
Brussels on the 11th September 2006. In that workshop, representatives of the
industry and experts will discuss the preliminary findings and present
additional information.
The objective of that workshop and of the final report is double:
Sadler Consultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Lucy.Sadler@airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Tel : (+49) (0)7641 9375 335
 To perform with the model TREMOVE5 an analysis of the costeffectiveness of the scenarios and the analysis of the impact on pollutant
emissions, in the context of the forthcoming revision of National Emissions
Ceilings Directive.
 To define concrete policy proposals at EU level, which could help to
support the most promising technological options. In particular, the
feasibility of a common system at EU level for vehicle certification that
takes on board improvements of existing vehicles will be thoroughly
assessed, in the context of Low Emission Zones, charging systems,
economic incentives, public procurement policies, etc.
4. technical options covered by the questionnaire
The questionnaire focuses on the implementation of technologies which
require no modifications or only minor ones to existing HDV diesel engines.
 For retrofitting, the installation of diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), diesel
particle filters (DPFs) / Continuous Regenerating Traps (CRT), selective
catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or
combinations (e.g. DPF+SCR, DPF+EGR)
 For fuels, the use of emulsified diesel, biodiesel blends or synthetic diesel
 Low viscosity oil
 Low rolling resistance tyres
5. EU-wide measures that would help support technology introduction
We would like to hear from you about any EU-wide measures that, in your
experience or view, would help support the use of the technology options
covered in this questionnaire, and cities/countries you have worked with that
could give us more information on this topic.
6. How to proceed
You will find below a list of open questions referring to a specific technology or
application. Please use the template for any technology on which you would
like to report.
Please send your reply by e-mail to Lucy Sadler through the website
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk as soon as possible, together with any report,
presentation, background information that could be useful for the further
assessment (Reviews, case studies, measurements, etc.). If you need more
time to reply, please let me know.
Please do not hesitate to send requests for clarification by e-mail, or
telephone, +49 (0)7641 9375 335.
If you need any of the response to be in confidence, then please let us know.
While we would prefer information to be able to be fully available, we want
you to be able to tell us confidential information that would be relevant, safe in
the knowledge that it will be treated in confidence.
5
See details on the TREMOVE model on www.tremove.org
Sadler Consultants
Lucy.Sadler@airqualitypolicy.co.uk
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk Tel : (+49) (0)7641 9375 335
Questionnaire
(please copy the template for each technology on which you want to
report)
1.
Name and description of the technology
2.
Vehicle type
2.1. category, type of use
3.
2.2.
emission class before aftertreatment used
2.3.
any other relevant information of the original vehicle(s)
Impacts on Emissions
3.1. emission values with aftertreatment (all regulated pollutants,
specifying the test conditions)
3.2.
NOx exhaust emissions: please provide if available additional
information on the share of NO and NO2
3.3.
PM exhaust emissions: please provide if available additional
information on the size distribution of PM (PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0,
ultrafine)
3.4.
Impact on CO2 and other greenhouse gases (eg N2O, CH4…)
3.5.
Other exhaust emissions
3.6.
Has there been a re-certification to a higher emission class?6
3.7.
Impact on fuel consumption
3.8.
Impact on non-exhaust emissions (ie tyre and break wear, resuspended road dust)
3.9.
Impact on noise
6
Please note that the questionnaire also considers retrofit technology that does not permit an upgrade
to a higher emission class (e.g. fitting a DPF that leaves NOx unchanged). The revised Eurovignette
directive opens the possibility of rewarding vehicles by their certified emission values and not just their
emission class -precisely in order to be able to reward retrofit, which is not expected to lead to
upgrades.
Sadler Consultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Lucy.Sadler@airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Tel : (+49) (0)7641 9375 335
4.
5.
Costs
4.1. Please indicate implementation costs, operating costs e.g. impact
on fuel consumption, cost of additives, and maintenance and
management costs, where available
4.2.
Please indicate how the above costs would evolve depending of
the production volume / fleet size
4.3.
Please add any other information, such as durability, maintenance
requirements, influence on warranty or operating costs
Other
5.1. Observations and additional information (e.g. availability, reliability,
degradation of the performance over the lifetime, etc.)
5.2.
references, if published or available
5.3.
any associated literature and presentations
5.4.
Any information on technology that is being developed. If
available, likely costs, emissions information (as above),
introduction date etc.
5.5.
Whether any of this information is commercial in confidence, and if
so, which information
5.6.
Contact details for any queries
Sadler Consultants
www.airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Lucy.Sadler@airqualitypolicy.co.uk
Tel : (+49) (0)7641 9375 335