Water Cycle
 Precipitation -> Runoff -> Evaporation-> Transpiration-> Condensation
 Sun powers evaporation, precipitation, and transpiration
 Reservoirs – Surface water (oceans, rivers, lakes), Glaciers, Groundwater (Aquifers), Water Vapor
Atmospheric Gas, Living Organisms
Importance
 Water is essential to living organisms for a variety of reactions and cell processes
 Water’s high heat storage distribute heat and determine regional and local climates
 Water is a greenhouse gas – essential for maintaining Earth’s temperature – BUT too much greenhouse
gas can be a bad thing
 Sculpts landscapes
 It is the universal solvent, often interacts with the movement of other cycles because it transports them
 The water cycle is nature’s natural water purifier (evaporation and underground bacteria)
 Water is a necessity in industry, waste management
How humans alter
 Overuse – use faster than it can replenish
 Increase pollutants in runoff
 Reduce infiltration – hard paved surfaces prevent recharging of groundwater
 Accelerate topsoil erosion
 Increase risk of flooding – when we drain and fill wetlands for farming or urban development
 Alter weather – deforestation reduces transpiration of rainforests, the primary source of rainfall in
rainforests. Reduced shade also evaporates water before it can permeate the soil.
Carbon Cycle
 Found in the atmosphere as a gas (CO2), dissolvable in water,
 Producers pull carbon from the atmosphere or water for the process of photosynthesis
 Consumers take in carbon by ingesting producers or other consumers
 Producers and consumers release carbon as a product of respiration
 Carbon can be incorporated into marine and terrestrial sediments and can be compressed into fossil fuels
 Reservoirs – the ocean is the largest reservoir, calcium carbonate found in shells, marine sediments
(decomposers release insoluble carbonates from dead marine organisms) forming limestone as well,
fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal), tropical rain forests, tundra (permanently frozen plant matter),
atmosphere, living organisms
Importance
 Carbon is the basic building block of the four major macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
& nucleic acids) as well as other important organic molecules
 Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas – essential for maintaining Earth’s temperature – BUT too much
greenhouse gas can be a bad thing
How humans alter
 The extraction and burning of huge quantities of fossil fuels that have taken millions of years to form
have released large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
 The clear-cutting of carbon-absorbing vegetation (especially tropical rain forests) have released large
amounts of carbon to the atmosphere
 The increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (methane, water) are warming
our planet and projected to change Earth’s climate this century
Nitrogen Cycle
 N2 cannot readily be absorbed and used by plants and animals, so we rely on electrical discharges
(lightening) and nitrogen fixing bacteria to make it usable for plants
 Animals consume plants or other consumers to obtain their nitrogen
 Reservoirs – the atmosphere (78%)
Remember “FNAAD, ANPAN”
Fixation-------------- Ammonia
Nitrification---------- Nitrates, Nitrites
Assimilation---------- Proteins
(Bacteria and cyanobacteria combine gaseous N2 with hydrogen to
make ammonia NH3 and/or ammonia ions NH4+ which they use as a
nutrient for themselves. They excrete the rest of the ammonia into
the soil or water)
(Ammonia not taken up by plants is converted by soil bacteria into
nitrate ions NO3- which are easily taken up by the roots of plants)
(Plants use the ammonia or nitrate ions to produce proteins, nucleic
acids, and vitamins. Consumers will ingest plants or other
consumers and do the same)
----Organism
Death/Decomposition----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ammonification------ Ammonia
(Decomposer bacteria convert detritus material into ammonia NH3
and ammonia ions NH4+)
Denitrification-------- Nitrogen Gas
(Specialized bacteria in waterlogged soil and the bottoms of lakes,
oceans, swamps, and bogs covert ammonia NH3 and ammonia ions
NH4+ back into nitrate ions and then into nitrogen gas and nitrous
oxide gas. These are released back to the atmosphere to begin the
cycle again.)
Importance
 Nitrogen is a key component in macromolecules such as proteins, vitamins, and nucleic acids (DNA and
RNA)
 Nitrogen is a limiting factor for primary productivity
Human Impacts
 We add nitric oxide NO to the atmosphere as we burn fuel at high temperatures (cars, jets). This gas is
converted into nitrogen dioxide gas NO2 and nitric acid vapor HNO3 which falls to the earth as acid
deposition aka acid rain.
 Anaerobic bacteria break down inorganic fertilizer or organic manure and contribute nitrous oxide N2O
to the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas.
 Deforestation releases large quantities of nitrogen stored in soils and plants, back to a gas
 Agricultural runoff of fertilizers, animal manure, and sewage discharge add excess nitrates NO3- to
bodies of water. This can lead to eutrophication (algal blooms, which bring in more bacteria as algal
decomposes, decreasing the oxygen in aquatic environment, often resulting in fish kills)
 Harvesting of crops, irrigation, and burning or clearing of grasslands and forests can cause nitrogen to
wash away from the topsoil.
 We have more than doubled the annual release of nitrogen from the land due to the inorganic fertilizers
Phosphorus Cycle
 Very slow to cycle in comparison to water, carbon, and nitrogen
 Water erodes away inorganic compounds, that include phosphates, from rocks
 Water carries dissolved phosphates into the soil where they can be absorbed by producers
 Consumers take in phosphates by ingesting producers
 Phosphates can be lost from the cycle for long periods when it is washed to the ocean and held in the
marine sediment for millions of years
 Reservoirs – Phosphate salts containing phosphate ions, terrestrial rock formations, and ocean bottom
sediments. Does not include the atmosphere
Importance
 Phosphate ions PO43- are an important nutrient
 Phosphate is incorporated into nucleic acids, ADP, and ATP, bones, and teeth
Human Impacts
 Humans mine phosphate salts which are added to fertilizers and applied to agricultural fields. Excess
phosphates from runoff can also cause eutrophicaton (algal blooms, which bring in more bacteria as
algal decomposes, decreasing the oxygen in aquatic environment, often resulting in fish kills)
 Clearing of rain forests causes phosphates to wash away
Sulfur Cycle
 Volcanoes release sulfur dioxide (a colorless, poisonous gas with a rotten egg smell). Decomposers in
flooded swamps, bogs, and tidal flats also release sulfur dioxide.
 Sulfate salt particles enter the atmosphere from sea spray, dust storms, and forest fires.
 Plants absorb sulfate ions, and incorporate them into proteins.
 Marine algae produce large amounts of volatile dimethyl sulfide (DMS – CH3SCH3). DMS is the
nuclei/particle around which water droplets condensate (aka cloud seeds)
 In areas like wetlands and tidal flats, bacteria convert sulfate ions to sulfide ions. These react with metal
ions which form metal ores.
 Reservoirs – underground rocks and minerals in the form of sulfate salts S042Importance
 Essential nutrient – Used in amino acids, proteins, enzymes, keratin
Human Impacts
 Changes in DMS emissions can affect cloud cover and climate (DMS is a byproduct of paper
manufacturing)
 DMS can be converted to sulfur dioxide, then to sulfur trioxide gas, and to sulfuric acid. It can also
react with ammonia to produce sulfate salts. These can fall to the earth in the form of acid
deposition/acid rain.
 We refine sulfur containing oil to make gasoline and burn sulfur containing coal and oil, once in the
atmosphere it contributes to acid rain.
 We extract metals such as copper, lead, and zinc from sulfur containing compounds in rocks.