REPORT OF SCIENTIFIC PROJECT

TITLE
Researching of polluting substances of air pool of an atmosphere, definition of harmful
emissions acting in the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources.

CONTENTS
1. Summary
2. Introduction
3. Aim of the project
4. Methods
4.1. Structure of an atmosphere
4.2. Components of atmospherical pollution
4.3. The air is polluted by the substances allocated by stationary objects.
4.4. The air is polluted by the substances allocated by mobile objects.
5. Experimental section
6. Resource

SUMMARY
Concerning acceleration of scientific and technical progress and rapid development of
industrial production, preservation of the environment became one of
actual problems. One of the main and significant components of environment is atmospheric
air which condition influences health of people, global and regional climatic
conditions. The basic share of emissions is gaseous substances. When fuel is burnt or when
transport moves carbon monoxide is excreted to air.
Carbonic oxide which penetrates into human organism, easily incorporates with blood
hemoglobin and quickly poisons human body. Therefore reduction of harmful and toxic
emissions produced by motor transport and industrial targets is essential for current state of
air.

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays structure of an atmosphere and its pollution is one of the main problems. Importance of the
problem is very closely connected with anthropogenetical factors. The substances polluting air
pool are wastes of industrial objects and gases produced owing to automobile movement. Polluted air
causes destruction of the materials, the received products, leads to the dying of plants and the
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extinction of animals, and also negatively influences human health. Increase in carbonic gas
generates effect of a hotbed. It continues the list of such problems as polar ice, increase of the surface
of the seas and oceans. Gases allocated by cars contain more than 200 harmful components. Cars
approximately 92 % CO2and 46 % oxides of nitrogen. There are also elements of lead. In that case,
having analyzed structure of air of an atmosphere, carefully investigating influence of secretary
harmful substances on an alive organism, cashing in of factors preventing air pollution remains the
main problem of the world.

AIM
The purpose of work is to research polluting substances of air pool of an atmosphere,
finding out harmful emissions acting in the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources,
and also the establishment of actions on prevention of atmosphere’s pollution.

METHODS
1. Structure of an atmosphere
Anthropogenetical influence on structure of an atmosphere. The structure of an atmosphere
Surrounding of the ground, consisted of dusty, poisonous and harmful gases, dissects beams of the sun
into the smallest sparks, and those reach a surface of the ground are the tiniest. Passing
beams of the sun to the ground, the atmosphere does not distribute heat to its all surface, operating as a hotbed
closed by glass. The air of the atmosphere is absolutely easy, 1 cube of meter contains 1300grams of air.
Despite the fact that it’s pressure falling on the ground is designated in ratio of 1kg to 1 meter square.
If the weight of a human body is equal to 1,5 meter square, the weight falling on it approximately reaches
1,5 tonnes.
The Initial structure of air included such substances as hydrogen, methane, ammonia, water pairs, and also,
substances not incorporating with inert gases, such as helium and neon. Since then, as on the ground there has
been life, in structure of air sulfuric hydrogen and carbonic gases have started to increase allocated by plants.
In the beginning methane, ammonia, sulfuric hydrogen and to that similar harmful gases were destroyed owing
to tiny by organisms invisible to an eye. For example, sulfuric bacteria filled up allocated with volcanoes
sulfuric hydroxides.
2. Components atmospherical pollution
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Components atmospherical pollution of 90 % of 52 hectare thrown out in an atmosphere ton
Anthropogenic secrete make carbonic gas and watery pairs (that are not pollutant)
In structure of technical dross meet 1000 various elements, among which most part
firm substances (make a dust, ashes, a smoke), carbon oxides, sulfuric dioxides, nitrogen oxides,
various evaporize carbohydrates, phorphorous mixes, sulfuric hydroxides, ammonia, chlorine,
phtorous hydroxides.
Atmospherical air concerns to infinite natural resources. Weigh its weight makes 500 trln of the tone
including 105 trln of tones of oxygen. It is annually spent 10 mlrd tones of oxygen, and in air are
added below following substances. Natural pollutant:
1.radioactiv pollution;
2.volcano
3.earthen fires
4.dust, salt
5.space dust
Anthropogenic pollutant:
production, electric power industry, manufacture of machines, manufacture of mountain minerals. Means of
transportation (the car, the railway, air transport) the Real estate-municipal of service (the general and personal
thermal centers, burning of dust, rotting of waste
The agriculture (cattle, cultivation of birds, use of chemicals, repair a tree, other rural subjects) Definition
pollutant air, look for each factor in environment corresponding it, facilitates scheduling for acceptance of
duly measures
Also, it enables more quickly to establish what industrial centers get rid of the certain polluting substances. As a
result, work above elimination of the factors negatively influencing natural air, becomes more effective.
The industrial enterprises polluted air gases and fine microbes floating in air (with dust) especially a lot of the
coal gas allocated during combustion of millions of tons of coal and oil. During international researches it
became known, that the volume of this gas a year increases in 0,3-0,5%, and its natural resources in
0,003%. Since 1958 its volume has grown up to 1,13%. If the volume of this gas will be
increase and to collect, then energy of solar beams will not reach up to.
3. Air pollution by substances by allocated stationary objects
Dirty air, penetrates in internal bodies of the person, leads to deterioration the health and poisonous
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compound air poison the organism. Industrial and car factories allocate in воздухзагрязняющие the
substances consisting from 31,9 % of gas, 27 % of carbonic gas, 1,1 % of combustions
of nitrogen, 28,3 % various firm peaces of poisonous solids. To polluting air the industrial center
thermal power stations, black/color concern.
4. The air is polluted by the substances produced by mobile objects
In air pollution the most important role is played with motor vehicles. Over the dust and dirts, that
already contain in structure of air. They annually add the waste, in the form of 280 mlrd tone
combustion of coal, 56 million carbons, 28 million tone combustion of nitrogen.
These gases have complex structure of various substances among which the most harmless are
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, water pairs, and special danger combustions, nitrogen,ethylene,
benzene,ethane, methane, toluene, benzaphiren, ashes, etc. represent carbonic gas,
The rests gases secretes cars on 75 % consist of combustions of coal, on 15 % from carbon, and
on 7 % combustions of nitrogen. The engine burning 1 ton of gasoline makes dross at a rate of 12,3
kg. And burning 1 tonn a diesel engine leads wastes combustions of nitrogen at a rate of 24,5 kg.
2003 year
19%
20%
61%
Жылу энергетикасы
Мұнай
Өнеркәсіп және басқалары
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As it is shown on the diagram, majority of harmful substances thrown away into air are
produced as a result of petrol production.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
The experimental section of work has been lead in a gas analyzer. Universal gas analyzer MEGAKON 10K
defines more than 300 poisonous gases and their pairs. It is possible to define carbon dioxide,
hydrocarbons, spirits, complex ethers, aldehydes and other substances.
Its construction is located in the holocaustic gauge and optical branches. A principle of its influence on gas
components is based on absorption infrared and selective spectra. Gas analyzers divide into 3 groups:
1)appliances based on physical analyse with supplementary chemical reactions.By the means
of gas analyzator we can change the pressure and volume of mixed gases.
2) The Devices based on the method of the physical analysis with additional thermo chemical, electrochemical,
photocolouritmical. Chromotografics in the ways of the analysis.
3) Devices based on methods of cleanly physical analysis. Atmospheric air is one of the basic components of an
environment. It renders the big influence on climatic conditions. In Kyzylorda air it is possible for area
to reveal 41 thousand tons of harmful substances from stationary objects (industrial) and -64,4 thousands
tones for transport.
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Ластаушы заттар динамикасы
64,4
58,5
57
41,4
18,5
23,2
2003ж.
2004ж.
стационарлы көздер
2005ж.
қозғалмалы көздер
RESOURCES
1. Beısenova A.С, Shıldebaev J.B. «Ekology» Almaty, 1995
2. Jatkanbayev J.J. «Bases of Ecology» Almaty, 2003
3. Mukaoğlu S., Upişev E. «Doğadan Ekonomi» Almaty.1999
4. Akbasova J. «Ekoloji» Almaty, 2003
5. www.ecology.com.
6. www.yandex.ru.
7. www.yahoo.com
8.www.megakon.ru

CONTRIBUTERS TO THE PROJECT
We are grateful to our history teacher Mr. Mehmet Yildirim who has helped us with our
work, has supported in the developing the idea of taking this project.
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